Strain-Controlled Fatigue Behavior of

ASTM A36 and A514 Grade F Steels and

5083-0 A l u m i n u m W e l d Materials
For steel weld materials, tensile and strain-controlled fatigue properties
vary with hardness and, although the hardness relationships for
aluminum vary from steel, the mean stress relaxation behavior of all weld
materials is found to be a function of the same material parameters

BY Y. HIGASHIDA, ). D. BURK, A N D F. V. LAWRENCE, JR.

ABSTRACT. The tensile and straincontrolled fatigue properties of base

metal (BM), weld-metal ( W M ) , and
heat-affected zone (HAZ) material
were determined for weldments of
ASTM A36 and A514 grade F steels and
5083-0 aluminum. The mean stress
relaxation behavior of these weld
materials was also investigated. The
HAZ properties were determined from
specimens produced using a weld
thermal-cycle simulator. The W M
properties were obtained using specimens machined from weld metal
deposits.
For the steel weld materials, the
tensile and strain-controlled fatigue
properties were found to vary w i t h
hardness. The fatigue resistance at
lives greater than the transition fatigue
life was found to increase as the hardness of the steel weld materials (BM's,
WM's, HAZ's) increased. Properties of
BM and W M fof the 5083-0 aluminum
welds did not obey the hardness relationships found for the steels, but the
mean stress relaxation behavior of all
the weld materials considered was
found to be a function of the same
material parameters.
Introduction
The most common sites for fatigue
crack initiation in welds are the weld
toe, the weld root, or internal discontinuities. '-' In the first case, the crack
initiates in untempered weld metal
(WM) or grain coarsened
heataffected zone 5 (HAZ) near the edge of
the weld reinforcement and then

334-s I N O V E M B E R 1978

propagates through the HAZ and base

metal (BM). In the latter cases, the
crack initiates and propagates in tempered weld metal. These sites are
shown schematically in Fig. 1.
Previous studies of the fatigue
behavior of weldments, summarized
by Gurney 2 and Pollard and Cover,3
have dealt w i t h fatigue behavior of
weldments w i t h o u t separating the
effects of W M and HAZ microstructures. Only a limited number of studies have been undertaken to study the
fatigue behavior of W M and HAZ, and
most of these have been studies of
fatigue crack propagation which have
shown that the HAZ does not strongly
influence
the
crack
propagation
rate. 612 Most studies of fatigue crack
initiation in W M and HAZ using
smooth specimens have been conducted under stress control 1 3 1 8 .
Weld toe fatigue cracks usually
initiate in the grain coarsened region
of the heat affected zone (hereafter
HAZ).1'-' The w i d t h of the grain coarsened region in the welded joint is too
small to permit direct measurements
of strain-controlled fatigue properties.
For A514 welds, the w i d t h of the coarsened region is about 0.05 in. (1.3 mm)

or less. It was necessary, therefore, to

reproduce the weld thermal cycle in a
smooth specimen large enough for the
normal methods of strain controlled
fatigue testing.
Three methods have been c o m m o n ly employed to reproduce HAZ m i crostructures in test specimens: furnace
heating,"' 1 " high frequency induction
heating, 1718 - 2 " and direct resistance
heating.21"25 The direct resistance heating method was judged most suitable
and was used in this investigation.
Strain Controlled Fatigue Properties
The smooth specimen fatigue behavior of a metal tested under reversed
strain control may be characterized by
four material parameters, 26-28 w h i c h
relate the strain amplitude ( e a ) to the
failure life (2N r )-see Table 1:
. =

't (2N,y + (2N f )

0)

Mean stress (cr0) effects may be

included through the modification 2 9 :

. =

'r (2N f ) c +

(O-'r

(2N f ) b (2)

where [ and c are the fatigue ductility coefficient and exponent, and cr',
Y. HIGASHIDA is Research Engineer, Hirat- and b are the fatigue strength coeffisuka Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Heavy
cient and exponent. An additional
Industries, Ltd., japan; j. D. BURK is Lead
useful index of fatigue resistance is the
Engineer, Matetials and Processes Departtransition fatigue life (2N l r ) w h i c h is
ment, McDonnell Douglas Astronautics
Co., St. Louis, Missouri; F. V. LAWRENCE, IR.the life of a smooth specimen under
strain control at which the elastic
is Professor, Department of Metallurgy and
(A e K /2) and plastic ( A e p / 2 ) strain
Mining and Civil Engineering at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.
amplitudes are identical.

Fig. 1Possible fatigue crack initiation sites in a weld: Aone pass weld metal
(WM(1P)), B-heat-affected zone (HAZ), and C-two pass tempered weld metal
(WM(2P))

-m*

(3)

As shown by equation (2), the mean

stress (o-) has an influence on crack
initiation life. The mean stress (cr) at
any reversal (2N) has been shown to
relax according to the power function: 26 - 30
O-0.-2S = cr,, , ( 2 N - 1 ) k

(4)

where a. , is the initial mean stress

and k is the relaxation exponent which
is dependent on strain amplitude
(a)-

The monotonic and cyclic stressstrain properties of a material may be

represented by elastic and plastic
strain components as:28

Experimental Program

Monotonic

Specimen Preparation

= +
E

special heat treatments.

2. A514 steel is a typical, constructional grade, low-alloy, martensitic
steel widely used for pressure vessels
and structures and is also readily
welded.
3. 5803-0 aluminum is a readily
weldable hardening aluminum alloy
used in cyrogenic applications.
Completely reversed, uniaxial straincontrolled tests of the smooth specimens were employed to study fatigue
behavior of BM, HAZ, and one- and
two-pass W M ' s for A36 and A514
welds and BM and W M behavior of
5083-0 welds. Mean stress relaxation
tests were also conducted for each
material at a constant mean strain and
at various strain amplitudes.

