Basic Principles, Concepts and Definitions LT ‘Thermodynamics is that branch of the physical sciences that treats of various phenomena of energy and the related properties of matter, especially of the laws of transformation of heat into other forms of energy and vice versa. ‘Systems of Units ‘Newton's law states that “the acceleration of a particular body is directly proportional to the resultantforee acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.” k is a proportionality constant ‘Systems of units where k is unity but not dimensionless: ‘gs system: 1 dyne force accelerates 1g mass at Lom/s* mks. ie 1 newton force accelerates 1 kg mass at a fps system: 1 Ib force accelerates 1 slug mass at 1 f/s* [oe orame The, [+inowon [ iaiue [on 1em/s*—> ‘Am/s* ——> 1 fst te a kg, _ ; Slug.ft ke titeet ka igen F*1 That of units where k is not unity:word 16 used for both mass and force in a given ‘neither unity nor dimensionless. force accelerates @ 1 Ib mass at 32.174 fs? \ 4 oe. accelerates a 1 g mass at 980.66 cm/s* ‘ force accelerates a 1 kg mass at 9.8066 m/s? ib, beim, | ig, big ikg, [91 ke, 32.174 fi/s*—> 980.66 cm/s?——> 9.8066 m/s? —» Ib, ft g,.cm kg, .m k= 32.174 = ie = Tar = 980.66 Fn i= 9.8066 poor Relation between kilogram force (kg,) and Newton (N) _ ke kg,.m k=1 ea k= 9.8066 [eS kg,m__ kgm Therefore, 1 Kfar? = 9.8066 Hac Ikg,= 9.8066 N Relation between pound mass (Ib,,) and slug slug.ft ka k= 32.174 Es slug.ft Jb, ft ‘Therefore, 1- 82.174 pear 1 slug = 82.1741b,, Acceleration A unit of force is one that produces unit acceleration in a body of unit mass. 1b, > 1 pouridal 1 f/s*——> 5) (1 fs") Fis poundals is mass in pounds ais acceleration in fis? Tslug [> 1b, 1 et oe m F-7a 1 pound = (1 slug) (1 ft/s*); 1 slug= 1 Be F is force in pounds FF is mass in slugs ais acceleration in fl/s? Mass and Weight ‘The mass of a body is the absolute quantity of matter in it, ‘The weight of a body means the force of gravity F,, on the body. fey a m FL koa & = acceleration produced by force F, where § fereleration produced by anothér force F ‘Atornear the surface of the earth, k and g are numerically « equal, so are mand F,Problems: i ’ 1. What is the weight of a 66-Kkg,, man at standard condi- jon? 2. The weight of an object is of sta ihe, eight of an object is 60 Ib. What is its mass at Solution = 50 Iby B= 32,174 fee? 32.174 ft # 8. Five masses in a region where the acceleration due t gravity is 30.5705" areas fllows:m, is 00 gofmass;m, weighs 800 gm, weighs 16 poundals;m, Weighs 3 Ib; m, i 0.10 lug . ¢ total mass expressed (a) in grams, (b) i pounds, and (c) in slugs. ae ee Solution = (30.5 fils") (12 in/ft) (2.54 cm/in) = 929.64 cm/s? sage ned eet 9,843.91 g, ft Ba pete —2_ [oss »J [aso = 222.26 g, ft 380.5-—6 es i Brifse ara] [« La «| = 1435.49 g,, 30.555 Ba = (0:10 slug) [snare Hdlosog| = 1459.41 2, Total mass = m, +m, +m, +m, +m, = 500 + 849.91 + 222.26 + 1435.49 + 1459.41 = 4461.07 g,, .83 Ib, (c) Total mass = 2.85 be 0,306 slug 32.174 ng 4, Note that the gravity accel is g = 32.088 fps? and that its variation is — 0.008 fps* per 1000 ftascent. Find the height in miles above this point for which (a) the gravity acceleration becomes 30.504 fps*, (b) the weight of agiven man is decreased by 5%. (c) Whats the weight of a 180 Ib, man atop the 29,131-f Mt. Everest in