Flow and Pressure Drop in Valves and Fittings. Valve Resistance Coefficient and Diameter

Flow and pressure drop in valves and fittings. Valve resistance coefficien...
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Flow and pressure drop in valves and

fittings. Valve resistance coefficient
and diameter
Resistance coefficient K, valves and fittings head loss
and flow velocity | Pipe equivalent length L/D
Pressure drop or head loss is proportional to the velocity in valves
or fittings. For the most engineering practices it can be assumed
that pressure drop or head loss due to flow of fluids in turbulent
range through valves and fittings is proportional to square of
velocity.
To avoid expensive testing of every valves and every fittings that
are installed on pipeline, the experimental data are used. For that
purpose resistance coefficient K, equivalent length L/D and flow
coefficient Cv, Kv are used. These values are available from
different sources like tables and diagrams from different authors
and from valves manufacturers as well.
Kinetic energy, which is represented as head due to velocity is
generated from static head and increase or decrease in velocity
directly is proportional with static head loss or gain. "Velocity head"
is:
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where is: hL - head loss; v - velocity; gn - acceleration of gravity;

The number of velocity heads lost due to resistance of valves and
fittings is:
where is: hL - head loss; K - resistance coefficient; v - velocity; gn acceleration of gravity;

Resistance coefficient K calculator
Resistance factor K calculation for elbows, bends, tees, pipe
entrance, pipe exit, pipe reducers, pipe enlargement.
The head loss due to resistance in valves and fittings are always
associated with the diameter on which velocity occurs.
The resistance coefficient K is considered to be constant for any
defined valves or fittings in all flow conditions, as the head loss due
to friction is minor compared to the head loss due to change in
direction of flow, obstructions and sudden or gradual changes in
cross section and shape of flow.
Head loss due to friction in straight pipe is expressed by the Darcy
equation:
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where is: hL - head loss; f - friction factor; L - length; D - internal

diameter; v - velocity; gn - acceleration of gravity;
It follows that:
where is: K - resistance coefficient; f - friction factor; L - length; D internal diameter;

The ratio L/D is equivalent length in pipe diameters of straight pipe
that will cause the same pressure drop or head loss as the valves
or fittings under the same flow conditions. As the resistance
coefficient is K is constant the equivalent length L/D will vary
inversely with the change in friction factor for different flow
conditions.
For geometrically similar valves and fittings, the resistance
coefficient would be constant. Actually there are always smaller or
bigger geometrical non similarity in valves and fittings of different
nominal size, so the resistance coefficient is not constant. The
resistance coefficient K for a given type of valves or fittings, tends
to vary with size as does friction factor for straight clean commercial
steel pipe at the same flow conditions.
Some resistances in piping like sudden or gradual contractions and
enlargements, as well as pipe entrances or exists are geometrically
similar. Therefore the resistance coefficient or equivalent length L/D
is for these items independent of size.
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The values for resistance coefficient or equivalent length L/D are

always associated with internal pipe diameter where the resistance
is occurring.
If the resistance coefficient or equivalent length L/D should be used
for different internal pipe diameter than the diameter for which
existing values can be found following relationship can be used:
where is: K - resistance coefficient; D - internal diameter;

where subscript "a" defines K and d with the reference to internal
pipe diameter, and subscript "b" defines K and d with the reference
to the internal diameter for which values of K can be found in tables
or diagrams.
This equation can also be used if the piping system has more than
one size of valves and fittings to express the resistance coefficient
or equivalent length L/D in terms of one size.
Resistance coefficient K for internal diameter sudden

and gradual contraction and enlargement
Using momentum, continuity and Bernoulli equation the resistance
due to sudden enlargements may be expressed as:
and the resistance factor due to sudden contraction as:
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where is: K1 - resistance coefficient; d1 - internal diameter (smaller);

d2 - internal diameter (larger);
Using as diameter ratio, both equation can be expressed as:
where is: K1 - resistance coefficient; - diameter ratio d1/d2;