(5)

Cyclic
(6)
where K (K') and n (n') are the monotonic (cyclic) strength coefficient and
strain-hardening exponent.
Object and Scope
ASTM A36 and A514 steels and 50830 aluminum were chosen for study
because:
1. A36 steel is a typical constructional grade ferritic-pearlitic
steel
widely used for land vehicles and
structures and is easily welded w i t h o u t

Base metal specimens of A514 steel

(A514-BM) and 5083-0 aluminum
(5083-0-BM) were machined from VA
in. (19 mm) and 1 in. (25 mm) thick
plate keeping their axes parallel to the
rolling direction of the plateFig. 2A.
The HAZ specimens were machined
from base plate and then subjected to
the simulated weld thermal cycles
after which they were machined to the
final dimensions as shown in Fig. 2B.
Heat-affected zone specimens of 5083
aluminum base metal were
not
made.
Five series of weld metal specimens
were prepared: E60S-3-WM(1 P) was
machined from a one-pass butt
welded joint of A36 steel plates using a
Ae in. (1.6 mm) diameter E60S-3 elec-

trode; E60S-3-WM(2P) was machined

from a two-pass butt welded joint of
A36 steel plates using the same electrode
as
E60S-3-WM(1P);
E110WM(1P) was machined from a onepass butt weld of A514 steel using a yM
in. (1.6 mm) diameter E110 electrode;
E110-WM(2P) was machined from a
two-pass butt weld of A514 steel using
the E110 electrode; and 5183-WM was
machined from a two-pass double-V
butt weld of 5083-0 aluminum using a
5183 electrode.
All welding was in the flat position
using gas metal arc (GMA) processes.
After welding, the weld deposits were
radiographed to check for internal
defects. The welded plates were then
saw-cut into blanks w i t h their axes
normal to the welding axis. The blanks
were then machined to the dimensions shown in Fig. 2A for monotonic
tension tests and Fig. 2C for fatigue
tests.
Chemical compositions are shown
in Table 2, and the welding parameters
are listed in Table 3.
Simulation of HAZ
The weld thermal cycle at the HAZ
adjacent to the fusion line was
measured. Chromel-alumel thermocouples (0.020 in. (0.51 mm) diameter)
were spot welded onto the surface of a
A36 or A514 steel plate near the fusion
line. The location of the thermocouple
was determined by preliminary measurements to define the fusion line
position. The thermocouples were
electrically and thermally shielded and
were connected to an oscilloscope.
The thermal cycle was photographical-

W E L D I N G RESEARCH S U P P L E M E N T I 335-s

(25) Radius

Table 1 List of symbols

cr,c
t.

lr,

Ac /2
o~
o-. i, o-.

2N

2N,, 2 N l r , 2N

K, K'

n, n'

r, Cr,

f 1. o-f'
c, b

k
BHN, DPH

s u , o-;

True stress and strain

Strain amplitude, transition strain, and mean
strain
Plastic strain amplitude
Mean stress
Initial and current mean
stress
Reversals to failure, transition fatigue life, reversals
M o n o t o n i c and cyclic
strength coefficient
M o n o t o n i c and cyclic
strain hardening exponent
Elastic modulus
True strain and stress at
fracture
Fatigue ductility and
strength coefficients
Fatigue ductility and
strength exponent
Relaxation exponent
Brinnell and diamond
pyramid hardness n u m ber
Ultimate strength and
cyclic yield stress

0.250 (7.25)

(A)

_J

5/8 NF Threads
5/8(16)
Dia.

T
650 (16.25)
4-1/2 (112)
(25) Radius

5 / 8 NF Threads

0.180 (4.57)

5/8(16)
Dia.
I h-0.350 (8.89)
5 (127)
(25) Radius
^0.250 (7.25)

5/8 NF Threads
5/8 (16)
Did

ly recorded. Typical traces are shown

in Fig. 3.
A weld thermal cycle simulator was
developed (Fig. 4) to reproduce uniformly the measured weld thermal
cycle in a specimen large enough for
monotonic tension and fatigue tests.
The specimen in (Fig. 2A) was held in a
pair of water-cooled OFHC copper
grips. The grips and specimen were
mounted on a w o o d e n stand and fixed
to prevent transverse distortion of the
specimen at high temperatures but not
longitudinal movement. The specimen
was heated by a current from the
secondary of the step d o w n transformer (Fig. 4), and the temperature was
measured by a thermocouple spot
welded to the center of the specimen.
The heating rate was controlled by
setting the temperature controller to
some fraction of total output.
When the temperature of the specimen reached the maximum temperature desired, the current was shut off;
and the specimen was allowed to cool.
The cooling rate was controlled by the
flow of the grip cooling water and the

Fig. 2Smooth specimens of Abase metal, B-heat-affected zone, and C-weld

metal materials; all dimensions are in inches (mm)

Table 2Chemical C ompositions of Base and Filler Metals, Wt-%

Material
1

ASTM A36' "

E60S-3
ASTM A514""
E110

ASTM 5083-0
5183

Mn

Si

Ni

Cr

Mo

Cu

Fe

0.21
0.09
0.20
0.08

1.1
1.0
0.82
1.70

0.12
0.017
0.010
0.005

0.021
0.024
0.016
0.009

<0.10
0.50
0.24
0.46

<0.10

<0.08

<0.10

0.10

0.08
2.40

0.51
0.05

0.20
0.50

Bal.
Bal.
Bal.
Bal.

Si

Fe

Cu

Mn

Mg

Cr

Zn

Ti

0.14 0.22
0.12 0.17

0.05
0.02

0.64
0.57

0.08
0.07

0.04
0.03

0.03
0.09

4.50
4.96

<0.01

Zr

Al

<0.001

Bal.
Bal.

" C o m p o s i t i o n s based o n c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s - o t h e r s are typical as s u p p l i e d c o m p o s i t i o n s .

flow of argon gas directed onto the

specimen. Once the correct condition
was determined, it was possible to
subject specimens to reproducible
weld thermal cycles such as that
shown in Fig. 3.
Hardness and metallographic studies were performed on the simulated

HAZ specimens and compared w i t h

the actual weld HAZ. Figure 5 shows
the results of a Vickers Pyramid hardness traverse 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) below
the plate surface for A36 and A514
one-pass butt welds. The results of a
hardness traverse for A36 and A514
simulated HAZ specimens are shown

Table 3 - W e l d i n g Parameters

Weld (base/
filler metal)

Plate
thickness,
mm""

Electrode
diameter,
mm""

Voltage,
V

A36/E60S-3
A514F/E110
5083-0/5183

22.2
19.1
25.4

1.59
1.59
1.59

35
30
24

" 1 m m = 0.04 in.

336-sl N O V E M B E R 1978

(C)

Heat
input,
k)/mm,!"

Shielding
gas
composition,
vol-%

22
96
22

2.80
1.20
0.95

Ar-2% O.,
Ar-2% O z
He-25% Ar

Current,
A

Travel
speed,
mm/
min.""

