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Environmental Change Monitoring by

Geoinformation Technology for Baghdad and its
Neighboring Areas
Conference Paper January 2006

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1 author:
Ayad Mohammed Fadhil
Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan r
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~ueomrormatlon

1ecnno1ogy ror ljagnaaa ana Its Nelgnoonng Areas

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Environmental Change Monitoring by

Geoinformation Technology for Baghdad and its
Neighboring Areas
Dr. Ayad Mohammed Fadhil
Assistant Professor,
Surveying Engineering Dept.,
Technical College I Baghdad,
Foundation of Technical Education,
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research,
Baghdad - Iraq
a.fadhil@yahoo.com

Abstract
This research focuses on the en~ronmental change monitoring in the middle region of Iraq, which comprises
fiw gowmorates includes twelw counties in Baghdad gowmorate and parts of the neighboring gowmorates
such as; AI-Anbar, Salah-Aiddin, Dialah, and Babil. Multi temporal remotely sensed data {Landsat TM 1990
and ElM+ 2001 ), and county-lewl necessary data for the corresponding study period were utilized. The study
aimed to monitoring, assessing, and mapping the environmental changes, and to dewloping a dynamic
monitoring system for the study area in order to provide a useful reference to the researches, the academic
establishments, and to the decision makers for their sustainable land recourses exploitation and environment
management. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index {NDVI), Bare Soil Index {BSI), The Normalized
Differential Water Index {NDWI), Tasseled Cap transformation Wetness indicator {TCW) algorithms, and
Change detection techniques were adopted in this research. The results showed an increase in the wgetation
cowr, farm lands, soil moisture, and the built up areas, while the water bodies has gained a significant
decrease in some studied counties during the study period.
1. Introduction
Nowadays the environmental changes are becoming the hot issues to human beings in the wor1d. Land
degradation and vast deforestation due to the industrialization and urbanization, wars, natural disasters such
as flooding, drought caused by global warming are in common.

Remote sensing "RS" provides an efficient tool to monitor land-cowr and environmental changes. Geographic
Information System "GIS" is a powerful set of tools for collecting; storing, retrieving at will, transforming and
displaying spatial data from the real wor1d for a particular set of purpose (Burrough and McDannel, 1998).
Since 1972, Landsat satellites (series 1 to 7) haw been providing repetitiw, synoptic, global cowrage of highresolution multispectral imagery. Landsat data haw potential applications for monitoring the conditions of the
Earth's land surface and the environment components.
An increasingly common application of remotely sensed data is for change detection. Change detection is the
process of identifying differences in the state of an object or phenomenon by observing it at different times.
Change detection is an important process in monitoring and managing natural resources and urban
dewlopment. (Singh, 1989).
Geoinformation technology (Remote Sensing 'RS', Geographic Information Systems 'GIS', and Global
Positioning System 'GPS') and their integration form the basal and essential technical core of the system of
geospace information science. The collection of remotely sensed data facilitates the synoptic analyses of
earth-system function, patterning, and change at local, regional, and global scales owr time; such data also
'NN./

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llnCPDl{ll:ieolnrormatlon 1ecnno1ogy ror t\agnaaa ana Its Nelgnoonng Areas

proloide a loital link between intensiw, localized ecological research and the regional, national, and international
conservation and management of biological diwrsity (Wilkie and Finn, 1996).
Iraq is situated in the south-west part of Asia. It lies between latitude 29 o 5' and 37 o 22' North, and between
longitudes 38o 45' and 48 o 45' East. The area of Iraq cowrs 435,052 km2, it includes four main physical
diloisions;

