Ironically, it was the enforced immigration of enslaved African from different

ethnic groups that provided the circumstances for the development of Voodoo.
European colonists thought that by desolating the ethnic groups, these could not
come together as a community. However, in the misery of slavery, the transplanted
Africans found in their faith a common thread. They began to invoke not only their
own Gods, but to practice rites other than their own.
In this process, they comingled and modified rituals of various ethnic groups. The result of such
fusion was that the different religious groups integrated their beliefs, thereby creating a new
religion: Voodoo. The word "voodoo" comes from the West African word "vodun," meaning spirit.
This Afro-Caribbean religion mixed practices from many African ethnics groups such as the Fon,
the Nago, the Ibos, Dahomeans, Congos , Senegalese, Haussars, Caplaous, Mondungues, Mandinge,
Angolese, Libyans, Ethiopians, and the Malgaches.
The Essence of Voodoo
Within the voodoo society, there are no accidents. Practitioners believe that nothing and no event
has a life of its own. That is why "vous deux", you two, you too. The universe is all one. Each thing
affects something else. Scientists know that. Nature knows it. Many spiritualists agree that we are
not separate, we all serve as parts of One. So, in essence, what you do unto another, you do unto
you, because you ARE the other. Voo doo. View you. We are mirrors of each others souls. God is
manifest through the spirits of ancestors who can bring good or harm and must be honored in
ceremonies. There is a sacred cycle between the living and the dead. Believers ask for their misery
to end. Rituals include prayers, drumming, dancing, singing and animal sacrifice.
The serpent figures heavily in the Voodoo faith. The
word Voodoo has been translated as "the snake under
whose auspices gather all who share the faith". The
high priest and/or priestess of the faith (often called
Papa or Maman) are the vehicles for the expression of
the serpent's power. The supreme deity is Bon Dieu.
There are hundreds of spirits called Loa who control
nature, health, wealth and happiness of mortals. The
Loa form a pantheon of deities that include Damballah,
Ezili, Ogu, Agwe, Legba and others.
During Voodoo ceremonies these Loa can possess the bodies of the ceremony participants. Loa
appear by "possessing" the faithful, who in turn become the Loa, relaying advice, warnings and
desires. Voodoo is an animist faith. That is, objects and natural phenomena are believed to possess
holy significance, to possess a soul. Thus the Loa Agwe is the divine presence behind the hurricane.
Music and dance are key elements to Voodoo ceremonies. Ceremonies were often termed by whites
"Night Dancing" or "Voodoo Dancing". This dancing is not simply a prelude to sexual frenzy, as it
has often been portrayed. The dance is an expression of spirituality, of connection with divinity and
the spirit world.
Voodoo is a practical religion, playing an important role in the family and the community. One's
ancestors, for instance, are believed to be a part of the world of the spirits, of the Loas, and this is
one way that Voodoo serves to root its participants in their own history and tradition. Another
practical aspect of Voodoo ceremonies is that participants often come before the priest or priestess
to seek advice, spiritual guidance, or help with their problems. The priest or priestess then, through
divine aid, offer help such as healing through the use of herbs or medicines (using knowledge that
has been passed down within the religion itself), or healing through faith itself as is common in
other religions. Voodoo teaches a respect for the natural world.

Unfortunately, the public's perception of voodoo rites and rituals seems often to point to the evil or
malicious side of things. There are healing spells, nature spells, love spells, purification spells,
joyous celebration spells. Spirits may be invoked to bring harmony and peace, birth and rebirth,
increased abundance of luck, material happiness, renewed health.The fact is, for those who believe
it, voodoo is powerful. It is also empowering to the person who practices it.
Voodoo and its fight to survive
Despite Voodoo's noble status as one of the worlds
oldest religions, it has been typically characterized
as barbaric, primitive, sexually licentious practice
based on superstition and spectacle. Much of this
image however, is due to a concerted effort by
Europeans, who have a massive fear of anything
African, to suppress and distort a legitimate and
unique religion that flourished among their enslaved
Africans. When slavers brought these peoples across
the ocean to the Americas , the African's brought
their religion with them.
However, since slavery included stripping the slaves of their language, culture, and heritage, this
religion had to take some different forms. It had to be practiced in secret, since in some places it
was punishable by death, and it had to adapt to the loss of their African languages. In order to
survive, Voodoo also adopted many elements of Christianity. When the French who were the
colonizers of Haiti , realized that the religion of the Africans was a threat to the colonial system,
they prohibited all African religion practices and severely punished the practitioners of Voodoo with
imprisonment, lashings and hangings. This religious struggle continued for three centuries, but none
of the punishments could extinguished the faith of the Africans. This process of acculturation
helped Voodoo to grow under harsh cultural conditions in many areas of the Americas .
Voodoo survives as a legitimate religion in a number of areas of the world, Brazil where it is called
"Candombl" and the English speaking Caribbean where it is called Obeah. The Ewe people of
southern Togo and southeastern Ghana -- two countries in West Africa -- are devout believers. In
most of the United States however, white slavers were successful in stripping slaves of their Voodoo
traditions and beliefs. Thus Voodoo is, for most African Americans, yet another part of their heritage
that they can only try to re-discover.
The strength that the Africans in Haiti gained from
their religion was so strong and powerful, that they
were able to survive the cruel persecution of the
French rulers against Voodoo. It was in the midst of
this struggle that the revolution was conspired. The
Voodoo priests consulted their oracle and learned
how the political battle would have to be fought in
order for them to be victorious. The revolution
exploded in 1791 with a Petr ritual and continued
until 1804 when the Haitians finally won
independence. Today the system of Voodoo reflects
its history. We can see the African ethnic mixture in
the names of different rites and in the pantheon of
Gods or Loas, which is composed of deities from

all parts of Africa .

PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH
DIVINITY AS CONCEIVED BY THE AJA-FON
Mawu, the Supreme God
The South Bnin cultural area of the Fon, Gun, Mina and Ewe peoples is characterized by a similar
conception of divinity: belief in the existence of God is general. This God, recognized as the
Supreme Being, as Transcendent, is referred to by the term Mawu. According to the testimony of
Fr. Paul Falcon "everyone professes the existence of a Supreme Being who created the trees and the
ropes, a Fon idiomatic expression which means everything that exists This Supreme Being is
called Mawu". That God is the creator of the universe, of mankind and of all that exists is generally
accepted. And this notion of God existed among these peoples before the arrival of the great
monotheistic religions (Christianity, Islam). With the Fon, for example, this god Mawu is also
named Sgbo lisa, Dada Sgbo, Smdo or Gbdoto depending on whether one is stressing the
creation (Mawu, Dada-Sgbo), the principle of being (Smdo) or life (Gbdoto).
But if there is no doubt at all about the Supreme God Mawu in the mentality of these peoples, where
do the very popular practices of Vodun come from? To answer this question means showing the
existing relationship between Mawu and Vodun.

The relationship between Mawu and Vodun

The absolute transcendence attributed to Mawu does not allow one to conceive of his relationship of
immanence with humanity. Yet the human spirit needs a relationship of salvific proximity, of easy
access to the Supreme Being. And since creatures manifest the Creator, man finds sacred forces in
certain phenomena or situations that are beyond his understanding. It is through this vision of the
world that Vodun emerges.
For the people of South Benin, Mawu is good, but he does not concern himself directly with man;
he is omnipotent but has delegated his power to the Vodun(s). Hence the Vodun(s), recognized as
Mawus creatures, according to the Fon expression "Mawu w do Vodun l", are Mawus
representatives among men, signs of the divinitys immanence in response to the spiritual desires of
mankind. In this sense, Vodun designates all that is sacred, all power coming from the invisible
world to influence the world of the living, everything that is mysterious. For this reason, it is
explicitly distinct from Mawu. But we find that there is no actual worship of the latter in the
tradition, except certain spontaneous prayers or references such as "Mawu na blo" (God will act),
"Kp Mawu ton" (may God decide thus) used on different occasions. The Vodun(s) receive the
worship because of their proximity to man compared to Mawu. Divine qualities are attributed to
them, characterised as the spirits they are considered to be above all natural laws. All these
attributes are the work of Mawu. Examining the internal dynamics of the Vodun pantheon will give
a clearer idea of the dependent relationship the Vodun(s) have with Mawu.

Types of Vodun
It would be a vain enterprise to claim to enumerate the types of Vodun or to classify them
exhaustively. Mgr. Robert Sastre tried to tackle the question in Les Vodun dans la vie culturelle,

sociale et politique du Sud-Dahomey. Honorat Aguessy did the same thing in Cultures Vodun,
Manifestations Migrations Mtamorphoses (Afrique, Carabes, Amriques). With this important
background, in our approach we will focus on the mystical origin of the Vodun(s) as proposed by Fr.
Mdwal Jacob Agossou in Gbto et Gbdoto.
Firstly, the Vodun(s) are considered as the sons of Mawu, God the Creator. Here are the seven most
important of these:
Sakpata: This is the eldest son of Mawu to whom the earth was entrusted: "Ayi Vodun",
the Vodun of the earth. His power is feared and terrifying. His attributes are the arm of
smallpox, scissors, a chain and black, white and red spots. Sakpata has many sons,
including the Vodun of leprosy (Ada Tangni), and of incurable sores (sinji aglosumato).
Xvioso (or Xbioso): This is the Vodun of the sky (Jivodun) who manifests himself in
thunder and lightning. He is Mawus second son and is considered a Vodun of justice
who punishes thieves, liars, criminals and evil-doers. His attibutes are the thunderbolt,
the double axe, the ram, the colour red and fire. Xvioso has several sons including
Sogbo, Aklob, Avlkt.
Agbe: This is the Vodun of the sea (Tovodun). He is also known as Hu. He is represented
by a serpent, a symbol of everything that gives life. One of his powerful children is Dan
Toxosu who manifests himself in the birth of monster babies.
Gu: This is the Vodun of iron and war. He gives man his different technologies. He is
the Vodun who does not accept complicity with evil. Therefore he is capable of killing
all accomplices in acts of infamy if he is appealed to. This is expressed by the Fon
saying "da gu do".
Ag: This fifth son of Mawu is the Vodun of agriculture and the forests. He reigns over
animals and birds.
Jo: This Vodun is characterized by invisibility. He is the Vodun of the air.
Lgba: This is Mawus youngest son. He received no endowments at all because all had
already been shared out among his elders. He is jealous, and it is he who loosens the
rigid structure of the pantheon. He is the Vodun of the unpredictable, of what cannot be
assigned to any other and he is characterised by daily tragedies; all that is beyond good
and evil.
Alongside Mawus sons, one finds other Vodun(s) that are protectors of equally important clans.
These are the Toxwyo: eponymous deified ancestors. They maintain a link between the invisible
world and human beings in their daily lives.
From the above, we can classify the Vodun(s) as follows:
Inter-ethnic Vodun(s) linked to natural phenomena: Jivodun: Xvioso; Ayivodun:
Sakpata; Tovodun: Agbe.
Inter-ethnic Vodun(s) linked to historical-mythical persons: Lgba, Gu.
Ethnic Vodun(s): Akovodun (Agasu for the Hougbajavi of Abomey). The Toxwyo are in
this category.
Modern Vodun(s): These Vodun(s) are mainly from Ghana. They are Goro who protects
against witchcraft, and Koku, the Vodun of the occult powers of violence.