Preheat
temperature,

500
290
280

370
432
420

Thermocouple

2400

2000

Recorder
( T i m e Versus

~M-

Temperature)
1600

I
1
1
1
t
1

1200

'1
II

A36 B - ,

<%>,

if

800

Specimen

Water-Cooled
Copper Grips

^V

A5I4 B -

/~

f 1
1 1

***^^~

;1
A5I4A-'

If

400

Temperature
Controller

fji

o 5 r * "

^^-s^,

i
5

C)

i
10
Time ,

i
15

1
25

20

30

seconds

Fig. 3Simulated (A) and measured (B) weld thermal cycles for A514
Grade F and A36 steel welds

Fig

4-Schematic

of weld thermal cycle

simulator

Specimen Die. ,

Goqe Length
A5I4-8M
Refined
Zone

HAZ
600
500

-Yyv^'W^ r
\-A5l4-HAZ

400

3 6 - E U ^ ^ J ^ V A r ^ ^
3CC
E 6 0 S - 3 - W M (IP)

200

V
'IhiMAi
Jx-finV Vs
^A36-HAZ

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

_0

_^
0.1

IOO
0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Fig. 5Vickers hardness survey 0.1 mm below

for A514 and A36 butt welds

in Fig. 6 w h i c h i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s i m u lated H A Z s p e c i m e n s w e r e h o m o g e n e o u s in h a r d n e s s w i t h i n t h e gage

length.
B o t h average v a l u e s a n d ranges in
hardness n u m b e r s i n s i d e t h e gage
l e n g t h of e a c h s p e c i m e n w e r e v e r y
close to t h o s e o f each a c t u a l w e l d
H A Z (Figs. 5 a n d 6). For e x a m p l e , t h e
average hardness n u m b e r s o f
the
actual H A Z (grain-coarsened region)
a n d s i m u l a t e d H A Z w i t h i n t h e gage
l e n g t h w e r e 257 D P H a n d 255 D P H f o r
t h e A36 s t e e l , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a n d 497
D P H a n d 496 D P H f o r t h e A 5 1 4 s t e e l .
Hardness v a l u e s f o r t h e A 5 1 4 , A 3 6 , a n d
5083-0 w e l d m a t e r i a l s are l i s t e d in

J_

Distance from the Weld Center Line , inches

the weld plate

surface

Distance from the Center of the Specimen, inches

Distance, inches

Fig. 6Vickers hardness survey along the axis and across the
diameter of both A514 and A36 simulated HAZ smooth specimens

Tables 4 t o 6.
Metallographic
examination
was
carried o u t o n b o t h t h e actual w e l d
HAZ and the simulated H A Z specimens. E x c e l l e n t c o r r e l a t i o n w a s o b served i n c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n t h e
actual w e l d H A Z and t h e s i m u l a t e d
HAZ microstructures.
Mechanical Testing
T e n s i o n tests w e r e c o n d u c t e d u s i n g
a 20 k i p M T S h y d r a u l i c test s y s t e m
similar t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d by F e l t n e r a n d
M i t c h e l l . 1 ' A c l i p - o n e x t e n s o m e t e r (0.5

in. (12.7 m m ) gage l e n g t h ) w a s u s e d t o

m e a s u r e strain f o r t h e base a n d w e l d
metal c y l i n d r i c a l s p e c i m e n s , w h i l e a
0.26 i n . (6.6 m m ) gage l e n g t h e x t e n someter was used for t h e H A Z specimens. T h e w e l d m e t a l s p e c i m e n s w e r e
hourglass-shaped and required
the
m e a s u r e m e n t o f d i a m e t r i c strain a n d
its c o n v e r s i o n t o axial s t r a i n b y m e a n s
of an a n a l o g c o m p u t e r . 3 2
Fatigue tests w e r e c o n d u c t e d w i t h
t h e same a p p a r a t u s u s e d f o r m o n o t o n ic t e n s i o n tests. A x i a l s t r a i n
was
controlled for the s m o o t h specimens
of A514, A 3 6 , a n d 5083-0 w e l d m a t e r i -

Table 4-Tensile Properties of Base, W e l d , and Heat-Affected Materials for ASTM A514F/E110 Welds
Material
Hardness, D P H / B H N
Modulus of elasticity, E, x 10s ksi (MPa)
0.2% offset yield strength, ksi (MPa)
Ultimate tensile strength, Su, ksi (MPa)
Reduction in area, %
True fracture strength, cr,, ksi (MPa)
True fracture ductility, e,
Strain hardening exponent, n
Strength coefficient, K, ksi (MPa)

A514-BM
320/303
30.3 (210)
129 (890)
136 (938)
63.0
216 (1490)
0.994
0.060
172 (1187)

A514-HAZ

E110-WM(1P)

E110-WM(2P)

496/461
30.3 (210)
171 (1180)
204 (1408)
52.7
326 (2250)
0.750
0.092
306 (2110)

382/362
30.3 (210)
121 (835)
150 (1035)
57.6
320 (2208)
0.857
0.092
226 (1560)

327/310
30.3 (210)
110 (760)
132 (910)
59.3
241 (1663)
0.899
0.085
187 (1290)

WELDING

R E S E A R C H S U P P L E M E N T I 337-s

Table 5-Tensile Properties of Base, W e l d , and Heat-Affected Materials for ASTM A36/E60S-3 Butt Welds
Material
Hardness, D P H / B H N
Modulus of elasticity, E, x 10' ksi (MPa)
0.2% offset yield strength, ksi (MPa)
Ultimate tensile strength, Su, ksi (MPa)
Reduction in area, %
True fracture strength, cr,, ksi (MPa)
True fracture ductility, ,
Strain hardening exponent, n
Strength coefficient, K, ksi (MPa)

A36-BM

A36-HAZ

E60S-3-WM(1P)

E60S-3-WM(2P)

168/160
27.5 (190)
32 5 (224)
60.0 (414)
69.7 (481)
138 (952)
1.19
0.0146/0.258
113 (780)

255/243
27.4 (189)
77.5 (534)
96.7 (667)
52.5 (362)
133 (918)
0.745
0.102
142 (980)

245/233
27.4 (189)
84.1 (580)
103 (710)
44.6 (308)
143 (987)
0.590
0.098
143 (987)

211/201
27.4 (189)
59.2 (408)
84.0 (580)
60.7 (419)
147 (1014)
0.933
0.130
123 (849)

