Está en la página 1de 126



0XFKRVDxRVGHVSXpVIUHQWHDOSHORWyQGHIXVLODPLHQWRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
KDEtD GH UHFRUGDU DTXHOOD WDUGH UHPRWD HQ TXH VX SDGUH OR OOHYy D FRQRFHU HO KLHOR
0DFRQGR HQ HVH HQWRQFHV HUD XQD SHTXHxD DOGHD D OD TXH OOHJDEDQ WRGRV ORV DxRV
SRUHOPHVGHPDU]RORVJLWDQRVGLULJLGRVSRU0HOTXtDGHVOOHYDQGRORV~OWLPRVLQYHQWRV
GHODFLHQFLD(OSDWULDUFD\IXQGDGRUGH0DFRQGR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDVHREVHVLRQD
FRQ ORV LQYHQWRV GH ORV JLWDQRV DO H[WUHPR GH GHVFXLGDU D VX IDPLOLD 'HVFXEUH TXH OD
WLHUUDHVUHGRQGD\SODQHDXQYLDMHSDUDHQFRQWUDUODWLHUUDGHORVLQYHQWRVSHUROXHJR
GH XQ SHOLJURVR YLDMH VROR OOHJy DO PDU $QWH VX GHFLVLyQ GH DEDQGRQDU 0DFRQGR
UVXOD VX PXMHU OR GHWLHQH \ OH GLFH TXH VH RFXSH GH VXV KLMRV -RVp $UFDGLR VH
HQWUHWLHQH HQ GDUOHV OHFFFLRQHV SRFR YHUtGLFDV D VXV KLMRV -RVp $UFDGLR \ $XUHOLDQR
&XDQGR YXHOYHQ ORV JLWDQRV -RVp $UFDGLR VH HQWHUD GH OD PXHUWH GH 0HOTXtDGHV
$GHPiVMXQWRFRQVXVGRVKLMRVFRQRFHHOKLHORTXHHOFUHHHVHOPiVJUDQGHLQYHQWR
GHVXWLHPSR

7tWXORRULJLQDO&LHQDxRVGHVROHGDG
*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH]
'LVHxRUHWRTXHSRUWDGD3HUVHR
(GLWRURULJLQDO3HUVHR YDY
H3XEEDVHY

*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH]

&LHQDxRVGHVROHGDG
H38%Y

3HUVHR

3DUD-RPt*DUFtD$VFRW
\0DUtD/XLVD(OtR

0XFKRVDxRVGHVSXpVIUHQWHDOSHORWyQGHIXVLODPLHQWRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDKDEtDGH
UHFRUGDUDTXHOODWDUGHUHPRWDHQTXHVXSDGUHOROOHYyDFRQRFHUHOKLHOR0DFRQGRHUDHQWRQFHV
XQDDOGHDGHYHLQWHFDVDVGHEDUUR\FDxDEUDYDFRQVWUXLGDVDODRULOODGHXQUtRGHDJXDVGLiIDQDV
TXH VH SUHFLSLWDEDQ SRU XQ OHFKR GH SLHGUDV SXOLGDV EODQFDV \ HQRUPHV FRPR KXHYRV
SUHKLVWyULFRV (O PXQGR HUD WDQ UHFLHQWH TXH PXFKDV FRVDV FDUHFtDQ GH QRPEUH \ SDUD
PHQFLRQDUODVKDEtDTXHVHxDODUODVFRQHOGHGR7RGRVORVDxRVSRUHOPHVGHPDU]RXQDIDPLOLD
GHJLWDQRVGHVDUUDSDGRVSODQWDEDVXFDUSDFHUFDGHODDOGHD\FRQXQJUDQGHDOERURWRGHSLWRV\
WLPEDOHVGDEDQDFRQRFHUORVQXHYRVLQYHQWRV3ULPHUROOHYDURQHOLPiQ8QJLWDQRFRUSXOHQWRGH
EDUED PRQWDUD] \ PDQRV GH JRUULyQ TXH VH SUHVHQWy FRQ HO QRPEUH GH 0HOTXtDGHV KL]R XQD
WUXFXOHQWD GHPRVWUDFLyQ S~EOLFD GH OR TXH pO PLVPR OODPDED OD RFWDYD PDUDYLOOD GH ORV VDELRV
DOTXLPLVWDV GH 0DFHGRQLD )XH GH FDVD HQ FDVD DUUDVWUDQGR GRV OLQJRWHV PHWiOLFRV \ WRGR HO
PXQGRVHHVSDQWyDOYHUTXHORVFDOGHURVODVSDLODVODVWHQD]DV\ORVDQDIHVVHFDtDQGHVXVLWLR
\ ODV PDGHUDV FUXMtDQ SRU OD GHVHVSHUDFLyQ GH ORV FODYRV \ ORV WRUQLOORV WUDWDQGR GH
GHVHQFODYDUVH\DXQORVREMHWRVSHUGLGRVGHVGHKDFtDPXFKRWLHPSRDSDUHFtDQSRUGRQGHPiVVH
OHV KDEtD EXVFDGR \ VH DUUDVWUDEDQ HQ GHVEDQGDGD WXUEXOHQWD GHWUiV GH ORV ILHUURV PiJLFRV GH
0HOTXtDGHV/DVFRVDVWLHQHQYLGDSURSLDSUHJRQDEDHOJLWDQRFRQiVSHURDFHQWRWRGRHV
FXHVWLyQ GH GHVSHUWDUOHV HO iQLPD -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD FX\D GHVDIRUDGD LPDJLQDFLyQ LED
VLHPSUHPiVOHMRVTXHHOLQJHQLRGHODQDWXUDOH]D\DXQPiVDOOiGHOPLODJUR\ODPDJLDSHQVy
TXH HUD SRVLEOH VHUYLUVH GH DTXHOOD LQYHQFLyQ LQ~WLO SDUD GHVHQWUDxDU HO RUR GH OD WLHUUD
0HOTXtDGHV TXH HUD XQ KRPEUH KRQUDGR OH SUHYLQR 3DUD HVR QR VLUYH 3HUR -RVp $UFDGLR
%XHQGtDQRFUHtDHQDTXHOWLHPSRHQODKRQUDGH]GHORVJLWDQRVDVtTXHFDPELyVXPXOR\XQD
SDUWLGD GH FKLYRV SRU ORV GRV OLQJRWHV LPDQWDGRV UVXOD ,JXDUiQ VX PXMHU TXH FRQWDED FRQ
DTXHOORVDQLPDOHVSDUDHQVDQFKDUHOGHVPHGUDGRSDWULPRQLRGRPpVWLFRQRFRQVLJXLyGLVXDGLUOR
0X\ SURQWR KD GH VREUDUQRV RUR SDUD HPSHGUDU OD FDVD UHSOLFy VX PDULGR 'XUDQWH YDULRV
PHVHV VH HPSHxy HQ GHPRVWUDU HO DFLHUWR GH VXV FRQMHWXUDV ([SORUy SDOPR D SDOPR OD UHJLyQ
LQFOXVLYH HO IRQGR GHO UtR DUUDVWUDQGR ORV GRV OLQJRWHV GH KLHUUR \ UHFLWDQGR HQ YR] DOWD HO
FRQMXURGH0HOTXtDGHV/R~QLFRTXHORJUyGHVHQWHUUDUIXHXQDDUPDGXUDGHOVLJOR;9FRQWRGDV
VXVSDUWHVVROGDGDVSRUXQFDVFRWHGHy[LGRFX\RLQWHULRUWHQtDODUHVRQDQFLDKXHFDGHXQHQRUPH
FDODED]ROOHQRGHSLHGUDV&XDQGR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD\ORVFXDWURKRPEUHVGHVXH[SHGLFLyQ

ORJUDURQ GHVDUWLFXODU OD DUPDGXUD HQFRQWUDURQ GHQWUR XQ HVTXHOHWR FDOFLILFDGR TXH OOHYDED
FROJDGRHQHOFXHOORXQUHOLFDULRGHFREUHFRQXQUL]RGHPXMHU
(Q PDU]R YROYLHURQ ORV JLWDQRV (VWD YH] OOHYDEDQ XQ FDWDOHMR \ XQD OXSD GHO WDPDxR GH XQ
WDPERUTXHH[KLELHURQFRPRHO~OWLPRGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHORVMXGtRVGH$PVWHUGDP6HQWDURQXQD
JLWDQD HQ XQ H[WUHPR GH OD DOGHD H LQVWDODURQ HO FDWDOHMR D OD HQWUDGD GH OD FDUSD 0HGLDQWH HO
SDJRGHFLQFRUHDOHVODJHQWHVHDVRPDEDDOFDWDOHMR\YHtDDODJLWDQDDODOFDQFHGHVXPDQR
/D FLHQFLD KD HOLPLQDGR ODV GLVWDQFLDV SUHJRQDED 0HOTXtDGHV 'HQWUR GH SRFR HO KRPEUH
SRGUi YHU OR TXH RFXUUH HQ FXDOTXLHU OXJDU GH OD WLHUUD VLQ PRYHUVH GH VX FDVD 8Q PHGLRGtD
DUGLHQWH KLFLHURQ XQD DVRPEURVD GHPRVWUDFLyQ FRQ OD OXSD JLJDQWHVFD SXVLHURQ XQ PRQWyQ GH
KLHUED VHFD HQ PLWDG GH OD FDOOH \ OH SUHQGLHURQ IXHJR PHGLDQWH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH ORV UD\RV
VRODUHV-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDTXHD~QQRDFDEDEDGHFRQVRODUVHSRUHOIUDFDVRGHVXVLPDQHV
FRQFLELyODLGHDGHXWLOL]DUDTXHOLQYHQWRFRPRXQDUPDGHJXHUUD0HOTXtDGHVRWUDYH]WUDWyGH
GLVXDGLUOR3HURWHUPLQySRUDFHSWDUORVGRVOLQJRWHVLPDQWDGRV\WUHVSLH]DVGHGLQHURFRORQLDOD
FDPELR GH OD OXSD UVXOD OORUy GH FRQVWHUQDFLyQ $TXHO GLQHUR IRUPDED SDUWH GH XQ FRIUH GH
PRQHGDVGHRURTXHVXSDGUHKDEtDDFXPXODGRHQWRGDXQDYLGDGHSULYDFLRQHV\TXHHOODKDEtD
HQWHUUDGR GHEDMR GH OD FDPD HQ HVSHUD GH XQD EXHQD RFDVLyQ SDUD LQYHUWLUODV -RVp $UFDGLR
%XHQGtDQRWUDWyVLTXLHUDGHFRQVRODUODHQWUHJDGRSRUHQWHURDVXVH[SHULPHQWRVWiFWLFRVFRQOD
DEQHJDFLyQGHXQFLHQWtILFR\DXQDULHVJRGHVXSURSLDYLGD7UDWDQGRGHGHPRVWUDUORVHIHFWRV
GH OD OXSD HQ OD WURSD HQHPLJD VH H[SXVR pO PLVPR D OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH ORV UD\RV VRODUHV \
VXIULy TXHPDGXUDV TXH VH FRQYLUWLHURQ HQ ~OFHUDV \ WDUGDURQ PXFKR WLHPSR HQ VDQDU $QWH ODV
SURWHVWDVGHVXPXMHUDODUPDGDSRUWDQSHOLJURVDLQYHQWLYDHVWXYRDSXQWRGHLQFHQGLDUODFDVD
3DVDED ODUJDV KRUDV HQ VX FXDUWR KDFLHQGR FiOFXORV VREUH ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV HVWUDWpJLFDV GH VX
DUPDQRYHGRVDKDVWDTXHORJUyFRPSRQHUXQPDQXDOGHXQDDVRPEURVDFODULGDGGLGiFWLFD\XQ
SRGHU GH FRQYLFFLyQ LUUHVLVWLEOH /R HQYLy D ODV DXWRULGDGHV DFRPSDxDGR GH QXPHURVRV
WHVWLPRQLRVVREUHVXVH[SHULHQFLDV\GHYDULRVSOLHJRVGHGLEXMRVH[SOLFDWLYRVDOFXLGDGRGHXQ
PHQVDMHUR TXH DWUDYHVy OD VLHUUD VH H[WUDYLy HQ SDQWDQRV GHVPHVXUDGRV UHPRQWy UtRV
WRUPHQWRVRV\HVWXYRDSXQWRGHSHUHFHUEDMRHOD]RWHGHODVILHUDVODGHVHVSHUDFLyQ\ODSHVWH
DQWHV GH FRQVHJXLU XQD UXWD GH HQODFH FRQ ODV PXODV GHO FRUUHR $ SHVDU GH TXH HO YLDMH D OD
FDSLWDOHUDHQDTXHOWLHPSRSRFRPHQRVTXHLPSRVLEOH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDSURPHWtDLQWHQWDUOR
WDQSURQWRFRPRVHORRUGHQDUDHOJRELHUQRFRQHOILQGHKDFHUGHPRVWUDFLRQHVSUiFWLFDVGHVX
LQYHQWRDQWHORVSRGHUHVPLOLWDUHV\DGLHVWUDUORVSHUVRQDOPHQWHHQODVFRPSOLFDGDVDUWHVGHOD
JXHUUDVRODU'XUDQWHYDULRVDxRVHVSHUyODUHVSXHVWD3RU~OWLPRFDQVDGRGHHVSHUDUVHODPHQWy
DQWH0HOTXtDGHVGHOIUDFDVRGHVXLQLFLDWLYD\HOJLWDQRGLRHQWRQFHVXQDSUXHEDFRQYLQFHQWHGH
KRQUDGH] OH GHYROYLy ORV GREORQHV D FDPELR GH OD OXSD \ OH GHMy DGHPiV XQRV PDSDV
SRUWXJXHVHV \ YDULRV LQVWUXPHQWRV GH QDYHJDFLyQ 'H VX SXxR \ OHWUD HVFULELy XQD DSUHWDGD
VtQWHVLVGHORVHVWXGLRVGHOPRQMH+HUPDQQTXHGHMyDVXGLVSRVLFLyQSDUDTXHSXGLHUDVHUYLUVH
GHO DVWURODELR OD EU~MXOD \ HO VH[WDQWH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD SDVy ORV ODUJRV PHVHV GH OOXYLD
HQFHUUDGR HQ XQ FXDUWLWR TXH FRQVWUX\y HQ HO IRQGR GH OD FDVD SDUD TXH QDGLH SHUWXUEDUD VXV
H[SHULPHQWRV +DELHQGR DEDQGRQDGR SRU FRPSOHWR ODV REOLJDFLRQHV GRPpVWLFDV SHUPDQHFLy

QRFKHV HQWHUDV HQ HO SDWLR YLJLODQGR HO FXUVR GH ORV DVWURV \ HVWXYR D SXQWR GH FRQWUDHU XQD
LQVRODFLyQSRUWUDWDUGHHVWDEOHFHUXQPpWRGRH[DFWRSDUDHQFRQWUDUHOPHGLRGtD&XDQGRVHKL]R
H[SHUWR HQ HO XVR \ PDQHMR GH VXV LQVWUXPHQWRV WXYR XQD QRFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR TXH OH SHUPLWLy
QDYHJDU SRU PDUHV LQFyJQLWRV YLVLWDU WHUULWRULRV GHVKDELWDGRV \ WUDEDU UHODFLyQ FRQ VHUHV
HVSOpQGLGRVVLQQHFHVLGDGGHDEDQGRQDUVXJDELQHWH)XHHVDODpSRFDHQTXHDGTXLULyHOKiELWR
GHKDEODUDVRODVSDVHiQGRVHSRUODFDVDVLQKDFHUFDVRGHQDGLHPLHQWUDVUVXOD\ORVQLxRVVH
SDUWtDQHOHVSLQD]RHQODKXHUWDFXLGDQGRHOSOiWDQR\ODPDODQJDOD\XFD\HOxDPHODDKX\DPD\
ODEHUHQMHQD'HSURQWRVLQQLQJ~QDQXQFLRVXDFWLYLGDGIHEULOVHLQWHUUXPSLy\IXHVXVWLWXLGDSRU
XQDHVSHFLHGHIDVFLQDFLyQ(VWXYRYDULRVGtDVFRPRKHFKL]DGRUHSLWLpQGRVHDVtPLVPRHQYR]
EDMD XQ VDUWDO GH DVRPEURVDV FRQMHWXUDV VLQ GDU FUpGLWR D VX SURSLR HQWHQGLPLHQWR 3RU ILQ XQ
PDUWHVGHGLFLHPEUHDODKRUDGHODOPXHU]RVROWyGHXQJROSHWRGDODFDUJDGHVXWRUPHQWR/RV
QLxRVKDEtDQGHUHFRUGDUSRUHOUHVWRGHVXYLGDODDXJXVWDVROHPQLGDGFRQTXHVXSDGUHVHVHQWy
D OD FDEHFHUD GH OD PHVD WHPEODQGR GH ILHEUH GHYDVWDGR SRU OD SURORQJDGD YLJLOLD \ SRU HO
HQFRQRGHVXLPDJLQDFLyQ\OHVUHYHOyVXGHVFXEULPLHQWR
/DWLHUUDHVUHGRQGDFRPRXQDQDUDQMD
UVXODSHUGLyODSDFLHQFLD6LKDVGHYROYHUWHORFRYXpOYHWHW~VRORJULWy3HURQRWUDWHV
GH LQFXOFDU D ORV QLxRV WXV LGHDV GH JLWDQR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD LPSDVLEOH QR VH GHMy
DPHGUHQWDUSRUODGHVHVSHUDFLyQGHVXPXMHUTXHHQXQUDSWRGHFyOHUDOHGHVWUR]yHODVWURODELR
FRQWUD HO VXHOR &RQVWUX\y RWUR UHXQLy HQ HO FXDUWLWR D ORV KRPEUHV GHO SXHEOR \ OHV GHPRVWUy
FRQ WHRUtDV TXH SDUD WRGRV UHVXOWDEDQ LQFRPSUHQVLEOHV OD SRVLELOLGDG GH UHJUHVDU DO SXQWR GH
SDUWLGD QDYHJDQGR VLHPSUH KDFLD HO 2ULHQWH 7RGD OD DOGHD HVWDED FRQYHQFLGD GH TXH -RVp
$UFDGLR%XHQGtDKDEtDSHUGLGRHOMXLFLRFXDQGROOHJy0HOTXtDGHVDSRQHUODVFRVDVHQVXSXQWR
([DOWyHQS~EOLFRODLQWHOLJHQFLDGHDTXHOKRPEUHTXHSRUSXUDHVSHFXODFLyQDVWURQyPLFDKDEtD
FRQVWUXLGR XQD WHRUtD \D FRPSUREDGD HQ OD SUiFWLFD DXQTXH GHVFRQRFLGD KDVWD HQWRQFHV HQ
0DFRQGR \ FRPR XQD SUXHED GH VX DGPLUDFLyQ OH KL]R XQ UHJDOR TXH KDEtD GH HMHUFHU XQD
LQIOXHQFLDWHUPLQDQWHHQHOIXWXURGHODDOGHDXQODERUDWRULRGHDOTXLPLD
3DUD HVD pSRFD 0HOTXtDGHV KDEtD HQYHMHFLGR FRQ XQD UDSLGH] DVRPEURVD (Q VXV SULPHURV
YLDMHVSDUHFtDWHQHUODPLVPDHGDGGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD3HURPLHQWUDVpVWHFRQVHUYDEDVX
IXHU]D GHVFRPXQDO TXH OH SHUPLWtD GHUULEDU XQ FDEDOOR DJDUUiQGROR SRU ODV RUHMDV HO JLWDQR
SDUHFtD HVWUDJDGR SRU XQD GROHQFLD WHQD] (UD HQ UHDOLGDG HO UHVXOWDGR GH P~OWLSOHV \ UDUDV
HQIHUPHGDGHVFRQWUDtGDVHQVXVLQFRQWDEOHVYLDMHVDOUHGHGRUGHOPXQGR6HJ~QpOPLVPROHFRQWy
D-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDPLHQWUDVORD\XGDEDDPRQWDUHOODERUDWRULRODPXHUWHORVHJXtDDWRGDV
SDUWHVKXVPHiQGROHORVSDQWDORQHVSHURVLQGHFLGLUVHDGDUOHHO]DUSD]RILQDO(UDXQIXJLWLYRGH
FXDQWDV SODJDV \ FDWiVWURIHV KDEtDQ IODJHODGR DO JpQHUR KXPDQR 6REUHYLYLy D OD SHODJUD HQ
3HUVLD DO HVFRUEXWR HQ HO DUFKLSLpODJR GH 0DODVLD D OD OHSUD HQ $OHMDQGUtD DO EHULEHUL HQ HO
-DSyQDODSHVWHEXEyQLFDHQ0DGDJDVFDUDOWHUUHPRWRGH6LFLOLD\DXQQDXIUDJLRPXOWLWXGLQDULR
HQHOHVWUHFKRGH0DJDOODQHV$TXHOVHUSURGLJLRVRTXHGHFtDSRVHHUODVFODYHVGH1RVWUDGDPXV
HUDXQKRPEUHO~JXEUHHQYXHOWRHQXQDXUDWULVWHFRQXQDPLUDGDDVLiWLFDTXHSDUHFtDFRQRFHUHO
RWUR ODGR GH ODV FRVDV 8VDED XQ VRPEUHUR JUDQGH \ QHJUR FRPR ODV DODV H[WHQGLGDV GH XQ