After these investigations, it seems important to ask the question: so what exactly is Vodun?
It can be said that the Vodun(s) constitute a special class of Mawus living creatures. They are above
mankind, but they are not "God". Let us recognise, together with Fr. Barthlemy Adoukonou and all
the others, that defining Vodun is not an easy task, even for Vodun adepts. Fon expressions like:
"Vodun gongon", "Vodun dablu" (Vodun is deep, Vodun is obscure) say it all. This is why, as Mgr.
Robert Sastre said, we must refer to the social and cultural context which gives rise to Vodun in
order to grasp what Vodun really is.

THE "THEODICY" OF VODUN AND ITS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL

IMPLICATIONS
In view of what has been said above, certain questions arise: due to the practical implications which
illustrate its manifestations, can Vodun be assimilated with fetishism, or even outright naturalism?
What relationships does it establish between the practising individual and his entire cosmic, social
and spiritual environment?

Vodun: naturalism, fetishism or animism?

These may be naturalist, fetishist and animist expressions and manifestations, but the basic vision to
retain is that The argument for naturalism and fetishism in Vodun rests on some epiphenomena of
its practice: the Voduns are related to different concrete elements of the universe and are
materialised through specific objects to which devotional cults are rendered and sacrifices are
offered (mounds of earth, metal bars, tree trunks). Nothing would prevent us from seeing in this
from the outset an attribution of soul and powers to common objects which, as a result, acquire a
preponderant and terrifying importance. This begs the question: is the Vodun a person? Is it worth
something in the absence of man above and beneath it? One answer to this question might be that
Vodun is nothing but an ethical and religious structure set up to serve authority in society. But this is
just a limited view of the Vodun reality.
Certain people erroneously equate Vodun with fetish. Indeed, some would see the Vodun cult as a
coarse idolatry of material objects or as a cult of matter, without any consideration of its rich
functionality which we shall illustrate below. Furthermore, it should be noted that these mistaken
views are due to ethnological approaches to the Vodun phenomenon which refrain from articulating
its uniquely physical, cosmic and social function in religious mediation. It is true that "M w no
ylo do Vodun b non nyin Vodun" (it is because man calls it Vodun that it is Vodun). But rather than
seeing in it a power generated by the complex interaction of senses, intentions, gestures and spoken
words, it is far more a question of the anthropological support which places Vodun in a symbolic
system where it owes its performance to the necessary mediation of the physical, and therefore of
matter in general. It would thus be more correct to translate "M w no ylo do Vodun b non nyin
Vodun" as: A personal attitude of recognition and acceptance is required for the sacred to become
symbol. Vodun evokes the mystery and what pertains to the divine. In this way the suspicion is
removed, at least as regards the essence, even if it remains in the somewhat deviant manifestations
of the Vodun phenomenon. The network of relationships of which Vodun is a symbol is yet another
proof of this.

Vodun and Gbe (life/world): Cosmogony

The word "gb" which means "life", also means "the universe". It is this second meaning that we
focus on here. The created universe in its cosmic deployment is not foreign to the deployment of
Vodun. In the concrete expressions of the latter, there is a Vodun of the earth (Sakpata), a Vodun of
the sky (Xvioso), a Vodun of the sea (Agb) and Vodun(s)representing the ancestors (Toxwyo), as
we have seen. Indeed, all the elements of the universe are involved in the Vodun phenomenon. It is
not that the mind-set of South Benin imagination conceives of a Vodun cosmogenesis: Vodun is thus
neither the generator nor the creator of the universe. But its link to everything in nature is one of
mediation and of the protection of man. In fact, its link with "Gb" only finds its meaning through
its link with "Gbto" (man).

Vodun and Gbeto (Man): Anthropology

The religiosity manifest in man through the Vodun phenomenon makes him a subject who places
himself at the service of its symbolism. And while serving it, he makes use of it in return.
Furthermore, what men call Vodun, is the unknowable, mystery, the ineffable when it comes to
natural elements; it is the extraordinary, the hero, the unbeatable, the powerful when it is a question
of human beings. Before the name Vodun is given to them, they are referred to as "nu m sn"
(venerable thing; worthy of adoration). This gives rise to the cults and their impacts. After
objectively identifying the Vodun, man becomes its subject. Henceforth, not a single aspect of his
life escapes his object of adoration and veneration. The F , messenger of the Vodun(s), intervenes
while a child is still in his mothers womb, to identify his destiny and, if need be, to avert it.
Similarly, throughout all the stages of life, from birth, and through the different existential
situations, the Vodun faithful will feel enfolded in the omnipresence of Vodun, and will constantly
benefit from the watchful and protective eye of the Pantheon, with all the consequences of this
solicitude. But curiously and paradoxically, Vodun does not "accompany" a faithful in death, to the
beyond. At the funeral of a Vodun adept, a rite exists to remove the spirit of the Vodun of which he
is the "spouse", so as to leave him to his fate. Here there are perhaps two meanings that are
important to note. Firstly, the Vodun takes care of the living and not of the dead; secondly, Vodun is
essentially an intermediary between man and God the Creator, to whom he simply delivers him
when he dies.
As a principle of mediation for man, Vodun also plays an important role in the organisation of
human society.
Religious initiation and educational plan in the context of Vodun
gbasa-yiyi: "access to the living room" and discovering the joto
The gabasa-yiyi is of capital importance in the lives of Fon men. It is the first of a series of three
rites of initiation to the F through which the Fon pass. Of the three, gabasa-yiyi is fundamentally
the most important one through which everyone must pass. Young girls and boys can be initiated to
the second degree of F, but only men can reach the third degree of initiation. Initiation, as Fr B.
Adoukonou points out, "represents one of the essential means invented by Africans to transmit in a
lively and existential way what for lack of a better expression we shall call the fundamental
parameters of life. These three initiations to the F are in religious terms of a type that is
intermediate between a purely profane initiation to history and a consecration to Vodun which can
go as far as a crisis of possession". The gabasa-yiyi ceremony has no rigorously fixed date. It
never takes place before at least three lunar months after birth.
The purpose of gabasa-yiyi is to introduce the child to the family community in the "living room"