Table 6-Tensile Properties of Base and W e l d Metal Materials for ASTM 5083-0/5183
Aluminum Welds
Property
Hardness, D P H / B H N
Modulus of Elasticity, E X 103 ksi (MPa)
0.2% offset yield strength, ksi (MPa)
Ultimate tensile strength, Su, ksi (MPa)
Reduction in area, %
True fracture strength, cr,, ksi (MPa)
True fracture ductility, e,
Strain hardening exponent, n
Strength coefficient, K, ksi (MPa)
als as p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d . A s i n e wave f u n c t i o n generator was used to
g e n e r a t e t h e s t r a i n o r -stress h i s t o r y .
Test f r e q u e n c i e s v a r i e d f r o m 0.1 t o 10
Hz. Stress-strain hysteresis l o o p s w e r e
r e c o r d e d at i n t e r v a l s t o d e t e r m i n e
c y c l e - d e p e n d e n t c h a n g e s in stress a n d
plastic strain a m p l i t u d e s .
M e a n stress r e l a x a t i o n tests w i t h
c o n s t a n t m e a n strain b u t
variable
strain a m p l i t u d e w e r e c o n d u c t e d . A
t y p i c a l s t r a i n - b l o c k - s e q u e n c e u s e d is
s h o w n in Fig. 7. A s t a b i l i z a t i o n b l o c k
was a p p l i e d t o each s p e c i m e n
to
e n s u r e s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f t h e hysteresis
l o o p b e f o r e i n d u c i n g a m e a n stress

5083-BM

5183-WM

106/93
10.3 (71)
19 (131)
42.6 (294)
30
60 (414)
0.36
0.129
43.4 (300)

105/92
10.3 (71)
20 (138)
43.3 (299)
33
61 (421)
0.40
0.133
44.5 (307)

a n d s t u d y i n g its r e l a x a t i o n b e h a v i o r .
Each i n i t i a l m e a n stress o f t h e m e a n
stress r e l a x a t i o n b l o c k s w a s i n d u c e d
by a p p l y i n g a m e a n s t r a i n . M e a n stress
(cr0) as a f u n c t i o n o f c y c l e s w a s t h e n
measured under a constant
strain
amplitude.

Results

Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior

Monotonic Stress-Strain Behavior

Tensile properties of A36, A514, and
5083-0 w e l d m a t e r i a l s are l i s t e d in
Tables 4 t o 6. T h e m o n o t o n i c t r u e
stress-strain c u r v e s f o r t h e t e n m i c r o -

SB - Stobalization Block
RB - Relaxation Block

0.006-

s t r u c t u r e s s t u d i e d are s h o w n in Figs. 8
t o 10. For t h e A 3 6 w e l d m a t e r i a l s (Fig.
8), t h e E 6 0 S - 3 - W M ( 1 P ) has t h e h i g h e s t
yield and ultimate strength, the A36H A Z has t h e s e c o n d , a n d t h e A 3 6 - B M
has t h e l o w e s t .
The order for higher true fracture
d u c t i l i t y is o p p o s i t e . For t h e A 5 1 4 w e l d
materials (Fig. 9 ) , t h e o r d e r f o r h i g h e r
ultimate tensile strength and l o w e r
t r u e f r a c t u r e d u c t i l i t y is: A 5 1 4 - H A Z ,
E 1 1 0 - W M ( 1 P ) , A 5 1 4 - B M , a n d E110WM(2P). However, the order for higher y i e l d s t r e n g t h is: A 5 1 4 - H A Z , A 5 1 4 BM,
E110-WM(1P),
and
E110WM(2P).
For t h e 5083-0 w e l d m a t e r i a l s (Fig.
10), t h e s t r e n g t h , d u c t i l i t y , a n d u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h are e s s e n t i a l l y i d e n t i c a l
f o r base a n d w e l d m e t a l .
In g e n e r a l , t h e s t r e n g t h a n d d u c t i l i t y
o f t h e w e l d m a t e r i a l s are r e l a t a b l e t o
t h e hardnessTables 4 t o 6.

0 004

T h e c y c l i c stress-strain c u r v e s o b t a i n e d f o r e a c h m a t e r i a l are s h o w n
w i t h each o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e t e n s i l e
stress-strain c u r v e s in Figs. 8 t o 10. A l l
A36 a n d A 5 1 4 w e l d m a t e r i a l s ( e x c e p t
A36-BM and A36-WM(2P)) s h o w varying degrees of cyclic s o f t e n i n g , w h i l e
t h e 5083-0 w e l d m a t e r i a l s s h o w a large
a m o u n t of cyclic hardening. The cyclic
y i e l d s t r e n g t h (o\') w a s o b t a i n e d b y
c u r v e f i t t i n g cr'. as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e
B r i n e l l hardness n u m b e r ( B H N ) :
o-; = - 1 8 . 4 + 0.331 B H N (ksi) (7)
E q u a t i o n 7 is v a l i d f o r t h e A 3 6 a n d
A514 m a t e r i a l s b u t d o e s n o t a p p l y t o
t h e 5083-0 m a t e r i a l s .

0.002
Fatigue Behavior

Time, t

-0.002

-0004- -

Fig. 7Strain control

5183-WM

338-s! N O V E M B E R

history

1978

for

mean

stress relaxation

test ol

aluminum

The fatigue properties for t h e A36,

A514, a n d 5083-0 w e l d m a t e r i a l s are
g i v e n in T a b l e s 7 t o 9. T h e f a t i g u e
s t r e n g t h c o e f f i c i e n t (cr',) a n d t h e f a tigue strength exponent
(b)
were
c a l c u l a t e d as a f u n c t i o n o f reversals t o
failure using a least-squares fit to t h e
m e a s u r e d elastic s t r a i n d a t a . T h e f a t i g u e d u c t i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s ( ',) a n d
t h e f a t i g u e d u c t i l i t y e x p o n e n t (c) w e r e
o b t a i n e d in a s i m i l a r m a n n e r u s i n g t h e
plastic s t r a i n d a t a a n d t h e n u m b e r o f
reversals t o f a i l u r e . E x c e l l e n t a g r e e -

 HAZ
^^~

80

L,

60

^'

A 36 Group

WM(IP)
WMI2P)

40

BM
80

/;

20
0

Fig. 8Monotonic
weld materials

l
0.005

and cyclic stressstrain response

'

Cyclic

~1

for A36 steel

Fig. 9Monotonic
weld materials

.
BM

- - " " " "

0005

Monotonic

and cyclic stressstrain response for ASIA steel

t h e d i f f e r e n c e in f a t i g u e r e s i s t a n c e
between
A36-BM
and the
others
b e c o m e s largest at l o n g lives.
For t h e A 5 1 4 w e l d m a t e r i a l s (Fig. 12),
the relationship b e t w e e n hardness and
f a t i g u e resistance m e n t i o n e d f o r A 3 6 B M a n d A 3 6 - H A Z is also v a l i d f o r
A514-BM and A514-HAZ.
As seen in Fig. 12, A 5 1 4 - B M is s l i g h t ly s u p e r i o r at s h o r t lives, A 5 1 4 - W M ( 2 P )
is s l i g h t l y s u p e r i o r at i n t e r m e d i a t e
lives, a n d A 5 1 4 - H A Z is s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e r i o r at l o n g lives. A 5 1 4 - W M ( 1 P ) is
always i n f e r i o r at t h e lives g r e a t e r t h a n
a b o u t 200 reversals.
For t h e A514 w e l d m a t e r i a l s (Fig. 12),
13), t h e 5 1 8 3 - W M is v e r y s i m i l a r in
f a t i g u e b e h a v i o r t o t h e 5083-0 base
metal w i t h t h e base m e t a l p r o d u c i n g
s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r f a t i g u e r e s i s t a n c e at t h e
s h o r t e r lives. T h i s r e s u l t is n o t s u r p r i s ing considering the similar hardness
(Table 6) o f t h e t w o m a t e r i a l s .