1. The Alluloial plain which forms quarter of Iraq's area (132,000 km2).
2. The desert plateau, which situated in the west of Iraq and forms about 1/2 of the country's area (198,000
km2).
3. The mountain region which situated in the northern and northeastern parts of Iraq. This region forms one
quarter of Iraq's area.
4. The terrain region, which is a transitional region between the lowlands in the south and the high
mountains region. It forms half of the mountain region.
Baghdad is the capital of Iraq and is situated in the middle part of the country. Iraq is mostly composed of
broad, arid plains, but two easily flooded riwr lllllleys, the Tigris and the Euphrates, bisect the country
diagonally from northwest to southeast. These riwr lllllleys are narrow and steep-walled for the first third of their
path in Iraq but open into broad flood plain lllllleys Oust north of Baghdad) that are the lowest and best watered
terrain in the country. There are three fresh water lakes in central Iraq near Baghdad. Ath Tharthar Lake is the
largest of the three. It is 55 km northwest of Baghdad. AI Habbaniyah Lake, the middle lake, is the smallest of
the three, and AI-Razzaza Lake.
Satellite can repeatedly observe the wide area at once and continuously acquire the information about the
ground features and enloironmental changes. Satellite sensors can detect the electro-magnetic radiation energy
reflected from the earth owr a wide range of spectrum with a loisible and infrared wawlength, and record it in
digital image. Moreowr, as most of satellite images are analyzed through computer systems, it has many
adllllntages to acquire the llllrious information simultaneously rather than loisual interpretation.
It is thus of importance to undertake an interdisciplinary research on the e\lllluation of the enloironmental
changes and proloide a monitoring prototype and useful references to the local gowmments for their
sustainable dewlopment planning and enloironmental management.

The objectiws of this study were assessing, monitoring, and mapping the enloironmental changes in Baghdad
and its neighboring areas by using Geoinformation technology and change detection techniques, and
dewloping a dynamic monitoring system of enloironmental changes at a county lewl GIS enloironment.

2. Study Area
The study area extends between latitude N 32 13' to N 34o 07', longitude E 42 43' to 44 o 41 '. It cowrs an area
of 26,943 km2, accounting 6.193% of the total area of Iraq. The study area is located in The Alluloial plain
which the hot desert climate prellllils in the sedimentary plain and the western plateau. It extends among parts
of fiw gowmorates in the middle part of Iraq, which form Baghdad city (capital of Iraq) the eastern side of it,
with a population of 7.5 million.
Annual rainfall ranges between 50-200 mm, most of the rain comes between October and April .It is
characterized by great temperature llllriation between the day and night, summer and winter, the maximum of
which reaches 45-50o c (Ministry of Planning, 2002). Figure 1 shows the location map of the study area in the
middle part of Iraq and the Landsat ETM+ satellite image for the year of 2001.

'IWW ni~t'IAVI'!Innml'!nt nl'!t/Annlit'!Atinn/l'!nvimnml'!nt/t'!nn~l'!rvAtinn/mAnR

1n::!.nf htm

?/1::1.

------rorBIOI,_. .,._. . ,._

AI Razzaza

PltY...1Uocatloll Rap of thiiM"'r Aru .. Bal~dallad lllla~IMMtle ..... aftd ~ 1!111+ . . . . . . . . . . ltw
thll year ttl ZIIOI.

J. lllatarla.. and lllatboda

3.1 Rllmott Senllng Data
Multi-temporal Landaat (WRS2: 188137) 1M (da111d March 04. 11190) and ElM+ (dlllad Mfth 18. 2001)
Imageries IIIIIIO!aly 8MI8ed datBHI aaaembled and analyled far err.lranmllllllll ciW'4J811 llllllyals In the
study a11111. Theapatlaiiiii!Oiutlan arona pixel al'lM and ElM Images wara 28.5m by 28.5m.

3.2.1. Radlomatllc CoiNdlon and Image Nonnallaatlan

The L.and&al iJNIIIIIS calibrB!IId far slllll8or difrMMces, COII1IIItad iniD apecfnll ndance lllld narmalized lor
illumination pmpettiiiS lh1D119h dilrlnncllll in auiHI-uon angle IIIII ll.ft allth llalllnce by rac:elc:Uelii'Q the
pixel \811* into akatellite Nlllectance.

Rllctificatian and regiatnllian d 1M and ElM+ imageries bued an CCIIIIral painls cclladad tan IIICior
filea rot the big and amall ~ ar the atudy '""- Fifty contn:ll painta wara 1elacted fn:ll'lllhe 11u1ty ........

3.2.2 Image to Image regltlratlon

The Mmalllly sanaed data (TM 1990 and ElM 2001)- 9111:1melrically COI'II!ICted in the dllun WGS84 8'ld

prvjeetian UTM N38 u.ing the fi..t ~~!dar Oin_, d palynamilll function .-1 M ewt Neil#lbar rectifcetian ,.
sampling. The RMS envr al'the 11111111.-to-lmage reetlfleallon eomew td eon 0.$5 8'ld QAt plxela.