(Agbasa) of the representative of the eponymous Ancestor. It is the rite of the integration of a child
or of several children of the same generation within the family community including the deceased
members, the living and the Spirits which protect the family. The consultation of the F by the
Bokonon, "Diviner-Healer", reveals the childs Joto, in other words, the Vodun, "divinity" or the
Mxo (Ancestor; sometimes deified) who, in him, is "sent" to the family by the Great S. The Joto
is a "reference to a protective force. It is a dynamic element which intervenes in the constitution
of the individuals personality". The Joto is the Ancestor whose vital influx animates the child. He is
referred to as S-Joto or S mkokanto (S gatherer of the earth of the human body); he who
presents to the Creator-God the clay out of which has been fashioned the body of the newcomer to
the Land of Life (Gb Tom). He is the force, the vital and spiritual energy, which models and
directs the existence of the person; hence the title S (Protector) that is given to him. The Joto is
"Father of the coming into existence", the direct collaborator of Mawu in the generation of the
child.
Once the Joto is known, he is given a welcome: "S doo n w" (You are welcome, O s!), and as
his "other self" and under protection, he is welcomed through the rite of Jono Kpikp (encounter,
welcome of the stranger, the guest). In principle, the child does not receive the name of his Joto. He
can however be addressed by this name from time to time in order to remind him of it. This name
can sometimes prevail if the person concerned is one day called and consecrated to the cult of his
Joto. "In such cases, the name becomes a real name in religion. It is formally forbidden, under
severe penalties, for the individual to be called by another name".
Despite the terminological ambiguities inevitably encountered in the formulation of the term Joto,
any idea of reincarnation should be absolutely discarded: the child is not the reincarnation of his
Joto Ancestor. The Fon religious belief holds that the individual S is immortal. When a person dies
and enters the Ysnyim (world of the Spirits, metaphysical world), the individual S goes back to
Sgbo (the Great S), in other words, to his origins, his original state. In his role as Joto, it is he
who places his hand on the head of the candidate to life (Alodotanumto) "to take him in a way
under his protective shadow". There is no reincarnation in the proper sense, but a transmission of
the personality. The individual soul of the Joto does not become incarnate in his protg, but the
Joto transmits to the latter "his sociological part, his status and his role". A proof of this is that
several persons living at the same time can have and indeed most often do have the same Joto.
The S-mekokanto (the ancestor who gathered the clay with which the body of the new-born child
has been fashioned) imprints on the child his social personality, what he has become "through his
social and active commitment in the historical process" which "he embodied in his lifetime and
which is maintained by the group that will educate the new-born child in accordance with the
master" ( ) "The social personality, the active commitment and the historical conscience that the
ancestor hands down to his descendent constitute a psychological heritage which gives meaning to
his life and coincides with the above-mentioned directives. The protector ancestor comes to
materialise the right to safeguard and maintain life as well as that to act in such a way that it
flourishes and develops fully. In this way the S-mekokanto (the protector ancestor) ensures the
growth of the family life of which he was the first or one of the first important links".
The Joto is sometimes assisted in his task by another Ancestor or Divine Spirit, acting as an
auxiliary Joto or companion to the first one. This arrangement is fully consistent with the linkstrengthening process, a reality that is viewed by the Fon as an inalienable value.
To identify the Joto, one first needs to have determined the D which reveals it. D is the name
given to the signs or figures that are meaningful within the divination system of the F. These are
the series of signs that serve to reveal the Jotos self. Henceforth the revealing D and the Joto
constitute two components inseparable from each other and intrinsic in the personal, social and
religious destiny of the individual, as well as in his project of fulfilment. While Joto is the
individuals typological reference, D is "the sought and welcomed will of a Desired Third Party"
(Sgbo) coming as an epiphany, i.e. manifested by the Joto. D is the "word of the oracle", the

