Tmp165e TMP

Mathematical Theory and Modeling
ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online)

Vol.5, No.8, 2015
www.iiste.org
Separation Axioms via -Kernel Set associated with Closed Set

Qays Hatem Imran
Department of Mathematics, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Al-Muthanna, Samawah,
Iraq
Abstract: In this paper, we introduce a new class of sets called -kernel set and study their basic properties in
topological spaces. We introduce and investigate some separation axioms by using -kernel set and the closed set. Further, we also introduce topological --space.
Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 54A05, 54C10, 54D10, 54D15.
Keywords: -closed set, -kernel set, - -space, = 0,1 and - -space, = 0,1,2.
1. Introduction
In 1943, N. A. Shanin [9] offered a new separation axiom called 0 -space. In the same year, J. W. T. Youngs [5]
introduced the first separation axiom between 0 and 1 spaces. In 1965, O. Njastad [10] introduced the concept
of -open sets in topological spaces. In 1970, N. Levine [8] first considered the concept of generalized closed
sets were defined and investigated. In 2012, L. A. Al-Swidi and B. Mohammed [6] introduced the separation
axioms via kernel set in topological spaces. In 2014, M. Mathew and R. Parimelazhagan [7] introduced the
concept of -closed sets in topological spaces. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept -kernel
set and to study some of its properties in topological spaces. We also investigate some of the properties of separation axioms like - -space, = 0,1 and - -space, = 0,1,2. Also in this paper we introduce
topological --space iff -kernel of a subset of is an -open set. Via this kind of a topological
space, we give a new characterization of separation axioms lying between - -space, = 0,1,2.
2. Preliminaries
Throughout this paper (, ) or simply will always denote a topological space. For a subset of a topological
space (, ), (), () and represents the interior of , the closure of and the complement of in
respectively.
Definition 2.1:[3] The intersection of all open subsets of a topological space (, ) containing is called the
kernel of (briefly () ), this means that () = { : }.
Definition 2.2:[4] Let (, ) be a topological space, a point is an adherent point of if and only if for
each , then {} .
Definition 2.3:[10] A subset of a topological space (, ) is called alpha open set (briefly -open set) if
((())) and alpha closed set (briefly -closed set) if ((())) . The -closure of a set
of (, ) is the intersection of all -closed sets that contain and is denoted by ().
Definition 2.4: A subset of a topological space (, ) is called:
(i) generalized closed set (briefly g-closed set) [8] if () whenever and is open in .
(ii) alpha generalized closed set (briefly g-closed set) [2] if () whenever and is open in X.
(iii) generalized alpha closed set (briefly g-closed set) [1] if () whenever and is -open in
X.
Remark 2.5:[8,10] In a topological space (, ), the following hold and the converse of each statement is not
true:
(i) Every closed set is -closed.
(ii) Every closed set is g-closed.
Remark 2.6:[1,2] In a topological space (, ), the following hold and the converse of each statement is not
true:
(i) Every g-closed set is g-closed.
(ii) Every -closed set is g-closed.
(iii) Every g-closed set is g-closed.
134

Vol.5, No.8, 2015
www.iiste.org
Definition 2.7:[7] A subset of a topological space (, ) is called -closed set if (()) whenever
and is -open. The complement of -closed set in is -open in , the family of all -open ( closed) sets of a topological space (, ) is denoted by -() ( -()).
Definition 2.8:[7] The intersection of all -closed sets in containing is called -closure of and is
denoted by -(), -() = { , is -closed }.
Remark 2.9:[7] In a topological space (, ), the following hold and the converse of each statement is not true:
(i) Every closed set is -closed.
(ii) Every -closed set is -closed.
(iii) Every -closed set is g-closed.
(iv) Every -closed set is g-closed.
Theorem 2.10:[7] A set is -closed set iff (()) contains no nonempty -closed sets.
Theorem 2.11:[7] Let , if is -closed set relative to and is open then is -closed set in .
Theorem 2.12:[7] If is -closed set and (()) then is -closed set.
Theorem 2.13:[7] The intersection of -closed set and a closed set is -closed set.
Theorem 2.14:[7] If and are two -closed sets defined for a nonempty set , then their intersection
is -closed set in .
Remark 2.15:[7] The union of two -closed sets need not be -closed set.
Remark 2.16: The following are the implications of -closed set and the reverse is not true.
g-closed
g-closed
g-closed
closed
-closed
-closed
3. -Kernel and - -Spaces, = ,