Curves

Mean Stress Relaxation Behavior Test

Results

5 0 8 3 - 0 Base M e t a l

0.008

0.006

0.012

and cyclic stressstrain response for 5083-0 aluminum

ment was obtained

between
the
e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a a n d e q u a t i o n (1) as
seen in Figs. 11 t o 13.
For t h e A 3 6 w e l d m a t e r i a l s (Fig. 1 1 ) ,
A 3 6 - W M ( 1 P ) has t h e h i g h e s t f a t i g u e
resistance f o r all lives. T h e c u r v e of
A 3 6 - W M ( 2 P ) is s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f A 3 6 -

WM(2P)

Cyclic
0

5183 Weld Metal

Strain,

WM(IP)

Monotonic

Cyclic

Fig. 10-Monotonic
materials

A 514 Group

40

60

0004

- K^ / ^ I C^

70

0.002

^^ HAZ
-"
~- ^**

120

160

weld'

W M ( 1 P ) , b u t a l w a y s lies b e l o w t h e
f o r m e r . For A 3 6 - B M a n d A 3 6 - H A Z , t h e
h i g h e r hardness m a t e r i a l s h a v e t h e
h i g h e r f a t i g u e r e s i s t a n c e at l o n g lives
b u t a l o w e r f a t i g u e r e s i s t a n c e at s h o r t
lives. T h e A 3 6 - B M is i n f e r i o r t o t h e
o t h e r m a t e r i a l s in t h e A 3 6 g r o u p , a n d

T h e results of a t y p i c a l m e a n stress
test, c o n d u c t e d at a p o s i t i v e m e a n
strain, are s h o w n in Fig. 14. T h e lines
w e r e o b t a i n e d by l e a s t - s q u a r e s f i t of
the data to c o n f o r m to the p o w e r
f u n c t i o n o f e q u a t i o n (4). T h e relaxat i o n e x p o n e n t (k) w a s c a l c u l a t e d by a
least-squares fit for m e a n stress relaxat i o n test d a t a f o r t h e A 3 6 , A 5 1 4 , a n d
5083-0 w e l d m a t e r i a l s a n d are l i s t e d in
T a b l e 10.
As m e n t i o n e d in p r e v i o u s s t u d ies, 19 - 22 it w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e s t r a i n
amplitude influenced the cyclic mean
stress r e l a x a t i o n b e h a v i o r s i g n i f i c a n t l y ,
w h i l e m e a n strain d i d n o t . T h e relaxa-

Table 7 - C y c l i c and Fatigue Properties of Base, W e l d , and Heat-Affected Materials for ASTM A514F/E110 Welds
Material
Cyclic yield strength, 0.2% offset, ksi (MPa)
Cyclic strain hardening exponent, n'
Cyclic strength coefficient, K', ksi (MPa)
Fatigue strength coefficient, cr',, ksi (MPa)
Fatigue ductility coefficient, (.',
Fatigue strength exponent, b
Fatigue ductility exponent, c
Transition fatigue life, 2 N l r , reversals

A514-BM

A514-HAZ

E110-WM(1P)

E110-WM(2P)

87.6 (604)
0.091
158 (1090)
189 (1305)
0.975
-0.079
-0.699
3,461

136 (938)
0.103
256 (1765)
290 (2000)
0.783
-0.087
-0.713
1,138

94.2 (650)
0.177
293 (2021)
274 (1890)
0.848
-0.115
-0734
1,536

87.4 (603)
0.166
242 (1670)
204 (1408)
0.595
-0.079
-0.590
6,448

WELDING

R E S E A R C H S U P P L E M E N T I 339-s

Table 8-Cyclic and Fatigue Properties of Base, Weld, and Heat-Affected Materials for ASTM A36/E60S-3 Welds
Material

A36-BM

A36-HAZ

E60S-3-WM(1P)

Cyclic yield strength, 0.2% offset, ksi (MPa)

Cyclic strain hardening exponent, n'
Cyclic strength coefficient, K', ksi (MPa)
Fatigue strength coefficient, cr',, ksi (MPa)
Fatigue ductility coefficient, ',
Fatigue strength exponent, b
Fatigue ductility exponent, c
Transition fatigue life, 2N, r , reversals

33.6 (232)
0.249
159 (1097)
147 (1014)
0.271
-0.132
-0.451
200,000

58.2 (402)
0.215
216 (1490)
105 (724)
0.218
-0.066
-0.492
13,234

55.8 (385)
0.155
146 (1007)
131 (904)
0.607
-0.075
-0.548
28,022

tion exponent (k) is plotted in Fig. 15

as a function of the strain amplitude
( e ) for all the materials studied.
From Fig. 15, it can be seen that the
A36 weld materials have the greatest
relaxation rate while the A514 weld
materials have the least for a given
strain amplitude. The relaxation behavior of the 5183-WM is intermediate. Materials with the higher transition fatigue lives, A36 weld materials
(Tables 7 to 9), have the greater relaxation rates, while the materials w i t h the
shorter transition fatigue lives, A514
and 5183 weld materials, have the
lower relaxation rates at a given strain
amplitude.
Discussion
Variation of Weld Materials Properties with
Hardness
The relationships between hardness
and mechanical and fatigue properties
equation (2)have been established
by Landgraf33 and M o r r o w et al." for
steels. A comparison of these k n o w n
relationships between hardness and
fatigue properties and the test results
for A36 and A514 BM's, W M ' s , and
HAZ's was made.

