COMMON SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES (PATHOGNOMONIC

SIGN)
DISEASE
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
CYSTITIS

Burning on urination

HYPOCALCEMIA

Chvostek & Trosseaus sign

ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Recurrent bloody diarrhea

LYMES DSE

Bulls eye rash

GLAUCOMA

Painfull vision loss, tunnel/gun barrel/halo vision

(Peripheral Vision Loss)

CATARACT

Painless vision loss, Opacity of the lens, blurring of

vision

RETINO BLASTOMA

Cats eye reflex (grayish discoloration of pupils)

ACROMEGALY

Coarse facial feature

DUCHENNES MUSCULAR
DYSTROPHY
GERD

Gowers sign

HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
HYDROCEPHALUS

Barretts esophagus (erosion of the lower portion of

the esophageal mucosa)
Flapping hand tremors
Bossing sign (prominent forehead)

INCREASE ICP

Cushings Triad (HYPERBRADYBRADY)

HYPERtension BRADYpnea BRADYcardia

SHOCK

(HYPOTACHYTACHY)
HYPOtension TACHYpnea TACHYcardia
Vertigo, Tinnitus

MENIERES DSE
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

Descending muscle weakness

GUILLAIN BARRE
SYNDROME
DVT

Ascending muscle weakness

Homans Sign
Vesicular Rash

CHICKEN POX
Crushing stubbing pain relieved by NTG
ANGINA

CROUP

Inspiratory stridor

EPIGLOTITIS

3Ds Drooling, Dysphonia, Dysphagia

HODGEKINS DSE/LYMPHOM
A
INFECTIOUS
MONONUCLEOSIS

Reedstenberg Cells

PARKINSONS DISEASE

Pill-rolling tremors

FIBRIN HYALIN

Expiratory Grunt

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Salty skin

DIABETES MELLITUS

Polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia

DIABETIC
KETOACIDOSIS (DKA)
BLADDER CANCER
BENIGN PROSTATIC
HYPERPLASIA
RETINAL DETACHMENT

Kussmauls breathing

Hallmark: sore throat, cervical lymph adenopathy,

fever

Painless hematuria
Reduced size & force of urine

TUBERCULOSIS
PNEUMONIA
ASTHMA
EMPHYSEMA

Visual Floaters, flashes of light, curtain veil like

vision
Low-grade afternoon fever
Rusty sputum
Wheezing on expiration
Barrel chest

KAWASAKI SYNDROME

Strawberry tongue

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
DOWN SYNDROME
CHOLERA
MALARIA
TYPHOID

Red beefy tongue

Protruding tongue
Rice watery stool
Stepladder like fever with chills
Rose spots in abdomen

DIPTHERIA
MEASLES
SYSTEMIC LUPUS
ERYTHEMATOSUS

Pseudomembrane
Kopliks spots
Butterfly rashes

LIVER CIRRHOSIS
LEPROSY
BULIMIA NERVOSA

Spider like varices

Lioning face
Chipmunk face

APPENDICITIS

Rebound tenderness

DENGUE
MENINGITIS

TETANY

TETANUS
PANCREATITIS

Petechiae or (+) Hermans sign

Kernigs sign (leg flex then leg pain on
extension), Brudzinski sign (neck flex = lower leg
flex)
Hypocalcemia (+) Trousseaus
sign/carpopedal spasm; Chvostek sign (facial
spasm)
Risus sardonicus
Cullens sign (ecchymosis of umbilicus); (+) Grey
turners spots

PYLORIC STENOSIS
PATENT DUCTUS
ARTERIOSUS
ADDISONS DISEASE

Olive like mass

Machine like murmur
Bronze like skin pigmentation

CUSHINGS SYNDROME

Moon face appearance and buffalo hump

HYPERTHYROIDISM/GRAVE
S DISEASE
INTUSSUSCEPTION

Exopthalmus

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Charcots Triad (IAN)

Sausage shaped mass, Dance Sign

PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNS
DISEASE

PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection

owls eye appearance of cells (huge nucleus in cells

hence the name)

Hypocalcemia

Chvostek sign (tapping of facial nerve elicits abnormal

muscle contraction on other side of face)
Trousseau sign (occlusion of brachial artery induces wrist
spasm)

Tetanus

risus sardonicus (sustained spasm of facial muscles)