Definition 3.1: The intersection of all -open subset of containing is called the -kernel of (briefly
-()), this means -() = { -(): }.
Definition 3.2: Let be a point of a topological space . The -kernel of , denoted by -({}) is
defined to be the set -({}) = {: -() and }.
Lemma 3.3: Let (, ) be a topological space, then -({}) if and only if -({}) for each
.
Proof: Suppose that -({}). Then there exists -open set containing such that .
Therefore, we have -({}). The converse part can be proved in a similar way.
Definition 3.4: A set in topological space (, ) is called -neighborhood (briefly -nhd) of a point if
there exists -open set such that .
Lemma 3.5: Let (, ) be a topological space and be a subset of . Then, -() = { : ({}) }.
Proof: Let -() and -({}) = . Hence -({}) which is -open set
containing . This is impossible, since -().
135

Vol.5, No.8, 2015
www.iiste.org
Consequently, -({}) . Next, let such that -({}) and suppose that (). Then there exists -open set containing and . Let -({}). Hence, is -nhd
of which does not contain . By this contradiction -() and the claim.
Definition 3.6: Let (, ) be a topological space. A point is said to be:
(i) -adherent point of if and only if for each -(), then {} .
(ii) -kernelled point of (briefly -()) if and only if for each -closed set contains
then .
(iii) boundary -kernelled point of (briefly - ()) if and only if for each -closed set
contains then and .
(iv) derived -kernelled point of (briefly - ()) if and only if for each -closed set contains
then {} .
Definition 3.7: By definition (3.6)(ii), we have the following: For every two distinct point and of , ({}) = {: , -()}.
Theorem 3.8: Let (, ) be a topological space and . Then is -kernelled point of {} if and only
if is an -adherent point of {}.
Proof: Let be an -kernelled point of {}. Then for every -closed set such that implies ,
then {: }, this means -({}). Thus is an -adherent point of {}.
Conversely, let be an -adherent point of {}. Then for every -open set such that implies ,
then {: }, this means -({}). Thus, is -kernelled point of {}.
Theorem 3.9: Let (, ) be a topological space and and let - () be the set of all derived kernelled derived points of , then -() = - ().
Proof: Let - () and if - (), then for every -closed set intersects (in a point
different from ). Therefore, -({}). Hence, - () -(), it follows that () -(). To demonstrate the reverse inclusion, we consider be a point of -(). If
, then - (). Suppose that . Since -(), then for every -closed set
containing implies , this means /{} . Then, - (), so that (). Hence, -() - (). Thus, -() = - ().
Theorem 3.10: Let (, ) be a topological space and and let - () be the set of all boundary kernelled points of , then -() = - ().
Proof: Let - () and if - (), then for every -closed set intersects ,
therefore -({}). Hence, - () -(), it follows that - () (). To demonstrate the reverse inclusion, we consider be a point of -(). If , then
- (). Suppose that , implies . Since -(), then for every -closed set
containing implies and . Then - (), so that - ().
Hence, -() - (). Thus, -() = - ().
Definition 3.11: In a topological space (, ), a set is said to be weakly ultra -separated from B if there
exists -open set G such that = or -() = .
By definition (3.11), we have the following: For every two distinct points and of ,
(i) -({}) = { {} is not weakly ultra -separated from {}}.
(ii) -({}) = { {} is not weakly ultra -separated from {}}.
Definition 3.12: A topological space (, ) is called -0 -space if for each -open set and , then
-({}) .
Definition 3.13: A topological space (, ) is called -1 -space if for each two distinct points and of
with -({}) -({}), there exist disjoint -open sets , such that -({}) and ({}) .
Theorem 3.14: Let (, ) be a topological space. Then (, ) is -0 -space if and only if -({}) = ({}), for each .
136

