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Alternativeproteinsourcesforpoultry
feeds
12Oct2015 views:2455
Alternativeproteinsourcesforpoultrydietsarenecessaryinordertoreducefarmers
dependenceontraditionalsourcesofprotein.Supply,availabilityandnutritionalvalue
aresomeofthenecessarycriteriainthesearchforsuitablealternatives.
Pigeonpeasareonealternativeproteinsourcebeingconsideredforpoultrydiets.
[Photo:Shutterstock,AnNguyen]
Thepoultrysectorplaysavitalroleinimprovingtheglobalfoodsecuritystatusof
consumers.Commercialandsmallholderpoultryenterprisesaregrowing,thereby
increasingthedemandforpoultryfeeds.Soyabeanandfishmealhavetraditionally
beenthemainproteinsourcesinpoultryfeeds,butwiththegrowthofthepoultry
sectorandtheworld'spopulation,theyarefailingtomeettheincreasingdemand.
Duetoshortagesandcostconsiderations,itisinevitablethatmoreconsiderationis
giventoalternativeproteinsupplementstobeutilisedinpoultryfeedsinthenear
future.Thehighcostandlackofavailabilityofcommercialproteinsourcesattimes,
areknownassomeofthemainlimitationsofefficientanimalproduction.Inlivestock
andpoultryproduction,feedaccountsforthelargestsinglecost,makingup
approximately6080%ofthetotalcost.
Fishmealandsoyabeanmealpricesareontherise.Forfarmersthisimpliesthat
fishmealandsoyabeanmealwillbelessaccessible.Thismakestheprospectsof
utilisingalternativesourcesofproteinfeasible,becausetheyarelocallyavailableand
easilyaccessiblethroughmostoftheyear.
Lysine
Methionine
Housefly maggot
meal
40 - 60%
5-8,2%
1,3 - 3,7%
Silkworm pupae
from silk
production
50-80%
6-7%
2-3%
Sweet potato
(lpomoea batatas)
foliage
26,5 - 32,5%
2,3-4%
0,5-2%
Common vetch
(Vicia sativa) seeds
14,7 - 35,8%
5,7 - 5,8%
0,90%
Hempseed cake
32,30%
2,60%
(-)
38,50%
3%
1,50%
Pigeon pea
(Cajanus cajan)
10,9 - 24,2%
(-)
(-)
Rapeseed
39%
5,60%
2%
Globalsupplyanddemand
Domesticanimalscontinuetomakesignificantcontributionstotheglobalfoodsupply
andasaresult,animalfeedshavebecomeanincreasinglycriticalcomponentofthe
integratedfoodchain.Notonlyisthedemandforlivestockproductsincreasing
markedlyduetopopulationgrowth,butfeedsuppliersalsohavetocopewith
increasingsafetyandwelfareconcerns.By2050,theworld'spopulationisestimatedto
reach9,1billion,34%higherthanwhatitistoday.
TheFoodandAgricultureOrganisation(FAO)projectsthatthetotalglobal
consumptionofmeatanddairyproductswillincreaseby102and82%respectively,
between2000and2050.Globaldemandforpoultrymeatwillincreasebyupto85%
andtherewillbeanestimated30%increaseineggproductionby2020.Ittakes16
18%andapproximately2kgofproteinofaqualityfeedtoproduceadozeneggsin
layinghensandtogain1kgbodymassinbroilersrespectively.
Poultryproductionhasbeeninadequateduetotheshortageofandsubsequenthigh
pricesofproteinsources.Apossiblewaytoreducepoultryfeedcostsisfinding
alternativestoconventionalproteinsourcesthatareinexpensive,efficientandlocally
available.Hence,thereexistsaneedtoconsideralternativesourcesofproteinforthe
animalfeedindustry.
Sustainableagriculture
Alternativeproteinsourcesareagoodidea,consideringthepredictedgrowthofthe
world'spopulationandpoultrysector.Sincethetotaldemandformeatwillprobably
doubleby2050,supplyingsuchamassiveincreaseinlivestockproductionwillrequire
moreimplementationofalternativefeedingredientstomaketheappropriatefeed
amountsmeettheneedsandsustainlivestockproduction.
Alsotakingintoconsiderationtheimplementationofthebanontheuseofmeatand
bonemeal,togetherwiththepredicteddemiseoffishmealinpoultryfeeds,thereisthe
realisationthatalargermarketwillbecreatedforalternativeproteinfeedsources.In
addition,greaterglobalconcernsforamoresustainableagriculture,withalower
environmentalimpact,arehavinganincreasinginfluenceonfarmingsystemsand
futureapproachestofoodproduction.