3.3 The Nonnalbed DlfliJnJnoe Vegetation lndez (NDVI)

RouiJO ot al. (1974) initially P'QPO"d the Nunn81ized Dilll:wtwo::e Vlllgllbltian Index (Nli/Q. The NlVI dllrhed
fivm thcil ..tlo d band 3 and band 41n Lendeut 1M and ElM lmfllri'8 d - IIPfllled b' morilorlro WjQtltaelan
ehangua in the atudy 8IVIl ~hin the y~~~n d 18110 and 2.001.

------rorBIOI,_. .,._. . ,._

NDVI

NIR - R
NIR +R

3.4 .... Soli lnchll: (881)

Bare Soli Index (BSI)- l:OIIIputed to Identify the bal8 aDII v.tllch lncludee btw- (hcuaea, roadl, lllxwl

and rund built up area, and IIRideclaJMI. The bal8 aoil BINI 11111 anlun:al lllllrallw BSIIndex (Jamalaiat
and Abkar, 2004~

3.6 The Nonnaltz.d Dllfer.ntlal Watlr lndell: (NDWI)

Thl Normallled DltJerentlal Waler Jndaac WBB used to 0181l1118 ttle altllallcn riWIDfr In ttw study 1n11. Thllllllo
bet aan Red and SWIR apectnd RIQion claally enhanced water bodlea to ttw brlltotar plxala (Q>M, 2.008).

NDW/ =

ARED - ASIV/R

ARED

+I

+ ASIV/R

3.1 T-Ied Cap tra.-nnatlon WelnalndiGatllr (I'CW)

T-Ied cap tralllllllmatlon (CIIat et al. 1984 and 1988) Is one rl the INIIIabla mllhads tar ahn:lrG
spectral lnbmatlon content fit L..andaat 1M and ElM dala. 'lllaallled cap tranafcnnllllan 88pac:llllly cpllmiZIIII
data WM!ng lbr wgatatlon atudlal. lllaaflled cap lndaac WBB calc..al.ed ft'cm diD rlttw rallllad alx 1M and
ElM banda. One fit the alx tuseled cap tranafonnallon banda (WIIn88s lrdcS~r "TCW") ll.tich used as .,
Indicator lbr the aoll mclatum uaed In thla study. Rllftactanca-baaed Tllaslled cap fllllllnB 1B91 tan
..0.5 to 1.4. 1b facilitate the calculation, I t - nannallaed to thalllCI.ant tan oto 255.
3.7 Change Dlacllmlnatlon
In Oilier to datact, aseaas, and mapping the &rNIDIImlllllal changas rl the study 1n11 cUing ttw pellod tan
19110 to 2001, Landsat 1M and ElM lmagllllaa dataaflll Wlll'8 used. Change dal8cllcn lllld- ttw use of m~ll
temporal Image data eeta to dlacrlmlnate the changea b:alnaen dlllll8 rllmaJ'9. Ther8 - 1\\Q ways Wlll'8
8Ciopted In thla ~h to dlltact the changea In cue rl using s811111118 lmaga data alii; 1) ccmpallaan of l1
independent enhanced images (twD dllae~ 2) im~ge difrMMcing; in the im~~g~~ oiftwaiCing llftlC8CU8 lllr
change dlltectlon, the -pending pixlllliBiuea (DNa) ft'cm one dala (t1)- simply a~ acted tan thole of
the ather (12~ That p!Dduced thNII8 kNIIa fit lntbnnallon: n&glldhe chang&, pasltlle cl IIJII, and no ci&IIJII
(Je.-n et at., 1982; Lambin, 1994 and 11197). Thl'lllhlllding and masking (fig.2) pm+Nd the WJgelatian and
ellliitllllmental inrannatlon map& rot the y81t& 19110 and 2001. EKII type rl cl18i 198 cplllliled to ccullyIIMI by GIS technique.

....