Vol.5, No.8, 2015
www.iiste.org
Proof: Let (, ) be an -0 -space. If -({}) -({}), for each , then there exist another
point such that -({}) and -({}) this means there exist an -open set,
implies -({}) this contradiction. Thus -({}) = -({}).
Conversely, let -({}) = -({}), for each -open set , , then -({}) = -({})
[by definition (3.1)]. Hence by definition (3.12), (, ) is -0 -space.
Theorem 3.15: A topological space (, ) is -0 -space if and only if for each -closed set and ,
then -({}) .
Proof: Let for each -closed set and , then -({}) and let be -open set, then for
each implies is -closed set implies -({}) [by assumption]. Therefore ({}) implies -({}) [by lemma (3.3)]. So -({}) . Thus (, ) is -0 -space.
Conversely, let (, ) be an -0 -space and be -closed set and . Then for each implies
is -open set, then -({}) [since (, ) is -0 -space], so -({}) = -({}). Thus, ({}) .
Corollary 3.16: A topological space (, ) is -0 -space if and only if for each -open set and ,
then -( -({})) .
Proof: Clearly.
Theorem 3.17: Let (, ) be a topological -0 -space. Then the following statements are equivalent
(i) Every -kernelled point of {} is an -adherent point of {}.
(ii) Every -adherent point of {} is an -kernelled point of {}.
Proof: (i) Let (, ) be an -0 -space. Then, for each , -({}) = -({}) [by theorem (3.14)].
Thus, every -kernelled point of {} is an -adherent point of {}.
Conversely, let every -kernelled point of {} is an -adherent point of {} and let be -closed set,
. Then -({}) -({}), for each . Since -({}) = {: -(), },
implies -({}) . Hence by theorem (3.15), (, ) is an -0 -space.
(ii) Let (, ) be an -0 -space. Then, for each , -({}) = -({}) [by theorem (3.14)]. Thus,
every -adherent point of {} is an - kernelled point of {}.
Conversely, let every -adherent point of {} is an -kernelled point of {} and let be -open set
and . Then -({}) -({}), for each . Since -({}) = {: -(),
}, implies -({}) . Hence by definition (3.12), (, ) is an -0 -space.
Theorem 3.18: Every -1 -space is -0 -space.
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space and let be -open set, , then for each implies is
-closed set and -({}) implies -({}) -({}). Hence by definition (3.13), ({}) . Thus (, ) is -0 -space.
Theorem 3.19: A topological space (, ) is -1 -space if and only if for each with -({})
-({}), then there exist -closed sets 1 , 2 such that -({}) 1 , -({})2 = and
-({}) 2 , -({})1 = and 1 2 = .
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space. Then for each with -({}) -({}). Since every
-1 -space is -0 -space [by theorem (3.18)], and by theorem (3.14), -({}) -({}), then there
exist -open sets 1 ,2 such that -({}) 1 and -({}) 2 and 1 2 = [since (, ) is 1 -space], then 1 and 2 are -closed sets such that 1 2 = . Put 1 = 1 and 2 = 2 . Thus
1 2 and 2 1 so that -({}) 1 2 and -({}) 2 1 .
Conversely, let for each with -({}) -({}), there exist -closed sets 1 , 2 such
that -({}) 1 , -({})2 = and -({}) 2 , -({})1 = and 1 2 =
, then 1 and 2 are -open sets such that 1 2 = . Put 1 = 2 and 2 = 1 . Thus, -({}) 1
and -({}) 2 and 1 2 = , so that 1 and 2 implies -({}) and ({}), then -({}) 1 and -({}) 2 . Thus, (, ) is -1 -space.
Corollary 3.20: A topological space (, ) is -1 -space if and only if for each with -({})
-({}) there exist disjoint -open sets , such that -( -({})) and -( ({})) .
137