Tibet, relative to this point? ion at equatorial sea level Solution (a) change in acceleration = 30.504 — 82.088 =~ 1.584 fps? Height, h == 1-584 fos" — 528,000 ft or 100 miles = 0.003 fps*(b) F= 0.95 Fg Let Fg = weight of the man at sea level i I a= 0.95g = (0.95) (82.088) = 30.484 fps* Fg g = 32.088 fps? if Fy, 8 = 82.088 fps* m = 180 Ib, fi “ [29.131 a = 82.088 fps? — 5755 i (0-008 fps*] = 32.001 fps? [180 1b, } [2.001] Ib, 32.174 pF = 179.08 Ib, Specific Volume, Density and Specific Weight ‘The density p of any substance is its mass (not weight) per unit volume. pe: Oy ‘The specific volume v is the volume of a unit mass. ‘The specific weightyof any substance is the force of gravity on unit volume. F nye Yay, Since the specific weight is to the local acceleration of gravity as the density is to the standard acceleration, y/g = p/k, conversion is easily made; pate ory =PE ‘At or near the surface of the earth, k and gare numerically equal, so are p and y. Problems 1. What is the specific weight of water at standard condi- tion? Solution 1% g = 9.8066 m/s? p = 1000 Sescape titties baie spo sinless oe Sue tela eatin Gal cameron ee ee Solution mass of mixture, m,, = p,,v,, = (800 kg/m*) (0.100 m') = 80 kg m, +m, =m, p,V, +p,V, =m, 1500 V, + 500 V, = 80 q) V,+V, = 0.100 (2) solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously V, = 0.03 m* V, = 0.07 m* m, = 0,V, = (1500 kg/m®) (0.03 m®) = 45 kg my = PV, = (500 kg/m") (0.07 m*) = 35 kg weight of mixture, (20g, [9.675%] = 78.93 kg, Pressure ‘The standard reference atmospheric pressure is 760 mm He or 29.92 in. Hg at 32°F, or 14.696 psia, or 1 atm. Measuring Pressure 1. By using manometers (a) Absolute pressure is greater than atmospheric pres- sure. absolute pressure atmospheric pressure gage pressure, the pres- sure due to the liquid column h, PtP, (b) Absolute pressureis less than atmospheric pressure P=P,-?y { ‘The gage reading is called vacuum pressure or the vacuum. 2. By using pressure gages A pressure gage is a device for measuring gage pressure. ‘This picture shows the movement in one type of pres- sure gage, knownasthesingle- tube gage. The fluidentersthe through the threaded ureincreases, the tube with an elliptical section tends tostrai the end that is nearest the linkage toward the Teh The ake age causes the sector to rotate. The sector engages a small Pinion gear. The index hand moves with the pinion gear. The Fag mechaniam is ofcourse enclosed in a eago, anda gradu- at which the is read, andi under saa pressure is read, and is placed Absolute pressure (@=p,+p, z= 2 Atmospheri a (p, = 0, p=p,) PB P. -P, vacuum t pe arms A 30-m vertical column of fluid (density 1878 kg/m®) is piel where g= 9,65 mps*. Find the pressure at the base of the lumn, Solution p= ee = kg, 9.65: | [1e7e | one feoval bier 35 = (30m) E ‘ kam = 548,680 Nim? or 543.68 kPa (gage) Atmospheric Pressure ‘A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure. Barometer P= 1h, : . Where h, = the height of column of liquid supported by atmos- pheric pressure P, Problems 1. A vertical column of water will be supported to what height by standard atmospheric pressure.Solution At standard condition Y, = 62.41 p= 14.7 psi fer ui = 83.9 ft Jb 62455 =Pee Mars ‘The specific gravity (sp gr) of a substance is the ratio of the specific weight of the