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HYDROCYCLONES
By Richard A. Arterburn
For many years, hydrocyclones,
commonly referred to as cyclones, have
been extensively utilized in the classification
of particles in comminution circuits. The
practical range of classification for cyclones
is 40 microns to 400 microns, with some
remote applications as fine as 5 microns or
as coarse as 1000 microns. Cyclones are
used in both primary and secondary grinding
circuits as well as regrind circuits. The
information given in this paper is intended to
provide a method, at least for estimating
purposes, of selecting the proper number
and size of cyclones and to determine the
proper level of operating variables.
Generally, it is recommended that cyclone
suppliers be consulted for sizing
confirmation. Some cyclone suppliers
employ digital computers to aid in the sizing
and selection of cyclones.
CYCLONE DESCRIPTION AND BASIC
OPERATION
Figure 1 shows a cutaway view of a
typical cyclone. During operation, the feed
slurry enters the cyclone under pressure
through the feed pipe into the top of the
cylindrical feed chamber. This tangential
entrance is accomplished by two types of
design, as shown in Figure 2. Since the
majority of research has been done with the
involuted type, the graphs and relationships
shown may not be strictly applicable to other
designs.
As the feed enters the chamber, a rotation of
the slurry inside of the cyclone begins,
causing centrifugal forces to accelerate the
movement of the particles towards the outer
wall. The particles migrate downward in a
spiral pattern through the cylindrical section
and into the conical section. At this point the
smaller mass particles migrate toward the
center and spiral upward and out through
the vortex finder, discharging through the
overflow pipe. This product, which contains
the finer particles and the majority of the
(Eq. 2)
D50C(application) = D50C(base)xC1xC2xC3
Required Overflow
Size Distribution
(Percent Passing) of
Specified Micron Size
Multiplier
(To Be Multiplied
Times Micron Size)
98.8
95.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
0.54
0.73
0.91
1.25
1.67
2.08
2.78
0.66
(Eq. 3)
53-V
53
(Eq. 4)
0.5
C3 =
-0.28
1.65
GS - G L
(Eq. 6)
(Eq. 5)
APEX SELECTION
The proper selection of apex size is
critical to proper cyclone performance. For
each application a circulating load is
normally given which establishes the
amount of solids which must pass through
the cyclone underflow. Experience has
M = DR x 0.102
G
(Eq. 7)
SUMP/PUMP DESIGN
Another chapter covers the selection and
sizing of slurry pumps and should be
consulted for more detailed information
concerning sump/pump design. Specifically
=
=
=
=
=
=
562
187
749
75 (assumed at
1.966
106 (1676 USGPM)
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Multiplier at 60% passing = 2.08
Specified micron size = 74 microns
D50C (application) = 2.08x74 = 154 microns
(from Figure 6)
C2 = Correction for DR = 1.1 (from Figure 7).
Pressure drop assumed at 50 kPa
(7 psi) which would be low energy and
good maintenance.
C3 = Correction for sp gr solids = 0.93
(from Figure 8)
Second, calculate cyclone diameter:
D50C (application) = D50C (base) x
C1xC2xc3
(from Equation 2)
154 = D50C (base) x 4.09xl.lx0.93
D50C (base) = 37 microns
Therefore, from Figure 5 use 51 cm
cyclones (20 in.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
From Figure 9:
CONCLUSION
It has been the intent of this paper to provide
a method for determining the proper size
and number of cyclones required for the
design of a comminution circuit. The parts
of a cyclone and the geometry which
comprise a standard cylone were described.
Cyclone performance, as well as the
fundamental variables of cyclone diameter,
feed concentration, pressure drop, and
specific gravities, has been explained. Both
graphical representations and mathematical
relationships have been given for each of
the fundamental variables, and cyclone and
apex capacities have been presented.
FIGURE 1
CYCLONE CUTAWAY
Cylinder Section
Conical Section
Apex
10
Figure II
Involuted Feed vs. Tangential Feed
Involuted Feed
Tangential feed
11
Gr a p h I
Pa r t i c l e Di a m et er VS. Pa r t i c l e Rec over y
100
90
Pa r t i c l e Re c o ve r y (% t o Un d e r fl o w )
80
Ac t ua l
Rec over y
70
60
50
D50 Poi n t
40
30
Cor r ec t ed
Rec over y
20
10
0
20
30
40
50
60
70 80 90 1 00
200
Pa r t i c l e Di a m et er (Mi c r on s)
12
300
400
500
Graph II
Reduced Recovery
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8 0.9
1.5
13
2.5
3.5
4.5
Gr a p h I I I
Cy c l o n e Di a m e t e r VS. D5 0
(Fo r "Ty p i c a l " Cy c l o n e s )
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
D50 (M i c r o n s )
35
30
25
20
15
10
9
8
7
6
5
3
1
9 10
15
20
25
30
Cy c l o n e Di a m e t e r (I n c h e s )
40
14
50
60
Gr a p h I V
Co r r e c t i o n Fo r Fe e d Co n c e n t r a t i o n
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Cor r e c t i o n Fa c t or
20
15
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Fe e d Co n c e n t r a t i o n (% s o l i d s b y v o l u m e )
15
50
Gr a p h V
C o r r e c t i o n Fo r P r e s s u r e D r o p
3
2 .5
1
0 .9 5
0 .9
0 .8 5
0 .8
0 .7 5
0 .7
0 .6 5
0 .6
0 .5 5
0 .5
0 .4 5
P r e s s u r e D r o p ( P SI )
16
90
10 0
80
60
70
50
40
30
25
20
15
10
0 .4
Co r r e c t i on Fa c t or
1 .5
Gr a p h VI
Co r r e c t i o n f o r So l i d s Sp e c i f i c Gr a v i t y
(i n w a t e r )
10
9
8
5
4 .5
4
2 .5
1.5
1
0 .9
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
10
9.5
8.5
7.5
6.5
5.5
4.5
3 .5
2.5
1 .5
0 .4
1
Co r r e c t i o n Fa c t o r
3 .5
So l i d s Sp e c i f i c Gr a v i t y
17
Gr a p h VII
Pr essu r e Dr op VS. Vol u m et r i c Fl ow r a t e
30" Cyc l on e
9 ,0 00
26" Cyc l on e
5 ,0 00
15" Cyc l on e
1,0 00
10" Cyc l on e
80 0
7 00
600
50 0
40 0
6" Cyc l on e
300
20 0
4" Cyc l on e
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
18
90
100
80
60
70
Pr essur e Dr op (PSI)
50
40
30
25
20
15
10
15
Vo l u m e t r i c Fl o w r a t e (USGPM )
20" Cyc l on e
Graph VIII
Apex Capacity
Diameter VS. Flowrate
10,000
700
500
400
300
Fl o w Ra t e (GPM )
200
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
7
5
3
2
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
19
9 10