Vol.5, No.8, 2015
www.iiste.org
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space and let with -({}) -({}), then there exist disjoint
-open sets , such that -({}) and -({}) . Also (, ) is -0 -space [by theorem
(3.18)] implies for each , then -({}) = -({}) [by theorem (3.14)], but -({}) = ( -({})) = -( -({})). Thus -( -({})) and -( -({})) .
Conversely, let for each with -({}) -({}) there exist disjoint -open sets U,V such
that -( -({})) and -( -({})) . Since {} -({}), then -({})
-( -({})) for each . So we get -({}) and -({}) . Thus, (, ) is -1 space.
4. - -Spaces, = , ,
Definition 4.1: Let (, ) be a topological space. Then is called:
(i) -0 -space iff for each pair of distinct points in , there exists -open set in containing one and not the
other.
(ii) -1 -space iff for each pair of distinct points and of , there exists -open sets , containing
and respectively such that and .
(iii) -2 -space iff for each pair of distinct points and of , there exist disjoint -open sets ,
in such that and .
Remark 4.2: Every - -space is -1 -space, = 1,2.
Proof: Clearly.
Theorem 4.3: A topological space (, ) is -0 -space if and only if either -({}) or ({}), for each .
Proof: Let (, ) be an -0 -space then for each , there exists -open set such that ,
or , . Thus either , implies -({}) or , implies -({}).
Conversely, let either -({}) or -({}), for each . Then there exists -open set
such that , or , . Thus (, ) is -0 -space.
Theorem 4.4: A topological space (, ) is -0 -space if and only if either -({}) is weakly ultra separated from {} or -({}) is weakly ultra -separated from {} for each .
Proof: Let (, ) be an -0 -space then for each , there exists -open set G such that ,
or , . Now if , implies -({}) is weakly ultra -separated from {}. Or if ,
implies -({}) is weakly ultra -separated from {}.
Conversely, let either -({}) be weakly ultra -separated from {} or -({}) be weakly ultra separated from {}. Then there exists -open set G such that -({}) and or -({})
, implies , or , . Thus, (, ) is -0 - space.
Theorem 4.5: A topological space (, ) is -0 -space if and only if for each , either is not kernelled point of {} or is not -kernelled point of {}.
Proof: Let (, ) be an -0 -space. Then for each there exists an -open set such that ,
(say), implies . Hence is -closed, then is not -kernelled point of {} [by definition
(3.6)(ii)]. Thus either is not -kernelled point of {} or is not -kernelled point of {}.
Conversely, Let for each , either is not -kernelled point of {} or is not -kernelled point of
{}. Then there exist -closed set such that , {} = or , {} = , implies ,
or , . Hence is an -open set. Thus, (, ) is -0 -space.
Theorem 4.6: A topological space (, ) is -1 -space if and only if for each , -({}) is
weakly ultra -separated from {} and -({}) is weakly ultra -separated from {}.
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space then for each , there exist -open sets , such that
, and , . Implies -({}) is weakly ultra -separated from {} and -({}) is
weakly ultra -separated from {}.
Conversely, let -({}) be weakly ultra -separated from {} and -({}) be weakly ultra separated from {}. Then there exist -open sets , such that -({}) , and -({})
, implies , and , . Thus, (, ) is -1 -space.
138