substance to that of water. sper= 2. The pressure of a boiler is 9.5 kg/em?. The barometric pressure of the atmosphere is 768 mm of Hg. Find the absolute pressure in the boiler. (ME Board Problem — Oct. 1987) Solution p,=9.5 kgm’ —h, = 768 mm Hg At standard condition Ye = 1000 kg/m? PL = yg) (,)= (SP BP) y,(7,) (h,) 3.6) 1000 (0.768 m) = 14 eg 10,000 = om mn! P =p,+p,=1.04+9.5= 10.54 KE, Absolute Pressure pa where h=h, + hy the height of column of liquid supported oy ee cna used in the barometer is mercury, the atmos- pheric pressure becomes, Po = Yuoby = GP BPg (te) OD) (23.6) [e2.4 1B] @, im) i 178 p, =0.490h, 2 where h, = column of mercury in inches Ib. then, p, =0.491h, Py tb and, p =0491h > y Problems pressure gage registers 40 psig in a region where the ieee Te 14.5 pois: Find the absolute pressure ih peia, and in kPa. Solution p= 14.5 +40 = 54.5 psia agi crates 1 slug Jat, 2 anlivst[i ke,J]|2.205.! se Ho 82.174 sag 0.06853 slug 7 = 0.06853 slug [> F, Ib, a= 3.28 fs? =ma_ fy. F=2iB - (0.06868 slug) [528 a 0.2248 Ib, 1 newton = 0.2248 Ib, 1 Ib, = 4.4484 newtons NI # 375,780 Pa or 875.78 kPa in} 2. Given the barometric pressure of 14.7 psia(29.92in. Hg abs), make these conversions: (a) 80 psig to psia and to atmosphere, (b) 20 in, Hg vacuum to in. Hg abs and to psia, (©) 10 psia to psi vacuum and to Pa, (d) 15 in. Hg gage to psia, to torrs, and to Pa, Solution (a) p= ppt, = 147+ 80= 94.7 psia = S0psig_ 5.44 atmospheres on psi i hh=9.92 in. Hg abs p=0.491h p= (0.491) (9.92) = 4.87 psia p,= 4.7 psi vacuum Pa p,= (4.7 pai) os05 2 | ‘ = 82,407 Pa(gage) j= 29.92 + 15 = 44.92 in. Hg abs " p= 0.491 h=(0.491) (44.92) = 22.06 psia (15)(760) 391 torrs 92 in. Py= “99,52 p,= 0.491 h, uo fos) os = 50,780 Pa(gage)‘Temperature 1. Derive the relation between degrees Fahrenheit and de- grees Centigrade. (EE Board Question) 212F 100°C er PG ete i ees) 32°F met) Caley ( ek fh sa ECL.) ee 5 aigsaz ~Ioo-5 TB ( + ene i. r= 2(rc+32) 2 Spe to= 3 (vr -32) Absolute temperature is the temperature measured from absolute zero. Absolute zero temperature is the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases. Absolute temperature will be denoted by ‘T, thus TR = t'F + 460, degrees Rankine TK= tC + 273, Kelvin Degrees Fahrenheit (*F) and degrees Centigrade (°C) indi- cate temperature reading (t). Fahrenheit degrees (F*) and Centigrade degress (C°) indicate temperture change or differ- ence (At). 180 F° = 100 C* 1Fe=5¢° 9 LC =F It follows that, 1F=1R° 1@=1K 2. Show that the speeific heat ofa substance in Btu/(Ib) (F*) is numerically equal to ealgXC*). Solution Btu _fpea [asa a] ‘we ~ en anes] Btu cal lDe “OC Conservation of Mass ‘The law of conservation of mass states that mass is inde- tructible. ¢ i aS 3 the quantity of fluid passing through a given section is given by the formula A= cross sectional area of the stream ‘v= average speed. flow rateApplying the law of conservation of mass, . Av, Ad, a= ee er casa os AD PL = Ade 2, A10-ft diameter by 16-ft height vertical tank is receiv- ing water (p = 62.1 Ib/eu ft) at the rate of 300 gpm and is discharging through a 6-in ID line with a constant speed of 5 fps. Ata given instant, the tanks half full. Find the water level and the mass change in the tank 15 min, later. Problems 1. ‘Two gaseous streams enter a combining tube and leave