Hence,theneedexiststofindalternativeproteinsourcestoreducelandexpansionfor
soyabeanproductionandutilisationofanimalproteinsources,somethingwhichis
consideredtobeanuisancetohumans.Consideringpoliticalsupportisalsocrucial,as
itcontinuestohaveamajorinfluenceonproteinsupplyissuesandtheglobalrealities
oftheanimalfeedindustry.
Layers
Broilers
Local ducks
Broilers (2)
Created with LocalFocus
Experiment
Results
Cassava foliage
Due to palatability
problems, a limit of 5% is
suggested for layer diets.
6 or 7% duckweed
Significantimpact
Forinstance,encouragingtheconceptof"homeproducedproteincropping",
integratedcropmanagement,organicfarmingandnonadoptionofGMcrops,allhave
asignificantimpactonthesearchforandutilisationofalternativeproteinsources.
Table1identifiessomeexamplesofalternativeproteinsourcesandtheircrudeprotein
levels.
Variousalternativescanbeappropriateindifferentareas,takingintoaccountthe
variousmeritsthatcanbeattainedifalternativeproteinsourcesareincorporatedinto
poultryfeed.Someareasofmuchneededimprovementarewhereconventional
proteinsourcesareatlowsupplyandwhereinexpensivealternativescanbeutilisedin
awayastoreducecostsandmeetfeedspecifications.Additionally,smallholder
poultryproducerscantakeadvantageofthesealternativesandformulatesuitable
poultrydiets,thusreducingcostsandbringingthemintothemainstreamofpoultry
production.
Anotherareawherealternativescanbetakenintoconsideration,iswhereinstitutional
policieshavebannedtheuseofcertainconventionalproteinsources.Theymayaidin
alleviatingthecrisisandhencemaintainpoultryproduction.Itshouldbekeptinmind
thatenvironmentalissuesareamainconcern.Thus,insteadofexpandingforsoya
beanproduction,alternativescanaidinmaintainingpoultryproductionifincorporated
intofeeds.
Animalfeedprocessing
Firstly,anadequatealternativeproteinsubstituteshouldhaveanadequatesupply,be
readilyavailable,havethepropernutrientlevelsandbeaffordable.However,someof
thesealternativeproteinsources,especiallyplantsources,containcompoundssuch
astannins,oligosaccharidesandenzymeinhibitorsathighlevelsthatseverelyaffect
growthinpoultry.
Hence,thesecompoundshavetobetakenintoconsiderationtodetermineappropriate
inclusionlevels.Sinceprocessingtechniquessuchasheattreatmentaffectanti
nutritionalfactorsbyrenderingthemimpotent,thesecompounds(antinutritionals)are
virtuallyeliminatedasaproblem.Therefore,withsomeprocessingalternativeplant
proteinsourcesmaybecomeuseableingredients.
Therearenumerousprocessesrequiredinpreparinganimalsourcemeals,whichare
conductedinawaythatinactivatesbacteriaandmakesthemediblebypoultry,
somethingwhichalsoenforcesconsumersafety.Thecostsandeffectivenessofthese
processesalsohavetobecateredfor.Nevertheless,theutilisationofsuchfeedstuffs
demandshavingsoundknowledgeofthenutrientcompositionaswellasappropriate
inclusionlevels.
Broilers
Broilers (2)
Layer chicks
Experiment
Results
6 to 8% silkworm meal
Thefutureoffeed
Withinthevasttropicalbiodiversity,therearenumerousplantresourcesthatcan
partiallyreplacesoyabeansinpoultrydiets,seeTable2.Inaddition,thereexistsa
vastbaseofalternativeanimalproteinsourcesthatcanreplacefishmealatdifferent
inclusionlevelsinpoultrydiets,seeTable3.Moreresearchisrecommendedon
agronomyandthefurtherdevelopmentofalternativeandnovelproteinsupplycropping
intheshortandmediumterm.Inadditionmoremeaningfulandgreatercooperationis
advocatedbetweenpolicymakers,thefeedindustry,farmersandresearcherstobetter
deliverthefutureproteinsupplypotentialforanimalfeeds.
ThisarticleispublishedincooperationwithAFMAMatrix.Referencesavailableon
request.
P.Chisoro,DepartmentofLivestockandPastureScience,FacultyofScienceand
Agriculture,UniversityofFortHare
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