FXHUYR \ XQ FKDOHFR GH WHUFLRSHOR SDWLQDGR SRU HO YHUGtQ GH ORV VLJORV 3HUR D SHVDU GH VX
LQPHQVDVDELGXUtD\GHVXiPELWRPLVWHULRVRWHQtDXQSHVRKXPDQRXQDFRQGLFLyQWHUUHVWUHTXHOR
PDQWHQtDHQUHGDGRHQORVPLQ~VFXORVSUREOHPDVGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQD6HTXHMDEDGHGROHQFLDVGH
YLHMRVXIUtDSRUORVPiVLQVLJQLILFDQWHVSHUFDQFHVHFRQyPLFRV\KDEtDGHMDGRGHUHtUGHVGHKDFtD
PXFKRWLHPSRSRUTXHHOHVFRUEXWROHKDEtDDUUDQFDGRORVGLHQWHV(OVRIRFDQWHPHGLRGtDHQTXH
UHYHOyVXVVHFUHWRV-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDWXYRODFHUWLGXPEUHGHTXHDTXHOHUDHOSULQFLSLRGH
XQDJUDQGHDPLVWDG/RVQLxRVVHDVRPEUDURQFRQVXVUHODWRVIDQWiVWLFRV$XUHOLDQRTXHQRWHQtD
HQWRQFHV PiV GH FLQFR DxRV KDEtD GH UHFRUGDUOR SRU HO UHVWR GH VX YLGD FRPR OR YLR DTXHOOD
WDUGH VHQWDGR FRQWUD OD FODULGDG PHWiOLFD \ UHYHUEHUDQWH GH OD YHQWDQD DOXPEUDQGR FRQ VX
SURIXQGDYR]GHyUJDQRORVWHUULWRULRVPiVRVFXURVGHODLPDJLQDFLyQPLHQWUDVFKRUUHDEDSRUVXV
VLHQHV OD JUDVD GHUUHWLGD SRU HO FDORU -RVp $UFDGLR VX KHUPDQR PD\RU KDEtD GH WUDQVPLWLU
DTXHOOD LPDJHQ PDUDYLOORVD FRPR XQ UHFXHUGR KHUHGLWDULR D WRGD VX GHVFHQGHQFLD UVXOD HQ
FDPELRFRQVHUYyXQPDOUHFXHUGRGHDTXHOODYLVLWDSRUTXHHQWUyDOFXDUWRHQHOPRPHQWRHQTXH
0HOTXtDGHVURPSLySRUGLVWUDFFLyQXQIUDVFRGHELFORUXURGHPHUFXULR
(VHORORUGHOGHPRQLRGLMRHOOD
(QDEVROXWRFRUULJLy0HOTXtDGHV(VWiFRPSUREDGRTXHHOGHPRQLRWLHQHSURSLHGDGHV
VXOI~ULFDV\HVWRQRHVPiVTXHXQSRFRGHVROLPiQ
6LHPSUHGLGiFWLFRKL]RXQDVDELDH[SRVLFLyQVREUHODVYLUWXGHVGLDEyOLFDVGHOFLQDEULRSHUR
UVXODQROHKL]RFDVRVLQRTXHVHOOHYyORVQLxRVDUH]DU$TXHORORUPRUGLHQWHTXHGDUtDSDUD
VLHPSUHHQVXPHPRULDYLQFXODGRDOUHFXHUGRGH0HOTXtDGHV
(OUXGLPHQWDULRODERUDWRULRVLQFRQWDUXQDSURIXVLyQGHFD]XHODVHPEXGRVUHWRUWDVILOWURV
\FRODGRUHVHVWDEDFRPSXHVWRSRUXQDWDQRUSULPLWLYRXQDSUREHWDGHFULVWDOGHFXHOORODUJR\
DQJRVWRLPLWDFLyQGHOKXHYRILORVyILFR\XQGHVWLODGRUFRQVWUXLGRSRUORVSURSLRVJLWDQRVVHJ~Q
ODV GHVFULSFLRQHV PRGHUQDV GHO DODPELTXH GH WUHV EUD]RV GH 0DUtD OD MXGtD $GHPiV GH HVWDV
FRVDV0HOTXtDGHVGHMyPXHVWUDVGHORVVLHWHPHWDOHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDORVVLHWHSODQHWDVODV
IyUPXODVGH0RLVpV\=yVLPRSDUDHOGREODGRGHORUR\XQDVHULHGHDSXQWHV\GLEXMRVVREUHORV
SURFHVRV GHO *UDQ 0DJLVWHULR TXH SHUPLWtDQ D TXLHQ VXSLHUD LQWHUSUHWDUORV LQWHQWDU OD
IDEULFDFLyQ GH OD SLHGUD ILORVRIDO 6HGXFLGR SRU OD VLPSOLFLGDG GH ODV IyUPXODV SDUD GREODU HO
RUR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD FRUWHMy D UVXOD GXUDQWH YDULDV VHPDQDV SDUD TXH OH SHUPLWLHUD
GHVHQWHUUDU VXV PRQHGDV FRORQLDOHV \ DXPHQWDUODV WDQWDV YHFHV FRPR HUD SRVLEOH VXEGLYLGLU HO
D]RJXH UVXOD FHGLy FRPR RFXUUtD VLHPSUH DQWH OD LQTXHEUDQWDEOH REVWLQDFLyQ GH VX PDULGR
(QWRQFHV-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDHFKyWUHLQWDGREORQHVHQXQDFD]XHOD\ORVIXQGLyFRQUDVSDGXUD
GHFREUHRURSLPHQWHD]XIUH\SORPR3XVRDKHUYLUWRGRDIXHJRYLYRHQXQFDOGHURGHDFHLWHGH
ULFLQR KDVWD REWHQHU XQ MDUDEH HVSHVR \ SHVWLOHQWH PiV SDUHFLGR DO FDUDPHOR YXOJDU TXH DO RUR
PDJQtILFR (Q D]DURVRV \ GHVHVSHUDGRV SURFHVRV GH GHVWLODFLyQ IXQGLGD FRQ ORV VLHWH PHWDOHV
SODQHWDULRV WUDEDMDGD FRQ HO PHUFXULR KHUPpWLFR \ HO YLWULROR GH &KLSUH \ YXHOWD D FRFHU HQ
PDQWHFDGHFHUGRDIDOWDGHDFHLWHGHUiEDQRODSUHFLRVDKHUHQFLDGHUVXODTXHGyUHGXFLGDDXQ
FKLFKDUUyQFDUERQL]DGRTXHQRSXGRVHUGHVSUHQGLGRGHOIRQGRGHOFDOGHUR
&XDQGR YROYLHURQ ORV JLWDQRV UVXOD KDEtD SUHGLVSXHVWR FRQWUD HOORV D WRGD OD SREODFLyQ

3HUR OD FXULRVLGDG SXGR PiV TXH HO WHPRU SRUTXH DTXHOOD YH] ORV JLWDQRV UHFRUULHURQ OD DOGHD
KDFLHQGRXQUXLGRHQVRUGHFHGRUFRQWRGDFODVHGHLQVWUXPHQWRVP~VLFRVPLHQWUDVHOSUHJRQHUR
DQXQFLDED OD H[KLELFLyQ GHO PiV IDEXORVR KDOOD]JR GH ORV QDVFLDQFHQRV 'H PRGR TXH WRGR HO
PXQGR VH IXH D OD FDUSD \ PHGLDQWH HO SDJR GH XQ FHQWDYR YLHURQ XQ 0HOTXtDGHV MXYHQLO
UHSXHVWR GHVDUUXJDGR FRQ XQD GHQWDGXUD QXHYD \ UDGLDQWH 4XLHQHV UHFRUGDEDQ VXV HQFtDV
GHVWUXLGDV SRU HO HVFRUEXWR VXV PHMLOODV IOiFFLGDV \ VXV ODELRV PDUFKLWRV VH HVWUHPHFLHURQ GH
SDYRU DQWH DTXHOOD SUXHED WHUPLQDQWH GH ORV SRGHUHV VREUHQDWXUDOHV GHO JLWDQR (O SDYRU VH
FRQYLUWLyHQSiQLFRFXDQGR0HOTXtDGHVVHVDFyORVGLHQWHVLQWDFWRVHQJDVWDGRVHQODVHQFtDV\
VHORVPRVWUyDOS~EOLFRSRUXQLQVWDQWHXQLQVWDQWHIXJD]HQTXHYROYLyDVHUHOPLVPRKRPEUH
GHFUpSLWRGHORVDxRVDQWHULRUHV\VHORVSXVRRWUDYH]\VRQULyGHQXHYRFRQXQGRPLQLRSOHQR
GH VX MXYHQWXG UHVWDXUDGD +DVWD HO SURSLR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD FRQVLGHUy TXH ORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV GH 0HOTXtDGHV KDEtDQ OOHJDGR D H[WUHPRV LQWROHUDEOHV SHUR H[SHULPHQWy XQ
VDOXGDEOH DOERUR]R FXDQGR HO JLWDQR OH H[SOLFy D VRODV HO PHFDQLVPR GH VX GHQWDGXUD SRVWL]D
$TXHOOROHSDUHFLyDODYH]WDQVHQFLOOR\SURGLJLRVRTXHGHODQRFKHDODPDxDQDSHUGLyWRGR
LQWHUpV HQ ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GH DOTXLPLD VXIULy XQD QXHYD FULVLV GH PDO KXPRU QR YROYLy D
FRPHU HQ IRUPD UHJXODU \ VH SDVDED HO GtD GDQGR YXHOWDV SRU OD FDVD (Q HO PXQGR HVWiQ
RFXUULHQGRFRVDVLQFUHtEOHVOHGHFtDDUVXOD$KtPLVPRDORWURODGRGHOUtRKD\WRGDFODVH
GH DSDUDWRV PiJLFRV PLHQWUDV QRVRWURV VHJXLPRV YLYLHQGR FRPR ORV EXUURV 4XLHQHV OR
FRQRFtDQ GHVGH ORV WLHPSRV GH OD IXQGDFLyQ GH 0DFRQGR VH DVRPEUDEDQ GH FXiQWR KDEtD
FDPELDGREDMRODLQIOXHQFLDGH0HOTXtDGHV
$O SULQFLSLR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD HUD XQD HVSHFLH GH SDWULDUFD MXYHQLO TXH GDED
LQVWUXFFLRQHVSDUDODVLHPEUD\FRQVHMRVSDUDODFULDQ]DGHQLxRV\DQLPDOHV\FRODERUDEDFRQ
WRGRV DXQ HQ HO WUDEDMR ItVLFR SDUD OD EXHQD PDUFKD GH OD FRPXQLGDG 3XHVWR TXH VX FDVD IXH
GHVGH HO SULPHU PRPHQWR OD PHMRU GH OD DOGHD ODV RWUDV IXHURQ DUUHJODGDV D VX LPDJHQ \
VHPHMDQ]D7HQtDXQDVDOLWDDPSOLD\ELHQLOXPLQDGDXQFRPHGRUHQIRUPDGHWHUUD]DFRQIORUHV
GHFRORUHVDOHJUHVGRVGRUPLWRULRVXQSDWLRFRQXQFDVWDxRJLJDQWHVFRXQKXHUWRELHQSODQWDGR\
XQFRUUDOGRQGHYLYtDQHQFRPXQLGDGSDFtILFDORVFKLYRVORVFHUGRV\ODVJDOOLQDV/RV~QLFRV
DQLPDOHVSURKLELGRVQRVyORHQODFDVDVLQRHQWRGRHOSREODGRHUDQORVJDOORVGHSHOHD
/D ODERULRVLGDG GH UVXOD DQGDED D OD SDU FRQ OD GH VX PDULGR $FWLYD PHQXGD VHYHUD
DTXHOODPXMHUGHQHUYLRVLQTXHEUDQWDEOHVDTXLHQHQQLQJ~QPRPHQWRGHVXYLGDVHODR\yFDQWDU
SDUHFtDHVWDUHQWRGDVSDUWHVGHVGHHODPDQHFHUKDVWDPX\HQWUDGDODQRFKHVLHPSUHSHUVHJXLGD
SRUHOVXDYHVXVXUURGHVXVSROOHULQHVGHROiQ*UDFLDVDHOODORVSLVRVGHWLHUUDJROSHDGDORV
PXURVGHEDUURVLQHQFDODUORVU~VWLFRVPXHEOHVGHPDGHUDFRQVWUXLGRVSRUHOORVPLVPRVHVWDEDQ
VLHPSUH OLPSLRV \ ORV YLHMRV DUFRQHV GRQGH VH JXDUGDED OD URSD H[KDODEDQ XQ WLELR RORU GH
DOEDKDFD
-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDTXHHUDHOKRPEUHPiVHPSUHQGHGRUTXHVHYHUtDMDPiVHQODDOGHD
KDEtD GLVSXHVWR GH WDO PRGR OD SRVLFLyQ GH ODV FDVDV TXH GHVGH WRGDV SRGtD OOHJDUVH DO UtR \
DEDVWHFHUVHGHDJXDFRQLJXDOHVIXHU]R\WUD]yODVFDOOHVFRQWDQEXHQVHQWLGRTXHQLQJXQDFDVD
UHFLEtDPiVVROTXHRWUDDODKRUDGHOFDORU(QSRFRVDxRV0DFRQGRIXHXQDDOGHDPiVRUGHQDGD