as a single mixture. These data apply at the entrance section: For one gas, A, = 75 in, For the other gas, A, = 5 p= 0.12 At exit, v, = 350 fps, v, = 7 £°b. Find (a) the speed v, at section 2, and (b) the flow and area at the exit section. | Solution Solution ‘Area = (10) = 78.64 9 bo Bal Ib : 4 foxy} 748 r. Mass flowrateloaving= Avp= 5-1-4] fsxeo 8] foo] Jb @) 1a, = = 26.0412 me ae Ib th, = 1h, +m, = 26.04 + 16.67 = 42.71‘Mass change = (3658 — 2490.6) (15) = 17,511 Ib (decreased) Volume change = 18H Tb _ 280 98 ek Se oem At Decreasedin height= gaarpa = 359 ‘Water level after 15 min, = 7.5-3.59 = 8.91 ft ables 5 AHS =o sis SP ahs ‘ys i pore 6 Pe ULarley ys Je 759%" az ore Review Problems 1. Whatis the mass in grams and the weight in dynes and in gram-force of 12 o7 of salt? Local gis 9.65 m/s* 11b,,= 16 02. ‘Ans. $40.2 g,; 328,300 dynes; 334.8 g, 2. A mass of 0.10 slug in space is subjected to an external vertical force of 4 Ib. If the local gravity acceleration is g = 80.5 fps? and if friction effects are neglected, determine the accelera tion of the mass if the’ external vertical force is acting (a) upward and (b) downward. ‘Ans. (a) 9.5 fps*; (b) 70.5 fps” 3. ‘The mass of a given airplane at sea level (g = 32.1 fps?) is 10 tons, Find its mass in Ib, slugs, and kg and its (gravita- tional) weight in Ib when itis travelling at a.50,000-ftelevation. ‘The acceleration of gravity g decreases by 3.33 x 10° fps? for each foot of elevation. ‘Ans. 20,000 Ib,,; 621.62 slugs; 19,850 lb, 4. A lunar excursion module (LEM) weights 1500 kg, on earth where g = 9.75 mps*. What will be its weight on the ‘surface of the moon where g,, = 1.70 mps*. On the surface of the moon, what will be the force in kg, and in newtons required to accelerate the module at 10 mps”? ‘Ans. 261.5 kg; 1588.5 kg, 15,087 N 5.. Themass of a fluid system is 0.311 slug, its density is 80 Ib! and g is 31.90 fps*, Find (a) the specific volume, (b) the specific weight, and (c) the total volume. "Ans. (a) 0.0333 ft/lb; (b) 29.75 lb/ft; (c) 0.8835 6. Accylindrical drum (2-f diameter, 3-ft height) is filled with a fluid whose density is 40 Ib/ft®, Determine (a) the total Volume of fluid, (b) its total mass in pounds and slugs, (c) its specific volume, and (d);ts specific weight where g = 31.90 fps. "Ans. (a) 9-43 ft; (b) 377.2 Ib; 11.72 slugs; (c) 0.025 £%/ 1h; (a) 89.66 Ib/ft*. therman carried an aneroid barometer from the the Sears Tower ingolvton: 16 SVR Age RA (ea the ground level, the barometer read 30.150 in. Hg absolute; topside it read 28,607 in. Hg absolute. Assume that the average atmospheric air density was 0.075 Ib/ft* and estimate the height of the building. ‘Ans. 1455 ft 8, A vacuum gauge mounted on a condenser reads 0.66 m Hg.Whatis the absolute pressure in the condenser in kPa when the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa? ‘Ans, 18.28 kPa 9. Convert the following readings of pressure to kPa abso- lute, assuming that the barometer reads 760 mm Hg: (a) 90cm Hg gage; (b) 40 em Hg vacuum; (c) 100 psig; (d) 8in. Hg vacuum, and (e) 76 in, Hg gage. Ans, (a) 221.24 kPa; (b) 48 kPa; (c) 790.83 kPa; (d) 74.213 kPa; (e) 358.591 kPa 10. A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two sections in a flow line. At section 1:A, =10 ft,v,= 100 fpm, v, = 4 ft/lb. At section 2: A, = 2 ft, p, = 