A Bill of Quantity (BOQ) is a

document, which list all the items

necessary for the completion of
project. Standard method of
measurement of building works
SMM7 or SLS 573
The unit rate: Direct cost (labour,
plant, materials and subcontractor
cost), Site overheads (site staff,
transport cost, site office cost and
insurances and bonds), Mark-up (Risk,
Profits and Overheads)
Work norms are set of standards
specifying the no of works to be
allocated for a job of work. (Have to do
a work study). method study, time
study
Labour Cost: Basic wage (Amount of
money a worker earns without any
allowance), Gross wage (Total amount
of money including allowances,
provident funds, pensions and other
welfare facilities), Effective wage (Total
amount of money a worker obtain a
day of productive time inclusive of
benefits)
Project Procurement Management
includes the processes to purchase or
acquire the products, services, or
results needed from outside the
project team to perform the work.
Includes contract management and
change control processes required to
administer contracts or purchase
orders issued by authorized project
team members, administering any
contract issued by an outside
organization.

Variations: changes to the

quantities, quality, the levels,
positions and/or dimensions, the
sequence or timing of the
execution of any item of work in the
contract, omission of any work, any
additional work, Plant, Materials or
services necessary for the
Permanent Works.
ICTAD PUBLICATIONS FORM OF
AGREEMENT: Standard Conditions of
Engagement Part I General
Conditions, Standard Conditions of
Engagement Part II Conditions of
Particular Application, Scope of
Consultancy - Appendix A, Assigned
Specialists, Personnel, Equipment and
Facilities to be provided by the Client
Appendix B, Schedule of Fees
Appendix C
Standard Conditions of
Engagement Part I General
Conditions : General Provisions,
Commencement, Completion,
Alteration and Termination of the
Agreement, The Rights and Duties of
the Consultant, Liability of the
Consultant, Obligation of the Client,
Settlement of Disputes, Personal,
Remuneration of the Consultant,
Payment to consultant
The owners responsibilities:
Owner shall provide information, Shall
examine documents to avoid delay,
Owner shall provide block plan other
necessary data, other services
Geotechnical engineer structural etc.,
Payment to statutory authorities

Project Procurement
Management: Plan Purchase and
acquisition, Plan contracting, Request
seller responses, select sellers,
contract administration and contract
closure.

Architects Responsibilities:
Exercise reasonable skill and care, to
act on behalf of the client when
necessary, not alter the approved
design without notifying, total cost to
be informed.

Contract: Is an agreement between

two or more parties whereby each
party promises to do, or not to do,
something. (CTAD/ SBD/ (10M))

Other aspects: Other consultants,

Contractors, sub-contractors and
suppliers, Site inspection, Client
instructions, Copyright property of
architect.

Variation means any change to

the Works, instructed or approved as
a variation under Cl.13 (Variations &
Adjustments). Contractor shall execute
and be bound by each variation
issued. Variation may be initiated by
the engineer at any time prior to
issuing the taking over certificate for
the works either by an instruction or a
request for the contractor to submit a
proposal.
The Contractor shall execute and be
bound by each Variation issued unless
the Contractor cannot readily obtain
the Goods required for the Variation,
or such Variation triggers a substantial
change in the sequence or progress of
the Works. Then The Engineer shall
cancel, conform or vary the
instruction.

DESIGN AND BUILD CONTRACTS:

Current trends and use of Design and
Build
Payment Modalities: Measure and
pay, Lump sum, Guaranteed Maximum
price, Target cost. Generally in Sri
Lanka it is Lump sum with a penalty
bonus clause for time.
Selection Methods: Open tendering,
Selective tendering, Serial tendering,
Nomination, Any other employer
preferred method.
Advantages of Design and Build:
Single point responsibility, to
communicate, one party is responsible
for time delays Time saving some
design and construction can be done
in parallel, Reduces the
communication needs reduces