\ODERULRVDTXHFXDOTXLHUDGHODVFRQRFLGDVKDVWDHQWRQFHVSRUVXVKDELWDQWHV(UDHQYHUGDG
XQDDOGHDIHOL]GRQGHQDGLHHUDPD\RUGHWUHLQWDDxRV\GRQGHQDGLHKDEtDPXHUWR
'HVGH ORV WLHPSRV GH OD IXQGDFLyQ -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD FRQVWUX\y WUDPSDV \ MDXODV (Q
SRFRWLHPSROOHQyGHWXUSLDOHVFDQDULRVD]XOHMRV\SHWLUURMRVQRVyORODSURSLDFDVDVLQRWRGDV
ODVGHODDOGHD(OFRQFLHUWRGHWDQWRVSiMDURVGLVWLQWRVOOHJyDVHUWDQDWXUGLGRUTXHUVXODVH
WDSyORVRtGRVFRQFHUDGHDEHMDVSDUDQRSHUGHUHOVHQWLGRGHODUHDOLGDG/DSULPHUDYH]TXH
OOHJyODWULEXGH0HOTXtDGHVYHQGLHQGRERODVGHYLGULRSDUDHOGRORUGHFDEH]DWRGRHOPXQGRVH
VRUSUHQGLyGHTXHKXELHUDQSRGLGRHQFRQWUDUDTXHOODDOGHDSHUGLGDHQHOVRSRUGHODFLpQDJD\
ORVJLWDQRVFRQIHVDURQTXHVHKDEtDQRULHQWDGRSRUHOFDQWRGHORVSiMDURV
$TXHO HVStULWX GH LQLFLDWLYD VRFLDO GHVDSDUHFLy HQ SRFR WLHPSR DUUDVWUDGR SRU OD ILHEUH GH
ORVLPDQHVORVFiOFXORVDVWURQyPLFRVORVVXHxRVGHWUDQVPXWDFLyQ\ODVDQVLDVGHFRQRFHUODV
PDUDYLOODV GHO PXQGR 'H HPSUHQGHGRU \ OLPSLR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD VH FRQYLUWLy HQ XQ
KRPEUHGHDVSHFWRKROJD]iQGHVFXLGDGRHQHOYHVWLUFRQXQDEDUEDVDOYDMHTXHUVXODORJUDED
FXDGUDUDGXUDVSHQDVFRQXQFXFKLOORGHFRFLQD1RIDOWyTXLHQORFRQVLGHUDUDYtFWLPDGHDOJ~Q
H[WUDxRVRUWLOHJLR3HURKDVWDORVPiVFRQYHQFLGRVGHVXORFXUDDEDQGRQDURQWUDEDMR\IDPLOLDV
SDUDVHJXLUORFXDQGRVHHFKyDOKRPEURVXVKHUUDPLHQWDVGHGHVPRQWDU\SLGLyHOFRQFXUVRGH
WRGRVSDUDDEULUXQDWURFKDTXHSXVLHUDD0DFRQGRHQFRQWDFWRFRQORVJUDQGHVLQYHQWRV
-RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD LJQRUDED SRU FRPSOHWR OD JHRJUDItD GH OD UHJLyQ 6DEtD TXH KDFLD HO
RULHQWHHVWDEDODVLHUUDLPSHQHWUDEOH\DORWURODGRGHODVLHUUDODDQWLJXDFLXGDGGH5LRKDFKD
GRQGHHQpSRFDVSDVDGDVVHJ~QOHKDEtDFRQWDGRHOSULPHU$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDVXDEXHOR6LU
)UDQFLV 'UDNH VH GDED DO GHSRUWH GH FD]DU FDLPDQHV D FDxRQD]RV TXH OXHJR KDFtD UHPHQGDU \
UHOOHQDUGHSDMDSDUDOOHYiUVHORVDODUHLQD,VDEHO(QVXMXYHQWXGpO\VXVKRPEUHVFRQPXMHUHV
\QLxRV\DQLPDOHV\WRGDFODVHGHHQVHUHVGRPpVWLFRVDWUDYHVDURQODVLHUUDEXVFDQGRXQDVDOLGD
DOPDU\DOFDERGHYHLQWLVpLVPHVHVGHVLVWLHURQGHODHPSUHVD\IXQGDURQD0DFRQGRSDUDQR
WHQHUTXHHPSUHQGHUHOFDPLQRGHUHJUHVR(UDSXHVXQDUXWDTXHQROHLQWHUHVDEDSRUTXHVyOR
SRGtDFRQGXFLUORDOSDVDGR$OVXUHVWDEDQORVSDQWDQRVFXELHUWRVGHXQDHWHUQDQDWDYHJHWDO\HO
YDVWRXQLYHUVRGHODFLpQDJDJUDQGHTXHVHJ~QWHVWLPRQLRGHORVJLWDQRVFDUHFtDGHOtPLWHV/D
FLpQDJDJUDQGHVHFRQIXQGtDDORFFLGHQWHFRQXQDH[WHQVLyQDFXiWLFDVLQKRUL]RQWHVGRQGHKDEtD
FHWiFHRV GH SLHO GHOLFDGD FRQ FDEH]D \ WRUVR GH PXMHU TXH SHUGtDQ D ORV QDYHJDQWHV FRQ HO
KHFKL]R GH VXV WHWDV GHVFRPXQDOHV /RV JLWDQRV QDYHJDEDQ VHLV PHVHV SRU HVD UXWD DQWHV GH
DOFDQ]DUHOFLQWXUyQGHWLHUUDILUPHSRUGRQGHSDVDEDQODVPXODVGHOFRUUHR'HDFXHUGRFRQORV
FiOFXORVGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDOD~QLFDSRVLELOLGDGGHFRQWDFWRFRQODFLYLOL]DFLyQHUDODUXWD
GHO QRUWH 'H PRGR TXH GRWy GH KHUUDPLHQWDV GH GHVPRQWH \ DUPDV GH FDFHUtD D ORV PLVPRV
KRPEUHVTXHORDFRPSDxDURQHQODIXQGDFLyQGH0DFRQGRHFKyHQXQDPRFKLODVXVLQVWUXPHQWRV
GHRULHQWDFLyQ\VXVPDSDV\HPSUHQGLyODWHPHUDULDDYHQWXUD
/RV SULPHURV GtDV QR HQFRQWUDURQ XQ REVWiFXOR DSUHFLDEOH 'HVFHQGLHURQ SRU OD SHGUHJRVD
ULEHUDGHOUtRKDVWDHOOXJDUHQTXHDxRVDQWHVKDEtDQHQFRQWUDGRODDUPDGXUDGHOJXHUUHUR\DOOt
SHQHWUDURQ DO ERVTXH SRU XQ VHQGHUR GH QDUDQMRV VLOYHVWUHV $O WpUPLQR GH OD SULPHUD VHPDQD
PDWDURQ\DVDURQXQYHQDGRSHURVHFRQIRUPDURQFRQFRPHUODPLWDG\VDODUHOUHVWRSDUDORV

SUy[LPRV GtDV 7UDWDEDQ GH DSOD]DU FRQ HVD SUHFDXFLyQ OD QHFHVLGDG GH VHJXLU FRPLHQGR
JXDFDPD\DVFX\DFDUQHD]XOWHQtDXQiVSHURVDERUGHDOPL]FOH/XHJRGXUDQWHPiVGHGLH]GtDV
QR YROYLHURQ D YHU HO VRO (O VXHOR VH YROYLy EODQGR \ K~PHGR FRPR FHQL]D YROFiQLFD \ OD
YHJHWDFLyQ IXH FDGD YH] PiV LQVLGLRVD \ VH KLFLHURQ FDGD YH] PiV OHMDQRV ORV JULWRV GH ORV
SiMDURV\ODEXOODUDQJDGHORVPRQRV\HOPXQGRVHYROYLyWULVWHSDUDVLHPSUH/RVKRPEUHVGH
OD H[SHGLFLyQ VH VLQWLHURQ DEUXPDGRV SRU VXV UHFXHUGRV PiV DQWLJXRV HQ DTXHO SDUDtVR GH
KXPHGDG\VLOHQFLRDQWHULRUDOSHFDGRRULJLQDOGRQGHODVERWDVVHKXQGtDQHQSR]RVGHDFHLWHV
KXPHDQWHV \ ORV PDFKHWHV GHVWUR]DEDQ OLULRV VDQJULHQWRV \ VDODPDQGUDV GRUDGDV 'XUDQWH XQD
VHPDQDFDVLVLQKDEODUDYDQ]DURQFRPRVRQiPEXORVSRUXQXQLYHUVRGHSHVDGXPEUHDOXPEUDGRV
DSHQDVSRUXQDWHQXHUHYHUEHUDFLyQGHLQVHFWRVOXPLQRVRV\FRQORVSXOPRQHVDJRELDGRVSRUXQ
VRIRFDQWHRORUGHVDQJUH1RSRGtDQUHJUHVDUSRUTXHODWURFKDTXHLEDQDEULHQGRDVXSDVRVH
YROYtD D FHUUDU HQ SRFR WLHPSR FRQ XQD YHJHWDFLyQ QXHYD TXH FDVL YHtDQ FUHFHU DQWH VXV RMRV
1RLPSRUWDGHFtD-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD/RHVHQFLDOHVQRSHUGHUODRULHQWDFLyQ6LHPSUH
SHQGLHQWHGHODEU~MXODVLJXLyJXLDQGRDVXVKRPEUHVKDFLDHOQRUWHLQYLVLEOHKDVWDTXHORJUDURQ
VDOLU GH OD UHJLyQ HQFDQWDGD (UD XQD QRFKH GHQVD VLQ HVWUHOODV SHUR OD RVFXULGDG HVWDED
LPSUHJQDGD SRU XQ DLUH QXHYR \ OLPSLR $JRWDGRV SRU OD SURORQJDGD WUDYHVtD FROJDURQ ODV
KDPDFDV\GXUPLHURQDIRQGRSRUSULPHUDYH]HQGRVVHPDQDV&XDQGRGHVSHUWDURQ\DFRQHOVRO
DOWR VH TXHGDURQ SDVPDGRV GH IDVFLQDFLyQ )UHQWH D HOORV URGHDGR GH KHOHFKRV \ SDOPHUDV
EODQFR \ SROYRULHQWR HQ OD VLOHQFLRVD OX] GH OD PDxDQD HVWDED XQ HQRUPH JDOHyQ HVSDxRO
/LJHUDPHQWH YROWHDGR D HVWULERU GH VX DUERODGXUD LQWDFWD FROJDEDQ ODV SLOWUDIDV HVFXiOLGDV GHO
YHODPHQHQWUHMDUFLDVDGRUQDGDVGHRUTXtGHDV(OFDVFRFXELHUWRFRQXQDWHUVDFRUD]DGHUpPRUD
SHWULILFDGD \ PXVJR WLHUQR HVWDED ILUPHPHQWH HQFODYDGR HQ XQ VXHOR GH SLHGUDV 7RGD OD
HVWUXFWXUD SDUHFtD RFXSDU XQ iPELWR SURSLR XQ HVSDFLR GH VROHGDG \ GH ROYLGR YHGDGR D ORV
YLFLRV GHO WLHPSR \ D ODV FRVWXPEUHV GH ORV SiMDURV (Q HO LQWHULRU TXH ORV H[SHGLFLRQDULRV
H[SORUDURQFRQXQIHUYRUVLJLORVRQRKDEtDQDGDPiVTXHXQDSUHWDGRERVTXHGHIORUHV
(O KDOOD]JR GHO JDOHyQ LQGLFLR GH OD SUR[LPLGDG GHO PDU TXHEUDQWy HO tPSHWX GH -RVp
$UFDGLR%XHQGtD&RQVLGHUDEDFRPRXQDEXUODGHVXWUDYLHVRGHVWLQRKDEHUEXVFDGRHOPDUVLQ
HQFRQWUDUORDOSUHFLRGHVDFULILFLRV\SHQDOLGDGHVVLQFXHQWR\KDEHUORHQFRQWUDGRHQWRQFHVVLQ
EXVFDUOR DWUDYHVDGR HQ VX FDPLQR FRPR XQ REVWiFXOR LQVDOYDEOH 0XFKRV DxRV GHVSXpV HO
FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD YROYLy D DWUDYHVDU OD UHJLyQ FXDQGR HUD \D XQD UXWD UHJXODU GHO
FRUUHR\OR~QLFRTXHHQFRQWUyGHODQDYHIXHHOFRVWLOODUFDUERQL]DGRHQPHGLRGHXQFDPSRGH
DPDSRODV 6yOR HQWRQFHV FRQYHQFLGR GH TXH DTXHOOD KLVWRULD QR KDEtD VLGR XQ HQJHQGUR GH OD
LPDJLQDFLyQGHVXSDGUHVHSUHJXQWyFyPRKDEtDSRGLGRHOJDOHyQDGHQWUDUVHKDVWDHVHSXQWRHQ
WLHUUDILUPH3HUR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDQRVHSODQWHyHVDLQTXLHWXGFXDQGRHQFRQWUyHOPDUDO
FDER GH RWURV FXDWUR GtDV GH YLDMH D GRFH NLOyPHWURV GH GLVWDQFLD GHO JDOHyQ 6XV VXHxRV
WHUPLQDEDQ IUHQWH D HVH PDU FRORU GH FHQL]D HVSXPRVR \ VXFLR TXH QR PHUHFtD ORV ULHVJRV \
VDFULILFLRVGHVXDYHQWXUD
&DUDMRJULWy0DFRQGRHVWiURGHDGRGHDJXDSRUWRGDVSDUWHV
/D LGHD GH XQ 0DFRQGR SHQLQVXODU SUHYDOHFLy GXUDQWH PXFKR WLHPSR LQVSLUDGD HQ HO PDSD

DUELWUDULR TXH GLEXMy -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD DO UHJUHVR GH VX H[SHGLFLyQ /R WUD]y FRQ UDELD
H[DJHUDQGRGHPDODIHODVGLILFXOWDGHVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQFRPRSDUDFDVWLJDUVHDVtPLVPRSRUOD
DEVROXWD IDOWD GH VHQWLGR FRQ TXH HOLJLy HO OXJDU 1XQFD OOHJDUHPRV D QLQJXQD SDUWH VH
ODPHQWDED DQWH UVXOD $TXt QRV KHPRV GH SXGULU HQ YLGD VLQ UHFLELU ORV EHQHILFLRV GH OD
FLHQFLD (VD FHUWLGXPEUH UXPLDGD YDULRV PHVHV HQ HO FXDUWLWR GHO ODERUDWRULR OR OOHYy D
FRQFHELUHOSUR\HFWRGHWUDVODGDUD0DFRQGRDXQOXJDUPiVSURSLFLR3HURHVWDYH]UVXODVH
DQWLFLSyDVXVGHVLJQLRVIHEULOHV(QXQDVHFUHWDHLPSODFDEOHODERUGHKRUPLJXLWDSUHGLVSXVRD
ODVPXMHUHVGHODDOGHDFRQWUDODYHOHLGDGGHVXVKRPEUHVTXH\DHPSH]DEDQDSUHSDUDUVHSDUD
ODPXGDQ]D-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDQRVXSRHQTXpPRPHQWRQLHQYLUWXGGHTXpIXHU]DVDGYHUVDV
VXV SODQHV VH IXHURQ HQUHGDQGR HQ XQD PDUDxD GH SUHWH[WRV FRQWUDWLHPSRV \ HYDVLYDV KDVWD
FRQYHUWLUVHHQSXUD\VLPSOHLOXVLyQUVXODORREVHUYyFRQXQDDWHQFLyQLQRFHQWH\KDVWDVLQWLy
SRUpOXQSRFRGHSLHGDGODPDxDQDHQTXHORHQFRQWUyHQHOFXDUWLWRGHOIRQGRFRPHQWDQGRHQWUH
GLHQWHV VXV VXHxRV GH PXGDQ]D PLHQWUDV FRORFDED HQ VXV FDMDV RULJLQDOHV ODV SLH]DV GHO
ODERUDWRULR/RGHMyWHUPLQDU/RGHMyFODYDUODVFDMDV\SRQHUVXVLQLFLDOHVHQFLPDFRQXQKLVRSR
HQWLQWDGRVLQKDFHUOHQLQJ~QUHSURFKHSHURVDELHQGR\DTXHpOVDEtD SRUTXHVHORR\yGHFLUHQ
VXVVRUGRVPRQyORJRV TXHORVKRPEUHVGHOSXHEORQRORVHFXQGDUtDQHQVXHPSUHVD6yORFXDQGR
HPSH]yDGHVPRQWDUODSXHUWDGHOFXDUWLWRUVXODVHDWUHYLyDSUHJXQWDUOHSRUTXpORKDFtD\pO
OHFRQWHVWyFRQXQDFLHUWDDPDUJXUD3XHVWRTXHQDGLHTXLHUHLUVHQRVLUHPRVVRORVUVXODQR
VHDOWHUy
1RQRVLUHPRVGLMR$TXtQRVTXHGDPRVSRUTXHDTXtKHPRVWHQLGRXQKLMR
7RGDYtDQRWHQHPRVXQPXHUWRGLMRpO8QRQRHVGHQLQJXQDSDUWHPLHQWUDVQRWHQJD
XQPXHUWREDMRODWLHUUD
UVXODUHSOLFyFRQXQDVXDYHILUPH]D
6LHVQHFHVDULRTXH\RPHPXHUDSDUDTXHVHTXHGHQDTXtPHPXHUR
-RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD QR FUH\y TXH IXHUD WDQ UtJLGD OD YROXQWDG GH VX PXMHU 7UDWy GH
VHGXFLUODFRQHOKHFKL]RGHVXIDQWDVtDFRQODSURPHVDGHXQPXQGRSURGLJLRVRGRQGHEDVWDED
FRQ HFKDU XQRV OtTXLGRV PiJLFRV HQ OD WLHUUD SDUD TXH ODV SODQWDV GLHUDQ IUXWRV D YROXQWDG GHO
KRPEUH \ GRQGH VH YHQGtDQ D SUHFLR GH EDUDWLOOR WRGD FODVH GH DSDUDWRV SDUD HO GRORU 3HUR
UVXODIXHLQVHQVLEOHDVXFODULYLGHQFLD
(Q YH] GH DQGDU SHQVDQGR HQ WXV DORFDGDV QRYHOHUtDV GHEHV RFXSDUWH GH WXV KLMRV
UHSOLFy0tUDORVFyPRHVWiQDEDQGRQDGRVDODEXHQDGH'LRVLJXDOTXHORVEXUURV
-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDWRPyDOSLHGHODOHWUDODVSDODEUDVGHVXPXMHU0LUyDWUDYpVGHOD
YHQWDQD\YLRDORVGRVQLxRVGHVFDO]RVHQODKXHUWDVROHDGD\WXYRODLPSUHVLyQGHTXHVyORHQ
DTXHO LQVWDQWH KDEtDQ HPSH]DGR D H[LVWLU FRQFHELGRV SRU HO FRQMXUR GH UVXOD $OJR RFXUULy
HQWRQFHVHQVXLQWHULRUDOJRPLVWHULRVR\GHILQLWLYRTXHORGHVDUUDLJyGH VXWLHPSRDFWXDO\OR
OOHYyDODGHULYDSRUXQDUHJLyQLQH[SORUDGDGHORVUHFXHUGRV0LHQWUDVUVXODVHJXtDEDUULHQGR
OD FDVD TXH DKRUD HVWDED VHJXUD GH QR DEDQGRQDU HQ HO UHVWR GH VX YLGD pO SHUPDQHFLy
FRQWHPSODQGRDORVQLxRVFRQPLUDGDDEVRUWDKDVWDTXHORVRMRVVHOHKXPHGHFLHURQ\VHORVVHFy
FRQHOGRUVRGHODPDQR\H[KDOyXQKRQGRVXVSLURGHUHVLJQDFLyQ