Vol.5, No.8, 2015
www.iiste.org
Theorem 4.7: A topological space (, ) is -1 -space if and only if for each , -({}) = {}.
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space and let -({}) {}. Then -({}) contains another point
distinct from say . So -({}) implies -({}) is not weakly ultra -separated from {}.
Hence by theorem (4.6), (, ) is not -1 -space this is contradiction. Thus -({}) = {}.
Conversely, let -({}) = {}, for each and let (, ) be not -1 -space. Then by theorem (4.6),
-({}) is not weakly ultra -separated from {}, this means that for every -open set contains ({}) then implies { -() : } implies -({}), this is contradiction.
Thus, (, ) is -1 -space.
Theorem 4.8: A topological space (, ) is -1 -space if and only if - ({}) = , for each .
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space. Then for each , -({}) = {} [by theorem (4.6)]. Since ({}) = -({}) {}. Thus - ({}) = .
Conversely, let - ({}) = . By theorem (3.9), -({}) = {} - ({}), implies ({}) = {}. Hence by theorem (4.7), (, ) is -1 -space.
Theorem 4.9: A topological space (, ) is -1 -space if and only if for each , is not kernelled point of {} and is not -kernelled point of {}.
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space. Then for each , there exist -open sets , such that ,
and , implies , {} = and , {} = . Hence, and are closed sets. Thus is not -kernelled point of {} and is not -kernelled point of {}.
Conversely, let for each , is not -kernelled point of {} and is not -kernelled point of {}.
Then there exist -closed sets 1 , 2 such that 1 , 1 {} = and 2 , 2 {} = , implies
2 , 2 and 1 , 1 . Hence 1 and 2 are -open sets. Thus, (, ) is -1 -space.
Theorem 4.10: A topological space (, ) is -1 -space if and only if for each , -({})
and -({}).
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space then for each , there exists -open sets , such that ,
and , . Implies -({}) and -({}).
Conversely, let -({}) and -({}), for each . Then there exists -open sets
, such that , and , . Thus, (, ) is -1 -space.
Theorem 4.11: A topological space (, ) is -1 -space if and only if for each implies ({}) -({}) = .
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space. Then -({}) = {} and -({}) = {} [by theorem (4.7)].
Thus, -({}) -({}) = .
Conversely, let for each implies -({}) -({}) = and let (, ) be not -1 -space
then for each implies -({}) or -({}) [by theorem (4.10)], then ({}) -({}) this is contradiction. Thus, (, ) is -1 -space.
Theorem 4.12: A topological space (, ) is -1 -space if and only if (, ) is -0 -space and -0 -space.
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space and let be -open set, then for each , -({}) ({}) = [by theorem (4.11)] implies -({}) and -({}) this means -({}) =
{}, hence -({}) . Thus, (, ) is -0 -space.
Conversely, let (, ) be an -0 -space and -0 -space, then for each there exists -open set
such that , or , . Say , since (, ) is -0 -space, then -({}) ,
this means there exists -open set such that , . Thus, (, ) is -1 -space.
Theorem 4.13: A topological space (, ) is -2 -space if and only if
(i) (, ) is -0 -space and -1 -space.
(ii) (, ) is -1 -space and -1 -space.
Proof: (i) Let (, ) be an -2 -space then it is -0 -space. Now since (, ) is -2 -space then for each
, there exist disjoint -open sets , such that and implies -({}) and
-({}), therefore -({}) = {} and -({}) = {} . Thus, (, ) is -1 -space.
139