------rorBIOI,_. .,._. . ,._

Pll... :L Dl'hr_.. ...... ....,_11M

*P of :&1101.
A..lllltiNrnlr Yke durllllthlletlldy pertH from sttlto

3.8 Anc:lllal)' Data and Softwar. Pacbgu

County-lewl soc~101nlc, rnet80RIIoglcal dala, and softw111a such as ERMBA*' tlr lmaga PfllC8118Ir-G.
An:VIew GIS llr analysing and praaenllng the rasulta, stallatlcal Gnlphlca, NCSS, IDI MICIUIIall Excel _.,
utilised In thla -n:h.
4. RaaJIIIIancl DIID lan
NDVI, BSI, NDWI, and TCW Indices computed In muiU-t.ampcnlll..andllll: lmagas IDII!Iad ID lnllyz.e the
eiMronmental changell In raspact d wgatallon, agrlcultunt, Wlllllr, mataorolorlcal dala, and l*l!ll aclhlll.
Tile atudlad lndlcee " - pnlduced l8latMit rasulta basad on alacbili'IIIIIJIIIIIC spac:tnm NCQdlld In the lmagas.
Principally the NDVI ' - brighter In haelthy wgatallon v.har
BSI seams brl{#ltlr In bin IIDI
- Water can b e - aa brighter In NDWIIndallofl- TCW mora hl""lltt 1118 sell mclalln.
4.1 NDVI
Tile rasulta Gl'the NDVI p!IIHIIII!Id In tabla 1 lind llguras 3, 4. Tile rasWts ahaMid lhat ..,eH'JI'I - I n
the entiN study 8188 was 1,701 km2 In the year 1980, v.tllla It In-ad ID 2,1138 km2 In 1118 y- 2001: It
IInne 0.06 and 0.10% raspecthely. Kadhumlya Courty (B191dad 1J1M11 oarala) - . B I 1118 l'l~t
percentage In l8glltatkln lnc!IIIIH during the atudy perlad, v.t111n the "'19"' lon perce~IIBg!l- :rt.315 In
19110; ii1118Ched to <112.525% in thayaaraf2001. lllaamllllest incrasaawlu in the ' " i o n - - wilh
Haet County (Anbat ~~ it waa 0.594 and 1.174% 1'116pacti.ely. Tile l'i~t WJOI'ali-ln inc:faae rate
In the study lllllll In Balllld County (SIIIIIhoA!ddln giHIIIICI'I!a). v.tllla Abu Glnlb Clulty (B!V odad
QCNirnDNI!e) had the ' - 1 Nile (1.154 km2. y11811o1). '1lla -.11 _ . . af lha -eli on i - e 1'11111
in the study lllllll 7.079 km2. yiii8J'o1. llla lltaliaticlll lllllyais sl'awad INs indax .._ a silJ"'iiC8'1t
coneletion with
_p) .....led up.., posi!Ae chenga (1).91)3).

cmw

Tllllla1. Cculty-1111111 NlVIIIIIIdl& of the aludy- btthe periCid frDtn 18110 to2001

....

------rorBIOI,_... ,._. . ,._

Cou.~~&Q'

c.... ty

1990

Ahu Chni'b
A'd.hallliya

~uo

,.

119.436
100.996

:16296
1nJo

i.S2.112

39~00

11 6.749

14.854

244.4&4

4 .913

:154.393

ll5.9 13
103.041

25.614

243.m
11 7.43$

7.122
41.011
42S2S

188.282

26~07

Fallula

Duiail

60:8.700

K:a .Juo~ ..Up_

Ah.da'till
llb .lunutiya

M...Jvu

Raacli
Ba'a111uh
ll>h

.....

T tal

..

~uo

384.168

18}.963
411 S.810

276.153
702.3S9
993.024
492.82}
6834.$29
9J L726
312S.829

123.284

174.SOO
136.628
18S. 394

1990

2001

%001

Ana

N>IM

-.. -

373 1S
!7 .553
17.$73

~uo

148.882

1}.643

63 12.273

148. S36
4lA56

0 .594

lll4.639
160.276
lll4.6:l9
2$3.029
410.898
19956

26,94:1A2

1,101 56

OD6

2.6:16.01

27.723

2713
4.7S2

. .. .....
.... ,.

......

"