E60S-3-WM

E60S-3-WM(i
52.6 (363)
0.197
179 (1235)
149 (1028)
0.602
-0.090
-0.567
19,259

Table 9-Cyclic and Fatigue Properties of Base and Weld Materials for ASTM 5083-0/5183
Aluminum Welds
Material

5083-BM

5183-WM

Cyclic yield strength, 0.2% offset, ksi (MPa)

Cyclic strain hardening exponent, n'
Cyclic strength coefficient, K', ksi (MPa)
Fatigue strength coefficient, cr',, ksi (MPa)
Fatigue ductility coefficient, e ',
Fatigue strength exponent, b
Fatigue ductility exponent, c
Transition fatigue life, 2N l r , reversals

42 (290)
0.114
84 (580)
103 (711)
0.405
-0.122
-0.692
640

39 (269)
0.072
73.5 (507)
92.5 (638)
0.581
-0.107
-0.890
205

Landgraf33 found a linear relationship between the transition fatigue life

(2N l r ) and hardness which is shown by
the solid line in Fig. 16. Both A36 and
A514 weld materials conform to the
linear relationship w h i c h is shown as a
dashed extension of the solid line. The
true fracture strength (cr,) has been
found to be equal to half the Brinell
hardness number (BHN) for steels33 for
low and intermediate hardnesses as
shown in Fig. 17. The cr, for the A36
and A514 weld materials was also
found to obey this relationship (Fig.
17).
Values of the true fracture ductility

( , ) were found to decrease w i t h

increases in hardness (Fig. 18). A single
relationship, however, was not found
for either the A36 and A514 weld materials or the steels previously investigated by Landgraf33 (shown as dashed
lines in Fig. 18). The monotonic strain
harding exponent (n), also shown in
Fig. 18, was found to be a parabolic
function of hardness w i t h its m i n i m u m
occurring at 400 BHN.
The cyclic strain hardening exponent (n') was plotted vs. hardness (Fig.
19), and was found to decrease as the
hardness increased for the A36 and
A514 weld materials. No trend was

(2P)#

-E60S-3-WM

(IP)A

A5I4-HAZ I

A EIIO-WM

")-

A36-BM-

IO

_IO

IO2
IO3
10*
10=
10"
10'
10"
Reversals to Failure , 2Nf
Fig. 11Strain-life fatigue behavior of A36 steel weld materials
340-sl N O V E M B E R 1978

IO

IO 3
KT
10s
IO6
IO'
10
Reversals to Failure, 2Nf
Fig. 12Strain-life fatigue behavior of A514 steel weld materials
10

ICT

-i

ness increases. T h e s e [ r e n d s are c o n sistent w i t h t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p : ' 2 "

r-

rV-*

(1D

c
a n d t h e o b s e r v e d d e c r e a s e in n' w i t h
i n c r e a s i n g h a r d n e s s s h o w n in Fig. 19.
Factors Influencing Mean Stress Relaxation
Behavior
T h e m e a n stress r e l a x a t i o n b e h a v i o r
of a m a t e r i a l has b e e n f o u n d t o b e a
function
of
the
strain
amplitude
( e j'2s.27.3o M e a s u r e d m e a n stress relaxation
exponentsequation
(4)
w h i c h d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a x a t i o n rate
and
mean
stress f a t i g u e
damage
b e h a v i o r w e r e p l o t t e d as a f u n c t i o n o f
hardness in Fig. 2 1 . H e r e it c a n be seen
that k depends on hardness for the
A514 w e l d m a t e r i a l s b u t n o t f o r t h e
A36 w e l d m a t e r i a l s . H o w e v e r ,
by
d i v i d i n g t h e plastic s t r a i n a m p l i t u d e
(determined from the total
strain
a m p l i t u d e ) b y t h e elastic m o d u l u s (E)
a n d t r a n s i t i o n strain ( ,,.) o f t h e m a t e rial, a linear r e l a t i o n s h i p s h o w n in Fig.
22 was o b t a i n e d w h i c h a p p e a r s t o b e
v a l i d f o r all t h e m a t e r i a l s s t u d i e d : 2 7

<

A 5183 - W M

10

10

10'

Reversals
Fig. 13-Strain-life

I0M

10"

fatigue

behavior

To

10

10

10'

Failure, 2 N f

of 5083-0 aluminum

weld

materials

K = 4625 (ksi) '

r e p o r t e d b y Landgraf, h o w e v e r , f o r
h i g h e r hardness steels as s h o w n b y t h e
steel scatter b a n d in Fig. 19.
Based o n h a r d n e s s , t h e m o n o t o n i c
a n d c y c l i c p r o p e r t i e s ( n , cr,, e ,, a n d
n') may be e s t i m a t e d . T h e f a t i g u e
s t r e n g t h (cr,) a n d d u c t i l i t y (e ',) c o e f f i c i e n t s m a y be a p p r o x i m a t e d b y t h e i r
monotonic counterparts."
cr', cr,
?S

T h e c y c l i c s t r e n g t h c o e f f i c i e n t is

cr',

T h e t r a n s i t i o n strain ( e l r ) is h a l f t h e
strain a m p l i t u d e ( e J w h i c h c o r r e sponds to 2 N , r .

(10)

( e ',)n'

T h e f a t i g u e d u c t i l i t y (c) a n d s t r e n g t h
(b) e x p o n e n t s are also f u n c t i o n s o f
hardness f o r t h e A 3 6 a n d A 5 1 4 w e l d
materials. The f a t i g u e strength e x p o n e n t increases as h a r d n e s s increases as
s h o w n in Fig. 20, w h i l e t h e f a t i g u e
d u c t i l i t y e x p o n e n t decreases as h a r d -

(8)

A tc/2
^
E tr

(9)

Acknow/edgmen is
This s t u d y has b e e n s u p p o r t e d in
part b y t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s Fract u r e C o n t r o l P r o g r a m ; t h e U. S. A r m y
Corps of E n g i n e e r s , G r a n t D A C A 8875-C-0014; a n d t h e U. S. N a v y - N a v a l

-0.6

-0.5
ff

0,2N * 0 , I " - ' > '

-0,4

5I83 WM

-0.3

-0,2N * " 0 , i ( 2 N - I ) '

0|l
I

I I I I Mill
10

I ' I I""I
I0 2

I
IO3

Fig. 14-Normalized
mean stress relaxation
aluminum weld metal

I
I i I i i in
IO4
10

test results

Fig. 15 (right)-Relaxation
exponent (k) as a function
amplitude for A36, A514, and 5083-0 weld materials

-0.2

for 5183
-O.i

of the stral

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0JD05

Strain Amplitude, t a

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT I 341-s

Table 10-Cycl c Mean Stress Relaxation Exponent (k) for A514, A36, and 5083-0 Base and Weld Materials""
A51<I

0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025

0.0030
0.0035
0.0040

A 1ft

HAZ

WM(IP)