claims, risks, disputes etc. Employer

is aware of total financial commitment
at the beginning, Good relationship
between design and construction
teams.
Disadvantages of Design and
Build: The extent of understanding of
employers requirement may be less.
Inflexible Design variations may
be expensive Lack of independent
certification for quality, specification
etc. Valuation of variations is
difficult If contractor organization is
small design may be not
comprehensive Difficult to judge
value for money
SPECIAL FEATURES: Fast Tracking,
Contactors special skill and
techniques (Pre-engineered buildings,
Pre-fabricated steel buildings, Special
construction such as treatment plants,
pump houses, bridge construction),
Design Economy (Competition,
Incorporation of construction aspects,
Optimum designs, Innovative design
MANAGING DESIGN AND BUILD
CONTRACTS: Employers
requirements, Selection of a
contractor, Tender Documents
(Technical proposal, financial proposal.
Clarify ambiguities and differences),
Managing During construction
(Maintain up to date cost records,
Monitor interpretation of contract
documents, Ensure that as-built
drawings, maintenance manuals are
completed.)
Law Criminal law and law of evidence
are statutory. In 1948 a constitution
based on Westminster model was
introduced. December 1978 a new
constitution was introduced replacing
the 1972 one.
Constitutional law: Increasing state
intervention in many areas of national
life through the setting up of public
corporations. Eg. Water board,
Highway act, Forestry. Provide the
means for assertion of fundamental
rights.
The law of tort or delict: A wrongful
act had been committed through
negligence or fraud which had resulted
in patrimonial loss. Areas are:
negligence, trespass, false
imprisonment, conversion, nuisance,
abuse of legal process, defamation,
passing off etc. English law is applied.
Areas are: negligence, trespass, false
imprisonment, conversion, nuisance,
abuse of legal process, defamation,
passing off etc.
The extent of the application of Dutch
law has been restricted by legislation,
judicial decisions, and the application
of some local custom
The law of Contract: Roman-Dutch
law is applicable. Immovable property
mush be executed before a notary and
two witnesses. There are some
limitations for minors.

The law of Property: fundamental

principles of the law of Roman- Dutch.
The position of the Crown and State.
The ownership and types of
ownerships The Acquisition of
ownership
Occupatio Such as treasure birds,
things found in the river, sea, seashore
which do not have obvious owner.
Accessio Is fixed to the property. IF
person A builds a building in Bs
property it is belong to B. But A can
claim compensation.
Traditio Delivery considered as a
mode of acquisition. Delivery of deeds
Usucapio If a person is in
undisturbed and uninterrupted
possession, with intention of being
owner of the land for a period of ten
years he acquires title to it by
prescription.
Statutory titles If a co- owner is
dissatisfied with the status quo his
remedy is to bring a partition action to
have the land proportionately divided.
Partition Act of 1951
The law of Sri Lanka does not make
provision for the acquisition of an
indefeasible title to immovable
property by registration.
Registration The law of Sri Lanka
does not make provision for the
acquisition of an indefeasible title to
immovable property by registration.
Trusts Generally contain detail rules
related to trustees and beneficiaries
and other matters related to trusts.
The law of Persons: Juristic
persons (state) , Marriage.
Consequence of marriage:
Community of property operates in a
marriage, the husband and wife jointly
become entitle to all property.
Matrimonial actions Three kinds
divorce, separation and for nullity
Lunatics and prodigals
The law of Succession: Testate
succession (The formal manner in
which a will can be made is contained
in the Prevention of Frauds ordinance
of 1840.) Intestate succession
The law of remedies: A right is
always enforceable by a remedy. In
case of transaction voidable on
account of fraud, misrepresentation,
duress, undue influence, mistake,
incapacity
Non-patrimonial: No financial
Common law based on Acts of
parliament and decisions by courts
Health, safety and welfare
Safety :Activities that seek to
minimize or to eliminate hazardous