voice of the Supreme Being on each person who comes into existence. As the voice of S, D is
also the way that S traces and indicates for man. Because, "the world is without measure, but we
cannot live without measure", thus speaks angoulevan. D is the word of life given and entrusted
temporarily to parents as a measure of guidance for the one who has just made his entry into the
land of life (Gbtom) and into the world of men (Gbtol m). He traces the path he is to follow, in
other words he establishes the ordinances or laws (S) according to which he will have to avoid
death-bearing acts both for himself and for others, and acts detrimental to the communitys integrity.
Until a child reaches the age of reason, it is the mother who respects the ordinances of his D. In
general, mothers take upon themselves the responsibility and the concern to follow these ordinances
for the rest of their lives, for and with their offspring, even when they are adult. By this gesture,
they demonstrate that the life preserved in a family member is a gain in vitality for all and that
everyone must co-operate in maintaining it.
Through the gbasi-yiyi rite, the Fon individual is recognised as a true member of his family, since
his link with the ancestors, mystical foundations of the family, is determined by it. Through his
Joto, his integration among the living members of the family is reinforced all the more by his being
tied to the deceased members. The Agbasa rite has two dimensions: while the possession of a Joto
confers a social status on a person, the determination of his D, "Word of the oracle on his power of
fulfilment", recognises his individual character. Thus there is reciprocal interaction between social
status and the status of the individual.
Those who have not been through the rite of gbasi-yiyi have neither personal nor community
status: "no word of the oracle supports them in life" (E do du ji ). If these points of reference, the
Joto and the D, are not known by their families, they remain strangers, men without roots. Hence
the anxious question of a Fon faced with another who shows a habitual behavioural imbalance: E ka
yi gbasa ni ? "has the rite of gbasi-yiyi been accomplished for him?". The same question is
often asked spontaneously as regards the ceremony of Sunknkn, E ka kosun ni ? "Has the rite
of Sunkunkun been accomplished for him?" It is said of a person whose behaviour raises such
questions that his spirit is not at rest: "Ayi ton huhw ; ayi ton jayi "; the spirit is agitated. This
agitation is a manifestation of an inner, social and religious lack of harmony. It is considered that it
cannot be otherwise, because neither this person nor the others have a knowledge of the sublime
will of the "Great S" which gives meaning to his life, the "word of the oracle" which governs and
directs the individuals life.
Listening to history and tales strengthens the character of the young; their moral formation, largely
based on examples received, combines the imitation of elders, particularly Ancestors (history) with
that of heroes (tales).

Common initiation
An education which does not assume moral and religious values as essential is not an education of
quality. Religious conviction gives meaning to behaviour and moral choices. Fon religious
education, according to Mgr. A.T. Sanon, leads the individual to "sense the invisible through the
visible and concrete":
- Nu kplon m o, (moral) education,
e no z do we place it on
Numsnl sin ali nu: the path of "the-beings-to-be-adored"

(divinities and ancestors):

Vodun l do l a Vodun has ordered such and such a thing
Sakpata gb do Sakpata has forbidden
E ma wa nu le o. such a thing to be done.
Numsnl w e so It is mainly "the-beings-to-be-adored"
Do nukon tan that we have put forward
Bo do kplon n vil na to educate the children.
At the heart of the Fon man there is a religious "fear" which, at the moment of moral action takes
the form of a deep conviction: it is the E-gbl-ma-k (may-I-die-if-it-goes-wrong: the determination
to succeed) which we find in our elders. This adamant conviction has fundamentally contributed to
keeping the peace in society. No compromises would be tolerated, whoever the perpetrator might
be.
The young Fon is faced with his religious responsibilities as soon as he reaches the age of Do so
kan nu (12 or 13). His parents teach him to know his Joto and his D: "D le w jo w, bo n le v
w" (you are born under such and such a "sign", you are under the protection of such and such a
"D", and it is ill-fated for you to do such and such or to eat such and such). Until this point, he has
been allowed not to observe the ordinances of his D, given his young age. His mother acted on his
behalf. Henceforth, it is up to him to respect these ordinances, even if his mother continues to do so
for him. Life is maintained by individuals for one another, but everyone must maintain it if it is to
be preserved and increased. If it is true that we walk for each other, it is also true that each one
walks for himself. Only this way will all attain the fullness of life.
Agoo-ma-yi-sogw is the stage that marks late adolescence (around the age of twenty). At this time
the second initiation to the F takes place, known as F-sinsn (adoration of the F) or F-yi-yi
(reception of the F). At this stage in their lives, boys and girls are generally in a growth crisis. It is
said that a youth is "disturbed" by the F. He or she must "receive" and "adore" the F, in other
words, "in a public religious act, conform his or her will to that of the Supreme Being of whom the
F is the messenger (F Gbwndoto). Youthful freedom struggling for self-control must utter the
most profound yes to the will of God (Gb) in order to become stronger". The consultation of the
F reveals the "sign" (D) under which the boys or girls present themselves. This will be the D
(word of the oracle) of their adolescence. For each one and with each one, the Bokonon (divinerhealer) removes the Adr, in other words he offers the sacrifice that clears their path (i.e. their lives)
of obstacles, accidents and misfortunes (Adr). They are given the F and they receive it: it is the
word of Mawu-Gbdoto (God) for each one as he definitively leaves "childhood" to enter adult life.
The third initiation to the F is reserved for male candidates alone.They accede to it as adults. It is
the door, although a narrow one, to the secrets of the F divination system. It is called F-tit
(consultation of the F), a rite through which the F (son of F) "receives the revelation of the
whole of his destiny". The candidate is no longer only the one for whom the consultation is made,
but also the one who consults for himself. Needless to say, given the esoteric character of this
initiation compared to the previous ones, non-initiates and women are not even admitted as
spectators. The ceremony takes place in the Fzun (the wood, bush or forest of the F). As a masterinitiator the candidate has a Bokonon. With hands joined containing a "hand" of sacred nuts, he
prays three times to Mawu-Gbdoto (God the Creator) for him to send the Fvis Joto, in other
words the one who presented God with the clay that served to create the Fvi alongside his protg.
Then under the protection of his Joto, the Fvi manipulates the Fgbo (great F with 36 nuts) to
extract the partial figures of the D (sign of the oracle) which he writes on the ground as they come
out. Once the sign is formed, the Jogbana (the assistant to the Bokonon in the ceremony) reads it
aloud. He then gathers up the earth where the D inscription is written and places it in a cloth sack.
This constitutes the Kpoli of the Fvi: it is the visible sign of the spiritual principle that is in man,

i.e. the visible sign of S.