In order to express the resistance coefficient in terms of larger pipe
diameter, following relation should be used:
where is: K1 - resistance coefficient based on smaller internal

diameter; K2 - resistance coefficient based on larger internal
diameter; - diameter ratio d1/d2;
If the enlargement is not sudden but gradual, or if angle of gradual
enlargement is different from 180O, Gibson coefficient Ce can be
used for different angle of divergence as follows:
In other words, if angle of divergence is bigger than 45 O, the

resistance coefficient is equal to one for sudden enlargement.
For gradual contraction the resistance coefficient on the same basis
based on Crane test data, contraction coefficient Cc can be used
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for different angles of convergence, as follows:
Using above expressions for enlargement and contraction

coefficient, resistance coefficient can be calculated as:
For gradual enlargement:
where is: Ce - coefficient of enlargement; K1 - resistance coefficient

based on smaller internal diameter; - diameter ratio d1/d2; enlargement angle;
For gradual contraction:
where is:
Cc - coefficient of contraction; K1 - resistance coefficient based on
smaller internal diameter; - diameter ratio d1/d2; - enlargement
angle;
For resistance coefficient based on the large pipe diameter
expression:
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should be used, with above equations.

where is: K1 - resistance coefficient based on smaller internal
diameter; K2 - resistance coefficient based on larger internal
diameter; - diameter ratio d1/d2;
Equations for gradual enlargement and contraction can be used for
resistance coefficient calculation for reduced bore straight-through
valves like ball valves and gate valves. The total resistance
coefficient for this type of ball and gate valves is the summation of
resistance coefficient for gradual contraction and gradual
enlargement.
You can calculate resistance coefficient using resistance coefficient
K and equivalent length l/d calculator.
Flow coefficient Cv, pressure drop, control valve flow

rate
Flow coefficient Cv calculator
Calculate flow coefficient Cv or Kv for known flow capacity and
pressure difference. Calculate maximum flow capacity of control
valve for known flow coefficient Cv or Kv and pressure difference.
Calculate pressure difference for known flow coefficient Cv or Kv
and flow capacity.
Selecting the correct valve size for a given application requires
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knowledge of process conditions that the valve will actually see in

service. In the industry of control valves it is practice to use flow
coefficient and flow characteristics.
In the UK and in the USA coefficient Cv is used and it is defined as
flow rate of water in gpm at 60OF that creates pressure drop of 1
psi across the valve. Basic equation for valve sizing for liquid
service is:
where is: Cv - flow coefficient [gpm]; q - flow rate [gpm]; p pressure drop [psi]; S - specific gravity (relative density) [ - ];
To aid in establishing uniform measurement of liquid flow
coefficients Cv, standardized testing facility by Fluid Control
Institute (FCI) are used by manufacturers. The effect of viscosity of
fluids other than water should be considered when selecting the
valve, as increased viscosity of fluid is reducing the valve capacity.
Another coefficient Kv is used in some countries, particularly in
Europe and is defined as flow rate of water in m3/h that creates
pressure drop of 1kg/cm2 across the valve (1 kg/cm2 is equal to
0.980665 bar).
Control valve sizing is based on the calculation of flow coefficient
for given pressure drop and flow rate. Liquid flow capacity of a
valve in metric units can be converted to Cv as:
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where is: Cv - flow coefficient [gpm]; qm - flow rate [l/m]; - density

[kg/m3]; p - pressure drop [bar];
Also, liquid flow capacity of a valve can be converted to Kv as:
where is: Kv - flow characteristic [m3/h]; qh - flow rate [m3/h]; S specific gravity (relative density) [ - ]; p - pressure drop [bar];
Flashing and cavitation, vapor pressure at valve vena

contracta
Flashing or cavitation inside a valve can have a significant influence
on valve capacity. Flashing and cavitation can reduce the flow
through valve in many liquid services. Also, damage can be made
to the valve as well as to the piping system. The effect is
represented by the change from liquid to vapor state of fluid,
resulting in the velocity increase downstream from the valve.
As liquid passes through the restriction area inside the valve flow
stream is contracted. The smallest cross section area of stream is
just downstream of the actual physical restriction at a point called
vena contracta. At that point the velocity is at its maximum and
pressure at the minimum.
As the fluid exits the valve, away from vena contracta, velocity
decrease and pressure increase, so the critical point for flashing
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and cavitation is at the point where the pressure is smallest which

is in vena contracta. If pressure at vena contracta drops bellows the
vapor pressure of the fluid, due to increased velocity at this point,
bubbles will form in the flow stream.
If pressure downstream of the vena contracta increase above the
vapor pressure, bubbles will collapse or implode producing
cavitation. Cavitation releases energy and produces a noise. If
cavitation occurs close to solid surfaces, the energy released
gradually wears the material leaving the rough surface. Cavitation
can also damage the downstream pipeline, if at that place the
pressure rises above the vapor pressure and bubbles collapse.
Chocked flow valve pressure drop and cavitation in high