Vol.5, No.8, 2015
www.iiste.org
Conversely, let (, ) be an -0 -space and -1 -space, then for each , there exists -open set
such that , or , , implies -({}) -({}), since (, ) is -1 -space [by
assumption], then there exist disjoint -open sets , such that and [by definition (3.13)]. Thus,
(, ) is -2 -space.
(ii) By the same way of part (i) -2 -space is -1 -space and -1 -space.
Conversely, let (, ) be an -1 -space and -1 -space, then for each , there exist -open sets
, such that , and , implies -({}) -({}), since (, ) is -1 -space,
then there exist disjoint -open sets , such that and . Thus, (, ) is -2 -space.
Corollary 4.14: A topological -0 -space is -2 -space if and only if for each with ({}) -({}) then there exist -closed sets 1 ,2 such that -({}) 1 , ({})2 = and -({}) 2 , -({})1 = and 1 2 = .
Proof: By theorem (3.19) and theorem (4.13).
Corollary 4.15: A topological -1 -space is -2 -space if and only if one of the following conditions holds:
(i) for each with -({}) -({}), then there exist -open sets , such that -( ({})) and -( -({})) .
(ii) for each with -({}) -({}), then there exist -closed sets 1 ,2 such that ({}) 1 , -({})2 = and -({}) 2 , -({})1 = and 1 2 = .
Proof: (i) By corollary (3.20) and theorem (4.13).
(ii) By theorem (3.19) and theorem (4.13).
Theorem 4.16: A topological -1 -space is -2 -space if and only if one of the following conditions holds:
(i) for each , -({}) = {}.
(ii) for each , -({}) -({}) implies -({}) -({}) = .
(iii) for each , either -({}) or -({}).
(iv) for each then -({}) and -({}).
Proof: (i) Let (, ) be an -2 -space. Then (, ) is -1 -space and -1 -space [by theorem (4.13)].
Hence by theorem (4.7), -({}) = {} for each .
Conversely, let for each , -({}) = {}, then by theorem (4.7), (, ) is -1 -space. Also (, ) is
-1 -space by assumption. Hence by theorem (4.13), (, ) is -2 -space.
(ii) Let (, ) be an -2 -space. Then (, ) is -1 -space [by remark (4.2)]. Hence by theorem (4.11), ({}) -({}) = for each .
Conversely, assume that for each , -({}) -({}) implies -({}) ({}) = . So by theorem (4.11), (, ) is -1 -space, also (, ) is -1 -space by assumption. Hence by
theorem (4.13), (, ) is -2 -space.
(iii) Let (, ) be an -2 -space. Then (, ) is -0 -space [by remark (4.2)]. Hence by theorem (4.3), either
-({}) or -({}) for each .
Conversely, assume that for each , either -({}) or -({}) for each .
So by theorem (4.3), (, ) is -0 -space, also (, ) is -1 -space by assumption. Thus (, ) is -2 space [by theorem (4.13)].
(iv) Let (, ) be an -2 -space. Then (, ) is -1 -space and -1 -space [by theorem (4.13)]. Hence by
theorem (4.10), -({}) and -({}).
Conversely, let for each then -({}) and -({}). Then by theorem (4.10), (, )
is -1 -space. Also (, ) is -1 -space by assumption. Hence by theorem (4.13), (, ) is -2 -space.
Remark 4.17: Each -separation axiom is defined as the conjunction of two weaker axioms: - -space =
-1 -space and -1 -space = -1 -space and -0 -space, = 1,2.
Definition 4.18: Let (, ) be a topological space. Then is called:
(i) -regular space ( -space, for short), if for each point and each -closed set such that , there
exist disjoint -open sets and such that and .
(ii) -normal space ( -space, for short) iff for each pair of disjoint -closed sets and , there exist
disjoint -open sets and such that and .
140

Vol.5, No.8, 2015
www.iiste.org
Theorem 4.19: A topological space (, ) is -space if and only if for each -closed subset of and
with -() -({}) then there exist -closed sets 1 ,2 such that -() 1 , ()2 = and -({}) 2 , -({})1 = and 1 2 = .
Proof: Let (, ) be an -space and let be an -closed set, , then there exist disjoint -open sets
, such that , and = , then and are -closed sets such that = . Put
2 = and 1 = , so we get -() 1 , -()2 = and -({}) 2 , ({})1 = and 1 2 = .
Conversely, let for each -closed subset of and with -() -({}), then there exist
-closed sets 1 ,2 such that -() 1 , -()2 = and -({}) 2 , ({})1 = and 1 2 = . Then 1 and 2 are -open sets such that 1 2 = and ()1 = , -({})2 = . So that 2 and 1 . Thus, (, ) is -space.
Lemma 4.20: Let (, ) be an -space and be an -closed set. Then -() = = -().
Proof: Let (, ) be an -space and be an -closed set. Then for each , there exist disjoint -open
sets , such that and . Since -() , implies -() = , thus -( ()). We showing that if implies -( -()), therefore -( -()) = (). As -() = -() [by definition (3.1)]. Thus, -() = = -().
Theorem 4.21: A topological space (, ) is -space if and only if for each disjoint -closed sets , with
-() -() then there exist -closed sets 1 ,2 such that -() 1 , -()2 =
and -() 2 , -()1 = and 1 2 = .
Proof: Let (, ) be an -space and let for each disjoint -closed sets , with -() -()
then there exist disjoint -open sets , such that and and = , then and are closed sets such that = and -() = , -() = . Put = 2 and = 1 .
Thus, -() 1 , -()2 = and -() 2 , -()1 = .
Conversely, let for each disjoint -closed sets , with -() -(), there exist -closed sets
1 ,2 such that -() 1 , -()2 = and -() 2 , -()1 = and
1 2 = implies 1 and 2 are -open sets such that 1 2 = . Put 1 = and 2 = , thus () and -() , so that and . Thus (, ) is -space.
Remark 4.22: The relation between -separation axioms can be representing as a matrix. Therefore, the
element refers to this relation. As the following matrix representation shows:
and
-0
-1
-2
-0
-1
-0
-0
-1
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-0
-1
-1
-2
-0
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
Matrix Representation (4.1)