%XHQRGLMR'LOHVTXHYHQJDQDD\XGDUPHDVDFDUODVFRVDVGHORVFDMRQHV
-RVp$UFDGLRHOPD\RUGHORVQLxRVKDEtDFXPSOLGRFDWRUFHDxRV7HQtDODFDEH]DFXDGUDGD
HO SHOR KLUVXWR \ HO FDUiFWHU YROXQWDULRVR GH VX SDGUH $XQTXH OOHYDED HO PLVPR LPSXOVR GH
FUHFLPLHQWR \ IRUWDOH]D ItVLFD \D GHVGH HQWRQFHV HUD HYLGHQWH TXH FDUHFtD GH LPDJLQDFLyQ )XH
FRQFHELGR\GDGRDOX]GXUDQWHODSHQRVDWUDYHVtDGHODVLHUUDDQWHVGHODIXQGDFLyQGH0DFRQGR
\ VXV SDGUHV GLHURQ JUDFLDV DO FLHOR DO FRPSUREDU TXH QR WHQtD QLQJ~Q yUJDQR GH DQLPDO
$XUHOLDQRHOSULPHUVHUKXPDQRTXHQDFLyHQ0DFRQGRLEDDFXPSOLUVHLVDxRVHQPDU]R(UD
VLOHQFLRVR \ UHWUDtGR +DEtD OORUDGR HQ HO YLHQWUH GH VX PDGUH \ QDFLy FRQ ORV RMRV DELHUWRV
0LHQWUDVOHFRUWDEDQHORPEOLJRPRYtDODFDEH]DGHXQODGRDRWURUHFRQRFLHQGRODVFRVDVGHO
FXDUWR \ H[DPLQDED HO URVWUR GH OD JHQWH FRQ XQD FXULRVLGDG VLQ DVRPEUR /XHJR LQGLIHUHQWH D
TXLHQHV VH DFHUFDEDQ D FRQRFHUOR PDQWXYR OD DWHQFLyQ FRQFHQWUDGD HQ HO WHFKR GH SDOPD TXH
SDUHFtD D SXQWR GH GHUUXPEDUVH EDMR OD WUHPHQGD SUHVLyQ GH OD OOXYLD UVXOD QR YROYLy D
DFRUGDUVHGHODLQWHQVLGDGGHHVDPLUDGDKDVWDXQGtDHQTXHHOSHTXHxR$XUHOLDQRDODHGDGGH
WUHVDxRVHQWUyDODFRFLQDHQHOPRPHQWRHQTXHHOODUHWLUDEDGHOIRJyQ\SRQtDHQODPHVDXQD
ROODGHFDOGRKLUYLHQGR(OQLxRSHUSOHMRHQODSXHUWDGLMR6HYDDFDHU/DROODHVWDEDELHQ
SXHVWD HQ HO FHQWUR GH OD PHVD SHUR WDQ SURQWR FRPR HO QLxR KL]R HO DQXQFLR LQLFLy XQ
PRYLPLHQWR LUUHYRFDEOH KDFLD HO ERUGH FRPR LPSXOVDGD SRU XQ GLQDPLVPR LQWHULRU \ VH
GHVSHGD]yHQHOVXHORUVXODDODUPDGDOHFRQWyHOHSLVRGLRDVXPDULGRSHURpVWHORLQWHUSUHWy
FRPRXQIHQyPHQRQDWXUDO$VtIXHVLHPSUHDMHQRDODH[LVWHQFLDGHVXVKLMRVHQSDUWHSRUTXH
FRQVLGHUDED OD LQIDQFLD FRPR XQ SHUtRGR GH LQVXILFLHQFLD PHQWDO \ HQ SDUWH SRUTXH VLHPSUH
HVWDEDGHPDVLDGRDEVRUWRHQVXVSURSLDVHVSHFXODFLRQHVTXLPpULFDV
3HURGHVGHODWDUGHHQTXHOODPyDORVQLxRVSDUDTXHORD\XGDUDQDGHVHPSDFDUODVFRVDVGHO
ODERUDWRULR OHV GHGLFy VXV KRUDV PHMRUHV (Q HO FXDUWLWR DSDUWDGR FX\DV SDUHGHV VH IXHURQ
OOHQDQGRSRFRDSRFRGHPDSDVLQYHURVtPLOHV\JUiILFRVIDEXORVRVOHVHQVHxyDOHHU\HVFULELU\
DVDFDUFXHQWDV\OHVKDEOyGHODVPDUDYLOODVGHOPXQGRQRVyORKDVWDGRQGHOHDOFDQ]DEDQVXV
FRQRFLPLHQWRVVLQRIRU]DQGRDH[WUHPRVLQFUHtEOHVORVOtPLWHVGHVXLPDJLQDFLyQ)XHDVtFRPR
ORV QLxRV WHUPLQDURQ SRU DSUHQGHU TXH HQ HO H[WUHPR PHULGLRQDO GHO IULFD KDEtD KRPEUHV WDQ
LQWHOLJHQWHV \ SDFtILFRV TXH VX ~QLFR HQWUHWHQLPLHQWR HUD VHQWDUVH D SHQVDU \ TXH HUD SRVLEOH
DWUDYHVDU D SLH HO PDU (JHR VDOWDQGR GH LVOD HQ LVOD KDVWD HO SXHUWR GH 6DOyQLFD $TXHOODV
DOXFLQDQWHVVHVLRQHVTXHGDURQGHWDOPRGRLPSUHVDVHQODPHPRULDGHORVQLxRVTXHPXFKRVDxRV
PiVWDUGHXQVHJXQGRDQWHVGHTXHHORILFLDOGHORVHMpUFLWRVUHJXODUHVGLHUDODRUGHQGHIXHJRDO
SHORWyQGHIXVLODPLHQWRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDYROYLyDYLYLUODWLELDWDUGHGHPDU]RHQ
TXHVXSDGUHLQWHUUXPSLyODOHFFLyQGHItVLFD\VHTXHGyIDVFLQDGRFRQODPDQRHQHODLUH\ORV
RMRVLQPyYLOHVR\HQGRDODGLVWDQFLDORVStIDQRV\WDPERUHV\VRQDMDVGHORVJLWDQRVTXHXQDYH]
PiV OOHJDEDQ D OD DOGHD SUHJRQDQGR HO ~OWLPR \ DVRPEURVR GHVFXEULPLHQWR GH ORV VDELRV GH
0HPSKLV
(UDQ JLWDQRV QXHYRV +RPEUHV \ PXMHUHV MyYHQHV TXH VyOR FRQRFtDQ VX SURSLD OHQJXD
HMHPSODUHVKHUPRVRVGHSLHODFHLWDGD\PDQRVLQWHOLJHQWHVFX\RVEDLOHV\P~VLFDVVHPEUDURQHQ
ODV FDOOHV XQ SiQLFR GH DOERURWDGD DOHJUtD FRQ VXV ORURV SLQWDGRV GH WRGRV ORV FRORUHV TXH

UHFLWDEDQ URPDQ]DV LWDOLDQDV \ OD JDOOLQD TXH SRQtD XQ FHQWHQDU GH KXHYRV GH RUR DO VRQ GH OD
SDQGHUHWD\HOPRQRDPDHVWUDGRTXHDGLYLQDEDHOSHQVDPLHQWR\ODPiTXLQDP~OWLSOHTXHVHUYtD
DO PLVPR WLHPSR SDUD SHJDU ERWRQHV \ EDMDU OD ILHEUH \ HO DSDUDWR SDUD ROYLGDU ORV PDORV
UHFXHUGRV\HOHPSODVWRSDUDSHUGHUHOWLHPSR\XQPLOODUGHLQYHQFLRQHVPiVWDQLQJHQLRVDVH
LQVyOLWDV TXH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD KXELHUD TXHULGR LQYHQWDU OD PiTXLQD GH OD PHPRULD SDUD
SRGHUDFRUGDUVHGHWRGDV(QXQLQVWDQWHWUDQVIRUPDURQODDOGHD/RVKDELWDQWHVGH0DFRQGRVH
HQFRQWUDURQGHSURQWRSHUGLGRVHQVXVSURSLDVFDOOHVDWXUGLGRVSRUODIHULDPXOWLWXGLQDULD
/OHYDQGR XQ QLxR GH FDGD PDQR SDUD QR SHUGHUORV HQ HO WXPXOWR WURSH]DQGR FRQ
VDOWLPEDQTXLV GH GLHQWHV DFRUD]DGRV GH RUR \ PDODEDULVWDV GH VHLV EUD]RV VRIRFDGR SRU HO
FRQIXVR DOLHQWR GH HVWLpUFRO \ ViQGDOR TXH H[KDODED OD PXFKHGXPEUH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD
DQGDEDFRPRXQORFREXVFDQGRD0HOTXtDGHVSRUWRGDVSDUWHVSDUDTXHOHUHYHODUDORVLQILQLWRV
VHFUHWRVGHDTXHOODSHVDGLOODIDEXORVD6HGLULJLyDYDULRVJLWDQRVTXHQRHQWHQGLHURQVXOHQJXD
3RU~OWLPROOHJyKDVWDHOOXJDUGRQGH0HOTXtDGHVVROtDSODQWDUVXWLHQGD\HQFRQWUyXQDUPHQLR
WDFLWXUQR TXH DQXQFLDED HQ FDVWHOODQR XQ MDUDEH SDUD KDFHUVH LQYLVLEOH 6H KDEtD WRPDGR GH XQ
JROSH XQD FRSD GH OD VXVWDQFLD DPEDULQD FXDQGR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD VH DEULy SDVR D
HPSXMRQHV SRU HQWUH HO JUXSR DEVRUWR TXH SUHVHQFLDED HO HVSHFWiFXOR \ DOFDQ]y D KDFHU OD
SUHJXQWD (O JLWDQR OR HQYROYLy HQ HO FOLPD DWyQLWR GH VX PLUDGD DQWHV GH FRQYHUWLUVH HQ XQ
FKDUFR GH DOTXLWUiQ SHVWLOHQWH \ KXPHDQWH VREUH HO FXDO TXHGy IORWDQGR OD UHVRQDQFLD GH VX
UHVSXHVWD 0HOTXtDGHV PXULy $WXUGLGR SRU OD QRWLFLD -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD SHUPDQHFLy
LQPyYLOWUDWDQGRGHVREUHSRQHUVHDODDIOLFFLyQKDVWDTXHHOJUXSRVHGLVSHUVyUHFODPDGRSRU
RWURV DUWLILFLRV \ HO FKDUFR GHO DUPHQLR WDFLWXUQR VH HYDSRUy SRU FRPSOHWR 0iV WDUGH RWURV
JLWDQRVOHFRQILUPDURQTXHHQHIHFWR0HOTXtDGHVKDEtDVXFXPELGRDODVILHEUHVHQORVPpGDQRV
GH 6LQJDSXU \ VX FXHUSR KDEtD VLGR DUURMDGR HQ HO OXJDU PiV SURIXQGR GHO PDU GH -DYD $ ORV
QLxRV QR OHV LQWHUHVy OD QRWLFLD (VWDEDQ REVWLQDGRV HQ TXH VX SDGUH ORV OOHYDUD D FRQRFHU OD
SRUWHQWRVDQRYHGDGGHORVVDELRVGH0HPSKLVDQXQFLDGDDODHQWUDGDGHXQDWLHQGDTXHVHJ~Q
GHFtDQSHUWHQHFLyDOUH\6DORPyQ7DQWRLQVLVWLHURQTXH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDSDJyORVWUHLQWD
UHDOHV\ORVFRQGXMRKDVWDHOFHQWURGHODFDUSDGRQGHKDEtDXQJLJDQWHGHWRUVRSHOXGR\FDEH]D
UDSDGD FRQ XQ DQLOOR GH FREUH HQ OD QDUL] \ XQD SHVDGD FDGHQD GH KLHUUR HQ HO WRELOOR
FXVWRGLDQGRXQFRIUHGHSLUDWD$OVHUGHVWDSDGRSRUHOJLJDQWHHOFRIUHGHMyHVFDSDUXQDOLHQWR
JODFLDO 'HQWUR VyOR KDEtD XQ HQRUPH EORTXH WUDQVSDUHQWH FRQ LQILQLWDV DJXMDV LQWHUQDV HQ ODV
FXDOHV VH GHVSHGD]DED HQ HVWUHOODV GH FRORUHV OD FODULGDG GHO FUHS~VFXOR 'HVFRQFHUWDGR
VDELHQGRTXHORVQLxRVHVSHUDEDQXQDH[SOLFDFLyQLQPHGLDWD-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDVHDWUHYLyD
PXUPXUDU
(VHOGLDPDQWHPiVJUDQGHGHOPXQGR
1RFRUULJLyHOJLWDQR(VKLHOR
-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDVLQHQWHQGHUH[WHQGLyODPDQRKDFLDHOWpPSDQRSHURHOJLJDQWHVHOD
DSDUWy&LQFRUHDOHVPiVSDUDWRFDUORGLMR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDORVSDJy\HQWRQFHVSXVROD
PDQRVREUHHOKLHOR\ODPDQWXYRSXHVWDSRUYDULRVPLQXWRVPLHQWUDVHOFRUD]yQVHOHKLQFKDED
GHWHPRU\GHM~ELORDOFRQWDFWRGHOPLVWHULR6LQVDEHUTXpGHFLUSDJyRWURVGLH]UHDOHVSDUDTXH

VXV KLMRV YLYLHUDQ OD SURGLJLRVD H[SHULHQFLD (O SHTXHxR -RVp $UFDGLR VH QHJy D WRFDUOR
$XUHOLDQR HQ FDPELR GLR XQ SDVR KDFLD DGHODQWH SXVR OD PDQR \ OD UHWLUy HQ HO DFWR (VWi
KLUYLHQGRH[FODPyDVXVWDGR3HURVXSDGUHQROHSUHVWyDWHQFLyQ(PEULDJDGRSRUODHYLGHQFLD
GHO SURGLJLR HQ DTXHO PRPHQWR VH ROYLGy GH OD IUXVWUDFLyQ GH VXV HPSUHVDV GHOLUDQWHV \ GHO
FXHUSRGH0HOTXtDGHVDEDQGRQDGRDODSHWLWRGHORVFDODPDUHV3DJyRWURVFLQFRUHDOHV\FRQOD
PDQRSXHVWDHQHOWpPSDQRFRPRH[SUHVDQGRXQWHVWLPRQLRVREUHHOWH[WRVDJUDGRH[FODPy
(VWHHVHOJUDQLQYHQWRGHQXHVWURWLHPSR

&XDQGR HO SLUDWD )UDQFLV 'UDNH DVDOWy D 5LRKDFKD HQ HO VLJOR ;9, OD ELVDEXHOD GH UVXOD
,JXDUiQ VH DVXVWy WDQWR FRQ HO WRTXH GH UHEDWR \ HO HVWDPSLGR GH ORV FDxRQHV TXH SHUGLy HO
FRQWUROGHORVQHUYLRV\VHVHQWyHQXQIRJyQHQFHQGLGR/DVTXHPDGXUDVODGHMDURQFRQYHUWLGDHQ
XQDHVSRVDLQ~WLOSDUDWRGDODYLGD1RSRGtDVHQWDUVHVLQRGHPHGLRODGRDFRPRGDGDHQFRMLQHV
\DOJRH[WUDxRGHELyTXHGDUOHHQHOPRGRGHDQGDUSRUTXHQXQFDYROYLyDFDPLQDUHQS~EOLFR
5HQXQFLyDWRGDFODVHGHKiELWRVVRFLDOHVREVHVLRQDGDSRUODLGHDGHTXHVXFXHUSRGHVSHGtDXQ
RORUDFKDPXVTXLQD(ODOEDODVRUSUHQGtDHQHOSDWLRVLQDWUHYHUVHDGRUPLUSRUTXHVRxDEDTXH
ORV LQJOHVHV FRQ VXV IHURFHV SHUURV GH DVDOWR VH PHWtDQ SRU OD YHQWDQD GHO GRUPLWRULR \ OD
VRPHWtDQDYHUJRQ]RVRVWRUPHQWRVFRQKLHUURVDOURMRYLYR6XPDULGRXQFRPHUFLDQWHDUDJRQpV
FRQ TXLHQ WHQtD GRV KLMRV VH JDVWy PHGLD WLHQGD HQ PHGLFLQDV \ HQWUHWHQLPLHQWRV EXVFDQGR OD
PDQHUDGHDOLYLDUVXVWHUURUHV3RU~OWLPROLTXLGyHOQHJRFLR\OOHYyDODIDPLOLDDYLYLUOHMRVGHO
PDU HQ XQD UDQFKHUtD GH LQGLRV SDFtILFRV VLWXDGD HQ ODV HVWULEDFLRQHV GH OD VLHUUD GRQGH OH
FRQVWUX\yDVXPXMHUXQGRUPLWRULRVLQYHQWDQDVSDUDTXHQRWXYLHUDQSRUGRQGHHQWUDUORVSLUDWDV
GHVXVSHVDGLOODV
(QODHVFRQGLGDUDQFKHUtDYLYtDGHPXFKRWLHPSRDWUiVXQFULROORFXOWLYDGRUGHWDEDFRGRQ
-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDFRQTXLHQHOELVDEXHORGHUVXODHVWDEOHFLyXQDVRFLHGDGWDQSURGXFWLYD
TXHHQSRFRVDxRVKLFLHURQXQDIRUWXQD9DULRVVLJORVPiVWDUGHHOWDWDUDQLHWRGHOFULROORVHFDVy
FRQODWDWDUDQLHWDGHODUDJRQpV3RUHVRFDGDYH]TXHUVXODVHVDOtDGHFDVLOODVFRQODVORFXUDV
GHVXPDULGRVDOWDEDSRUHQFLPDGHWUHVFLHQWRVDxRVGHFDVXDOLGDGHV\PDOGHFtDODKRUDHQTXH
)UDQFLV'UDNHDVDOWyD5LRKDFKD(UDXQVLPSOHUHFXUVRGHGHVDKRJRSRUTXHHQYHUGDGHVWDEDQ
OLJDGRV KDVWD OD PXHUWH SRU XQ YtQFXOR PiV VyOLGR TXH HO DPRU XQ FRP~Q UHPRUGLPLHQWR GH
FRQFLHQFLD (UDQ SULPRV HQWUH Vt +DEtDQ FUHFLGR MXQWRV HQ OD DQWLJXD UDQFKHUtD TXH ORV
DQWHSDVDGRV GH DPERV WUDQVIRUPDURQ FRQ VX WUDEDMR \ VXV EXHQDV FRVWXPEUHV HQ XQR GH ORV
PHMRUHV SXHEORV GH OD SURYLQFLD $XQTXH VX PDWULPRQLR HUD SUHYLVLEOH GHVGH TXH YLQLHURQ DO
PXQGR FXDQGR HOORV H[SUHVDURQ OD YROXQWDG GH FDVDUVH VXV SURSLRV SDULHQWHV WUDWDURQ GH
LPSHGLUOR 7HQtDQ HO WHPRU GH TXH DTXHOORV VDOXGDEOHV FDERV GH GRV UD]DV VHFXODUPHQWH
HQWUHFUX]DGDVSDVDUDQSRUODYHUJHQ]DGHHQJHQGUDULJXDQDV<DH[LVWtDXQSUHFHGHQWHWUHPHQGR
8QDWtDGHUVXODFDVDGDFRQXQWtRGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDWXYRXQKLMRTXHSDVyWRGDODYLGD
FRQ XQRV SDQWDORQHV HQJOREDGRV \ IORMRV \ TXH PXULy GHVDQJUDGR GHVSXpV GH KDEHU YLYLGR