WM(2P)

BM

HAZ

WM(1P)

WM(2P)

0.009
(0.015)
0.015
(0.025)
0.023
(0.027)
0.038
(0.046)
0.062
(0.079)
0.084
(0.116)
0.152
(0.150)

0.007
(0.008)
0.007
(0.008)
0.010
(0.013)
0.013
(0.017)
0.021
(0.023)
0.029
(0.034)
0.048

0.009
(0.016)
0.018
(0.017)
0.016
(0.019)
0.026
(0.035)
0.046
(0.043)
0.073
(0.066)
0.100
(0.082)

0.012
(0.01 1)
0.016
(0.011)
0.019
(0.026)
0.030
(0.037)
0.041
(0.060)
0.063
(0.076)
0.087
(0.100)

0.012
(0.001)
0.068
(0.04b)
O.I 22
(0.106)

0.030
(0.030)
0.061
(0.060)
0.122
(0.127)

0.030
(0.031)
0.065
(0.065)
0.101
(0.100)

0.028
(0.032)
0.075
(0.063)
0.151
(0.127)

' " T h e number in parentheses w e r e tests c o n d u c t e d under a negative mean strain {

negative.
" " A c t u a l strain a m p l i t u d e s ( J w e r e 0.0011, 0.0020, 0.0026, 0.0030.
,

BM

WM""
0

0.032
0.090

0.0050

IO6,

5083-0

BM

m).

0.221
(0.191)

0.213
(0.209)

0.180
(0.166)

0.256
(0.180)

0.273
(0.223)
0.351
(0.232)

0.282
(0.257)
0.349
(0.283)

0.283
(0.196)
0.359
(0.267)

0.337
(0.198)
0.457
(0.258)

0.256

The mean strains used w e r e 0.004 (A514), 0.005 (A36), and 0.003 (5083-0). All values of k are

r -

500

A 514 Group
A A 36 Group

400

300

200

*A

"A

100

A 514 Group
A A 36 Group

100

J
100 200

200

300

L
300

400

500

600

700

800

Fig. 17 True fracture strength

Hardness, BHN

Fig. 16Transition fatigue

function of hardness"

life

(2Ntr)

400
Hardness ,

500

600

(cr,) as a function

of hardness*

as a

0.28

\A

A 5 I 4 Group
A A36 Group

*c
c

o
a.
UJ

0.20

O)
T3

0.I6
i

A\

O.I 2

0.08
0.04

1
500 600

700

IOO 2 0 0

800

strain hardening

342-sl NOVEMBER 1978

exponent

(n) and true fracture

( e,) as a function

of

* .-"**'

1
500

600

700

Hardness, BHN
ductility

i
i

, ^ ,'

1
1
300 400

Hardness, BHN
Fig 18Monotonic

o
i.

300 4 0 0

i
i
i

.
V)

a
X

A5I4 Group
A A36 Group

0.24

CT
C

IOO 200

800

700

BHN

hardness33

800

028

Ship
Systems
Command,
Grant
N00024-73-C-5344. M e c h a n i c a l t e s t i n g
a n d m e t a l l o g r a p h y w a s p e r f o r m e d in
the laboratories of the D e p a r t m e n t s of
Metallurgy and M i n i n g , Civil Engineering, and Theoretical a n d
Applied
M e c h a n i c s at t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s ,
Urbana, Illinois.

7. Maddox, S. J., "Some Further Fatigue

Crack Propagation Results Relevant to
Welded Joints in Steel," British W e l d i n g
Institute Members' Report E/37/70, 1970.
8. Maddox, S. )., "Fatigue Crack Propagation Data Obtained from Parent Plate,
Weld Metal and HAZ in Structural Steels,"
British Welding Institute Members' Report
E/48/72, 1972.
9. Maddox, S. J., "Some Further Fatigue
Crack Propagation Results Relevant to
Welded loints in Steel," British
Welding
Research International,
Vol. 3, No. 1, 1973,
pp. 72-99.
10. Dowse, 'K. R., and Richards, C. E.,
"Fatigue Crack Propagation Through Weld
Heat Affected Zone," Metallurgical
Transactions, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1971, pp. 599-603.
11. Bucci, R. )., Clark, W. G., )r., and Paris,
P. C , "Fatigue Crack Propagation G r o w t h
Rates under a W i d e Variation of AK for an
ASTM A517 Grade F (T-1) Steel," Stress
Analysis and Growth of Cracks, Proceeding
of the 1971 National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics,
Pan I, ASTM STP 513,
American Society for Testing and Materials,
1972, pp. 177-195.
12. Parry, M., Nordberg, H., and Hertz-

A 5 I 4 Group
A A 3 6 Group

0.24
020
0 16
0I2
0.08

References
0.04

1. Lawrence, F. V., |r., and Radziminski, |.

B., "Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation in High-Yield-Strength Steel W e l d
Metal," Welding lournal, 49 (10), Oct. 1970,
Research Suppl., pp. 445-s to 452-s.
2. Gurney. T. A., Fatigue of
Welded
Structures,
Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, U. K., 1968.
3. Pollard, B., and Cover, R. J., "Fatigue of
Steel Weldments," Welding
lournal,
51
(11), Nov. 1972, Research Suppl., pp. 544-s
to 554-s.
4. Burk, ). D., and Lawrence, F. V., |r.,
"The Effect of Lack-of-Penetration and Lackof-Fusion on the Fatigue Properties of 50830 A l u m i n u m Alloy Welds," W e l d i n g Re-

I00 200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Hordness, BHN

Fig- 19Cyclic strain hardening

as a function of hardness33

exponent

searchCouncil Bulletin No.234,January1978.

5. Lancaster, |. F., The Metallurgy
of
Welding, Brazing and Soldering, American
Elsevier, New York, 1965.
6. Maddox, S. )., "Fatigue Crack Propagation in W e l d Metal and H A Z , " Metal
Construction and British Welding
lournal,
Vol. 2, No. 7, 1970, pp. 285-289.

-0.I4
-I.0

-012
-0.8
-0.6

-0.4

A
A

7/Steels

-0.08 -

A 5I4 Group
A A 3 6 Group

-0.2
200

300

-0.06
A 5I4 Group
A A 36 Group

-0.04

I
IOO

-0.I0

/ / / , / / / // // '//

I
500

400

I
600

700

-0.02

exponents

as a

OS
100

Hardness, BHN
Fig- 20 Fatigue ductility
33
lunc tion of hardness

(c) and

strength

(b)

300

400

500

700

600

Hardness , BHN

-0.5

-0.4
e

A 3 6 Group

0.002

-0.4

200

0.003
0.004

A 514 Group

a
a

A.