0.20 Ib/ft. Calculate (a) the mass flow rate and (b) the speed at section 2. Ans. (a) 15,000 Ib/h; (b) 10.42 fps 11 If a’ pump discharges 75 gpm of water whose specific ‘weight is 61.5 lb/ft? (g = 31.95 fps"), find (a) the mass flow rate in Tb/min, and (b) and total time required to fill a vertical cylinder tank 10 ft in diameter and 12 ft high, Ans. (a) 621.2 Ib/min, (b) 93.97 min DAMP AA ‘Von Tian ee Fey — VU . GasF fain ( ae aye AO AWARDS x (0-42 ERS Dye yet Ae? {ooktvm f= 6: a0 fee J h- VOMLP) {hob (10/9) Const) COPE E20 or 2 Conservation of Energy Gravitational Potential Energy (P) ‘The gravitational potential energy of a body is its energy due to its position or elevation. = mez % @RaFs=SE Are © AP =P,—P, = "8 (z,-2,) AP = change in potential energy Datum plane Kinetic Energy (K) ‘The energy or stored capacity for performing work pos- sessed by a moving body, by virtue of its momentum is called kinetic energy. = mu Bok ™ Foe AK = K, -K, = B(u-v) AK = change in kinetic energyInternal Energy (U, u) Internal energy is energy stored within a bod; stan hr yis ‘subs by virtue of the activity and configuration of its ee tios anc of the vibration of the atoms within the molecules. = specific internal energy (unit mass) Au=u,-u, U = mu = total internal energy (m mass) AU=U,-U, Work (W) Work is the product of the displacement of the bod; component ofthe free inthe direction of the ilicne Worlkis energy in transition; thatis, itexists ° ‘is “moving through a distance.” cae oe Work of a Nonflow System Cylinder —. Final Psion of Piston. rile a a te piston moves from’e to fis aW=F,4, =(pA)dL=pdV which is the area under the curve e-f on the pV plane, ‘Therefore, the total work doneasthe piston moves from lto2is Wa: PCy-t) ‘Paton Rod Saw=Sav 7 which is the area under the Fig. 2 vow of peanson, [top ieiag The area under the curve of the proce: Bai Meaieacuurnd Dena sence recat Work done by the system is positive (outflow of energy) Flow Work (W,) Flow work or flow energy is work done in pushing a fluid ‘across a boundary, usually into or out of a system. W,= FL: pAL W,= pV Flow Work, AW, = Wa - Wn = PaVa- Pri AW, = change in flow work: Heat (Q) Heat is energy in transit (on the move) from one body or ystem to another solely because ofa temperature, difference between the bodies or systems. Qis positive when heat is added to the body or system. Qis negative when heat is rejected by the ody or system. Classification of Systems (2) Aclosed system is one in which mass does not cross its boundaries. (2) Anopen system is one in w! ries. Jnich mass crosses its bounda- Conservation of Energy ‘The law of conservation of energy states that energy is | neither created nor destroyed. ‘The first law of thermodynamics states that one form of energy may be converted into another.Steady Flow Energy Equation Characteristics of steady flow system. 1. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of mass within the system. 