Another consultation is held to ensure that the sign which emerged is for the good of the Fvi. A
positive answer from the F is greeted with joy and satisfaction by everyone. A negative answer
leads to an offering of sacrifices to cast off K (death), Azon (illness), Hw (guilt and legal
summons), Hn (poverty, wretchedness). At the end of this sacrifice of exorcism, the Fvi takes a
ritual bath in flowing water. The Fvis hair, nails, a piece of his loin-cloth and everything that in
him that symbolises impurity are buried in the sacred wood. Everyone then returns to the house of
the Bokonon, the "spiritual Father" of the Fvi.
"If the esoteric meaning of the signs is not readable for the casual consultant, it is for the Fvi, at
least in part, once he emerges from the Fzun (sacred wood). Indeed before he leaves, the diviner
summarily reveals the qualities of the sign found during the consultation. Later, a more substantial
explanation is given to him in the house, first by the colleagues of the initiator, then by the man
himself".
Throughout the initiation period, the Fvi is not allowed to have sex: he is in a period of close and
special relationship with the sacred. Sexual continence disposes the candidate to preserving all his
vital energy for the benefit of his encounter with the "divine power"; it enables the sacred energy to
operate effectively on the candidate, free of any hindrance. The lifting of the sex ban happens on the
third day after he has returned from the Fzun (the wood of the F). It happens after a futher
consultation of the F to make sure that the Fvis D came for his good. After this consultation and
the lifting of the sex ban, the Bokonon makes recommendations to the Fvi:
"This is a sort of tradition in the constitution of his new state. There is a stress on the meaning of the
sense of brotherhood there should be with all the other Fvi and on the respect and attachment there
should be for the spiritual father and all the other Bokonons".
Finally the Fvi is clothed in a brand new white loin-cloth, then he goes home with his F. He is a
full initiate as regards the order of the stages reserved to common man. Henceforth, he knows "the
meaning of life" and the meaning of his own life, he "knows" his personal destiny.
The "Novitiate" of the vodunsi: "School of life"
The very day a child enters the Hun-kpam or Vodun-Kpam (Vodun enclosure), i.e. Vodun convent,
the Vodun (Divinity) takes possession of the child, girl or boy, who has chosen it. He or she is
therefore Vodunsi ipso facto and, for three months, will be Kajkaji (a gourd who increases the
number of gourds): a neophyte. What we call "novitiate" is therefore the process by which they will
be made to become in fact what they already are mystically.
The neophytes are supervised by the xwgan (head of house), the Kangan (master of the rope) in
charge of discipline, then there are the Hunso and the Nagbo who are "novice" master and mistress
respectively. The Hunkpam (the convent) is a harsh school of renunciation and endurance. Within
it, the elect are initiated to the cult of their "spouse", the Vodun to whom they are consecrated for
their whole life. Initiation to the Vodun is a particularly important moment that deeply marks the life
of the individual. Its aim is gradually to lead the profane from non-existence to their existence as
sacred persons; the novice undergoes a series of separations which are each a death to the previous
profane life. Before anything else, the Vodunsi must make a solemn vow of absolute discretion as
regards what they have seen and heard or will see and hear in the convent. Any Vodunsi who cannot
keep quiet about what is to remain secret and act with the veneration that is due to the sacred object
he carries on his head will be a traitor. Failure to observe the rules of initiation, of consecration and
of proper behaviour in the profane environment is an infidelity and a threat to the authority, not of
men, but of the Divinity. One exposes oneself by this to the unpleasant effects of his anger. Those
guilty of it can only make amends by paying a large fine and acceding to the rites of Fl

(conjuration) and Wslasla (purification).