FXDUHQWD \ GRV DxRV HQ HO PiV SXUR HVWDGR GH YLUJLQLGDG SRUTXH QDFLy \ FUHFLy FRQ XQD FROD
FDUWLODJLQRVDHQIRUPDGHWLUDEX]yQ\FRQXQDHVFRELOODGHSHORVHQODSXQWD8QDFRODGHFHUGR
TXHQRVHGHMyYHUQXQFDGHQLQJXQDPXMHU\TXHOHFRVWyODYLGDFXDQGRXQFDUQLFHURDPLJROH
KL]RHOIDYRUGHFRUWiUVHODFRQXQDKDFKXHODGHGHVWD]DU-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDFRQODOLJHUH]D
GH VXV GLHFLQXHYH DxRV UHVROYLy HO SUREOHPD FRQ XQD VROD IUDVH 1R PH LPSRUWD WHQHU
FRFKLQLWRVVLHPSUHTXHSXHGDQKDEODU$VtTXHVHFDVDURQFRQXQDILHVWDGHEDQGD\FRKHWHVTXH
GXUy WUHV GtDV +XELHUDQ VLGR IHOLFHV GHVGH HQWRQFHV VL OD PDGUH GH UVXOD QR OD KXELHUD
DWHUURUL]DGRFRQWRGDFODVHGHSURQyVWLFRVVLQLHVWURVVREUHVXGHVFHQGHQFLDKDVWDHOH[WUHPRGH
FRQVHJXLU TXH UHKXVDUD FRQVXPDU HO PDWULPRQLR 7HPLHQGR TXH HO FRUSXOHQWR \ YROXQWDULRVR
PDULGRODYLRODUDGRUPLGDUVXODVHSRQtDDQWHVGHDFRVWDUVHXQSDQWDOyQUXGLPHQWDULRTXHVX
PDGUHOHIDEULFyFRQORQDGHYHOHUR\UHIRU]DGRFRQXQVLVWHPDGHFRUUHDVHQWUHFUX]DGDVTXHVH
FHUUDEDSRUGHODQWHFRQXQDJUXHVDKHELOODGHKLHUUR$VtHVWXYLHURQYDULRVPHVHV'XUDQWHHOGtD
pO SDVWRUHDED VXV JDOORV GH SHOHD \ HOOD ERUGDED HQ EDVWLGRU FRQ VX PDGUH 'XUDQWH OD QRFKH
IRUFHMHDEDQYDULDVKRUDVFRQXQDDQVLRVDYLROHQFLDTXH\DSDUHFtDXQVXVWLWXWRGHODFWRGHDPRU
KDVWDTXHODLQWXLFLyQSRSXODUROIDWHyTXHDOJRLUUHJXODUHVWDEDRFXUULHQGR\VROWyHOUXPRUGH
TXH UVXOD VHJXtD YLUJHQ XQ DxR GHVSXpV GH FDVDGD SRUTXH VX PDULGR HUD LPSRWHQWH -RVp
$UFDGLR%XHQGtDIXHHO~OWLPRTXHFRQRFLyHOUXPRU
<DYHVUVXODORTXHDQGDGLFLHQGRODJHQWHOHGLMRDVXPXMHUFRQPXFKDFDOPD
'pMDORVTXHKDEOHQGLMRHOOD1RVRWURVVDEHPRVTXHQRHVFLHUWR
'HPRGRTXHODVLWXDFLyQVLJXLyLJXDOSRURWURVVHLVPHVHVKDVWDHOGRPLQJRWUiJLFRHQTXH
-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDOHJDQyXQDSHOHDGHJDOORVD3UXGHQFLR$JXLODU)XULRVRH[DOWDGRSRUOD
VDQJUH GH VX DQLPDO HO SHUGHGRU VH DSDUWy GH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD SDUD TXH WRGD OD JDOOHUD
SXGLHUDRtUORTXHLEDDGHFLUOH
7HIHOLFLWRJULWy$YHUVLSRUILQHVHJDOOROHKDFHHOIDYRUDWXPXMHU
-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDVHUHQRUHFRJLyVXJDOOR9XHOYRHQVHJXLGDGLMRDWRGRV<OXHJRD
3UXGHQFLR$JXLODU
<W~DQGDDWXFDVD\iUPDWHSRUTXHWHYR\DPDWDU
'LH] PLQXWRV GHVSXpV YROYLy FRQ OD ODQ]D FHEDGD GH VX DEXHOR (Q OD SXHUWD GH OD JDOOHUD
GRQGH VH KDEtD FRQFHQWUDGR PHGLR SXHEOR 3UXGHQFLR $JXLODU OR HVSHUDED 1R WXYR WLHPSR GH
GHIHQGHUVH/DODQ]DGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDDUURMDGDFRQODIXHU]DGHXQWRUR\FRQODPLVPD
GLUHFFLyQ FHUWHUD FRQ TXH HO SULPHU $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD H[WHUPLQy D ORV WLJUHV GH OD UHJLyQ OH
DWUDYHVy OD JDUJDQWD (VD QRFKH PLHQWUDV VH YHODED HO FDGiYHU HQ OD JDOOHUD -RVp $UFDGLR
%XHQGtD HQWUy HQ HO GRUPLWRULR FXDQGR VX PXMHU VH HVWDED SRQLHQGR HO SDQWDOyQ GH FDVWLGDG
%ODQGLHQGRODODQ]DIUHQWHDHOODOHRUGHQy4XtWDWHHVRUVXODQRSXVRHQGXGDODGHFLVLyQGH
VX PDULGR 7~ VHUiV UHVSRQVDEOH GH OR TXH SDVH PXUPXUy -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD FODYy OD
ODQ]DHQHOSLVRGHWLHUUD
6L KDV GH SDULU LJXDQDV FULDUHPRV LJXDQDV GLMR 3HUR QR KDEUi PiV PXHUWRV HQ HVWH
SXHEORSRUFXOSDWX\D
(UD XQD EXHQD QRFKH GH MXQLR IUHVFD \ FRQ OXQD \ HVWXYLHURQ GHVSLHUWRV \ UHWR]DQGR HQ OD

FDPD KDVWD HO DPDQHFHU LQGLIHUHQWHV DO YLHQWR TXH SDVDED SRU HO GRUPLWRULR FDUJDGR FRQ HO
OODQWRGHORVSDULHQWHVGH3UXGHQFLR$JXLODU
(ODVXQWRIXHFODVLILFDGRFRPRXQGXHORGHKRQRUSHURDDPERVOHVTXHGyXQPDOHVWDUHQOD
FRQFLHQFLD 8QD QRFKH HQ TXH QR SRGtD GRUPLU UVXOD VDOLy D WRPDU DJXD HQ HO SDWLR \ YLR D
3UXGHQFLR$JXLODUMXQWRDODWLQDMD(VWDEDOtYLGRFRQXQDH[SUHVLyQPX\WULVWHWUDWDQGRGHFHJDU
FRQ XQ WDSyQ GH HVSDUWR HO KXHFR GH VX JDUJDQWD 1R OH SURGXMR PLHGR VLQR OiVWLPD 9ROYLy DO
FXDUWRDFRQWDUOHDVXHVSRVRORTXHKDEtDYLVWRSHURpOQROHKL]RFDVR/RVPXHUWRVQRVDOHQ
GLMR/RTXHSDVDHVTXHQRSRGHPRVFRQHOSHVRGHODFRQFLHQFLD'RVQRFKHVGHVSXpVUVXOD
YROYLy D YHU D 3UXGHQFLR $JXLODU HQ HO EDxR ODYiQGRVH FRQ HO WDSyQ GH HVSDUWR OD VDQJUH
FULVWDOL]DGD GHO FXHOOR 2WUD QRFKH OR YLR SDVHiQGRVH EDMR OD OOXYLD -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD
IDVWLGLDGRSRUODVDOXFLQDFLRQHVGHVXPXMHUVDOLyDOSDWLRDUPDGRFRQODODQ]D$OOtHVWDEDHO
PXHUWRFRQVXH[SUHVLyQWULVWH
9HWH DO FDUDMR OH JULWy -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD &XDQWDV YHFHV UHJUHVHV YROYHUp D
PDWDUWH
3UXGHQFLR $JXLODU QR VH IXH QL -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD VH DWUHYLy D DUURMDU OD ODQ]D 'HVGH
HQWRQFHVQRSXGRGRUPLUELHQ/RDWRUPHQWDEDODLQPHQVDGHVRODFLyQFRQTXHHOPXHUWRORKDEtD
PLUDGR GHVGH OD OOXYLD OD KRQGD QRVWDOJLD FRQ TXH DxRUDED D ORV YLYRV OD DQVLHGDG FRQ TXH
UHJLVWUDED OD FDVD EXVFDQGR HO DJXD SDUD PRMDU VX WDSyQ GH HVSDUWR 'HEH HVWDU VXIULHQGR
PXFKROHGHFtDDUVXOD6HYHTXHHVWiPX\VROR(OODHVWDEDWDQFRQPRYLGDTXHODSUy[LPD
YH] TXH YLR DO PXHUWR GHVWDSDQGR ODV ROODV GH OD KRUQLOOD FRPSUHQGLy OR TXH EXVFDED \ GHVGH
HQWRQFHVOHSXVRWD]RQHVGHDJXDSRUWRGDODFDVD8QDQRFKHHQTXHORHQFRQWUyODYiQGRVHODV
KHULGDVHQVXSURSLRFXDUWR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDQRSXGRUHVLVWLUPiV
(VWiELHQ3UXGHQFLROHGLMR1RVLUHPRVGHHVWHSXHEORORPiVOHMRVTXHSRGDPRV\
QRUHJUHVDUHPRVMDPiV$KRUDYHWHWUDQTXLOR
)XHDVtFRPRHPSUHQGLHURQODWUDYHVtDGHODVLHUUD9DULRVDPLJRVGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD
MyYHQHV FRPR pO HPEXOODGRV FRQ OD DYHQWXUD GHVPDQWHODURQ VXV FDVDV \ FDUJDURQ FRQ VXV
PXMHUHV\VXVKLMRVKDFLDODWLHUUDTXHQDGLHOHVKDEtDSURPHWLGR$QWHVGHSDUWLU-RVp$UFDGLR
%XHQGtD HQWHUUy OD ODQ]D HQ HO SDWLR \ GHJROOy XQR WUDV RWUR VXV PDJQtILFRV JDOORV GH SHOHD
FRQILDQGRHQTXHHQHVDIRUPDOHGDEDXQSRFRGHSD]D3UXGHQFLR$JXLODU/R~QLFRTXHVHOOHYy
UVXODIXHXQED~OFRQVXVURSDVGHUHFLpQFDVDGDXQRVSRFRV~WLOHVGRPpVWLFRV\HOFRIUHFLWR
FRQODVSLH]DVGHRURTXHKHUHGyGHVXSDGUH1RVHWUD]DURQXQLWLQHUDULRGHILQLGR6RODPHQWH
SURFXUDEDQ YLDMDU HQ VHQWLGR FRQWUDULR DO FDPLQR GH 5LRKDFKD SDUD QR GHMDU QLQJ~Q UDVWUR QL
HQFRQWUDUJHQWHFRQRFLGD)XHXQYLDMHDEVXUGR$ORVFDWRUFHPHVHVFRQHOHVWyPDJRHVWUDJDGR
SRU OD FDUQH GH PLFR \ HO FDOGR GH FXOHEUDV UVXOD GLR D OX] XQ KLMR FRQ WRGDV VXV SDUWHV
KXPDQDV+DEtDKHFKRODPLWDGGHOFDPLQRHQXQDKDPDFDFROJDGDGHXQSDORTXHGRVKRPEUHV
OOHYDEDQHQKRPEURVSRUTXHODKLQFKD]yQOHGHVILJXUyODVSLHUQDV\ODVYDULFHVVHOHUHYHQWDEDQ
FRPREXUEXMDV$XQTXHGDEDOiVWLPDYHUORVFRQORVYLHQWUHVWHPSODGRV\ORVRMRVOiQJXLGRVORV
QLxRVUHVLVWLHURQHOYLDMHPHMRUTXHVXVSDGUHV\ODPD\RUSDUWHGHOWLHPSROHVUHVXOWyGLYHUWLGR
8QD PDxDQD GHVSXpV GH FDVL GRV DxRV GH WUDYHVtD IXHURQ ORV SULPHURV PRUWDOHV TXH YLHURQ OD

YHUWLHQWH RFFLGHQWDO GH OD VLHUUD 'HVGH OD FXPEUH QXEODGD FRQWHPSODURQ OD LQPHQVD OODQXUD
DFXiWLFDGHODFLpQDJDJUDQGHH[SOD\DGDKDVWDHORWURODGRGHOPXQGR3HURQXQFDHQFRQWUDURQHO
PDU8QDQRFKHGHVSXpVGHYDULRVPHVHVGHDQGDUSHUGLGRVSRUHQWUHORVSDQWDQRVOHMRV\DGH
ORV~OWLPRVLQGtJHQDVTXHHQFRQWUDURQHQHOFDPLQRDFDPSDURQDODRULOODGHXQUtRSHGUHJRVR
FX\DVDJXDVSDUHFtDQXQWRUUHQWHGHYLGULRKHODGR$xRVGHVSXpVGXUDQWHODVHJXQGDJXHUUDFLYLO
HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD WUDWy GH KDFHU DTXHOOD PLVPD UXWD SDUD WRPDUVH D 5LRKDFKD SRU
VRUSUHVD\DORVVHLVGtDVGHYLDMHFRPSUHQGLyTXHHUDXQDORFXUD6LQHPEDUJRODQRFKHHQTXH
DFDPSDURQMXQWRDOUtRODVKXHVWHVGHVXSDGUHWHQtDQXQDVSHFWRGHQiXIUDJRVVLQHVFDSDWRULD
SHUR VX Q~PHUR KDEtD DXPHQWDGR GXUDQWH OD WUDYHVtD \ WRGRV HVWDEDQ GLVSXHVWRV \ OR
FRQVLJXLHURQ DPRULUVHGHYLHMRV-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDVRxyHVDQRFKHTXHHQDTXHOOXJDUVH
OHYDQWDEDXQDFLXGDGUXLGRVDFRQFDVDVGHSDUHGHVGHHVSHMR3UHJXQWyTXpFLXGDGHUDDTXHOOD\
OH FRQWHVWDURQ FRQ XQ QRPEUH TXH QXQFD KDEtD RtGR TXH QR WHQtD VLJQLILFDGR DOJXQR SHUR TXH
WXYR HQ HO VXHxR XQD UHVRQDQFLD VREUHQDWXUDO 0DFRQGR $O GtD VLJXLHQWH FRQYHQFLy D VXV
KRPEUHVGHTXHQXQFDHQFRQWUDUtDQHOPDU/HVRUGHQyGHUULEDUORViUEROHVSDUDKDFHUXQFODUR
MXQWRDOUtRHQHOOXJDUPiVIUHVFRGHODRULOOD\DOOtIXQGDURQODDOGHD
-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDQRORJUyGHVFLIUDUHOVXHxRGHODVFDVDVFRQSDUHGHVGHHVSHMRKDVWDHO
GtDHQTXHFRQRFLyHOKLHOR(QWRQFHVFUH\yHQWHQGHUVXSURIXQGRVLJQLILFDGR3HQVyTXHHQXQ
IXWXUR SUy[LPR SRGUtDQ IDEULFDUVH EORTXHV GH KLHOR HQ JUDQ HVFDOD D SDUWLU GH XQ PDWHULDO WDQ
FRWLGLDQRFRPRHODJXD\FRQVWUXLUFRQHOORVODVQXHYDVFDVDVGHODDOGHD0DFRQGRGHMDUtDGH
VHUXQOXJDUDUGLHQWHFX\DVELVDJUDV\DOGDEDVVHWRUFtDQGHFDORUSDUDFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQDFLXGDG
LQYHUQDO6LQRSHUVHYHUyHQVXVWHQWDWLYDVGHFRQVWUXLUXQDIiEULFDGHKLHORIXHSRUTXHHQWRQFHV
HVWDED SRVLWLYDPHQWH HQWXVLDVPDGR FRQ OD HGXFDFLyQ GH VXV KLMRV HQ HVSHFLDO OD GH $XUHOLDQR
TXHKDEtDUHYHODGRGHVGHHOSULPHUPRPHQWRXQDUDUDLQWXLFLyQDOTXtPLFD(OODERUDWRULRKDEtD
VLGRGHVHPSROYDGR5HYLVDQGRODVQRWDVGH0HOTXtDGHVDKRUDVHUHQDPHQWHVLQODH[DOWDFLyQGH
ODQRYHGDGHQSURORQJDGDV\SDFLHQWHVVHVLRQHVWUDWDURQGHVHSDUDUHORURGHUVXODGHOFDVFRWH
DGKHULGRDOIRQGRGHOFDOGHUR(OMRYHQ-RVp$UFDGLRSDUWLFLSyDSHQDVHQHOSURFHVR0LHQWUDVVX
SDGUH VyOR WHQtD FXHUSR \ DOPD SDUD HO DWDQRU HO YROXQWDULRVR SULPRJpQLWR TXH VLHPSUH IXH
GHPDVLDGRJUDQGHSDUDVXHGDGVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQDGROHVFHQWHPRQXPHQWDO&DPELyGHYR](O
ER]RVHOHSREOyGHXQYHOORLQFLSLHQWH8QDQRFKHUVXODHQWUyHQHOFXDUWRFXDQGRpOVHTXLWDED
ODURSDSDUDGRUPLU\H[SHULPHQWyXQFRQIXVRVHQWLPLHQWRGHYHUJHQ]D\SLHGDGHUDHOSULPHU
KRPEUHTXHYHtDGHVQXGRGHVSXpVGHVXHVSRVR\HVWDEDWDQELHQHTXLSDGRSDUDODYLGDTXHOH
SDUHFLyDQRUPDOUVXODHQFLQWDSRUWHUFHUDYH]YLYLyGHQXHYRVXVWHUURUHVGHUHFLpQFDVDGD
3RUDTXHOWLHPSRLEDDODFDVDXQDPXMHUDOHJUHGHVOHQJXDGDSURYRFDWLYDTXHD\XGDEDHQ
ORVRILFLRVGRPpVWLFRV\VDEtDOHHUHOSRUYHQLUHQODEDUDMDUVXODOHKDEOyGHVXKLMR3HQVDED
TXH VX GHVSURSRUFLyQ HUD DOJR WDQ GHVQDWXUDOL]DGR FRPR OD FROD GH FHUGR GHO SULPR /D PXMHU
VROWy XQD ULVD H[SDQVLYD TXH UHSHUFXWLy HQ WRGD OD FDVD FRPR XQ UHJXHUR GH YLGULR $O
FRQWUDULRGLMR6HUiIHOL]3DUDFRQILUPDUVXSURQyVWLFROOHYyORVQDLSHVDODFDVDSRFRVGtDV
GHVSXpV\VHHQFHUUyFRQ-RVp$UFDGLRHQXQGHSyVLWRGHJUDQRVFRQWLJXRDODFRFLQD&RORFyODV
EDUDMDVFRQPXFKDFDOPDHQXQYLHMRPHVyQGHFDUSLQWHUtDKDEODQGRGHFXDOTXLHUFRVDPLHQWUDV

