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I.INTRODUCTION
D
V
RVI i =
(Q
no
ji
Q max
)
j
3.
4.
where,
Q max
= Maximum limit on reactive power output of source-j.
j
Q no
ji = Reactive generation of jth Q-source with its Q limit
open, following a contingency-i at a point B in Fig. 1 (with the
same loading parameter value as in case of point A).
Nq = Number of reactive power sources violating their Q limit.
3
2
Q no
ji calculation. [11]
(1)
j =1
0.7 to 0.9
5.
14
min :
(5)
subject to:
f1 : x1 + x2 + x5 >=1;
f 2 : x2 + x1 + x3 + x 4 + x5 >=1;
f 3: x3 + x2 + x 4 >=1;
f 4 : x4 + x3 + x2 + x5 + x9 + x7 >=1;
f 5: x5 + x1 + x 2 + x 4 + x6 >=1;
f 6 : x6 + x5 + x11 + x12 + x13 >=1;
f 7 : x7 + x4 + x8 + x9 >=1;
f 8: x8 + x7 >=1;
(6)
Ci xi
i =1
min
Ci xi
(2)
i =1
subject to constraints:
f j (X ) 1
(3)
xi = (0 / 1) binary variable
(4)
where,
C j : is the cost of PMU installation at j th bus. In the
present simulation, cost of installation of each PMU is
assumed to be equal as 1 pu. Thus, in (2) C j = 1.
f j : is the observability constraint at bus- j . The constraint
Start
Read N contingency list
Solve OPP for intact case
K=1
13
14
12
11
G1
Update constraints
10
C3
6
1
C2
K = K+1
9
5
Does X
Satisfy new
constraints?
8
7
4
Formulate new
OPP and get X
N
3
G2
Is
K = N?
C1
V.TEST RESULTS
The proposed method for optimal PMU placement has been
tested on the IEEE 14-bus, New England (NE) 39-bus system
[14] and Northern Region Power Grid (NRPG) 246-bus
Indian system [15]. First the voltage stability based
contingency analysis is carried out. All single line outages are
considered as credible contingencies and contingency ranking
results are obtained using the method based on RVI and
binary search [11]. For the IEEE 14-bus system and NE 39bus system, top 3 contingencies and for NRPG 246-BUS
system top 6 contingencies are considered to be critical as
listed in Table I. This is an arbitrary chosen number in the
present study and can be appropriately selected for a given
system.
TABLE I
RANKING OF CRITICAL CONTINGENCIES FOR THE TEST SYSTEM
IEEE 14New
Indian 246Indian 246Rank
bus
England 39bus system
bus system
system
bus system
(1-3)
(4-6)
1
1-2
16-19
105-245
166-173
2
2-3
6-31
75-91
188-190
3
5-6
19-20
116-229
121-122
f 1 : x1 + x 5 >=1;
TABLE II
OPTIMAL PMU PLACEMENT WITH CONTINGENCIES FOR IEEE 14-BUS SYSTEM
Case
Optimal Locations
No. of locations
Intact
2,6,8,9
4
Line 1-2 outage
4,5,6,8,9
5
Line 2-3 outage
4,5,6,8,9
5
Line 5-6 outage
4,5,6,8,9
5
f 2 : x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 >=1;
f 3 : x 3 + x 2 + x 4 >=1;
f 4 : x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x 5 + x 9 + x 7 >=1;
f 5 : x 5 + x1 + x 2 + x 4 + x 6 >=1;
f 6 : x 6 + x 5 + x11 + x12 + x13 >=1;
f 7 : x 7 + x 4 + x 8 + x 9 >=1;
f 8 : x 8 + x 7 >=1;
(7)
(8)
TABLE III
OPTIMAL PMU PLACEMENT WITH CONTINGENCIES FOR NE 39-BUS SYSTEM
No. of
Case
Optimal Locations
locations
Intact
2,6,9,10,13,14,17,19,20,22,23,25,29
13
Line 16-19
2,6,9,10,13,14,17,19,20,22,23,25,29
13
outage
Line 6-31
1,2,8,10,11,14,17,19,20,22,23,25,29,31
14
outage
Line 19-20
1,2,8,10,11,14,17,19,20,22,23,25,29,31
14
outage
TABLE IV
OPTIMAL PMU PLACEMENT WITH CONTINGENCY FOR 246-BUS SYSTEM
No. of
Case
Optimal Locations
locations
6,7,11,24,29,34,35,40,42,45,48,54,55,5
7,61,62,63,65,69,73,74,76,80,83,91,93,
94,95,96,98,101,106,109,119,122,125,1
Intact
26,128,129,132,134,141,142,144,153,1
70
57,158,160,167,168,169,174,180,181,1
83,185,187,190,191,194,199,201,202,2
03,215,216,219,234,235,242
6,7,10,11,19,24,29,34,40,42,45,48,54,5
5,57,61,62,63,65,68,73,74,76,80,83,87,
91,93,94,95,98,101,106,116,117,121,12
Line 1212,125,126,129,132,134,141,142,144,15
71
122outage
3,157,158,160,167,168,174,180,181,18
3,185,187,188,190,191,194,199,201,20
2,203,215,216,219,234,235,242
VI.CONCLUSION
The optimal location of PMUs to ensure complete
observability of a power system must consider the
contingency cases. This paper has suggested a simple
modified Integer Linear Programming based method for the
optimal placement of PMUs to ensure complete topological
observability of the system under intact and critical
contingency cases. The proposed method makes use of a
voltage stability based contingency ranking method and a
graph theoretic approach to modify the constraints under
contingencies in the ILP. The proposed method has been
tested on the IEEE 14-bus system, New England 39-bus
system and NRPG 246-bus system and its results have been
compared with three other topological observability based
methods, viz. DFS, DST and NDST methods. The proposed
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
BIOGRAPHIES
Ranjana Sodhi is presently a doctoral student in Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur. Her research interests include wide area monitoring systems, PMU
applications in power systems, and voltage stability.
S. C. Srivastava received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Indian
Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India. He is presently a Visiting Professor in
the ECE Department at Mississippi State University, USA on leave from the
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. His research interests include
energy management system, power system optimization, power system security,
stability and control, and technical issues in electricity markets.
S.N. Singh received M.Tech and Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, India. Presently, he is Professor in the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. His research interests
include power system restructuring, FACTS, power system optimization &
control, security analysis, power system planning etc. He is a Fellow of IETE
(India) and senior member of IEEE.