In the pedagogy of initiation, the neophyte is required to prove his capacity for endurance in the
formation trials; these formation trials are themselves a condensed form of the trials of life. Training
through trials, which is already a characteristic of the Fon educational system in general, finds its
strongest expression in the Hunkpam. Discipline and tenacity are essential, and corporal
punishment serves to develop these. In this respect it can be said "the body records knowledge".
Each Vodunsi "stores up in his body, the soil in which the initiatory word is sown by means of
gestures, attitudes, rhythms and, if need be, flagellation": the teachers words and gestures must be
memorised and reproduced exactly by the students. The pedagogy of initiation involves the
transmission of words and gestures, which requires action both by the group of initiators and by that
of the "initiands". "Mind, heart and body work together to build the total man"
Apart from learning the Vodun language, cultural chants and dances, to satisfy the material needs of
the convent and the Hunnon (Vodun high priest) the young "must devote themselves at fixed times
to working in the fields and manual tasks: making baskets, mats and raffia clothwhich are then
sold in the local markets by the convent servants". There is no "dolce far niente" in the initiation
period; laziness is to be hated like the plague; "Kajkaji mo no do hwem mlon" they say: "the
neophyte does not take siestas".
The Vodunsi, male or female, must show maturity and be serious in matters of religion. In this way
they are to contribute to the balance and order, social, cultural and religious integrity of their
community and people. Before returning to the world of non-initiates, after their consecration and
initiation, among other recommendations they are urged to cultivate a sense of brotherhood with all
the other Vodunsi, to respect the Vodun and to feel responsible for the land of their Ancestors. The
ceremony of the giving of sand to the ex-Kajkaji is significant in this respect:
"About fifteen years after I was Kajkaji, the Vodunun gathered all the Vodunsi of my year and told
us that he was going to lock us up in a retreat ("xwe mi do xo"). We had been told to utter a strident
shout ("gbo") all the way from our houses to the Vodunon. He put a little earth in our left hand. With
this gesture of offering earth, he said: "Danxome ko tonye die emi so do alom nu hwi ma nu e j
ayi gbede o" (Here is the earth of the Danxom which I place in your hands, let it never fall!)"
Vodun: from Hennu (family) to To (country): sociology
Hnnu designates the family, reduced or extended, the first unit of social organisation. It is a bloodline community, united by a single ancestor, with food or moral prohibitions, family Vodun cults
and divinities to which the family is loyal. T is a grouping of several families or several xw
(parental enclosures). As in the family, it too has a hierarchy of prohibitions (Tosu), prescribed
sacred practices (sin), protector Vodun(s) (Tovodun) and priests dedicated to the cult. Here, more
than at the family level, the reciprocal influence of political and religious authority is apparent.
More often than not, it is Vodun that prevails in the consecration of customary chiefs. And generally
the Vodun oracles are also irrevocable: hence the fear they inspire and which provides for an easier
take-over control of social phenomena. In this way, in traditional society, a social category without
its Vodun(s) is fragile and bound to disappear. It should be noted here that quite apart from the
ethnic or inter-ethnic Vodun(s), most Vodun(s) are all the more efficient when they are of foreign
origin, in other words, imported.
In actual fact, in view of these examples of the functional role of Vodun, we can but admit the
instrumental dimension of the phenomenon: Vodun(s) are not ends in themselves, they all lead to a
same end.

Vodun and monotheism

By identifying Vodun as an idolatrous fetishism or a superstitious animism, certain ethnologists
came to the conclusion that the Vodun cult is the perfect illustration of polytheism. This is perhaps
true with reference to the Pantheon of Greek gods. But with every analogy explored and keeping
things in proportion, even the unknown god to which a temple in Athens was dedicated in the times
of the Apostle Paul does not have the same value as the Mawu of South Benin to whom no cult is
rendered and who is even invoked by all the priests of all the Vodun(s). In fact, the Vodun
phenomenon has a single objective although it has a multiplicity of expressions and manifestations.
It is the expression of homo religiosus through a given culture. In the collective imagination of our
people, the cult rendered to the divinities known as Vodun(s) is a short-cut to the True God whose
revelation is as yet lacking; ultimately, it is to this God that all worship is given, he who alone is
worthy of being adored. Indeed, in this same view, it is the Great God who created all men and all
these Vodun(s), and gave them to men as intermediaries. Even if there has been a certain attempt at
inculturation by seeing these intermediaries as stepping stones to the acceptance of Jesus Christ as
the unique mediator between God and man, it must be noted the terms of this comparison are
disproportionate: Christ being the beyond of the models.
It clearly follows to speak of polytheism in the context of Vodun is hardly correct. Rather, it appears
to be polyhedral monotheism which highlights an active relationship with the cosmos, nature,
phenomena and deceased human beings, in contrast with a direct relationship with God. Neither can
one say absolutely that we are in the presence of a pantheist (God in everything), it is rather pan-intheist (everything in God). This stage is not far removed from the Christian belief in a single God.
But this is nothing more than an apology of Vodun which would not be nave and fallacious if
Vodun were limited to this positive substance which characterises it.

CRITICAL APPROACH TO THE VODUN FUNCTIONALITY

Vodun, in spite of its functional ramifications that we have just discovered and its ethical value that
we shall proceed to demonstrate, also has some regrettable sides. We shall simply mention the two
principal ones.
From the sacred to violence
Seeing certain Vodun practices on the cultural and moral (behavioural) levels, one might be led to
define it as the dictatorship of the sacred. Generally, in traditional religions, the sacred is what
overcomes us and imposes itself upon us, that to which we ultimately entrust our forces and
freedoms for it to protect us and ensure our happiness. In this sense we understand how sovereigns
of kingdoms are not far from the sacred, in other words from being deified. In the case of Vodun, the
sacred assumes an even more terrifying dimension. A certain Vodun can seek vengeance. Another
may kill. Yet another may require human sacrifice The man who has succeeded in enslaving
himself to a Vodun and mustered the necessary popular credit for this, can finally take any liberty.
One easily forgets that it is a man speaking in the name of the divinity. Sacred violence thus
becomes normal, especially to the extent that exemplary reprisals are often ordered to dissuade
those who might be tempted to ask the reason why. This violence manifests itself as much at the
level of the austerity of the Vodun convent mystique as at the level of the occult practices that are its
adjuncts. It is even manifest simply on the level of Vodun cultural and folkloric demonstrations. In
the face of this violence human freedom is totally without defence. It is enough for fate to designate
individuals for them to be forced into the convent. With the coming of Christianity, the Church
authorities had to fight intensely with the Vodun heads of convents in cases where catechumens
were kidnapped. In comparison with these cases of physical violence, the occult dimension of

Vodun is even more frightening.