pressure recovery valve
Formation of bubbles in the valve resulting of flashing and
cavitation effect reduces the flow rate through valve and limits the
capacity. This is called chocked flow. Limiting pressure drop in
valve is determined by experiment for each valve. Limiting pressure
drop for chocked flow in valve can also be calculated using:
where is: pallow - maximum allowable pressure drop for chocked

flow[psi]; Km - valve recovery coefficient from manufacturer
literature [ - ]; p1 - valve inlet absolute pressure [psia]; pv - vapor
absolute pressure of the liquid at inlet temperature [psia]; rc - critical
pressure ratio 0,70 - 0,95;
In high recovery valve, cavitation can occur on pressure drop below
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that produces chocked flow. Therefore cavitation index is used to

determine the chocked flow pressure drop at which cavitation
damage will begin in high recovery valve:
where is: Kc - cavitation index from manufacturer literature [ - ]; p1 valve inlet absolute pressure [psia]; pv - vapor absolute pressure of
the liquid at inlet temperature [psia]; pc - pressure drop that creates
cavitation in high recovery valves [psi];
This equation can be used anytime outlet pressure is greater than
the vapor pressure of the liquid.
Flow and discharge through Venturi, nozzle and orifice |

Discharge coefficient, pressure and diameter ratio
Orifice plate sizing calculator
Calculate orifice plate diameter, discharge and expansion factor.
Applicable for liquids and ideal gases. With orifice plate calculator
you can calculate flow rate for measured pressure drop. Calculation
is according to ISO 5167.
The rate of flow of any fluid through an orifice or nozzle, may be
calculated using following equation:
where is: q - flow rate; Cd - coefficient of discharge; A - cross

section area; - diameter ratio d1/d2; gn - acceleration of gravity; hL
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- head loss;
Instead of coefficient of discharge Cd, more convenient is the use of
flow coefficient C which is represented by:
where is: C - flow coefficient; Cd - coefficient of discharge; diameter ratio d1/d2;

Flow rate through nozzles and orifices are than calculated as:
where is: q - flow rate; C - flow coefficient; A - cross section area;

p - pressure drop; - density; gn - acceleration of gravity; hL - head
loss;
The values of hL and p are measured differential static head or
pressure before and after the nozzle or orifice. Values for coefficient
of discharge or flow coefficient (C or Cd) can be calculated based
on applicable standards like ISO 5167 or similar ASME standards.
Coefficient of discharge for orifice flow can be calculated using
Reader-Harris/Gallagher (1998) equation (ISO 5167):
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where is: - diameter ratio d1/d2; ReD - Reynolds number based on

bigger diameter; d1 - internal diameter (smaller); d2 - internal
diameter (larger);
L1 and L2 are functions on tap type and it is:
L1=L2=0 - for corner taps
L1=1; L2=0.47 - for D and D/2 taps
L1=L2=0.0254/d1 - for d1[m] for 1" taps
Coefficient of discharge for Venturi tubes can be obtained based on
the type of Venturi tube. There are three types of Venturi tubes and
each type has different range of diameters and Reynolds number
for which coefficient of discharge is defined as follows:
Venturi tube calculator
Calculate flow rate through Venturi tube based on the created
pressure drop by Venturi effect. Calculate velocities on inlet and
throat of Venturi tube. Calculate Venturi effect on pressure and
velocity in Venturi tube. Applicable for liquids and ideal gases.
Venturi tubes with "as cast" convergent section Cd=0.984; Range
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for which coefficient of discharge is defined:

100 mm < D < 800 mm
0.3 < < 0.75
2x10e5 < ReD < 2x10e6
Venturi tubes with a machined convergent section Cd=0.995;
Range for which coefficient of discharge is defined:
50 mm < D < 250 mm
0.4 < < 0.75
2x10e5 < ReD < 2x10e6
Venturi tubes with a rough-welded sheet-iron convergent section
Cd=0.985; Range for which coefficient of discharge is defined: 200
mm < D < 1200 mm
0.4 < < 0.7
2x10e5 < ReD < 2x10e6
Nozzle flow calculator
Calculate flow rate through Nozzle based on the created pressure
drop by Venturi effect. Calculate velocities on inlet and throat of
Nozzle. For liquids and ideal gases.
Coefficient of dischage for nozzles is calculated based on the type
of nozzle in question. For nozzles according to ISA 1932 coefficient
of discharge can be calculated using following formula:
Coefficient of disharge for long radius nozzles is calculated using:
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and for Venturi type nozzles:
where is:
- diameter ratio d1/d2; ReD - Reynolds number based on bigger
diameter;
For the flow of compressible fluids through nozzles and orifices, the
same equation can be used, but the net expansion factor Y must be
included. The flow can be calculated as follows:
where is: Y - expansion factor; C - flow coefficient; A - cross section