10

HOPXFKDFKRHVSHUDEDFHUFDGHHOODPiVDEXUULGRTXHLQWULJDGR'HSURQWRH[WHQGLyODPDQR\OR
WRFy 4Xp EiUEDUR GLMR VLQFHUDPHQWH DVXVWDGD \ IXH WRGR OR TXH SXGR GHFLU -RVp $UFDGLR
VLQWLy TXH ORV KXHVRV VH OH OOHQDEDQ GH HVSXPD TXH WHQtD XQ PLHGR OiQJXLGR \ XQRV WHUULEOHV
GHVHRVGHOORUDU/DPXMHUQROHKL]RQLQJXQDLQVLQXDFLyQ3HUR-RVp$UFDGLRODVLJXLyEXVFDQGR
WRGDODQRFKHHQHORORUGHKXPRTXHHOODWHQtDHQODVD[LODV\TXHVHOHTXHGyPHWLGRGHEDMRGHO
SHOOHMR 4XHUtD HVWDU FRQ HOOD HQ WRGR PRPHQWR TXHUtD TXH HOOD IXHUD VX PDGUH TXH QXQFD
VDOLHUDQ GHO JUDQHUR \ TXH OH GLMHUD TXp EiUEDUR \ TXH OR YROYLHUD D WRFDU \ D GHFLUOH TXp
EiUEDUR 8Q GtD QR SXGR VRSRUWDU PiV \ IXH D EXVFDUOD D VX FDVD +L]R XQD YLVLWD IRUPDO
LQFRPSUHQVLEOHVHQWDGRHQODVDODVLQSURQXQFLDUXQDSDODEUD(QHVHPRPHQWRQRODGHVHy/D
HQFRQWUDED GLVWLQWD HQWHUDPHQWH DMHQD D OD LPDJHQ TXH LQVSLUDED VX RORU FRPR VL IXHUD RWUD
7RPyHOFDIp\DEDQGRQyODFDVDGHSULPLGR(VDQRFKHHQHOHVSDQWRGHODYLJLOLDODYROYLyD
GHVHDU FRQ XQD DQVLHGDG EUXWDO SHUR HQWRQFHV QR OD TXHUtD FRPR HUD HQ HO JUDQHUR VLQR FRPR
KDEtDVLGRDTXHOODWDUGH
'tDVGHVSXpVGHXQPRGRLQWHPSHVWLYRODPXMHUOROODPyDVXFDVDGRQGHHVWDEDVRODFRQVX
PDGUH \ OR KL]R HQWUDU HQ HO GRUPLWRULR FRQ HO SUHWH[WR GH HQVHxDUOH XQ WUXFR GH EDUDMDV
(QWRQFHV OR WRFy FRQ WDQWD OLEHUWDG TXH pO VXIULy XQD GHVLOXVLyQ GHVSXpV GHO HVWUHPHFLPLHQWR
LQLFLDO \ H[SHULPHQWy PiV PLHGR TXH SODFHU (OOD OH SLGLy TXH HVD QRFKH IXHUD D EXVFDUOD eO
HVWXYRGHDFXHUGRSRUVDOLUGHOSDVRVDELHQGRTXHQRVHUtDFDSD]GHLU3HURHVDQRFKHHQOD
FDPDDUGLHQWHFRPSUHQGLyTXHWHQtDTXHLUDEXVFDUODDXQTXHQRIXHUDFDSD]6HYLVWLyDWLHQWDV
R\HQGR HQ OD RVFXULGDG OD UHSRVDGD UHVSLUDFLyQ GH VX KHUPDQR OD WRV VHFD GH VX SDGUH HQ HO
FXDUWRYHFLQRHODVPDGHODVJDOOLQDVHQHOSDWLRHO]XPELGRGHORVPRVTXLWRVHOERPERGHVX
FRUD]yQ\HOGHVPHVXUDGREXOOLFLRGHOPXQGRTXHQRKDEtDDGYHUWLGRKDVWDHQWRQFHV\VDOLyDOD
FDOOH GRUPLGD 'HVHDED GH WRGR FRUD]yQ TXH OD SXHUWD HVWXYLHUD DWUDQFDGD \ QR VLPSOHPHQWH
DMXVWDGDFRPRHOODOHKDEtDSURPHWLGR3HURHVWDEDDELHUWD/DHPSXMyFRQODSXQWDGHORVGHGRV
\ ORV JR]QHV VROWDURQ XQ TXHMLGR O~JXEUH \ DUWLFXODGR TXH WXYR XQD UHVRQDQFLD KHODGD HQ VXV
HQWUDxDV 'HVGH HO LQVWDQWH HQ TXH HQWUy GH PHGLR ODGR \ WUDWDQGR GH QR KDFHU UXLGR VLQWLy HO
RORU7RGDYtDHVWDEDHQODVDOLWDGRQGHORVWUHVKHUPDQRVGHODPXMHUFROJDEDQODVKDPDFDVHQ
SRVLFLRQHV TXH pO LJQRUDED \ TXH QR SRGtD GHWHUPLQDU HQ ODV WLQLHEODV DVt TXH OH IDOWDED
DWUDYHVDUODDWLHQWDVHPSXMDUODSXHUWDGHOGRUPLWRULR\RULHQWDUVHDOOtGHWDOPRGRTXHQRIXHUDD
HTXLYRFDUVHGHFDPD/RFRQVLJXLy7URSH]yFRQORVKLFRVGHODVKDPDFDVTXHHVWDEDQPiVEDMDV
GHORTXHpOKDEtDVXSXHVWR\XQKRPEUHTXHURQFDEDKDVWDHQWRQFHVVHUHYROYLyHQHOVXHxR\
GLMRFRQXQDHVSHFLHGHGHVLOXVLyQ(UDPLpUFROHV&XDQGRHPSXMyODSXHUWDGHOGRUPLWRULRQR
SXGRLPSHGLUTXHUDVSDUDHOGHVQLYHOGHOSLVR'HSURQWRHQODRVFXULGDGDEVROXWDFRPSUHQGLy
FRQXQDLUUHPHGLDEOHQRVWDOJLDTXHHVWDEDFRPSOHWDPHQWHGHVRULHQWDGR(QODHVWUHFKDKDELWDFLyQ
GRUPtDQ OD PDGUH RWUD KLMD FRQ HO PDULGR \ GRV QLxRV \ OD PXMHU TXH WDO YH] QR OR HVSHUDED
+DEUtDSRGLGRJXLDUVHSRUHORORUVLHORORUQRKXELHUDHVWDGRHQWRGDODFDVDWDQHQJDxRVR\DO
PLVPR WLHPSR WDQ GHILQLGR FRPR KDEtD HVWDGR VLHPSUH HQ VX SHOOHMR 3HUPDQHFLy LQPyYLO XQ
ODUJRUDWRSUHJXQWiQGRVHDVRPEUDGRFyPRKDEtDKHFKRSDUDOOHJDUDHVHDELVPRGHGHVDPSDUR
FXDQGRXQDPDQRFRQWRGRVORVGHGRVH[WHQGLGRVTXHWDQWHDEDHQODVWLQLHEODVOHWURSH]yODFDUD

1R VH VRUSUHQGLy SRUTXH VLQ VDEHUOR OR KDEtD HVWDGR HVSHUDQGR (QWRQFHV VH FRQILy D DTXHOOD
PDQR \ HQ XQ WHUULEOH HVWDGR GH DJRWDPLHQWR VH GHMy OOHYDU KDVWD XQ OXJDU VLQ IRUPDV GRQGH OH
TXLWDURQODURSD\OR]DUDQGHDURQFRPRXQFRVWDOGHSDSDV\ORYROWHDURQDOGHUHFKR\DOUHYpV
HQXQDRVFXULGDGLQVRQGDEOHHQODTXHOHVREUDEDQORVEUD]RVGRQGH\DQRROtDPiVDPXMHUVLQR
D DPRQtDFR \ GRQGH WUDWDED GH DFRUGDUVH GHO URVWUR GH HOOD \ VH HQFRQWUDED FRQ HO URVWUR GH
UVXOD FRQIXVDPHQWH FRQVFLHQWH GH TXH HVWDED KDFLHQGR DOJR TXH GHVGH KDFtD PXFKR WLHPSR
GHVHDED TXH VH SXGLHUD KDFHU SHUR TXH QXQFD VH KDEtD LPDJLQDGR TXH HQ UHDOLGDG VH SXGLHUD
KDFHU VLQ VDEHU FyPR OR HVWDED KDFLHQGR SRUTXH QR VDEtD GyQGH HVWDEDQ ORV SLHV \ GyQGH OD
FDEH]DQLORVSLHVGHTXLpQQLODFDEH]DGHTXLpQ\VLQWLHQGRTXHQRSRGtDUHVLVWLUPiVHOUXPRU
JODFLDO GH VXV ULxRQHV \ HO DLUH GH VXV WULSDV \ HO PLHGR \ HO DQVLD DWRORQGUDGD GH KXLU \ DO
PLVPR WLHPSR GH TXHGDUVH SDUD VLHPSUH HQ DTXHO VLOHQFLR H[DVSHUDGR \ DTXHOOD VROHGDG
HVSDQWRVD
6HOODPDED3LODU7HUQHUD+DEtDIRUPDGRSDUWHGHOp[RGRTXHFXOPLQyFRQODIXQGDFLyQGH
0DFRQGRDUUDVWUDGDSRUVXIDPLOLDSDUDVHSDUDUODGHOKRPEUHTXHODYLROyDORVFDWRUFHDxRV\
VLJXLy DPiQGROD KDVWD ORV YHLQWLGyV SHUR TXH QXQFD VH GHFLGLy D KDFHU S~EOLFD OD VLWXDFLyQ
SRUTXHHUDXQKRPEUHDMHQR/HSURPHWLyVHJXLUODKDVWDHOILQGHOPXQGRSHURPiVWDUGHFXDQGR
DUUHJODUD VXV DVXQWRV \ HOOD VH KDEtD FDQVDGR GH HVSHUDUOR LGHQWLILFiQGROR VLHPSUH FRQ ORV
KRPEUHV DOWRV \ EDMRV UXELRV \ PRUHQRV TXH ODV EDUDMDV OH SURPHWtDQ SRU ORV FDPLQRV GH OD
WLHUUD\ORVFDPLQRVGHOPDUSDUDGHQWURGHWUHVGtDVWUHVPHVHVRWUHVDxRV+DEtDSHUGLGRHQOD
HVSHUDODIXHU]DGHORVPXVORVODGXUH]DGHORVVHQRVHOKiELWRGHODWHUQXUDSHURFRQVHUYDED
LQWDFWDODORFXUDGHOFRUD]yQ7UDVWRUQDGRSRUDTXHOMXJXHWHSURGLJLRVR-RVp$UFDGLREXVFyVX
UDVWUR WRGDV ODV QRFKHV D WUDYpV GHO ODEHULQWR GHO FXDUWR (Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ HQFRQWUy OD SXHUWD
DWUDQFDGD\WRFyYDULDVYHFHVVDELHQGRTXHVLKDEtDWHQLGRHODUUHVWRGHWRFDUODSULPHUDYH]
WHQtD TXH WRFDU KDVWD OD ~OWLPD \ DO FDER GH XQD HVSHUD LQWHUPLQDEOH HOOD OH DEULy OD SXHUWD
'XUDQWH HO GtD GHUUXPEiQGRVH GH VXHxR JR]DED HQ VHFUHWR FRQ ORV UHFXHUGRV GH OD QRFKH
DQWHULRU 3HUR FXDQGR HOOD HQWUDED HQ OD FDVD DOHJUH LQGLIHUHQWH GLFKDUDFKHUD pO QR WHQtD TXH
KDFHU QLQJ~Q HVIXHU]R SDUD GLVLPXODU VX WHQVLyQ SRUTXH DTXHOOD PXMHU FX\D ULVD H[SORVLYD
HVSDQWDEDDODVSDORPDVQRWHQtDQDGDTXHYHUFRQHOSRGHULQYLVLEOHTXHOHHQVHxDEDDUHVSLUDU
KDFLD GHQWUR \ D FRQWURODU ORV JROSHV GHO FRUD]yQ \ OH KDEtD SHUPLWLGR HQWHQGHU SRU TXp ORV
KRPEUHV OH WLHQHQ PLHGR D OD PXHUWH (VWDED WDQ HQVLPLVPDGR TXH QL VLTXLHUD FRPSUHQGLy OD
DOHJUtDGHWRGRVFXDQGRVXSDGUH\VXKHUPDQRDOERURWDURQODFDVDFRQODQRWLFLDGHTXHKDEtDQ
ORJUDGRYXOQHUDUHOFDVFRWHPHWiOLFR\VHSDUDUHORURGHUVXOD
(Q HIHFWR WUDV FRPSOLFDGDV \ SHUVHYHUDQWHV MRUQDGDV OR KDEtDQ FRQVHJXLGR UVXOD HVWDED
IHOL]\KDVWDGLRJUDFLDVD'LRVSRUODLQYHQFLyQGHODDOTXLPLDPLHQWUDVODJHQWHGHODDOGHDVH
DSUHWXMDED HQ HO ODERUDWRULR \ OHV VHUYtDQ GXOFH GH JXD\DED FRQ JDOOHWLWDV SDUD FHOHEUDU HO
SURGLJLR\-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDOHVGHMDEDYHUHOFULVROFRQHORURUHVFDWDGRFRPRVLDFDEDUD
GH LQYHQWDUOR 'H WDQWR PRVWUDUOR WHUPLQy IUHQWH D VX KLMR PD\RU TXH HQ ORV ~OWLPRV WLHPSRV
DSHQDVVHDVRPDEDSRUHOODERUDWRULR3XVRIUHQWHDVXVRMRVHOPD]DFRWHVHFR\DPDULOOHQWR\OH
SUHJXQWy4XpWHSDUHFH"-RVp$UFDGLRVLQFHUDPHQWHFRQWHVWy