Ch~e

gt, yta,r'"l

3.:lOS

1.154

2 .004

1.432

109.909

2.209

81.612
14.386
64.998
110. 1:l9

14.403

S.209
9.2l4
11.09 1

32522

23.648

4.798

4, 165

99.24S

1.4.12

26.J86
12.82S

104. 1~

10.94'3

1.174

m .36l
39.SOO

8.073
0.530

9.992
1.970
1.:l08
$.909
10.013
2.1$0
9.022
9.468
22942

0 .10

934 A6

lll~6 4

12A96
1SJJ3

3.591

84 .95

1.o19

Avt!~~

Vegetation CoveJ Map

for the Yearl990

s
l egend
AbuGhraib

A'adhamiya
Falluja
Dujail
Kadhumiya
Mada'ajn
Mahmudiya
Mussaiyab

Ramadi
8a'aquba
Balad
Heet
Vegetation
0

20

40

60

------rorBIOI,_. .,._. . ,._

Vegetatioo CoveEMap
for theYear200 r

legend
AbvGhraib
A'adhamiya
Falluja
Oujail

""-~'"""",'01 fr'l Kadhumiya

Mada'ain
Mahmudiya
Mussaiyab
Ramadi
Ba'aquba

Salod
Heet
Vegetation Cove
20020406080

Km

4.2UI
lbe 188Uita (tab.2 and ftg.5) ahowad a g81181111 lnCI8888 In the bal8 Balls In lh8 study 1111111, It._ 408.328 km2
accounting 1.608% or the tata1 atudy 8188. The hlghast lncl888a rata In lh8 bal8 sells cUing lh8 atud1 . .
86.768 km2.Ye&J'o1ln Falluja County (Salah Alddln glMIIIomla). \\tllla lh8 bi!J!JIIIl diiCI
a 11118 In lh8
baR! BOlla 81118- (-26.308) krn2.Ye&l'-1 In Haat County. lbe hlfllaslln~aln lh8 bal8 sells . _ In FIIIIL4a
and Ramadl counties 734.460 and 308.744 km2 raspecthlaly. BIJIPiad' CCID!as "111111111 had 1t ad a
dec,_. In the bare 80118 111'118 dasplte or Ita lnCI8888 In the built ~ 1111111, \\tllch CSI l'8lar to lh8 I11CNE8 of
the wgetatlon 111'118 In the dlatrlct during the atudy pllllod.
The atatlatlcal data or the cenaua ahawad a ganaral lncl888a In tlla JICl!UIIIon or the v.tlcle atuc11 . . . The
rasulta or the statlatlcal analyala ahawllcl that thla lnda haa a sl~can: CCII'IIIallcn YAih (1CW_n) taaaeled

cap wat- nagatlle change (0.901~

Tabla 2. County IIIMII BSirasulta of the study 111118 fcrtha pllllod l'am 19SO to 2001
Cowtty Name
Abu Ghnib
A';ulka.miva
Falluia
Di w
Kadhmin
Mada'W..
MaJundiva
1\hniva

c....g.

......

1990

1990

2001

2001

''+ ..

'"+ ."

Ckuge

Ion'

luft'

Ion'

klo'

~~

Jan' .Yev'

.~1.2~2

3ll.7 ll

~1.209

25.380
734.4!0
-137.014

140.984

~1 .0~2

-3~. 183

13.341
3.229
14.760
.2l,J09
12.740

4.6~

603.764
4.330.334

%
!0.973
76JI8
37.037

~ .1~4

317.4~2

4~ . 198

-3.908

.().J~

.0.3~~

13A40
63.094
83.248
47.98 1

664.7 12

66.9 38

-64. ~~

.6.l02

- ~.370

23~.92J

~.018

-2~.01 7

-~.076

6.340.072
404.601
1 03 ~. ~96
3.311.304

92 .16~

308.744

42 .~11

-~1 .047

.2.274
23.068
.4.732

6~ . 12 2

-3.866
-189394

4,$17
-5.469
.0.124
-4.248

406.328

.48Jl 59

384.163

247.07~

18~.963

~78.384

4.97~.870

3.~6.384

608.700

448.72~

216.1~

Ba'uv.'ha

9~1.126

ow.

312~.829

U..t

6.812.273

176. 167
321.360
129.271
310.942
6.03 1.328
456.6411
2039.4 61
3.600.693

Tela!
Awra.n

1694:lA14

185:!6.450

Raati

70 2.3~

993.024
492.82J
6.83 4. ~29

64.314
13589
12.216
73.719
63.192

6~ .24~
~2.8~6

19 ~.823

18941.718

48.608

.....