2. Thereis neither accumul within the system. . ‘The state of the working substance at any point in the system remains constant. nor diminution ofenergy ate Spit jee I Fig. 4 Energy Diagram of a Steady Flow System Energy Entering System = Energy Leaving System P,+K,+W,+U,+Q=P,+K,+Wy+U,+W Qa AB + AK + AW,+ AU + W (Steady Flow Energy Equation) Enthalpy (H, h) Enthalpy is a composite property applicable to all fluids and is defined by ey wore ye h=utpy and H=mh=U+pV Uedmos StU easy ‘The steady flow energy equation becomes P,+K,+H,+Q=P,+K,+H,+W Q=4P+A4K+AH+W Problems i ady flow process, the pressure of the work- ing ‘eure Ste a '200 to 20 psi, the speed increases from 200 to 1000 fps, the internal energy ofthe: open system de- creases 25 Btu/lb, and the specific volume increases: from ito 8 ft*b. No heat is transferred. Sketch an energy diparet Determine the work per Ib. Is it done on or by the substance? Determine the work in hp for 10 Ib per mix . (Lhp = 42.4 Btu/ pst Fle t2 min). Solution p= 200 psia py = 20 psia ‘v, = 1000 fps v,=8 fb K, 0, = 200 fps System Ig V, = 1 f%Mb U, Au =-25 Btwlb Q=0 Energy Diagram B,+K,+W,+U,+A=Pyt B+ Wat Ut W Basis 1 Ib, 1oooz__ (2) (82.174) (778)K,+W,=K,+ Wy, + du+W 0.8 + 37.02 = 19.97 + 29.61 -25 + W 5, Bia We 18.24}, Oy) [s2eB] [rome at min We iar age ee 42.4—Bn_— qi Gain) (hp) _2. Steamissupplied to afully loaded 100-hp turbine at 200 psia with u, = 1163.3 Btu/b, v, = 2.65 ft%lb and v, = 400 fps. Exhaust is at 1 psia with u, = 925 Btu/lb, v, = 294 ft v, = 1100 fps. The heat loss from the steam in the tur Btw/lb. Neglect potential energy change and determine (a) the work per Ib steam and (b) the steam flow rate in Ib/h. Solution P,=200psia u, = 1163.3 Btw v, = 2.65 f1%7b P= I psia u,=925 Btulb —v, = 294 4b ¥, = 1100 fps Q=-10Btulb ¥4K,+W,+U,+Q=2,+K,+ W,+U,+W (a) Basis 11%, {Goo - 3208 wea ~°7 op) Gag = 54.1 BE Ka pk~ (@) (32.174) (778) Tb, _ (200) (144) (2.65) _ Btu Was Pav = ie =98.10 3p, Woe py, = 210s 20m a= Piva= K,+ Wat, + Q=K, + Watt + W 3.204 98.10 + 1168.3 + (10) = 24.17 + 54.424 925 + W Bia W= 2514," Btu 100 by [as4a Steam flow = oe oa) Ch H = 1014. oy . 251 Bou r 3, An air compressor (an open system) receives 272 kg per mmingfair at 99.29 kPa and a specific volume of 0.026m*kg, The Jair flows steady through the compressor and is discharged at (689.5 kPa and 0.0051 m*/kg. The initial internal energy of the air is 1594 J/kg; at discharge, the internal energy is 6241 J/kg, ‘The cooling water circulated around the eylinder carries away 4383 J/kg of air. The change in kinetic-energy is 896 Gncrease. Sketch an energy diagram. Compute the work.P, = 99.29 kPa -v, = 0.026 mi/kg Energy Diagram B.+K,+W,+U,+Q=2,+K, +Wy+U,+W Basis 1 kg, Wa=P,v,= [0.29 a [o.o26 = 2.588 kJ/kg Wa Pi¥a= [ssa 4) [2005342] = 3.516 kilke Wy, +, +Q=AK+ Wp +0, +W 2.582 + 1.594 — 4.383 = 0.896 + 3.516 + 6.241 + W ka W=-10.86;5 We [-s0s643] [are ky W =~ 295455 et a 4. agente pump operating under steady flow condi- tions delivers aT ken ot estes from an initial pressure of 82,740 Pa to final pressure of 275,800 Pa. The diameter of the inlet pipe to the pump is 15.24 cm and the diameter of the discharge pipe is 10.16 cm, What is the work? 2270 keg/min 0.1524 m 82,740 Pa 1000 kg/m? ]remewnloer 0.1016 m = 275,800 Pa ound Area at entrance, A, = 4 (0,1524)= 0.01824 m* Area at exit, A, = (0.1016) = 0.008107 m* Speed at entrance, v, : mh | ___ 27060 Speed at exit, = 52m = [yO00) (o.008i07) ~ “967 ™/* Basis 1 kg, 2 vw [aou® | Nm okt 2.161 Tg Va _ (4.6677 _ Nm A @a) 71 kee 82,7404, in? n°275,800 N. We = Ps¥p= z ==KhO * 215.8 Brkt ht Wat d=B,+K +y+ Wat W K, +W,=K,+W,+W 2.151 + 82,74 = 10.89 + 275.8+W Nm [yn We-2018 (om) We [201.8%] [ro