11

0LHUGDGHSHUUR
6X SDGUH OH GLR FRQ HO UHYpV GH OD PDQR XQ YLROHQWR JROSH HQ OD ERFD TXH OH KL]R VDOWDU OD
VDQJUH \ ODV OiJULPDV (VD QRFKH 3LODU 7HUQHUD OH SXVR FRPSUHVDV GH iUQLFD HQ OD KLQFKD]yQ
DGLYLQDQGRHOIUDVFR\ORVDOJRGRQHVHQODRVFXULGDG\OHKL]RWRGRORTXHTXLVRVLQTXHpOVH
PROHVWDUDSDUDDPDUORVLQODVWLPDUOR/RJUDURQWDOHVWDGRGHLQWLPLGDGTXHXQPRPHQWRGHVSXpV
VLQGDUVHFXHQWDHVWDEDQKDEODQGRHQPXUPXOORV
4XLHURHVWDUVRORFRQWLJRGHFtDpO8QGtDGHHVWRVOHFXHQWRWRGRDWRGRHOPXQGR\VH
DFDEDQORVHVFRQGULMRV
(OODQRWUDWyGHDSDFLJXDUOR
6HUtD PX\ EXHQR GLMR 6L HVWDPRV VRORV GHMDPRV OD OiPSDUD HQFHQGLGD SDUD YHUQRV
ELHQ \ \R SXHGR JULWDU WRGR OR TXH TXLHUD VLQ TXH QDGLH WHQJD TXH PHWHUVH \ W~ PH GLFHV HQ OD
RUHMDWRGDVODVSRUTXHUtDVTXHVHWHRFXUUDQ
(VWDFRQYHUVDFLyQHOUHQFRUPRUGLHQWHTXHVHQWtDFRQWUDVXSDGUH\ODLQPLQHQWHSRVLELOLGDG
GHO DPRU GHVDIRUDGR OH LQVSLUDURQ XQD VHUHQD YDOHQWtD 'H XQ PRGR HVSRQWiQHR VLQ QLQJXQD
SUHSDUDFLyQOHFRQWyWRGRDVXKHUPDQR
$O SULQFLSLR HO SHTXHxR $XUHOLDQR VyOR FRPSUHQGtD HO ULHVJR OD LQPHQVD SRVLELOLGDG GH
SHOLJURTXHLPSOLFDEDQODVDYHQWXUDVGHVXKHUPDQRSHURQRORJUDEDFRQFHELUODIDVFLQDFLyQGHO
REMHWLYR 3RFR D SRFR VH IXH FRQWDPLQDQGR GH DQVLHGDG 6H KDFtD FRQWDU ODV PLQXFLRVDV
SHULSHFLDVVHLGHQWLILFDEDFRQHOVXIULPLHQWR\HOJR]RGHOKHUPDQRVHVHQWtDDVXVWDGR\IHOL]/R
HVSHUDEDGHVSLHUWRKDVWDHODPDQHFHUHQODFDPDVROLWDULDTXHSDUHFtDWHQHUXQDHVWHUDGHEUDVDV
\ VHJXtDQ KDEODQGR VLQ VXHxR KDVWD OD KRUD GH OHYDQWDUVH GH PRGR TXH PX\ SURQWR SDGHFLHURQ
DPERVODPLVPDVRPQROHQFLDVLQWLHURQHOPLVPRGHVSUHFLRSRUODDOTXLPLD\ODVDELGXUtDGHVX
SDGUH \ VH UHIXJLDURQ HQ OD VROHGDG (VWRV QLxRV DQGDQ FRPR ]XUXPEiWLFRV GHFtD UVXOD
'HEHQWHQHUORPEULFHV/HVSUHSDUyXQDUHSXJQDQWHSyFLPDGHSDLFRPDFKDFDGRTXHDPERV
EHELHURQFRQLPSUHYLVWRHVWRLFLVPR\VHVHQWDURQDOPLVPRWLHPSRHQVXVEDFLQLOODVRQFHYHFHV
HQ XQ VROR GtD \ H[SXOVDURQ XQRV SDUiVLWRV URVDGRV TXH PRVWUDURQ D WRGRV FRQ JUDQ M~ELOR
SRUTXH OHV SHUPLWLHURQ GHVRULHQWDU D UVXOD HQ FXDQWR DO RULJHQ GH VXV GLVWUDLPLHQWRV \
ODQJXLGHFHV$XUHOLDQRQRVyORSRGtDHQWRQFHVHQWHQGHUVLQRTXHSRGtDYLYLUFRPRFRVDSURSLD
ODV H[SHULHQFLDV GH VX KHUPDQR SRUTXH HQ XQD RFDVLyQ HQ TXH pVWH H[SOLFDED FRQ PXFKRV
SRUPHQRUHV HO PHFDQLVPR GHO DPRU OR LQWHUUXPSLy SDUD SUHJXQWDUOH 4Xp VH VLHQWH" -RVp
$UFDGLROHGLRXQDUHVSXHVWDLQPHGLDWD
(VFRPRXQWHPEORUGHWLHUUD
8QMXHYHVGHHQHURDODVGRVGHODPDGUXJDGDQDFLy$PDUDQWD$QWHVGHTXHQDGLHHQWUDUD
HQHOFXDUWRUVXODODH[DPLQyPLQXFLRVDPHQWH(UDOLYLDQD\DFXRVDFRPRXQDODJDUWLMDSHUR
WRGDVVXVSDUWHVHUDQKXPDQDV$XUHOLDQRQRVHGLRFXHQWDGHODQRYHGDGVLQRFXDQGRVLQWLyOD
FDVDOOHQDGHJHQWH3URWHJLGRSRUODFRQIXVLyQVDOLyHQEXVFDGHVXKHUPDQRTXHQRHVWDEDHQOD
FDPDGHVGHODVRQFH\IXHXQDGHFLVLyQWDQLPSXOVLYDTXHQLVLTXLHUDWXYRWLHPSRGHSUHJXQWDUVH
FyPRKDUtDSDUDVDFDUORGHOGRUPLWRULRGH3LODU7HUQHUD(VWXYRURQGDQGRODFDVDYDULDVKRUDV
VLOEDQGRFODYHVSULYDGDVKDVWDTXHODSUR[LPLGDGGHODOEDORREOLJyDUHJUHVDU(QHOFXDUWRGH

VX PDGUH MXJDQGR FRQ OD KHUPDQLWD UHFLpQ QDFLGD \ FRQ XQD FDUD TXH VH OH FDtD GH LQRFHQFLD
HQFRQWUyD-RVp$UFDGLR
UVXODKDEtDFXPSOLGRDSHQDVVXUHSRVRGHFXDUHQWDGtDVFXDQGRYROYLHURQORVJLWDQRV(UDQ
ORV PLVPRV VDOWLPEDQTXLV \ PDODEDULVWDV TXH OOHYDURQ HO KLHOR $ GLIHUHQFLD GH OD WULEX GH
0HOTXtDGHV KDEtDQ GHPRVWUDGR HQ SRFR WLHPSR TXH QR HUDQ KHUDOGRV GHO SURJUHVR VLQR
PHUFDFKLIOHVGHGLYHUVLRQHV,QFOXVLYHFXDQGROOHYDURQHOKLHORQRORDQXQFLDURQHQIXQFLyQGH
VXXWLOLGDGHQODYLGDGHORVKRPEUHVVLQRFRPRXQDVLPSOHFXULRVLGDGGHFLUFR(VWDYH]HQWUH
PXFKRV RWURV MXHJRV GH DUWLILFLR OOHYDEDQ XQD HVWHUD YRODGRUD 3HUR QR OD RIUHFLHURQ FRPR XQ
DSRUWHIXQGDPHQWDODOGHVDUUROORGHOWUDQVSRUWHVLQRFRPRXQREMHWRGHUHFUHR/DJHQWHGHVGH
OXHJRGHVHQWHUUyVXV~OWLPRVSHGDFLWRVGHRURSDUDGLVIUXWDUGHXQYXHORIXJD]VREUHODVFDVDVGH
OD DOGHD $PSDUDGRV SRU OD GHOLFLRVD LPSXQLGDG GHO GHVRUGHQ FROHFWLYR -RVp $UFDGLR \ 3LODU
YLYLHURQKRUDVGHGHVDKRJR)XHURQGRVQRYLRVGLFKRVRVHQWUHODPXFKHGXPEUH\KDVWDOOHJDURQ
D VRVSHFKDU TXH HO DPRU SRGtD VHU XQ VHQWLPLHQWR PiV UHSRVDGR \ SURIXQGR TXH OD IHOLFLGDG
GHVDIRUDGD SHUR PRPHQWiQHD GH VXV QRFKHV VHFUHWDV 3LODU VLQ HPEDUJR URPSLy HO HQFDQWR
(VWLPXODGD SRU HO HQWXVLDVPR FRQ TXH -RVp $UFDGLR GLVIUXWDED GH VX FRPSDxtD HTXLYRFy OD
IRUPD\ODRFDVLyQ\GHXQVRORJROSHOHHFKyHOPXQGRHQFLPD$KRUDVtHUHVXQKRPEUHOH
GLMR<FRPRpOQRHQWHQGLyORTXHHOODTXHUtDGHFLUOHVHORH[SOLFyOHWUDSRUOHWUD
9DVDWHQHUXQKLMR
-RVp $UFDGLR QR VH DWUHYLy D VDOLU GH VX FDVD HQ YDULRV GtDV /H EDVWDED FRQ HVFXFKDU OD
ULVRWDGD WUHSLGDQWH GH 3LODU HQ OD FRFLQD SDUD FRUUHU D UHIXJLDUVH HQ HO ODERUDWRULR GRQGH ORV
DUWHIDFWRVGHDOTXLPLDKDEtDQUHYLYLGRFRQODEHQGLFLyQGHUVXOD-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDUHFLELy
FRQDOERUR]RDOKLMRH[WUDYLDGR\ORLQLFLyHQODE~VTXHGDGHODSLHGUDILORVRIDOTXHKDEtDSRUILQ
HPSUHQGLGR8QDWDUGHVHHQWXVLDVPDURQORVPXFKDFKRVFRQODHVWHUDYRODGRUDTXHSDVyYHOR]DO
QLYHOGHODYHQWDQDGHOODERUDWRULROOHYDQGRDOJLWDQRFRQGXFWRU\DYDULRVQLxRVGHODDOGHDTXH
KDFtDQDOHJUHVVDOXGRVFRQODPDQR\-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDQLVLTXLHUDODPLUy'pMHQORVTXH
VXHxHQ GLMR 1RVRWURV YRODUHPRV PHMRU TXH HOORV FRQ UHFXUVRV PiV FLHQWtILFRV TXH HVH
PLVHUDEOH VREUHFDPDV $ SHVDU GH VX ILQJLGR LQWHUpV -RVp $UFDGLR QR HQWHQGLy QXQFD ORV
SRGHUHV GHO KXHYR ILORVyILFR TXH VLPSOHPHQWH OH SDUHFtD XQ IUDVFR PDO KHFKR 1R ORJUDED
HVFDSDUGHVXSUHRFXSDFLyQ3HUGLyHODSHWLWR\HOVXHxRVXFXPELyDOPDOKXPRULJXDOTXHVX
SDGUHDQWHHOIUDFDVRGHDOJXQDGHVXVHPSUHVDV\IXHWDOVXWUDVWRUQRTXHHOSURSLR-RVp$UFDGLR
%XHQGtD OR UHOHYy GH ORV GHEHUHV HQ HO ODERUDWRULR FUH\HQGR TXH KDEtD WRPDGR OD DOTXLPLD
GHPDVLDGRDSHFKR$XUHOLDQRSRUVXSXHVWRFRPSUHQGLyTXHODDIOLFFLyQGHOKHUPDQRQRWHQtD
RULJHQHQODE~VTXHGDGHODSLHGUDILORVRIDOSHURQRFRQVLJXLyDUUDQFDUOHXQDFRQILGHQFLD+DEtD
SHUGLGR VX DQWLJXD HVSRQWDQHLGDG 'H FyPSOLFH \ FRPXQLFDWLYR VH KL]R KHUPpWLFR \ KRVWLO
$QVLRVR GH VROHGDG PRUGLGR SRU XQ YLUXOHQWR UHQFRU FRQWUD HO PXQGR XQD QRFKH DEDQGRQy OD
FDPDFRPRGHFRVWXPEUHSHURQRIXHDFDVDGH3LODU7HUQHUDVLQRDFRQIXQGLUVHFRQHOWXPXOWR
GHODIHULD'HVSXpVGHGHDPEXODUSRUHQWUHWRGDVXHUWHGHPiTXLQDVGHDUWLILFLRVLQLQWHUHVDUVH
SRUQLQJXQDVHILMyHQDOJRTXHQRHVWDEDHQMXHJRXQDJLWDQDPX\MRYHQFDVLXQDQLxDDJRELDGD
GHDEDORULRVODPXMHUPiVEHOODTXH-RVp$UFDGLRKDEtDYLVWRHQVXYLGD(VWDEDHQWUHODPXOWLWXG

12

TXHSUHVHQFLDEDHOWULVWHHVSHFWiFXORGHOKRPEUHTXHVHFRQYLUWLyHQYtERUDSRUGHVREHGHFHUD
VXVSDGUHV
-RVp$UFDGLRQRSXVRDWHQFLyQ0LHQWUDVVHGHVDUUROODEDHOWULVWHLQWHUURJDWRULRGHOKRPEUH
YtERUDVHKDEtDDELHUWRSDVRSRUHQWUHODPXOWLWXGKDVWDODSULPHUDILODHQTXHVHHQFRQWUDEDOD
JLWDQD\VHKDEtDGHWHQLGRGHWUiVGHHOOD6HDSUHWyFRQWUDVXVHVSDOGDV/DPXFKDFKDWUDWyGH
VHSDUDUVH SHUR -RVp $UFDGLR VH DSUHWy FRQ PiV IXHU]D FRQWUD VXV HVSDOGDV (QWRQFHV HOOD OR
VLQWLy 6H TXHGy LQPyYLO FRQWUD pO WHPEODQGR GH VRUSUHVD \ SDYRU VLQ SRGHU FUHHU HQ OD
HYLGHQFLD\SRU~OWLPRYROYLyODFDEH]D\ORPLUyFRQXQDVRQULVDWUpPXOD(QHVHLQVWDQWHGRV
JLWDQRVPHWLHURQDOKRPEUHYtERUDHQVXMDXOD\ODOOHYDURQDOLQWHULRUGHODWLHQGD(OJLWDQRTXH
GLULJtDHOHVSHFWiFXORDQXQFLy
<DKRUDVHxRUDV\VHxRUHVYDPRVDPRVWUDUODSUXHEDWHUULEOHGHODPXMHUTXHWHQGUiTXH
VHUGHFDSLWDGDWRGDVODVQRFKHVDHVWDKRUDGXUDQWHFLHQWRFLQFXHQWDDxRVFRPRFDVWLJRSRUKDEHU
YLVWRORTXHQRGHEtD
-RVp $UFDGLR \ OD PXFKDFKD QR SUHVHQFLDURQ OD GHFDSLWDFLyQ )XHURQ D OD FDUSD GH HOOD
GRQGHVHEHVDURQFRQXQDDQVLHGDGGHVHVSHUDGDPLHQWUDVVHLEDQTXLWDQGRODURSD/DJLWDQDVH
GHVKL]RGHVXVFRUSLxRVVXSHUSXHVWRVGHVXVQXPHURVRVSROOHULQHVGHHQFDMHDOPLGRQDGRGHVX
LQ~WLOFRUVHWDODPEUDGRGHVXFDUJDGHDEDORULRV\TXHGySUiFWLFDPHQWHFRQYHUWLGDHQQDGD(UD
XQDUDQLWDOiQJXLGDGHVHQRVLQFLSLHQWHV\SLHUQDVWDQGHOJDGDVTXHQROHJDQDEDQHQGLiPHWURD
ORVEUD]RVGH-RVp$UFDGLRSHURWHQtDXQDGHFLVLyQ\XQFDORUTXHFRPSHQVDEDQVXIUDJLOLGDG
6LQ HPEDUJR -RVp $UFDGLR QR SRGtD UHVSRQGHUOH SRUTXH HVWDEDQ HQ XQD HVSHFLH GH FDUSD
S~EOLFDSRUGRQGHORVJLWDQRVSDVDEDQFRQVXVFRVDVGHFLUFR\DUUHJODEDQVXVDVXQWRV\KDVWDVH
GHPRUDEDQMXQWRDODFDPDDHFKDUXQDSDUWLGDGHGDGRV/DOiPSDUDFROJDGDHQODYDUDFHQWUDO
LOXPLQDED WRGR HO iPELWR (Q XQD SDXVD GH ODV FDULFLDV -RVp $UFDGLR VH HVWLUy GHVQXGR HQ OD
FDPD VLQ VDEHU TXp KDFHU PLHQWUDV OD PXFKDFKD WUDWDED GH DOHQWDUOR 8QD JLWDQD GH FDUQHV
HVSOpQGLGDV HQWUy SRFR GHVSXpV DFRPSDxDGD GH XQ KRPEUH TXH QR KDFtD SDUWH GH OD IDUiQGXOD
SHUR TXH WDPSRFR HUD GH OD DOGHD \ DPERV HPSH]DURQ D GHVYHVWLUVH IUHQWH D OD FDPD 6LQ
SURSRQpUVHOR OD PXMHU PLUy D -RVp $UFDGLR \ H[DPLQy FRQ XQD HVSHFLH GH IHUYRU SDWpWLFR VX
PDJQtILFRDQLPDOHQUHSRVR
0XFKDFKRH[FODPyTXH'LRVWHODFRQVHUYH
/DFRPSDxHUDGH-RVp$UFDGLROHVSLGLyTXHORVGHMDUDQWUDQTXLORV\ODSDUHMDVHDFRVWyHQ
HO VXHOR PX\ FHUFD GH OD FDPD /D SDVLyQ GH ORV RWURV GHVSHUWy OD ILHEUH GH -RVp $UFDGLR $O
SULPHUFRQWDFWRORVKXHVRVGHODPXFKDFKDSDUHFLHURQGHVDUWLFXODUVHFRQXQFUXMLGRGHVRUGHQDGR
FRPRHOGHXQILFKHURGHGRPLQy\VXSLHOVHGHVKL]RHQXQVXGRUSiOLGR\VXVRMRVVHOOHQDURQ
GHOiJULPDV\WRGRVXFXHUSRH[KDOyXQODPHQWRO~JXEUH\XQYDJRRORUGHORGR3HURVRSRUWyHO
LPSDFWRFRQXQDILUPH]DGHFDUiFWHU\XQDYDOHQWtDDGPLUDEOHV-RVp$UFDGLRVHVLQWLyHQWRQFHV
OHYDQWDGRHQYLORKDFLDXQHVWDGRGHLQVSLUDFLyQVHUiILFDGRQGHVXFRUD]yQVHGHVEDUDWyHQXQ
PDQDQWLDOGHREVFHQLGDGHVWLHUQDVTXHOHHQWUDEDQDODPXFKDFKDSRUORVRtGRV\OHVDOtDQSRUOD
ERFDWUDGXFLGDVDVXLGLRPD(UDMXHYHV/DQRFKHGHOViEDGR-RVp$UFDGLRVHDPDUUyXQWUDSR
URMRHQODFDEH]D\VHIXHFRQORVJLWDQRV