2.307
66.168
1 2 .4~6

-3. 193

.0 .3~1

-26.309
:!69:!9
:!.078

7WII

------rorBIOI,_. .,._. . ,._

countlu

PltiUN I, fte baN IO. .aru 1111181n IIIII utr peiiM fNm IIIlO to :aGOL

4.3 NDWI
lbe NDWI waa uaad to IIMIBtlgate the altuallon d aurllu:e wat.ar bodies In the stud)' na. lbe ras~ta (latlle 3)
18\Miad that than! waa a algnltlcant dac:lll88e In the aurllll:a Wlllllr bacles 111118 l'a8 h&pp&tal cblr"G h atud)'
period. Initially Falluja county (Anbar ~) has the biggest awftlce vaar bocles n q lha
atudlad countlall: consequently It gaiiHICI a algnltlcant diminution In Ita Wlllllr bocles -tan 1,105 to 902
km2 In the )'8818 1910 and 2001, raspectMI!y. lhe highest and the IIM'II8t clw1ga l"lll8 \\W8 0.8861rd -18.463
km2.Yeel'-1 In A'adhamlya and Falluja, raspacthaly. In the studied BJIITdalh c:arotles (Abu Olnlb,
A'adhamlya, Kadhumlya, Mada'aln, and Mahmudlya) h818 gat and lncn1118e In lhllr allllce \Wit8r bacles IIDm 0.898 km2 In the year 1910 to 1.173 km21n the year 2001. lhallncniiiSe ccqllad YAih lha I11C18Ee In lha
-aetallon- area dille tile counties d Baghdad g _ , _ .

lbe dec:~~~Me In moet or the aurftlce water bodies or the study 8ftl8 l'lll'llr to mllftY -ons: such as to lha
dec,_. In the now or the Euphnltes and llgrla Rhoara lhlm the ut*bn CCID!Ies. AI wall as to a. using of
rilets and laka'a water ill" the itrigalion in the atudy llt88 due to the agriwtura is ncl possible v.ithcd ilrigation
In the middle and aouthem paJta d Iraq. Flguras 8 and 7 shaw the WIDr bocles maps far lha stud)' In lha
)'8818 1990 and 2001.
Tlble3. Ccully-INII NDWIIIlldls oftha study- btlhe period frDtn 1990 to2001.

------rorBIOI,_. .,._. . ,._

Cuty

.....

19;90

1990

2001

Ah Cll.ni
A'dhamiva

""''

384.168

""''

2.210

~
0.515

"""

785.96)

26.289

ran.~t.

497}.870

Diail

c.-ty
Na...

2001

,.

......

""''

4.787

"+ . ..

o. ....

kJnl,YeU"l

0.43j

60&.700

1100:.944
10-.$38

19.912

9.4:34

K.a db Miya

276.158

o.sss

1.1'31
0.202

18.127
3.2*1

1.246
1.24<1
-4.079
1.550

0.6!2

0.247

0. 124

0.045

0.01 1

Mab'aia
Mtl.atiya

702.Jj9

46Sj

0661

6 .608

0.941

1.923

0.274

0.17!1

993.024

"11.654

3.792

42.932

4.323

HIS

o.m

0.480

492.82j

11955
6}2.383

2.426
9 j4j

10.273
479 547

2.08j

.0.341

.0. 1.53

-2.H9

-1S.712

9.045

17.7SI

-1.682
-t n.aJ6
8.706

0.915

-60.211
.4.062

1.926

0.791
-5.414
.0.369

M.suva
Ra.ad.i

Ba'uh

s....

"""'

6334 ,529

3 )4j

6.991
36.038

1.821
4,j8j

22~06

~1.951

-J:Ol.987

951.126
3125.829

324.893

0.950
10.394

6!12.273

25.685

0.377

1'otal

12210.839

264.682
21.623
1,809.062

7.017

U65
8.468
0.317

9.749

0.886
18.453

o.a.ss

.0.060

.401 .777

-36.525
-1144

A'Oit:IX2e

Water Bodies Map

foli the YeaE t990'