area; p - pressure drop; - density;
The expansion factor Y depends on the specific heat ratio , the
diameter ratio and the ratio of downstream and upstream
absolute pressures.
Expansion factor Y for Venturi tubes and nozzles can be calculated
as follows (ISO 5167):
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This equation is applicable for the same range of diameter and

Reynolds number as for coefficient of discharge Cd indicated
above. Formula is applicable only for pressure ratio p2/p1 > 0.75.
For compressible flow through orifices expansion factor is (ISO
5167):
where is: Y - expansion factor; - specific heat ratio; - diameter

ratio d1/d2; p1 - inlet pressure; p2 - pressure in Venturi throat or
after the orifice or nozzle;
This equation can be used for gas flow though the orifice and
discharging to the atmosphere. For that purpose the pressure
difference equals to the upstream gauge pressure. This applies
only if absolute atmospheric pressure divided by absolute upstream
pressure is bigger than critical pressure ratio for sonic flow
conditions.
When the smoothly convergent nozzle is used compressible fluid
can reach the speed of sound at minimum cross section or throat, if
upstream pressure is high enough.
When the velocity of compressible fluid reaches the speed of
sound, maximum flow has been reached, and increase of upstream
pressure or decrease of downstream pressure will not increase the
flow any more.
For short tubes where relation L/D is not bigger than 2.5 the flow of
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discharge to the atmosphere can be calculated using above

equations, with flow coefficient C somewhere between the values
for orifice and nozzle.
If the entrance to the short tube is well rounded then the flow
coefficient C for nozzles can be used and if the pipe entrance is
square shaped and sharp then flow coefficient C for orifice is more
appropriate.
Flow discharge through valves, fittings and pipe,

resistance coefficient K
For discharge of liquids through valves, fittings and pipes Darcy
formula can be expressed as:
where is:
q - discharge flow rate [l/min]; d - internal pipe diameter [mm]; hL head loss [m]; K - resistance coefficient [ - ];
This equation can be used for discharge calculation from pipes,
fittings and valves when resistance coefficient K, static head
difference hL and internal pipe diameter d is known. The resistance
coefficient is the sum of all resistances in the piping system.
Gas discharge calculator
Calculate gas flow rate when discharging from pipe or reservoir.
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Calculation of gas outflow through pipe, valve or orifice in reservoir.

Chocked flow condition check included.
For discharge of compressible flow of fluid from a pipe to a larger
area or larger cross section like in the case of discharge to the
atmosphere, a modified Darcy formula can be used:
where is:
w - discharge mass flow rate [kg/s]; Y - expansion factor [ - ]; d internal pipe diameter [mm]; p - pressure drop [Pa]; - density
[kg/m3]; K - resistance coefficient [ - ];
Gas pressure regulator capacity - flow coefficient Cg, Kg

| Critical flow rate
For gas pressure regulators that are operating in the range of inlet
pressure up to 100 bar following equations for sub-critical and
critical flow behavior are used (EN 334):
Sub-critical flow:
Critical flow:
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Gas control valve sizing calculator

Calculate flow coefficient Cg or Kg or maximum capacity of control
valve for known upstream and downstream pressure. Calculate
pressure drop that control valve is creating for known flow rate and
flow coefficient Cg or Kg.
where is:
Q - gas flow rate [m3/h]; S - gas relative density (for air=1) [ - ]; tu gas upstream temperature [OC]; Cg - gas flow coefficient [ - ]; pu gas upstream pressure [bar]; pd - gas downstream pressure [bar];
pb - ambient atmospheric pressure [bar]; K1 - valve body shape
factor [ - ];
Simplified calculation can be used if K1 < 130 and (pu-pd) > 0,1
(pu+pb):
Sub-critical flow rate where (pu-pd) < 0,5 (pu+pb):
Sub-critical flow rate where (pu-pd) > 0,5 (pu+pb):
Above equation can be expressed with flow coefficient Kg included