-0.30/

-0.3

-0.2

-0.2

0 A5I4F
D A5I4F

-O

-0. I

a
9

A EIIO
/

0 EIIO

-O.I

100

200

400

300

500

A /O

BM
HAZ
WM (IP)
WM ( 2 P )

A36

BM

A36

HAZ

* E 6 0 S WM ( I P )

m\A o

E 6 0 S WM ( 2 P )

Hardness, BHN
Fig. 21Relaxation exponent

(k) as a function

of

9 5I83

hardness

Fig. 22Relaxation
amplitude (t^tp/2)

exponent (k) as a function

of plastic
and elastic modulus (E) and transition

strain
strain

It ,J

20

40

60

WM

80

Ap/2
X 10, ksi

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT I 343-s

berg, R. W., "Fatigue Crack Propagation in

A514 Base Plate and Welded loints," Welding lournal, 51 (10), O c t . 1972, Research
Suppl., pp. 485-s to 490-s.
13. Flanigan, A. E., and Kaufman, M.,
"Microcracks and the Low-Temperature
Cooling Rate Embrittlement of Welds,"
Welding
lournal,
30 (12), Dec. 1951,
Research SuppE, pp. 613-s to 622-s.
14. Ohta, S., and Satoh, S., "Fatigue Properties in Notched Steel Plates and the
Effects of Welding on Them (Report 1),"
lournal of the lapan Welding Society, V o l .
44, No. 9, 1975, pp. 65-72.
15. Watanabe, M., Nagai, K., Otsuka, A.,
and Nagata, Y., " A Study of Fatigue Strength
in Weld Metal and HAZ of M i l d Steel
W e l d , " lournal of the lapan Welding Society, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1967, pp. 55-63.
16. Kenyon, N.. Morrison, W . B. and
Quarrell, A. G., "Fatigue Strength of
Welded loints in Structural Steels," British
Welding lournal, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1966, pp.
123-137.
17. Muraki,)., Ishiguro, T. and Yokota, H.,
"Fatigue Characteristics of W e l d Heat
Affected Zone in High Tensile Strength
Steels, Treated w i t h a Synthetic Apparatus
for Weld Thermal Cycles (Report 1)," lournal of the Japan Welding Society, Vol. 36,
No. 3, 1967, pp. 27-35.
18. Muraki, )., Ishiguro, T. and Yokota,
H., "Fatigue Characteristics of W e l d Heat
Affected Zone in High Tensile Strength
Steels, Treated w i t h a Synthetic Apparatus
for Weld Thermal Cycles (Report 2)," lournal of the lapan Welding Society, Vol. 37.
No. 9,1968, pp. 64-68.
19. Nippes, E. F., "The W e l d Heat-

Affected Zone," Welding journal, 38 (1),

Ian. 1959, Research Suppl., pp. 1-s to 18-s.
20. Lowes, I. M., Richardson, K. D., and
Haddrill, D. M., "Thermal Simulator Employing Induction Heating," Metal
Construction and British Welding lournal, Vol.
4, No. 10, 1972, pp. 373-375.
21. Nippes, E. F., and Savage, W . F., " D e velopment of Specimen Simulating W e l d
Heat-Affected Zones," Welding lournal, 28
(11), Nov. 1949, Research Suppl., pp. 534-s
to 546-s.
22. Clifton, T. E and George, M. )., " D e sign and Construction of a W e l d HeatAffected Zone Simulator," Metal Construction and British Welding journal, Vol. 1, No.
9, 1969, pp.-427-431.
23. Dolby, R. E and Widgery, D. |., " T h e
Simulation of HAZ Microstructures," Welding Research International,
Vol. 1, No. 4,
1971.
24. Grover, H. K., and lolly, G., "Fracture
Characteristics of Simulated HAZs in a LowAlloy Constructional Steel," Metal
Construction and British Welding lournal, Vol.
5, No. 7, 1973, pp. 250-252.
25. Suzuki, H., and Tamuar, H., "Synthetic Heat Affected Zone Ductility Test,"
Transactions of National Research Institute
for Metals (lapan), Vol. 1, No. 2, 1959, pp.
119-125.
26. Mattos, R. I., "Estimation of the Fatigue Crack Initiation Life in Welds Using
Low Cycle Fatigue Concepts," Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, Illinois, 1975.
27. Burk, |. D., "Predicted Effects of
Residual Stresses on Butt W e l d Fatigue

Life," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois at

Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 1978.
28. M o r r o w , |., "Cyclic Plastic Strain
Energy and Fatigue of Metals," Internal
Friction, Damping
and Cyclic
Plasticity,
ASTM STP 378, American Society for Testing
and Materials, 1965, pp. 45-87.
29. M o r r o w , J., "Fatigue Properties of
Metals," Section 3.2 of Fatigue
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Grahm, |., Editor, Society of
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and
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246-270.
31. Feltner, C. E., and M i t c h e l l , M. R.,
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465, American Society for Testing and
Materials, 1969, pp. 27-66.
32. Slot, T., Stentz, R. H., and Berling, |. T
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33. Landgraf, R. W . , "Cyclic Deformation
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Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 1969.
34. M o r r o w , ]., Halford, G. R., and M i l l a n ,
I. F., " O p t i m u m Hardness for M a x i m u m
Fatigue Strength of Steel," Proceedings of
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Conference on Fracture, Vol. 3, 1965, pp. 1611-1635.

To Update Your Book "Weldability of Steels"

You Can Now Order
Revised WRC Bulletin 191 March 1978
Suggested Arc-Welding Procedures for Steels Meeting Standard Specifications
by C. W. Ott and D. J . Snyder

The authors of WRC BULLETIN 191 have completely revised the 40-page table "Steel Compositions with
Suggested Practices Generally Required for Sound Welding" and the list of steels specified by ASTM, AISI, SAE
and API.
This revised Bulletin incorporates all of the changes and additions that have been made in the list of the steels
specified by the above organizations through June 1977.
Consequently, the second edition of the book. "Weldability of Steels" by R. D. Stout and W. D. Doty, which was
published by WRC in 1971, and WRC BULLETIN 1 9 1 , published in January 1974, can be brought up-to-date by
purchasing a copy of REVISED BULLETIN 191 MARCH 1978.
Publication of this revised Bulletin was sponsored by the Weldability (Metallurgical) Committee of the Welding
Research Council.
The price of Revised Bulletin 191 is $9.00 per copy. Orders should be sent with payment to the Welding
Research Council, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.

344-s I N O V E M B E R 1978