Algebraic expression

aX2+bx+c
1. Expanding brackets
a) p(q + r) = pq + pr
b) (p + q)(s + t) = ps+pt+qs+qt
c) (a + b)(a - b) = a2 - b2
d) (a b)2 = a2 2ab+b2
2. factorization of algebraic expressions
a) Factors of an algebraic term
Ex Finding all factors of the following algebraic
1) 4x
2) 2xy

The factors of 4x are

The factors of 4x are

2) 6x2

2) 4y2

The factors of 4x are

The factors of 4x are
b) Common factors and HCF
Ex 1. Find the common factors and HCF of 3p and 6p2

The common factors of 3p and 6p2

HCF
=
Ex 2. Find the common factors and HCF of 2xy and 6x2y

The common factors of 3p and 6p2

HCF
=

c) Factorization of algebraic expression

ax2+bx+c ;where c=0
1. Factorization by common factors (HCF)
Factorize each of the following algebraic expression
1) 2p-6pq =
2) 3xy+6x2y-12xy2 =
3) pq-qp =

4) 3x2-6x =

5) pq-p2q

6) 4xy + 6x2y2

7) 5xy-15xy2

8) 2yz-4yz2+6xyz

9) 16-8x

10) 6x+21y

11) 3p-4p2

12) mn+mn2

13) x(x+1)+2(x+1)

14) by-dy+3b-3d

15) 8nm-8np-mq+mp

16) 4pq+3qr+8mp+6mr

2. Factorization
2.1
ax2+bx+c ;where a=1, b and c 0
x2+bx+c
Ex 1) x2 + 5x + 6
= x2 + (2 + 3)x + (2)(3)
[ 2 + 3 = 5 and (2) (3) = 6 ]
2
= x + (2x + 3x) + (2)(3)
= (x2 + 2x) + [3x + (2)(3)]
= (x + 2)x + (x + 2)(3)
= (x + 2)(x + 3)
2
Therefore
x + 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3)
2
Ex 2) x 10x + 21
(-7)(-3) = -21 and (-7)+(-3)=-10
2
Ans
x 10x + 21 = (x-3)(x-7)

2.2.

ax2+bx+c ;where a1, b and c 0

ax2+bx+c
(2x-3)(3x-5) =

Therefore 6x2-19x+15 = (2x-3)(3x-5)

Ex 1. 4x2 + 13x + 10
4x2 =
10 =
(
)(
)
Ex 2. 6x2 10x 4

3.

4.

5.

6.

ax2+bx+c ; where b=0

3) Factorization by the results of the difference of two squares
a2-b2 = (a-b)(a+b)
Ex

a) 4x2-1

b) 2p2-18

c) m2-9

d) 9r2-25q2

e) 3p2-3

f) 128-2p2

4) Factorization by the special results of

(a b)2 = a2 2ab+b2
1) x2+6x+9

2) 4x2-20y+25

3) 4x2-20y+25

4) x2+2x+1

5) 2x2-20xy+50y2

6) 9y2-6y+1

1. m(n + 3) + 5(n + 3)

9. xy st xt + sy

2. (x + y)z (x + y)
10. n2m +n2p 8m 8p
3. 4t(a + b) s(a + b)
4. (4y2 + 3)y + 6(4y2+ 3)

11. ab2 cb2 6a + 6c

5. a(b 3c) + x(b 3c)

6. ax + by + bx + ay

12. 2x3 x + 14x2 7

7. 5a 10x + ab 2bx

13. a2 2b 5a3 + 10ab

8. na + 3b + nb + 3a

14. x3 x3z + y2z y2

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1. x2 + 9x + 14
= ..

16. t2 11t + 30

= ..

2. n2 + 15n + 14

= ..

17. a2 a 72

= ..

3. y2 + 10y + 24

= ..

18. x2 17x + 70

= ..

4. x2 + 7x 18

= ..

19. y2 18y + 81

= ..

5. x2 9x + 20

= ..

20. n2 + 15n 54

= ..

6. a2 8a 9

= ..

21. x2 30x 99

= ..

7. b2 + 9b 10

= ..

22. m2 22m + 121

= ..

8. x2 10x + 24

= ..

23. x2 12x 85

= ..

9. x2 14x + 24

= ..

24. 144 + 24a + a2

= ..

10. a2 + 11a + 18

= ..

25. s2 + 12s 189

= ..

11. 56 + 15a + a2

= ..

26. x2 28x + 195

= ..

12. m2 13m + 42

= ..