Bulimia nervosa

chipmunk facies (parotid gland swelling)

Leprosy

leonine facies (thickened folded facial skin)

Measles

Kopliks spots (clustered white lesions on buccal mucosa)

Diphtheria
Pancreatitis

pseudomembranes in oral cavity

Cullens sign (ecchymosis around umbilicus)
Grey-Turners Sign (flank ecchymosis)
rice water stool (murky watery stool with sediments)

Cholera

washer womans hands (wrinkled hands from

dehydration)

Typhoid Fever

rose spots

Meningitis

Kernigs sign (bend hip and knee then flex the knee
produces pain)
Brudzinskis sign (pressure on the cheek flexes the
forearm)

Cholecystitis

Murphys sign (hesitation on inspiration if gall bladder is

palpated)

Angina Pectoris and MI

Levines sign (clutching of fist on chest)

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

machine-like murmur

Parkinsons Disease

pill-rolling tremor

Pericarditis

pericardial friction rub

Hodgkins Lymphoma &

Mononucleosis

Reed-Sternberg Cells (large multi-nucleated cells)

Rheumatic Fever

Aschoff bodies (areas of inflammation in the heart)

Rabies

hydrophobia

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Auer rods (rod-like inclusions in bone marrow cells)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary

Disease

barrel-chested

Scarlet Fever & Kawasaki Disease

strawberry tongue

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

(SLE)

butterfly rash on the face

Appendicitis

McBurneys point (rebound tenderness)

Rovsing sign (palpation of LLQ elicits pain in RLQ)

Psoas sign (pain from flexing the thigh to the hip)
Thrombophlebitis

Homans sign (bend knee, dorsiflex ankle, pain at

popliteal area)

Pyloric Stenosis

olive-shaped mass

Hyperthyroidism

exophthalmos (protrusion of eyeballs)

Addisons Disease

bronze-colored skin

Cushings Syndrome

buffalo hump at nape

moon face

Asthma

wheezing

Choking

holding of throat

Downs Syndrome

single transverse palmar crease

ventricular septal defect

Tetralogy of Fallot

pulmonary stenosis
overriding aorta
right ventricular hypertrophy

Glaucoma
Retinal Detachment

tunnel vision
flashes of light
shadow with curtain across vision

Myasthenia Gravis

ptosis (drooping of eyelids)

Dengue Fever

Hermans sign (petechial rash)

Amoebiasis

bloody mucoid stool

Pertussis

whoop sound from inspiration of air after cough

Pneumonia

rusty sputum

Peritonitis

rigid, board-like abdomen

Basilar Skull Fracture

raccoon eyes (periorbital ecchymosis)

Battles sign (mastoid ecchymosis)

Buergers Disease

intermittent claudication (pain at buttocks or legs from

poor circulation resulting in impaired walking)

Chickenpox

vesiculopapular rash

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

acetone breath
proteinuria

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension

hypertension
edema
polydipsia

Diabetes Mellitus

polyphagia
polyuria

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

(GERD)

heartburn

Hirschsprungs Disease (Toxic

Megacolon)

ribbon-like stool

Volvulus and Intussusception

currant jelly stool

Increase Intracranial Pressure

Cushings Triad (increased BP, decrease RR & HR)

Leptospirosis

orange eyes

Multiple Sclerosis

descending paralysis

Guillaine-Barre Syndrome

ascending paralysis

Oral Thrush/Candidiasis

white spots on tongue

Osteoporosis

kyphosis
azotemia (nitrogen compounds in urine)

Acute Renal Failure

uremic frost (urea deposits in skin)

uremic fetor (ammoniacal breath)