conditions that can cause bodily

injury.
Occupational safety: Occupational
safety means freedom from
unacceptable risk of harm in the
course of employment. Occupational
safety is concerned with risks in
areas where people work: offices,
manufacturing plants, farms,
construction sites, and commercial
and retail facilities.
Public safety is concerned with
hazards in the home, in travel and
recreation, and in Other situations
that do not fall within the scope of
occupational safety.
Occupational Health: Occupational
health means not merely absence of
disease or infirmity but also includes
the physical, mental and social
elements affecting health of workers
which are directly related to safety,
hygiene and welfare at work and
includes occupational medicine and
biological monitoring.
Occupational hygiene: The science
and art devoted to the anticipation,
recognition, evaluation and control
of factors and stresses (arising in or
from the workplaces), which may
cause sickness, impaired health and
wellbeing or significant discomfort,
and inefficiency among workers or
among the citizens of a community.
Prevention: Prevention is the
avoiding occupational accidents and
occupational diseases due to
exposure of safety and health
hazards at workplace. Prevention is
the key in occupational safety and
health.
Workplace: Any physical location in
which work related activities are
performed under the control of the
organization.
Hazard means a source of exposure
to existing or potential danger.
Risk means the probability that injury
or damage will occur.
Accident: An unplanned, unexpected
event that interferes with or interrupts
normal activity and potentially leads
to personal injury or Rupees loss
(Equipment damage, damage to
environment etc.,)
Occupational safety and health is
identified as the discipline (or group of
disciplines) dealing with the
prevention of work-related injuries
and diseases as well as the
protection and promotion of the
health of workers. It aims at the
improvement of working conditions
and environment and involves many
specialized fields.

Aims: the promotion and maintenance

of the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupations; the
prevention among workers of
adverse effects on health caused
by their working conditions; the
protection of workers in their
employment from risks resulting from
factors adverse to health; the
placing and maintenance of workers in
an occupational environment adapted
to physical and mental needs; the
adaptation of work to humans.
Lifeline means a component
consisting of a flexible line that
connects to an anchorage at one
end to hang vertically (vertical
lifeline), or that connects to
anchorages at both ends to stretch
horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and
which serves as a means for
connecting other components of a
personal fall arrest system to the
anchorage.
Body harness means a design of
straps which may be secured about
the employee in a manner to
distribute the fall arrest forces over
at least the thighs, pelvis, waist,
chest and shoulders, with means for
attaching it to other components of a
personal fall arrest system.
Body belt (safety belt) means a
strap with means both for securing it
about the waist and for attaching it to
a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration
device.
Control: the measures we take to
eliminate or reduce the risk to an
acceptable level. Hierarchy of Control:
The order in which controls should be
considered when selecting methods of
controlling a risk. 1. Elimination 2.
Substitution 3. Isolation 4.
Engineering control 5. Warning
systems 6. Administrative control 7.
Work practice control 8. Personal
protective equipment
In case of accidents all records must
be entered in general register and it
must be available in the factory
for inspection. Once in six
months copies of the accident records
entered in general register must be
sent to the district Factory Inspecting
Engineer.
Project Quality Management: The
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) defines quality
as the totality of characteristics of an
entity that bear on its ability to satisfy
stated or implied needs
The Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award
was started in 1987 to recognize
companies with world-class quality
Quality Planning: Involves
identifying which standards are

relevant to the project and

determining how to satisfy them.

taking responsibility for failures or not

meeting quality expectations.

The Project Quality Plan: The main

purpose of such a system is to direct
and control project management team
with regards to quality.

Cost Categories Related to

Quality: Prevention cost: the cost of
planning and executing a project so it
is error-free or within an acceptable
error range. Appraisal cost: the cost
of evaluating processes and their
outputs to ensure quality,
measurement and testing costs.
Internal failure cost: cost incurred to
correct an identified defect before the
customer receives the product to the
customer. External failure cost: cost
that relates to all errors not detected
and corrected before delivery to the
customer.

Quality Assurance: Quality

assurance includes all the activities
related to satisfying the relevant
quality standards for a project
Internal Quality Audits: A quality
audit is a formal review of quality
management activities. The purpose
of a quality audit is to identify lessons
learned that can improve the
performance of the project or other
projects handled by the company.
Tools of Quality Control: Inspection,
Control Charts, Pareto Diagram,
Statistical Sampling, Flow Charting,
Trend Analysis
Outputs of Quality Control: Quality
improvement, Acceptance decisions,
Rework, Completed checklists, Process
adjustments
Cost of Quality: is the cost of
conformance or delivering products
that meet requirements and fitness for
use the cost of nonconformance or