PROCEDURE :

Part A : Aliphatic hydrocarbon :

Bromine or chlorine water :
1. 1 mL of cyclohexane was measured into two separate test tubes.
2. 10 15 drops of bromine or chlorine water was added.
3. The tubes was shake then one of the test tube was placed in the dark ( under the bench )
and the other one was expose to sunlight or a bright light for a few minutes.
4. The colour of the two tubes was compared. The presence of hydrogen bromide or
hydrogen chloride evolution was tested by holding a piece of moist blue litmus at the
mouth of each tube.
Aqueous potassium permanganate ( baeyers test ) :
1. 5 mL of potassium permanganate solution was placed in two separate test tubes.
2. Five drops of Heptanes was added into one of the test tube and 5 drops of 2-Pentene was
added into other test tube.
3. The tubes were shake well for 1-2 minutes.
4. The result was observed.
Sulphuric acid :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

2 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid was added in two test tubes.

10 drop 2-Pentenes and Heptanes were dropped respectively in tubes.
Each test tube was shake well.
The result was observed.
The contents was discarded by pouring them into a beaker containing at least 50 mL of
water.

Part B : Aromatic hydrocarbon :

Precaution : Bromine / Chlorine vapor was hazardous substances. Please handle properly.
Bromine :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1 mL of toluene was added to a test tube.

A few iron powder was dropped in another test tube then followed by 1 mL of toluene.
Glass rod was used to immerse any iron powder that was trapped on the test tube walls.
Three drops of bromine or chlorine water was added to each test tube.
The tubes was placed in a beaker filled with warm water for 15 minutes.
The colour of each test tube was observed whether hydrogen bromide was evolved or not.
The results was recorded.

Aqueous Potassium Permanganate :

1. 2 mL of dilute ( 2.0 % w/w ) potassium permanganate solution was added into a test tube
containing 1 mL of toluene.
2. The solution was shake and the results was recorded.