STD

MALE

FEMALE

Herpes Simples Type II

painful vesicles on genitalia

Genital Warts

warts 1-2mm in diameter

Syphilis

painless chancres

Chancroid

painful chancres

Gonorrhea

green, creamy discharge and dysuria

Chlamydia

milky discharge and dysuria

Trichomoniasis

N/A

yellow, itchy, frothy, foulsmelling vaginal discharges

Candidiasis

N/A

white cheesy odorless vaginal

discharges

Pathognomonic signs
1. COPD - Barrel-Chested
2. Pneumonia - Greenish Rusty Sputum
3. Pernicious Anemia - Beefy Red Tongue (Schillings Test)
4. Kawasaki Dieases - Strawberry Tongue
5. Typhoid - Rose Spot
6. Tetany - Chvostek Sign (Muscle Twitching Face)
- Trosseaus Sign (Jerky Movts)
7. Pancreatitis - Cullen Sign (Bluish discoloration preumbilical area)
8. Appendicitis - McBurneys Point (rebound tenderness)
- Rovsing Sign (RLQ pain w/ palpation in LLQ)
- Psoas Sign(pain on lying down putting pressure on MB pt)
9. Thrombophlebitis - Homans Sign
10. Hepatitis - Icteric Sclera (yellowish discoloration of sclera)
11. Meningitis - Burdzinski Sign (Pain on nape)
- Karnig Sign (pain on leg/ knee area)
12. Pyloric Stenosis - Olive-Shaped Mass
13. Hyperthyroidism - Exopthalmus
14. Addisons Disease. - Bronze-like skin
15. Cushing Syndrome- Boffalo Hump
16. Cholera - Rice Watery Stool
17. SLE - Butterfly Rashes
18. Leprosy - Leoning Face (contracted face)
19. Bulimia Nervosa - Chipmunk Face
20. Liver Cirrhosis - Spider Angioma
21. Asthma - Wheezing Inspiration
22. Hyperpituitarism - CAROTENEMIA (Discoloration of skin)
- XANTHAMIA
23. Down Syndrome- Single Crease on Palm

24.TOF - Clubbing of Fingernails

Ventricular Septal Defect
Pulmonary Stenosis
Overriding of Aorta
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
25.Cataract - Blurry Vision / Hizzy Vision
26.Glucoma - Tunnel-like Vision
27. PTB - Low grade fever in a ternoon
28. Cholecystitis- Murphys Sign (pain RUQ)
29. Myasthemia Gravis (MG) Ptosis (inability to open upper eyelids)
30. Dengue - Petechiae
31. Parkinsons Diease. - Pill Rolling Tremors
32. Measles - Koplicks Spot

Pathognomonic signs
1. COPD

Barrel-Chested

2. Pneumonia
Sputum

Greenish Rusty

3. Pernicious Anemia - Beefy Red Tongue

(Schillings Test)

4. Kawasaki Dse. - Strawberry Tongue

5. Malaria

Stepladder Fever

6. Typhoid

Rose Spot

7. Tetany

Chvostek Sign (Muscle

Trosseaus Sign (Jerky

Twitching Face)

Movts)

8. Pancreatitis -

Cullen Sign

(Bluish

discoloration preumbilical area)

9. Appendicitis -

McBurneys Point

(rebound tenderness)

Rovsing Sign (RLQ pain

Psoas Sign(pain on lying

w/ palpation in LLQ)

down putting pressure on MB pt)

10. Thrombophlebitis - Homans Sign

11. Hepatitis

Icteric Sclera (yellowish

discoloration of sclera)

12. Meningitis

Burdzinski Sign (Pain on

Karnig Sign (pain on leg/

nape)

knee area)

13. Pyloric Stenosis - Olive-Shaped Mass

14. Hyperthyroidism - Exopthalmus
15. Addisons Dse. - Bronze-like skin
16. Cushing Syndrome- Buffalo Hump
17. Cholera

Rice Watery Stool

18. SLE

Butterfly Rashes

19. Leprosy

Leoning Face (contracted

face)

20. Bulimia Nervosa - Chipmunk Face

21. Liver Cirrhosis - Spider Angioma
22. Asthma

Wheezing Inspiration

23. Hyperpituitarism - CAROTENEMIA

(Discoloration of skin)

- XANTHAMIA
24. Down Syndrome- Single Crease on
Palm

25.TOF
Fingernails

Clubbing of
Ventricular Septal

Defect
Pulmonary
Stenosis
Overriding of Aorta
Right Ventricular
Hypertrophy
26.Cataract
Vision

Blurry Vision / Hizzy

27.Glucoma

Tunnel-like Vision

28. PTB
afternoon

Low grade fever in

29. Cholecystitis-

Murphys Sign (pain

RUQ)

30. Myasthemia Gravis (MG) Ptosis

(inability to open upper eyelids)

31. Dengue

Petechiae

32. Parkinsons Dse. - Pill Rolling Tremors

33. MI

Levines Sign (Clutching

Koplicks Spot

of the chest)

34. Measles