CONTROLADORES LOGICOS

PROGRAMABLES

Qu es un PLC

OUTPUTS

INPUTS

CONTROLADOR
PROGRAMABLE
CR

Programmable logic controllers, also called programmable controllers

or PLCs, are solid-state members of the computer family, using
integrated circuits instead of electromechanical devices to implement
control functions.They are capable of storing instructions, such as
sequencing, timing, counting, arithmetic, data manipulation, and
communication, to control industrial machines and processes
2

ELEMENTOS DE ENTRADA DIGITALES

Pulsantes
Switches Selectores
Sensores de Posicin
Sensores de Nivel

120 VAC

Sensores Fotoelctricos

240 VAC

Sensores de Proximidad

24 VAC/VDC

Contactos Auxiliares de
contactores

TTL

Contactos de Rel
Thumbwheel Switches
3

ELEMENTOS DE SALIDA
Salidas Digitales:
Electro vlvulas
Contactores para motores
Solenoides
Rels de Control

Rels
120 VAC/VDC
240 VAC/VDC
24 VAC/VDC

Alarmas

Triacs

Displays

120 VAC
Transistores
24 VDC
4

PRINCIPIO DE OPERACIN

A programmable controller, consists of two basic

sections:

the central processing unit

the input/output interface system

The central processing unit (CPU) governs all PLC activities.

The following three components form the CPU:

the processor

the memory system

the system power supply

Dentro de un PLC

COMUNICACIONES

I
n
p
u
t

Alto
Voltaje
Aislamiento

C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s

PROCESADOR
CENTRAL

MEMORIA

O
u
t
p
u
t

C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s

Aislamiento

CR

Alto
Voltaje

datos

programa
Bajo Voltaje

AC Power Supply
85-264 VAC, 50/60Hz

DC Power Supply
8

Cableado de Entradas

Barrera de
aislamiento

Bornera
de entrada

Elementos de
Entrada

1
2
3

L1

L1

5
6
7
8

P
L
C

L2

10
COM
9

Cableado de Salidas
Barrera de
Aislamiento

CR

Bornera de
salida

OUT 1
OUT 1

Elementos de Salida
L1
L2

OUT 2

P
L
C

OUT 2
OUT 3
OUT 3

L1
L2

OUT 4
OUT 4
OUT 5
OUT 5
OUT 6
OUT 6

10

Los PLC vienen en una variedad de

tamaos...

11

Y una variedad de
formas/configuraciones

PLC fijos.

Modulares (con rack)

Distribuidos

12

PLC Fijos
Fuente de poder, Entradas, Salidas y prtico de comunicaciones estn contenidos en un
solo chasis.
Los elementos de Entrada y Salida estn cableados individualmente al controlador fijo.
Motor
M1

SALIDAS

O/3
OOOO
OOOO
OOOO

ENTRADAS

PARADA

I/

I/1

ARRANQUE

13

PLCs Modulares
(Lo ms moderno en Flexibilidad)

Componentes Mix N Match

Procesadores, Fuentes de Poder y mdulos de I/O enchufadas en un
rack o chasis.
Disponible en plataformas pequea, mediana y grande.
Flexibilidad de resultados en costos ms altos cuando es comparado
con el PLC Fijo. PLCs modulares son basados en rack o sin l.