The relation between -separation axioms
5. --spaces
Definition 5.1: A topological space (, ) is said to be --space if and only if for each subset of ,
then -() is an -open set.
Definition 5.2: A topological --space (, ) is called - -space if and only if for each , then ({}) is an -open set.
Example 5.3: Let = {, } and let = {, , {}} be a topology on . Then, (, ) is - -space.
141

Vol.5, No.8, 2015
www.iiste.org
Theorem 5.4: In topological --space (, ), every -1 -space is - -space.

Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space. Then, for each , -({}) = {} [by theorem (4.7)]. As ({}) = -({}) {}, implies - ({}) = . Thus, (, ) is - -space.
Theorem 5.5: In topological --space (, ), every - -space is -0 -space.
Proof: Let (, ) be an - -space and let . Then, - ({}) is -open set, therefore, there
exist two cases:
(i) - ({}) is -open set. Since - ({}). Thus (, ) is -0 -space
(ii) - ({}), implies -({}). But -({}) is -open set. Thus, (, ) is -0 space.
Definition 5.6: A topological --space (, ) is said to be - -space if and only if for each ,
-({}) -({}) is degenerated (empty or singleton set).
Example 5.7: Let = {, , } and let = {, , {}, {, }, {, }} be a topology on . Then, (, ) is - space.
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space. Then for each , -({}) = {} and -({}) =
{} [by theorem (4.7)], implies -({}) -({}) = . Thus (, ) is - -space.
Proof: Let (, ) be an - -space. Then for each , -({}) -({}) is degenerated
(empty or singleton set). Therefore there exist three cases:
(i) -({}) -({}) = , implies (, ) is -0 -space.
(ii) -({}) -({}) = {} or {}, implies -({}) or -({}), implies (, ) is
-0 -space.
(iii) -({}) -({}) = {} , , , implies -({}) and -({}),
implies (, ) is -0 -space.
Definition 5.10: A topological --space (, ) is said to be - -space if and only if for each
, -({}) -({}) is empty or {} or {}.
Example 5.11: Let = {, , } and let = {, , {}, {}, {, }} be a topology on . Then, (, ) is - space.
Example 5.12: Let = (the set of all real number) and let = {, , [, ), } be a topology on .
Then, (, ) is -0 -space but not - , - or - spaces.
Example 5.13: Let = (the set of all natural number) and let = {, , {, + 1, + 2, }, { + 1, +
2}, } be a topology on . Then, (, ) is - -space but not - or - spaces.
Example 5.14: Let = {, , } and let = {, , {}, {, }, {, }} be a topology on . Then, (, ) is - space but not - -space.
Proof: Let (, ) be an -1 -space. Then for each , -({}) = {} and -({}) = {}
[by theorem (4.7)], implies -({}) -({}) = . Thus (, ) is a - -space.
Proof: Let (, ) be an - -space. Then for each , -({}) -({}) is degenerated
(empty or singleton set). Therefore there exist two cases:
(i) -({}) -({}) = , implies (, ) is -0 -space
(ii) -({}) -({}) = {} or {}, implies -({}) or -({}), implies (, ) is
-0 -space.
142