Xe, kJ W= 458.15, 5. Aturbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiv- ing steam at the following state: pressure 1200 kPa, tempera- ture 188°C, enthalpy 2785 kJ/kg, speed 33.3 m/s and elevation 3 m. The steam leaves the turbine at the following state; pressure 20 kPa, enthalpy 2512 kJ/kg, speed 100 m/s and elevation 0m, Heatis lost to the surroundings at the rate of 0.29 kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, what is the power output of the turbine in kW? Solution 253m m,=0m +h, = 2785, ig ‘hy = 2512 kg 9», =33.3 », = 100-5 kJ kg Q=-0.295 mh= 042" Basis 1 kg, [9.806622] (8m) P+K,+h,+Q=7,+K,+h,+W P,+K, +h, +Q=K, +h +W 0.0294 + 0.5544 + 2785 + (-0.6905) = 5.000 + 2512 + W yk = 267.9 w rm We [oor] [asokt W= 112.52 kWReview Problems 1. Assuming that there are no heat effects and no fric- tional effects, find the kinetic energy and speed of a 3220-Ib body after it falls 778 ft from rest, Start with the steady flow equation, deleting energy terms which are irrelevant. ‘Ans, 224 fps 4 7 se Steady Rew 2.” A reciprocating compressor draws in 500 cubic feet per minute of air whose density is 0.079 Ib/eu ft and discharges it with a density of 0.304 Ib/eu ft, At the suction, p, = 15 psia; at discharge, p, = 80 psia. The increase in the specific internal energy is 33.8 Btu/lb and the heat transferred from the air by cooling is 13 Btu/lb, Determine the work on the air in Btu/min and in hp. Neglect change in kinetic energy. Ans. 56.25 hp 3. Steam enters a turbine with an enthalpy of 1292 Btw/lb and leaves with an enthalpy of 1098 Btw/b. The transferred heat is 13 Btu/lb. What is the work in Btu/min and in hp for a flow of 2 Ib/seo? —y woe Ws code ‘Ans. 512.3 hp + 4. A thermodynamic steady flow system receives 4.56 kg ‘per min of a fluid where p, = 137.90 kPa, v, = 0.0388 m/kg, +, =122.mv/s, and u, = 17.16 ki/kg. The fluid leaves the system at a boundary where p, = 551.6 kPa, v, = 0.193 m/kg, v, = 188, m/s and u, = 52.80 kJ/kg. During passage through the system. the fluid receives 3,000 J/s of heat. Determine the work. Ans. 486 kJ/min wy 5. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7 m/s speed, 100 kPa pressure and, 0.95 m*/kg specific volume, and leaving at 5 m/s, 700 kPa, and 0.19 m*/kg. The internal energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in the ‘compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58 KW. Compute the work in kW. ‘Ans, -122 kW Covservation of MoS Ve Aaya ate. gpeed wos Kew colt 6. Inasteady flow apparatus, 135 kJ of work is done by cach kg of fluid. The specific volume of the fluid, pressure, and speed at theinlet are 0.37 m*/kg, 600 kPa, and 16 m/s. Theinlet is 32 m above the floor, and the discharge pipe is at floor level. ‘The discharge conditions are 0.62 m*/kg, 100 kPa, and 270 m/s. The total heat loss between the inlet and discharge is 9 kJ/kg of fluid. In flowing through this apparatus, does the specific internal energy increase or decrease, and by how much? ‘Ans, -20.01 ki/ieg 7. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of 3628 kJ/kg at 70 m/s and leaves the same stage with an enthalpy of 2846 ki/kg and a velocity of 124 m/s. Calculate the work done by the steam. ‘Ans, 776.8 kJ/kg (ME Board Problem — Oct. 1986) vem Ath A V Tye 9 AUP, =A Pa vito te at pe Law o CongerVealvon OF Moss