27. 225 + 34t + t2

= ..

13. x2 20x 21

= ..

28. y2 2y 323

= ..

14. x2 15x + 36

= ..

29. x2 + 37x + 232

= ..

15. y2 + 13y + 12

= ..

30. m2 19m 372

= ..

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1. 2x2 2x 4

16. 15x2 + 8x 7

= .

2. 2a2 + 6a + 4

17. 7a2 + 49a + 84

= .

3. 3x2 6x 9

18. 35m2 + 18m 8 = .

4. 6y2 y 12

19. 4 + 10x 6x2

= .

5. 9y2 6y 9

20. 9 42y + 49y2

= .

6. 6y2 y 12

21. 35 26b + 3b2

= .

7. 6a2 +17a + 12 =

22. 4z2 28z + 49

= .

8. 5x2 + 14x 3

23. 12a2 20a 7 = .

9. 6 7x + x2

24. 10 19x 15x2

= .

10. 4 + 10x + 6x2 =

25. 6b2 38b + 56

= .

11. 4x2 + 16x 9

26. 7m2 + 72m 55 = .

12. 9y2 12y 5

27. 20a2 + 77a + 18 = .

13. 5x2 + 4x 1

28. 3x2 40x + 117 = .

14. 12a2 a 35

29. 10x2 + 81x 45 = .

15. 16y2 8y + 1 =

30. 13y2 + 69y 54 = .

5 x2 (x 4)2

6 (x 2)2 (x + 3)2

7 (3x 2)2 (x + 5)2

8 25(x + 2)2 144x2

1.
1) x2 1

11) 16x2 169

2) 16 x2

12) 49x2 81

3) x2 64

13) 25x2 121

4) x2 144

14) 196x2 100

5) 255 x2

15) 81x2 400

6) x2 361

16) 64x2 225

7) x2 625

17) 144x2 441

8) x2 900

18) 1 289x2

9) 9x2 1

19) 529x2 625

10) 4x2 49

20) 961 900x2

2.
1) (a 2)2 1

9) (x + 6)2 (x + 4)2

2) 25 (y + 1)2

10) (x 8)2 (x 5)2

3) (x + 2)2 4

11) (3x + 2)2 (x 1)2

4) (x 3)2 36

12) (4x 3)2 (5x + 2)2

5) 81 (x + 5)2

13) 9(x 7)2 100x2

6) x2 (2x + 1)2

14) 144x2 (2x 3)2

7) 4x2 (x 2)2

15) 25x2 16(x 5)2

8) (2x + 3)2 25x2

16) (5x+ 3)2 121x

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1.
1) x2 + 12x + 36

6) x2 10x + 25

2) x2 + 16x + 64

7) x2 28x + 196

3) x2 + 34x + 289

8) x2 36x + 324

4) x2 + 40x + 400

9) x2 52x + 676

5) x2 + 46x + 529

10) x2 60x + 900

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2.
1) 9x2 + 30x + 25

6) 4x2 36x + 81

2) 16x2 + 56x + 49

7) 49y2 70y + 25

3) 49x2 + 42x + 9

8) 64y2 176y + 121

4) 100x2 + 220x + 121

9) 81x2 180x + 100

5) 81x2 + 360x + 400

10) 225x2 360x + 144

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7 (x + 1)2 + 14(x + 1) + 49

8 4x2 4(x2 3x) + (x 3)2

1. (x 2)2 + 12(x 2) + 36

3. (x + 3)2 16(x + 3) + 64

2. (2x + 1)2 + 20(2x + 1) + 100

4. (4x 5)2 26(4x 5) + 169

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5. 36(x + 6)2 + 108(x + 6) + 81

8. (x 3)2 12x(x 3) + 36x2

6. 9(x 1)2 30(x 1) + 25

9. 49x2 +14(x2 x) + (x 1)2

7. 16x2 + 8x(x + 1) + (x + 1)2

10. (x + 2)2 18(x2 + 2x) + 81x2

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1.
1) (x2 16x + 64) x2

6) 900a2 16(a2 + 40a + 400)

2) y2 (y2 30y + 225)

7) (2a 3)2 (a2 18a + 81)

3) 4a2 (a2 + 22a + 121)

8) (4t2 12t + 9) (5t + 1)2

4) (x2 34x + 289) 169x2

9) (x2 + 36x + 32) (9x2 90x + 225)

5) 9(y2 20y + 100) 441y2

10) (4m2 36m + 81) (16m2 + 56m + 49)