Vol.5, No.8, 2015
www.iiste.org
Theorem 5.17: A topological --space (, ) is -2 -space iff for each , then ({}) -({}) = .
Proof: Let (, ) be an -2 -space. Then for each there exist disjoint -open sets , such that
, and . Hence -({}) and -({}) . Thus -({}) -({}) = .
Conversely, let for each , -({}) -({}) = . Since (, ) be a topological -space, this means -kernel is an -open set. Thus (, ) is -2 -space.
Theorem 5.18: A topological --space (, ) is -space iff for each -closed set and ,
then -() -({}) = .
Proof: By the same way of proof of theorem (5.17).
Theorem 5.19: A topological --space (, ) is -space iff for each disjoint -closed sets , , then
-() -() = .
Proof: By the same way of proof of theorem (5.17).
Theorem 5.20: A topological --space (, ) is -1 -space iff it is -0 -space and - -space.
Proof: By theorem (5.5) and remark (4.17).
Theorem 5.21: A topological --space (, ) is -1 -space iff it is -0 -space and - -space.
Theorem 5.22: A topological --space (, ) is -1 -space if and only if it is -0 -space and - space.
Theorem 5.23: A topological --space (, ) is - -space if and only if it is -1 -space and - space, = 1,2.
143

Vol.5, No.8, 2015
www.iiste.org
Remark 5.26: The relation between -separation axioms can be representing as a matrix. Therefore, the
element refers to this relation. As the following matrix representation shows:
and
-0
-1
-2
-0
-1
-0
-0
-1
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-0
-1
-1
-2
-0
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-1
-2
-1
-2
-0
-1
-2
-1
-2
-0
-1
-2
-1
-2
-0
-0
Matrix Representation (5.1)

The relation between -separation axioms in topological --spaces
References
[1] H. Maki, R. Devi and K. Balachandran, Generalized -closed sets in topology, Bull. Fukuoka Univ. Ed.,
Part III, 42(1993), 13-21.
[2] H. Maki, R. Devi and K. Balachandran, Associate Topologies of generalized -closed sets and generalized closed sets, Mem. Fac. Kochi Univ. Ser. A. Math.,15(1994), 51-63.
[3] I. Reilly, Generalized closed sets, Kyoto J. Math. Oct., (2002), 1-11.
[4] J. N. Sharma, General topology Krishan Prakashan Meerut U.P, (1977).
[5] J. W. T. Youngs, A note on separation axioms and their application in the theory of locally connected
topological spaces, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., Vol.49, (1943), 383-385.
[6] L. A. Al-Swidi and B. Mohammed, Separation axioms via kernel set in topological spaces, Archive Des
Sciences, Vol.65, No.7, (2012), 41-48.
[7] M. Mathew and R. Parimelazhagan, -Closed set in topological spaces, International Journal of
Mathematical Analysis, Vol.8, No.47, (2014), 2325-2329.
[8] N. Levine, Generalized closed sets in topology, Rend. Circ. Math. Palermo, 19(2)(1970), 89-96.
[9] N. A. Shanin, On separation in topological spaces, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Vol. 38, (1943), 110-113.
[10] O. Njastad, On some classes of nearly open sets, Pacific J. Math., 15(1965), 961-970.
144
The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event management.
The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting platform.
Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the following
page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those
inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version of the journals is also
available upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
Academic conference: http://www.iiste.org/conference/upcoming-conferences-call-for-paper/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners

EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek
EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar

Tmp165e TMP

Cargado por

Información del documento

Título original

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Tmp165e TMP

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Mathematical Theory and Modeling

ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online)

Separation Axioms via -Kernel Set associated with Closed Set

Mathematical Theory and Modeling

3. -Kernel and - -Spaces, = ,

Mathematical Theory and Modeling

Mathematical Theory and Modeling

Mathematical Theory and Modeling

Mathematical Theory and Modeling

Mathematical Theory and Modeling

Mathematical Theory and Modeling

Matrix Representation (4.1)

Mathematical Theory and Modeling

Theorem 5.4: In topological --space (, ), every -1 -space is - -space.

Mathematical Theory and Modeling

Mathematical Theory and Modeling

Matrix Representation (5.1)

IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners

También podría gustarte