Legend
Abu Gh""b
A'adhamiya
FaJiuja
Oujail
Kadhumiya
Mada'ain

Mahmudiya
Mussaiyab
Ramadi
Ba'aquba
Salad

20020

4060

Heet
w ater

------rorBIOI,_. .,._. . ,._

Wate..r Bodie.s Map
foe the;Year 2.tl0 ~

Legend

Abu Ghraib
A'adhamiya
Falluja
Oujail
Kadhumiya
Mada'ain

Mahmudiya
Mussaiyab

Ramodi
Ba'aquba
Salad
Heet
Water Body

4.4TCW

A T-lad cap tl'8lldllmatlon "Watll888 lndlcatar" appllad an the 1M n ElM lmllgllll to &odl&t lhl sell
molatu111 lnbmatlon lbr the atudy llftlll. lhe atallatlcal analysis has shaM! this lrdcalar Ia al~lcalt !if!
conalatlons with the other UMd lncUcatonl, such as blltiJJeen watn&s.s paallha chai'(IB "TCN...Jf n NlVI
(0.903~ wet,_ negatl\e change "TCW_n and BSI (0.902). 1he rwWIB al'a.Yad lhat 1J141111 Cculty ladlhl
hlgheat percentage wlue (22.465%) d the watneaa paallha chang~ (sell melslln I.-e), v.tllle Heat Ia
the '-at pareentage (0.874) d thla lnd1111. Kadhumlya County shCM'IId lhl Nf18ilt "llllua (7.451%) ollhl
watll888 negatl\ta change (7.451%) Ylfllle Heat ahCM'ad the hlghllilt "llllua d watneaa no ctwve (98.439%).
Table 8 anclllgulllil T and 8 shaw the llliiUita.
Tillie 4. Cclfty-181111 Taaeled cap WelneBs lrdcator TCW lllildl& altha study a111111br the period ftDm 1990

to 20111.

Accolding to the obtained IWUb, it clear th!Jt th- Wt18 an i - e fl 934 A8 km2, Q
the ~lon- (NDVI) end the~ eulla (881), ~~~~epecthely. On the g~ter t.1d the
alii-mad to ha\vd11111181ie dae~MMGfol01.m km2

408.328 km2 in

a...-e ..ter boclea

.....

------rorBIOI,_. .,._. . ,._

By the etatletAI analy'- the NDVr. raeultt howed hlghllet lgnlften I:OIRI!IIIIon \\fth TCW_p (0.903), \\tile
the NDWieppearud a lllnlkat eonula!lon with l'CWJI (o.837). 'llle BSI Rl\ealed alltnra ccmJiallon \\llh the
TCWJJ (0.902~ \Wkh meane the moet llllildJo.e on theqatatloni:CMI' ..._In the 11udy-.- the 1oll
mollltun~~.

\Veine.ss Negatirt (]lange Map

from 1990 to 2_00 I

s
Legend
Abu Ghraib
Falluja
Dujail
Kadhumiya
Mada'ain
[ i ] Mahmudiya
[liJ Mussaiyab
[)Ramadi
[IJ!J Ba'aquba
liD Salad

II2J Httt

water Dl)t

200204060

Wetness P~ne Cbange Map

from 1990 to lOOI
s

Legend
[]]Abu Ghraib
a:JA'adhamiya
ClJ Fatluja

C!JDujoi

IJiJ Kadhumiya
CD Mada'ain

aJ Mahmudiya

20020-40$0

[iJ Mussaiyab
(SJRamadi
OlDBa'aquba
liD Salad
IIZJHeet

1fHJI

D8tlgn of tN ~mk: llon!Wifng ~m

BaNd on the a~ Multe, a dynamlg monltlllng eyatem r:f l!lll\lnnneral f:taQtl8 (tg.10)- *'doped In
Arr:Ntn GIS wn~lon 3.3. The euunty kMI eoll I'NOUn:ee dala Md potlan map, emlnnnenlal c:aropaalll
ehaf'lll88 during the etudy period and their e1111111pandlng dala 1118 lnlejjialtd In lhe mcrilxlrlng 8Ylllllm. It
IRGiude8 the illlcMing thllmalle layent:
1. Bare 8011 layer of the year 1880 for the atudy 11111, v.illch 8ldral:t8d tom llw l...lnl8at 1M lmagary
dalaet (1eet37).
2. Bare 8011 layer of the year 2001 lbr the Btudy me, vmlch 8ldral:t8d from lhe IJnt&at ElM lmagary
dalaet (1eet37).
3. Vegetation _ . layer of the year 1880 for the atudy 111111o v.illch axlra:t8d tom llw IJnt&at TM
In ~~~~~~MY datuet (1etl37).
4. Vegetation _ . layer of the year 2001 lbr the lltudy 111111o v.illch extra:tad tom lhe IJnt&at ETM
lmtiiiiiiY datuet (1e&l37).
&. Surfllce Mler body layer d the year 1990 for the Btudy 111111o v.illch eatna:ted tom llw I.Jrdsat TM
lnlllllllfY datuet (18!1137).
8. Surfllce \llaler body layer d the year 2001 for the lltudy 111111o v.illch adna:tad tom lhe IJnt&at TM
lnlllllllfY datuet (18!1137).
7. TCW 111!111111\a ehanga layerlbr the atudy me, vmlch llldlllct8d from lhe 1Jnt8at (111W7) 1M1990 1n1
ETM2001 111111Q811418 dP'P,...B.
8. TCW 110111tha changa layerlbr the atudy Blllll, v.illch axlraclad tom lhe l...nleat (18tl37) 1M1990 lnl
ETM2001 lrnegatles ctptnats.