Allen-Bradley SLC-500 y PLC 5 son PLCs modulares

Processor RUN
indicator
Processor FLT
indicator

SLC 5/03 CPU

RUN

FORCE

FLT

DH485

BATT

RS232

RUN REM

PROG

Force I/O
indicator
DH-485 Port
status indicator

Battery status
indicator

RS-232 Port
status indicator

DH-485 Port
connection for
programming
terminal

Keyswitch
RUN, REM,
PROG

OUT 0

IN 0

RS-232 Port for

programming
terminal
Power Supply

Output Modules

14

Input Modules

Chasis Quantum
4

100mm

PS CPU I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O

10
250mm

Dimensiones
aproximadas

2 Slot-4
3 Slot-6

10 Slot
17

16 Slot
27

4 Slot-7
6 Slot-10

Montaje en rack
de 19 opcional
15

Razones para la rpida aceptacin de los

PLCs

Situacin econmica

Versatilidad

Fcil diseo e instalacin

Ms confiables

Control soficticado

Fsicamente compactos

Fcil deteccin de averas y diagnstico

16

Razones para la rpida aceptacin de los

PLCs

Se elimina el alambrado de control en beneficio de un control

programable, que es el primer paso hacia un sistema de
control flexible .

Una vez instalado, el control puede ser manualmente o

automticamente alterado de acuerdo a los requerimientos
del da a da sin cambiar el alambrado de campo.

Esta fcil alteracin es posible puesto que no hay conexin

fsica entre los dispositivos de entrada y salida como sucede
en un sistema alambrado. La conexin es solamente a travs
del programa de control, el cual puede ser fcilmente
alterado.

17

18

Fcil instalacin y Reduccin de espacio

19

En grandes instalaciones las estaciones

remotas I/O son ubicadas en el sitio ptimo

20

FACIL MANTENIMIENTO Y DETECCIN DE

AVERAS

21

FALLAS EN UN SISTEMA BASADO EN PLCs

22

EL DISPOSITIVO DE PROGRAMACIN
AYUDA A LA DETECCIN DE FALLAS

23

Preocupaciones acerca de los PLCs

Especialmente por parte del personal de mantenimiento

No especializado en el uso y tecnologa de PLCs

Caja negra

El mantenimiento es dificultoso

Sensitivo a condiciones industriales

Programacin

Diagnstico y deteccin de fallas

Documentacin

24

EL PROCESADOR

The microprocessors used in

PLCs are categorized according
to their wordsize, or the number of
bits that they use simultaneously
to perform operations.

Standard word lengths are 8, 16,

and 32 bits. This word length
affects the speed at which the
processor performs most
operations.

25

EL PROCESADOR
The principal function of the processor is to command and govern the
activities of the entire system. It performs this function by interpreting and
executing a collection of system programs known as the executive. The
executive, a group of supervisory programs, is permanently stored in the
processor and is considered a part of the controller itself. By executing the
executive, the processor can perform all of its control, processing,
communication,and other housekeeping functions.
The executive performs the communication between the PLC system and the
user via the programming device. It also supports other peripheral communication,
such as monitoring field devices; reading diagnostic data from the
power supply, I/O modules, and memory; and communicating with an
operator interface.

26

CPU CON MULTIPLES

MICROPROCESADORES

27

CPU DIAGNOSTICS

Typical diagnostics include memory OK, processor OK,

battery OK, and power supply OK. Some controllers possess
a set of fault relay contacts that can be used in an alarm
circuit to signal a failure. The processor controls the fault
relay and activates it when one or more specific fault
conditions occur.

28

THE SYSTEM POWER SUPPLY

The system power supply plays a major role in the total

system operation. In fact, it can be considered the first-line
manager of system reliability and integrity. Its responsibility
is not only to provide internal DC voltages to the system
components (i.e., processor, memory, and input/output
interfaces), but also to monitor and regulate the supplied
voltages and warn the CPU if something is wrong.

Usually, PLC power supplies require input from an AC

power source;however, some PLCs will accept a DC power
source.

29

LOADING CONSIDERATIONS

30

MEMORY OVERVIEW

The total memory system in a PLC is actually composed of two different

memories:
The executive memory is a collection of
permanently stored programs that
are considered part of the PLC itself. This area
ofmemory is not accessible to the user.
The application memory provides a storage
area for the user-programmed instructions
that form the application program.
Scratch Pad Area. This is a temporary storage
area used by the CPU to store a relatively
small amount of data for interim calculations
and control.

31