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Thornton Tomasetti Inc. 2008
Learning Objectives
What is a Diaphragm?
Flexible, Rigid and Semi-rigid Definitions
Design Approach
Design Forces
Flexible Diaphragm Design
Sub-diaphragm
Rigid Diaphragm Design
Drag Strut or Collector Design
Re-entrant Corner
Diaphragm shear transfer
What is a
Diaphragm?
(adapted from ASCE 05 Chapter 11)
What is a
Diaphragm?
(adapted from ASCE 05 Chapter 11)
What is a
Diaphragm?
(adapted from ASCE 05 Chapter 11)
Diaphragm
Diaphragm boundary:
where shear is
transferred into or out
of the diaphragm
Parallel to load...
What is a
Diaphragm?
(adapted from ASCE 05 Chapter 11)
Diaphragm
Diaphragm boundary:
where shear is
transferred into or out
of the diaphragm
What is a
Diaphragm?
(adapted from ASCE 05 Chapter 11)
Diaphragm
Diaphragm boundary:
where shear is
transferred into or out
of the diaphragm
What is a
Diaphragm?
(adapted from ASCE 05 Chapter 11)
Diaphragm
Diaphragm boundary
Diaphragm chord:
boundary element
assumed to provide
axial force to resist
diaphragm moment.
What is a
Diaphragm?
(adapted from ASCE 05 Chapter 11)
Diaphragm
Diaphragm boundary
Diaphragm chord
Minimum reinforcement:*
ACI 318-05 section 7.12 - Shrinkage /
temperature reinforcing
Vn = Acv rt fy
At boundaries, check shear friction
(engineering judgment)
Is It Flexible?
Depends on relative stiffness of diaphragm vs.
vertical elements of lateral system
Flexible if maximum in-plane deflection
under lateral load > 2 x average story drift of
adjoining vertical elements of the lateral
system
Is It Flexible?
Depends on relative stiffness of diaphragm vs.
vertical elements of lateral system
Yes if plywood or bare metal decks (in general)
Plywood + 1.5 max. conc. topping is flexible
Is It Flexible?
Rigid diaphragms:
Concrete or composite (concrete filled
metal deck) slab with span / depth < 3
Distribute forces to vertical systems by
relative stiffness through rigid-body
behavior
Is It Flexible?
Semi-rigid diaphragms:
Any diaphragm modeled as membrane/plate
in computer program
Helpful at vertical system stiffness changes
that show unrealistic force jumps in and
out of diaphragm from rigid approach
Easy now in ETABS
Vu/ft = capacity
Check drag
plus typical
slab rebar is
enough to
hold slab end
onto building
at each section
Cs x slab mass ?
NO
Ignores dynamic first-mode or whiplash
effect with height
wi Hi
n
w H k
i i
i1
F.p
i
Fj
j i
n
wi
wj
j i
Yes BUT
14
12
Story shear
10
Diaph. force
Design force
6
4
2
0
1st FL
2nd FL
3rd FL
4th FL
5th FL
Cs x Mass
Story shear
Diaph. force
Design force
6
4
2
0
1st FL
2nd FL
3rd FL
4th FL
5th FL
Diaphragm Design
Case Study
R = 8 I = 1.25
SS= 1.68
SDS= 1.12
CS = 17.5%
Mass
Story force
Roof
681 kips
200 kips
200 kips
1.00
1341 kips
262 kips
376 kips
1.43
1396 kips
136 kips
391 kips
2.87
Total
3418 kips
598 kips
958 kips
1.60
Flexible Diaphragm
Metal Roof Deck
Continuity OK
Find shear
Find moment
Max Mu = 844 kft
Rigid Diaphragm
Typical Composite Slab Floor
6 W ECC
L
Mu
Shear Transfer
(Offset of Vertical Systems)
Shear transfers
through slab
fctr% rho
W0
SDC = A or B
Regular or irregular building
Diaph design force, inertia + transfer 100% 1
Diaph-to-coll force, inertia + transfer 100% 1
Collector, splice, conn. to vert
100% 1
no
no
no
fctr% rho
W0
SDC = C
Regular or irregular building
Diaph design force, inertia + transfer 100% 1
Diaph-to-coll force, inertia + transfer 100% 1
Collector, splice, conn. to vert
100% 1
no
no
YES
fctr% rho
W0
100% 1
100% 1
100% 1
no
no
YES
SDC = D, E, F
Regular building
Diaph design force from inertia
Diaph-to-coll force from inertia
Collector, splice, conn. to vert
fctr% rho
W0
SDC = D, E, F
Irregular building
For diaphragm design add together:
Diaph design force from inertia
Diaph design force from transfer
100% 1
100% 1.3
no
no
fctr% rho
W0
SDC = D, E, F
Irregular building
For diaphragm-to-collector force add together:
Diaph design force from inertia
Diaph design force from transfer
100% 1
125% 1.3
no
no
100% 1
YES
fctr% rho
W0
100% 1
no
100% 1
125% 1.3
no
no
SDC = D, E, F
Light Frame Exception
Diaphragm, collector, splice
Regular
Diaph force from inertia
Conclusions
Questions?
Thank you
Tan Nguyen, S.E.
Young Nam, S.E.
Thornton Tomasetti
2415 Campus Drive
Irvine, CA 92612
T 949.271.3300
F 949.271.3301