Vodun and magic sorcery

With the functionality of Vodun described above, one might say that it is simply a naturalist
religion. However, the whole power of the phenomenon is based on two meta-rational realities:
magic and sorcery. It is these that confer upon it its power, the viability of its hierarchical structures
and its credit with the people. It is a complex universe which one cannot penetrate and emerge from
unscathed. What is even worse is the malefic use that is made of its power. The key words are B
(charm) and Az (sorcery). The former is supposed to protect from evil spells. But whoever knows
how to make the antidote has also known the poison Thus the B can also be cast on someone as
an evil spell: do bo. As for Az, it seems that there must also be a protective sorcery called white
sorcery. But there is nothing more dangerous than this inextricable world where evil takes the shape
of good and imposes a code of conduct. It is precisely this connivance between Vodun and these
esoteric circles of harm that always make a deep inculturation difficult, given that in Vodun the cult
aspects are amply mixed with cultural ones.
DISTINGUISHING THE CULT FROM THE CULTURAL, A SINE QUA NON
CONDITION FOR ANY ATTEMPT AT INCULTURATION
In the cultural area of South Benin, which is the area I am addressing in my discourse, the deep
influence of the religious phenomenon on the social, economic and political structures is
undeniable. The present time is solidly rooted in the time of the venerated ancestors; events, almost
in their minute detail, are explained, understood and lived in a certain continuity with the will of the
Vodun. The pharmacopoeia constitutes a major force of the convents. Each family, each son or each
large socio-geographic entity (the To) has its special Vodun which imposes itself as the primary area
for the quest for existential meaning. Wisdom has as its base the fear of Vodun. Economic life
receives the aid expected from the Vodun. "The art of arts, in other words politics, is marked by the
Vodun reality". From these various data collected at source, one might infer that the Vodun religion
imbues the social fabric to the point that worship may supplant culture.
Such a deduction is much more theoretical than real. Vodun does not absorb all that is cultural.
There is a strong tendency for religion to replace culture. What does recur is that the cult
appropriates cultural elements. The religious cult can claim for itself as meaningful signs (acts,
gestures, words) those by which man shows his relationship of communion with the transcendent.
In Vodun, this is a specific act of devotion and religiosity. The essential acts of worship in the Vodun
religion are sacrifices (of propitiation or thanksgiving), offerings and prayers. Communion meals
and annual purification rites complete the vast range of forms of ritual worship. The cults impact
on cultural life goes through the moral prohibitions and prescriptions which emanate specifically
from Vodun (Vodun-s). This necessary distinction between the cult and the culture is the
unavoidable condition for sincere dialogue between this culture and Christianity, so as to start a
process of inculturation. But this precise definition in no way seeks to insinuate that the religion as a
whole is a negative, coarse idolatry.
If the truth is to be told, it must be recognised that the shortcomings, failures and deviations of
Vodun (charms, magic, sorcery, fetishism) exploit the senses, the useful, in a quest for power.
There is an unwarranted substitution of symbols, signs for the pure material nature of the sign. This
leads to superstitious and magical attitudes, widespread infusion of wickedness and terror in Vodun
practices. Hence the perplexity and scepticism when faced with a Vodun that promotes a certain
morality. In the Hnnu, the Ako (lineage) and the To, Vodun constitutes an element of social
cohesion. The regular ceremonies of each social entitys particular Vodun provide great moments of

brotherhood in action. The followers of the same Vodun are bound by this Voduns specific
prohibitions and legal prescriptions. The Vodun rules establish a life of solidarity among these
individuals: quarrels between followers of the same Vodun are generally settled at the convent or at
the Vodununs house. In addition, Vodun tolerates no transgression of its prohibitions. This
maintains among sincere Vodun adepts a permanent culture of fidelity. The total commitment of exVodun adepts who have converted to Christianity is a proof of this. Finally, it should be noted that if
Vodun does not oppose the rules of life known as Gbsu, it accepts them implicitly. These Gbsu
hold the destruction of life and the betrayal of friends in abomination. The features to be focused on
therefore, are the values of fraternity, solidarity, communion and religious fidelity, without
forgetting the social prohibitions to which Vodun implicitly give credit.
CONCLUSION
To conclude this brief communication on the traditional Vodun religion of Benin, I must point out
that it was not possible to say everything, even on essential aspects. However, in spite of all the
excesses to its discredit, Vodun in its purity remains a fertile ground for evangelisation. As a cultural
phenomenon, it could offer numerous values to be Christianised. But the gordian knot remains the
difficulty of setting it on the Paschal way. To empty Vodun of its magic and sorcery would be
beneficial for the people of Benin. For the time being, this seems an utopian enterprise, today more
than in the past.
Indeed, the seventeen years of Marxist-Leninist policies in Benin, 1972-1989, with anti-religious
campaigns and witch-hunts, had contributed to diminishing the importance and reducing the
influence of Vodun. But with the coming of democratic renewal since 1990, Vodun has regained
vitality. From 28 May to 1 June 1991, a symposium of the great leaders of the Vodun cults was held
with the aim of restoring a certain degree of legal recognition for this traditional religion. In 1993, a
great international Vodun festival was organised and held in Benin: "Ouidah 92". Its effect was to
foster its renewal. In the same year, Pope John Paul IIs visit and his highly media-enhanced
meeting with Vodun leaders were taken by many Vodun followers, not as a sign of dialogue, but as
the indication that the Church at last recognises that the Vodun cult has its place. This combination
of circumstances means that in Benin Vodun is currently organising and structuring itself more and
more as a traditional religion, with a national feast (10 January) and a national hierarchy. In sum, to
reach out to these Vodun adepts, the Church will no longer be able to use only the Bible and Holy
Water, but above all will need dialogue.