9. L.andlet 1M1990 (18!1137) comPCJIIIta RG8741 ~farmet) lmBQafcrlhe study 1n11.

10. L.andlet ETM2001 (18!1137) comPCJIIIta RG8741 ~farmet) lmPg~tfcrthe study ....

~fa\~Ciimg6\~
!Wll~tol&l

I s~:::~::~== Body
2001
Body1990

IS

Vegetation Cov..r 2001

Cl Vegelallion Cover 1990

0
0

Bare Soil 2001

Bare Soil1990

Cl TCW positive change

Cl TCW neg;otnr. ~h~nge
0TM2001 (16S/37) RGB 741
0TM 1990 (169137) RGB

s. COnclutlona
lhe UM of..tellite imaaerY and Gthar ct.le eoureea m1111ipulllbld 1111d i~ in a GIS llnlin:nnent prvlidae
en
lnlild end ~UIIblo inbmlllion liNe from vmigh the c:euiJe .-I fi.llure llnliranmenlal el uo _.. be
Gldrected.
In gelllltlll \iicrw, the Mutt. of the atudy . _ ehiiiWiild 1111 in-e in the Nl\11, 8SL .-I eled CliP wolh,..
lndleelor (T"CW_p~ That MUite eeled to the lngl'llfte r:fthe..,wlon - lha 1 - e of lhe ~ Q
rvml built up - the inGIMN in the eoil moieture I'NUitad by the irrilllllion Md watering tlr lhe pllllting

.....

crops and plants depending mainly on the two riwrs Tigris and Euphrates in the study area. All that
accompanied with the increase in the urban and rural population in the study area.
This study demonstrates the effectiwness of the remote sensing and GIS technologies in detecting,
assessing, mapping, and monitoring the emironmental changes. The outcome of this type of studies
represents a valuable resource for decision makers to guard against the em.;ronmental changes, and for future
dewlopment projects in Iraq.

6. References

Burrough, P.A. and R.A. Mcdannel. 1998. Principal of Geographical Information System. (Oxford
Uniwrsity Press, USA).
CPM.2003. Processing Technique for Marsh Surface Condition Index. Uniwrsity of Marryland, Global
Land Cowr Facility, Coastal Marsh Project.
Crist, H.P., and R.C. Cicone. 1984. Application of the Tasseled Gap Concept to Simulated Thematic
Mapper Data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, wl. 50(3): 343-352.
Crist, E. P., Laurin, R., and Cicone, R. C. 1986. Vegetation and soil information contained in
transformed Thematic Maper data, in Proceedings of IGARSS'86 Symposium, p.1465-1470, Ref. ESA
SP-254, European Space Agency, Paris. France.
Jamalabad, M. S. and A.A. Abkar. 2004. Forest Canopy Density Monitoring, Using Satellite Images.
xxth ISPRS Congress, Istanbul 12-23 July.
Jensen, J.R., and D.R. Toll. 1982. Detecting Residential Land Use Dewlopment at the Urban Fringe.
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 48: 629-643.
Lambin, E.F. 1994. Modelling deforestation processes (A Re'liew), Tropical ecosystem en'lironment
observations by satellites. TREES series B: Research Report no I. EUR15744EN, pp: 45-101.
Lambin, E.F. 1997. Modelling and Monitoring Land-Cowr Changes Processes in Tropical Regions.
Progress in Physical Geography, Vol. 21: 375-393.
Ministry of Planning. 2002. Annual Abstract of Statistics. General Statistical Organization, Ministry of
Planning, Baghdad, Rep. of Iraq. p.435.
Rouse, J. W., R. H. Haas, J. A. Schell, D. W. Deering, and J. C. Harlan. 1974. Monitoring the Vernal
Advancements and Retrogradation (Greenwaw Effect) of Nature Vegetation, NASAIGSFC Final Report.
NASA, Greenbelt. MD, USA.
Singh, A. 1989. Digital Change Detection Techniques Using Remotely Sensed Data. Int. J. of Remote
Sensing, Vol. 10(6): 989-1003.
Wilkie, D.S., and J.T. Finn. 1996. Remote Sensing Imagery for Natural Resources Monitoring. Columbia
Uniwrsity Press, New York. p. 295.

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