as:
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With above equations when flow coefficient Cg or Kg from gas

pressure regulator manufacturer is known, regulator capacity can
be calculated for given pressures upstream and downstream from
gas regulator.
It can be concluded that if pressure of gas before and after the
regulator are higher, capacity of regulator will also be higher for the
same type and dimension of regulator.
When flow rate through regulator is critical, pressure downstream of
the regulator doesn't influence the regulator capacity.
It is important also to notice that for different type of gases that
have different value of density, capacity of regulator will also
change, and for gases with higher densities, flow rate will be
smaller and volume capacity will drop.
All equations are for regulators with fully opened control element,
as flow coefficient are measured for fully opened regulator.
Capacities for different positions of control element in regulator are
calculated related to the curve of appropriate regulator.
Natural gas control valve flow rate for pressure ratio at

normal conditions
For control valves in natural gas industry it is common to use KG
which is defined for under critical pressure ratio (pa/pe > 0.54) as:
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For overcritical pressure ratio (pa/pe < 0.54):
where is:
KG - flow coefficient [m3/h] qn - flow rate at normal conditions (p =
101325 Pa, T = 273,15 K) [m3/h] pa - pressure after the control
valve [bar] pe - pressure in front of the control valve [bar]
For other gases, correction factor should be used as:
where is correction factor:
where is:
qn NATURAL GAS - flow rate at normal conditions of natural gas
[m3/h] qn GAS - flow rate at normal conditions of other gas [m 3/h] f correction factor [ - ]
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Flow and Pressure Drop in Valves and Fittings. Valve Resistance Coefficient and Diameter

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Flow and pressure drop in valves and fittings. Valve resistance coefficien...

Flow and pressure drop in valves and

where is: hL - head loss; v - velocity; gn - acceleration of gravity;

where is: hL - head loss; K - resistance coefficient; v - velocity; gn acceleration of gravity;

where is: hL - head loss; f - friction factor; L - length; D - internal

where is: K - resistance coefficient; f - friction factor; L - length; D internal diameter;

The values for resistance coefficient or equivalent length L/D are

where is: K - resistance coefficient; D - internal diameter;

Resistance coefficient K for internal diameter sudden

and the resistance factor due to sudden contraction as:

where is: K1 - resistance coefficient; d1 - internal diameter (smaller);

where is: K1 - resistance coefficient; - diameter ratio d1/d2;

where is: K1 - resistance coefficient based on smaller internal

In other words, if angle of divergence is bigger than 45 O, the

for different angles of convergence, as follows:

Using above expressions for enlargement and contraction

where is: Ce - coefficient of enlargement; K1 - resistance coefficient

should be used, with above equations.

Flow coefficient Cv, pressure drop, control valve flow

knowledge of process conditions that the valve will actually see in

where is: Cv - flow coefficient [gpm]; qm - flow rate [l/m]; - density

Flashing and cavitation, vapor pressure at valve vena

and cavitation is at the point where the pressure is smallest which

Chocked flow valve pressure drop and cavitation in high

where is: pallow - maximum allowable pressure drop for chocked

that produces chocked flow. Therefore cavitation index is used to

Flow and discharge through Venturi, nozzle and orifice |

where is: q - flow rate; Cd - coefficient of discharge; A - cross

where is: C - flow coefficient; Cd - coefficient of discharge; diameter ratio d1/d2;

where is: q - flow rate; C - flow coefficient; A - cross section area;

where is: - diameter ratio d1/d2; ReD - Reynolds number based on

for which coefficient of discharge is defined:

Coefficient of disharge for long radius nozzles is calculated using:

and for Venturi type nozzles:

where is: Y - expansion factor; C - flow coefficient; A - cross section

This equation is applicable for the same range of diameter and

where is: Y - expansion factor; - specific heat ratio; - diameter

discharge to the atmosphere can be calculated using above

Flow discharge through valves, fittings and pipe,

Calculation of gas outflow through pipe, valve or orifice in reservoir.

Gas pressure regulator capacity - flow coefficient Cg, Kg

Gas control valve sizing calculator

Sub-critical flow rate where (pu-pd) > 0,5 (pu+pb):

Above equation can be expressed with flow coefficient Kg included

With above equations when flow coefficient Cg or Kg from gas

Natural gas control valve flow rate for pressure ratio at

For overcritical pressure ratio (pa/pe < 0.54):

where is correction factor:

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