&XDQGR UVXOD GHVFXEULy VX DXVHQFLD OR EXVFy SRU WRGD OD DOGHD (Q HO GHVPDQWHODGR
FDPSDPHQWRGHORVJLWDQRVQRKDEtDPiVTXHXQUHJXHURGHGHVSHUGLFLRVHQWUHODVFHQL]DVWRGDYtD
KXPHDQWHV GH ORV IRJRQHV DSDJDGRV $OJXLHQ TXH DQGDED SRU DKt EXVFDQGR DEDORULRV HQWUH OD
EDVXUDOHGLMRDUVXODTXHODQRFKHDQWHULRUKDEtDYLVWRDVXKLMRHQHOWXPXOWRGHODIDUiQGXOD
HPSXMDQGRXQDFDUUHWLOODFRQODMDXODGHOKRPEUHYtERUD6HPHWLyGHJLWDQROHJULWyHOODDVX
PDULGRTXLHQQRKDEtDGDGRODPHQRUVHxDOGHDODUPDDQWHODGHVDSDULFLyQ
2MDOiIXHUDFLHUWRGLMR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDPDFKDFDQGRHQHOPRUWHURODPDWHULDPLO
YHFHVPDFKDFDGD\UHFDOHQWDGD\YXHOWDDPDFKDFDU$VtDSUHQGHUiDVHUKRPEUH
UVXODSUHJXQWySRUGyQGHVHKDEtDQLGRORVJLWDQRV6LJXLySUHJXQWDQGRHQHOFDPLQRTXHOH
LQGLFDURQ \ FUH\HQGR TXH WRGDYtD WHQtD WLHPSR GH DOFDQ]DUORV VLJXLy DOHMiQGRVH GH OD DOGHD
KDVWDTXHWXYRFRQFLHQFLDGHHVWDUWDQOHMRVTXH\DQRSHQVyHQUHJUHVDU-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD
QR GHVFXEULy OD IDOWD GH VX PXMHU VLQR D ODV RFKR GH OD QRFKH FXDQGR GHMy OD PDWHULD
UHFDOHQWiQGRVHHQXQDFDPDGHHVWLpUFRO\IXHDYHUTXpOHSDVDEDDODSHTXHxD$PDUDQWDTXH
HVWDED URQFD GH OORUDU (Q SRFDV KRUDV UHXQLy XQ JUXSR GH KRPEUHV ELHQ HTXLSDGRV SXVR D
$PDUDQWD HQ PDQRV GH XQD PXMHU TXH VH RIUHFLy SDUD DPDPDQWDUOD \ VH SHUGLy SRU VHQGHURV
LQYLVLEOHV HQ SRV GH UVXOD $XUHOLDQR ORV DFRPSDxy 8QRV SHVFDGRUHV LQGtJHQDV FX\D OHQJXD
GHVFRQRFtDQOHVLQGLFDURQSRUVHxDVDODPDQHFHUTXHQRKDEtDQYLVWRSDVDUDQDGLH$OFDERGH
WUHVGtDVGHE~VTXHGDLQ~WLOUHJUHVDURQDODDOGHD
'XUDQWH YDULDV VHPDQDV -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD VH GHMy YHQFHU SRU OD FRQVWHUQDFLyQ 6H
RFXSDEDFRPRXQDPDGUHGHODSHTXHxD$PDUDQWD/DEDxDED\FDPELDEDGHURSDODOOHYDEDD
VHUDPDPDQWDGDFXDWURYHFHVDOGtD\KDVWDOHFDQWDEDHQODQRFKHODVFDQFLRQHVTXHUVXODQXQFD
VXSRFDQWDU(QFLHUWDRFDVLyQ3LODU7HUQHUDVHRIUHFLySDUDKDFHUORVRILFLRVGHODFDVDPLHQWUDV
UHJUHVDED UVXOD $XUHOLDQR FX\D PLVWHULRVD LQWXLFLyQ VH KDEtD VHQVLELOL]DGR HQ OD GHVGLFKD
H[SHULPHQWy XQ IXOJRU GH FODULYLGHQFLD DO YHUOD HQWUDU (QWRQFHV VXSR TXH GH DOJ~Q PRGR
LQH[SOLFDEOH HOOD WHQtD OD FXOSD GH OD IXJD GH VX KHUPDQR \ OD FRQVLJXLHQWH GHVDSDULFLyQ GH VX
PDGUH\ODDFRVyGHWDOPRGRFRQXQDFDOODGDHLPSODFDEOHKRVWLOLGDGTXHODPXMHUQRYROYLyD
ODFDVD
(O WLHPSR SXVR ODV FRVDV HQ VX SXHVWR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD \ VX KLMR QR VXSLHURQ HQ TXp
PRPHQWR HVWDEDQ RWUD YH] HQ HO ODERUDWRULR VDFXGLHQGR HO SROYR SUHQGLHQGR IXHJR DO DWDQRU
HQWUHJDGRV XQD YH] PiV D OD SDFLHQWH PDQLSXODFLyQ GH OD PDWHULD GRUPLGD GHVGH KDFtD YDULRV
PHVHVHQVXFDPDGHHVWLpUFRO+DVWD$PDUDQWDDFRVWDGDHQXQDFDQDVWLOODGHPLPEUHREVHUYDED
FRQ FXULRVLGDG OD DEVRUEHQWH ODERU GH VX SDGUH \ VX KHUPDQR HQ HO FXDUWLWR HQUDUHFLGR SRU ORV
YDSRUHV GHO PHUFXULR (Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ PHVHV GHVSXpV GH OD SDUWLGD GH UVXOD HPSH]DURQ D
VXFHGHUFRVDVH[WUDxDV8QIUDVFRYDFtRTXHGXUDQWHPXFKRWLHPSRHVWXYRROYLGDGRHQXQDUPDULR
VH KL]R WDQ SHVDGR TXH IXH LPSRVLEOH PRYHUOR 8QD FD]XHOD GH DJXD FRORFDGD HQ OD PHVD GH
WUDEDMR KLUYLy VLQ IXHJR GXUDQWH PHGLD KRUD KDVWD HYDSRUDUVH SRU FRPSOHWR -RVp $UFDGLR
%XHQGtD \ VX KLMR REVHUYDEDQ DTXHOORV IHQyPHQRV FRQ DVXVWDGR DOERUR]R VLQ ORJUDU
H[SOLFiUVHORV SHUR LQWHUSUHWiQGRORV FRPR DQXQFLRV GH OD PDWHULD 8Q GtD OD FDQDVWLOOD GH
$PDUDQWDHPSH]yDPRYHUVHFRQXQLPSXOVRSURSLR\GLRXQDYXHOWDFRPSOHWDHQHOFXDUWRDQWH

13

ODFRQVWHUQDFLyQGH$XUHOLDQRTXHVHDSUHVXUyDGHWHQHUOD3HURVXSDGUHQRVHDOWHUy3XVROD
FDQDVWLOODHQVXSXHVWR\ODDPDUURDODSDWDGHXQDPHVDFRQYHQFLGRGHTXHHODFRQWHFLPLHQWR
HVSHUDGRHUDLQPLQHQWH)XHHQHVDRFDVLyQFXDQGR$XUHOLDQROHR\yGHFLU
6LQRWHPHVD'LRVWpPHOHDORVPHWDOHV
'H SURQWR FDVL FLQFR PHVHV GHVSXpV GH VX GHVDSDULFLyQ YROYLy UVXOD /OHJy H[DOWDGD
UHMXYHQHFLGD FRQ URSDV QXHYDV GH XQ HVWLOR GHVFRQRFLGR HQ OD DOGHD -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD
DSHQDVVLSXGRUHVLVWLUHOLPSDFWR(UDHVWRJULWDED<RVDEtDTXHLEDDRFXUULU<ORFUHtD
GH YHUDV SRUTXH HQ VXV SURORQJDGRV HQFLHUURV PLHQWUDV PDQLSXODED OD PDWHULD URJDED HQ HO
IRQGR GH VX FRUD]yQ TXH HO SURGLJLR HVSHUDGR QR IXHUD HO KDOOD]JR GH OD SLHGUD ILORVRIDO QL OD
OLEHUDFLyQGHOVRSORTXHKDFHYLYLUORVPHWDOHVQLODIDFXOWDGGHFRQYHUWLUHQRURODVELVDJUDV\
FHUUDGXUDV GH OD FDVD VLQR OR TXH DKRUD KDEtD RFXUULGR HO UHJUHVR GH UVXOD 3HUR HOOD QR
FRPSDUWtDVXDOERUR]R/HGLRXQEHVRFRQYHQFLRQDOFRPRVLQRKXELHUDHVWDGRDXVHQWHPiVGH
XQDKRUD\OHGLMR
$VyPDWHDODSXHUWD
-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDWDUGyPXFKRWLHPSRSDUDUHVWDEOHFHUVHGHODSHUSOHMLGDGFXDQGRVDOLy
D OD FDOOH \ YLR OD PXFKHGXPEUH 1R HUDQ JLWDQRV (UDQ KRPEUHV \ PXMHUHV FRPR HOORV GH
FDEHOORV ODFLRV \ SLHO SDUGD TXH KDEODEDQ VX PLVPD OHQJXD \ VH ODPHQWDEDQ GH ORV PLVPRV
GRORUHV7UDtDQPXODVFDUJDGDVGHFRVDVGHFRPHUFDUUHWDVGHEXH\HVFRQPXHEOHV\XWHQVLOLRV
GRPpVWLFRV SXURV \ VLPSOHV DFFHVRULRV WHUUHVWUHV SXHVWRV HQ YHQWD VLQ DVSDYLHQWRV SRU ORV
PHUFDFKLIOHV GH OD UHDOLGDG FRWLGLDQD 9HQtDQ GHO RWUR ODGR GH OD FLpQDJD D VyOR GRV GtDV GH
YLDMHGRQGHKDEtDSXHEORVTXHUHFLEtDQHOFRUUHRWRGRVORVPHVHV\FRQRFtDQODVPiTXLQDVGHO
ELHQHVWDUUVXODQRKDEtDDOFDQ]DGRDORVJLWDQRVSHURHQFRQWUyODUXWDTXHVXPDULGRQRSXGR
GHVFXEULUHQVXIUXVWUDGDE~VTXHGDGHORVJUDQGHVLQYHQWRV

(OKLMRGH3LODU7HUQHUDIXHOOHYDGRDFDVDGHVXVDEXHORVDODVGRVVHPDQDVGHQDFLGRUVXODOR
DGPLWLyGHPDODJDQDYHQFLGDXQDYH]PiVSRUODWHUTXHGDGGHVXPDULGRTXHQRSXGRWROHUDUOD
LGHDGHTXHXQUHWRxRGHVXVDQJUHTXHGDUDQDYHJDQGRDODGHULYDSHURLPSXVRODFRQGLFLyQGH
TXH VH RFXOWDUD DO QLxR VX YHUGDGHUD LGHQWLGDG $XQTXH UHFLELy HO QRPEUH GH -RVp $UFDGLR
WHUPLQDURQSRUOODPDUORVLPSOHPHQWH$UFDGLRSDUDHYLWDUFRQIXVLRQHV+DEtDSRUDTXHOODpSRFD
WDQWD DFWLYLGDG HQ HO SXHEOR \ WDQWRV WUDMLQHV HQ OD FDVD TXH HO FXLGDGR GH ORV QLxRV TXHGy
UHOHJDGRDXQQLYHOVHFXQGDULR6HORVHQFRPHQGDURQD9LVLWDFLyQXQDLQGLDJXDMLUDTXHOOHJyDO
SXHEORFRQXQKHUPDQRKX\HQGRGHXQDSHVWHGHLQVRPQLRTXHIODJHODEDDVXWULEXGHVGHKDFtD
YDULRVDxRV$PERVHUDQWDQGyFLOHV\VHUYLFLDOHVTXHUVXODVHKL]RFDUJRGHHOORVSDUDTXHOD
D\XGDUDQHQORVRILFLRVGRPpVWLFRV)XHDVtFRPR$UFDGLR\$PDUDQWDKDEODURQODOHQJXDJXDMLUD
DQWHVTXHHOFDVWHOODQR\DSUHQGLHURQDWRPDUFDOGRGHODJDUWLMDV\DFRPHUKXHYRVGHDUDxDVVLQ
TXH UVXOD VH GLHUD FXHQWD SRUTXH DQGDED GHPDVLDGR RFXSDGD HQ XQ SURPHWHGRU QHJRFLR GH
DQLPDOLWRV GH FDUDPHOR 0DFRQGR HVWDED WUDQVIRUPDGR /DV JHQWHV TXH OOHJDURQ FRQ UVXOD
GLYXOJDURQODEXHQDFDOLGDGGHVXVXHOR\VXSRVLFLyQSULYLOHJLDGDFRQUHVSHFWRDODFLpQDJDGH
PRGR TXH OD HVFXHWD DOGHD GH RWUR WLHPSR VH FRQYLUWLy PX\ SURQWR HQ XQ SXHEOR DFWLYR FRQ
WLHQGDV \ WDOOHUHV GH DUWHVDQtD \ XQD UXWD GH FRPHUFLR SHUPDQHQWH SRU GRQGH OOHJDURQ ORV
SULPHURV iUDEHV GH SDQWXIODV \ DUJROODV HQ ODV RUHMDV FDPELDQGR FROODUHV GH YLGULR SRU
JXDFDPD\DV -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD QR WXYR XQ LQVWDQWH GH UHSRVR )DVFLQDGR SRU XQD UHDOLGDG
LQPHGLDWDTXHHQWRQFHVOHUHVXOWyPiVIDQWiVWLFDTXHHOYDVWRXQLYHUVRGHVXLPDJLQDFLyQSHUGLy
WRGR LQWHUpV SRU HO ODERUDWRULR GH DOTXLPLD SXVR D GHVFDQVDU OD PDWHULD H[WHQXDGD SRU ODUJRV
PHVHV GH PDQLSXODFLyQ \ YROYLy D VHU HO KRPEUH HPSUHQGHGRU GH ORV SULPHURV WLHPSRV TXH
GHFLGtDHOWUD]DGRGHODVFDOOHV\ODSRVLFLyQGHODVQXHYDVFDVDVGHPDQHUDTXHQDGLHGLVIUXWDUD
GHSULYLOHJLRVTXHQRWXYLHUDQWRGRV$GTXLULyWDQWDDXWRULGDGHQWUHORVUHFLpQOOHJDGRVTXHQRVH
HFKDURQ FLPLHQWRV QL VH SDUDURQ FHUFDV VLQ FRQVXOWiUVHOR \ VH GHWHUPLQy TXH IXHUD pO TXLHQ
GLULJLHUD OD UHSDUWLFLyQ GH OD WLHUUD &XDQGR YROYLHURQ ORV JLWDQRV VDOWLPEDQTXLV DKRUD FRQ VX
IHULDDPEXODQWHWUDQVIRUPDGDHQXQJLJDQWHVFRHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHMXHJRVGHVXHUWH\D]DUIXHURQ
UHFLELGRV FRQ DOERUR]R SRUTXH VH SHQVy TXH -RVp $UFDGLR UHJUHVDED FRQ HOORV 3HUR -RVp
$UFDGLR QR YROYLy QL OOHYDURQ DO KRPEUHYtERUD TXH VHJ~Q SHQVDED UVXOD HUD HO ~QLFR TXH
SRGUtDGDUOHVUD]yQGHVXKLMRDVtTXHQRVHOHVSHUPLWLyDORVJLWDQRVLQVWDODUVHHQHOSXHEORQL

14

YROYHUDSLVDUORHQHOIXWXURSRUTXHVHORVFRQVLGHUyFRPRPHQVDMHURVGHODFRQFXSLVFHQFLD\OD
SHUYHUVLyQ-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDVLQHPEDUJRIXHH[SOtFLWRHQHOVHQWLGRGHTXHODDQWLJXDWULEX
GH0HOTXtDGHVTXHWDQWRFRQWULEX\yDOHQJUDQGHFLPLHQWRGHODDOGHDFRQVXPLOHQDULDVDELGXUtD\
VXV IDEXORVRV LQYHQWRV HQFRQWUDUtD VLHPSUH ODV SXHUWDV DELHUWDV 3HUR OD WULEX GH 0HOTXtDGHV
VHJ~QFRQWDURQORVWURWDPXQGRVKDEtDVLGRERUUDGDGHODID]GHODWLHUUDSRUKDEHUVREUHSDVDGR
ORVOtPLWHVGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRKXPDQR
(PDQFLSDGR DO PHQRV SRU HO PRPHQWR GH ODV WRUWXUDV GH OD IDQWDVtD -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD
LPSXVR HQ SRFR WLHPSR XQ HVWDGR GH RUGHQ \ WUDEDMR GHQWUR GHO FXDO VyOR VH SHUPLWLy XQD
OLFHQFLDODOLEHUDFLyQGHORVSiMDURVTXHGHVGHODpSRFDGHODIXQGDFLyQDOHJUDEDQHOWLHPSRFRQ
VXV IODXWDV \ OD LQVWDODFLyQ HQ VX OXJDU GH UHORMHV PXVLFDOHV HQ WRGDV ODV FDVDV (UDQ XQRV
SUHFLRVRV UHORMHV GH PDGHUD ODEUDGD TXH ORV iUDEHV FDPELDEDQ SRU JXDFDPD\DV \ TXH -RVp
$UFDGLR%XHQGtDVLQFURQL]yFRQWDQWDSUHFLVLyQTXHFDGDPHGLDKRUDHOSXHEORVHDOHJUDEDFRQ
ORV DFRUGHV SURJUHVLYRV GH XQD PLVPD SLH]D KDVWD DOFDQ]DU OD FXOPLQDFLyQ GH XQ PHGLRGtD
H[DFWR\XQiQLPHFRQHOYDOVHFRPSOHWR)XHWDPELpQ-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDTXLHQGHFLGLySRU
HVRV DxRV TXH HQ ODV FDOOHV GHO SXHEOR VH VHPEUDUDQ DOPHQGURV HQ YH] GH DFDFLDV \ TXLHQ
GHVFXEULyVLQUHYHODUORVQXQFDORVPpWRGRVSDUDKDFHUORVHWHUQRV0XFKRVDxRVGHVSXpVFXDQGR
0DFRQGR IXH XQ FDPSDPHQWR GH FDVDV GH PDGHUD \ WHFKRV GH ]LQF WRGDYtD SHUGXUDEDQ HQ ODV
FDOOHV PiV DQWLJXDV ORV DOPHQGURV URWRV \ SROYRULHQWRV DXQTXH QDGLH VDEtD HQWRQFHV TXLpQ ORV
KDEtD VHPEUDGR 0LHQWUDV VX SDGUH SRQtD HQ RUGHQ HO SXHEOR \ VX PDGUH FRQVROLGDED HO
SDWULPRQLRGRPpVWLFRFRQVXPDUDYLOORVDLQGXVWULDGHJDOOLWRV\SHFHVD]XFDUDGRVTXHGRVYHFHV
DOGtDVDOtDQGHODFDVDHQVDUWDGRVHQSDORVGHEDOVR$XUHOLDQRYLYtDKRUDVLQWHUPLQDEOHVHQHO
ODERUDWRULR DEDQGRQDGR DSUHQGLHQGR SRU SXUD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HO DUWH GH OD SODWHUtD 6H KDEtD
HVWLUDGRWDQWRTXHHQSRFRWLHPSRGHMyGHVHUYLUOHODURSDDEDQGRQDGDSRUVXKHUPDQR\HPSH]y
DXVDUODGHVXSDGUHSHURIXHQHFHVDULRTXH9LVLWDFLyQOHVFRVLHUDDOIRU]DVDODVFDPLVDV\VLVDV
DORVSDQWDORQHVSRUTXH$XUHOLDQRQRKDEtDVDFDGRODFRUSXOHQFLDGHORVRWURV/DDGROHVFHQFLD
OHKDEtDTXLWDGRODGXO]XUDGHODYR]\ORKDEtDYXHOWRVLOHQFLRVR\GHILQLWLYDPHQWHVROLWDULRSHUR
HQ FDPELR OH KDEtD UHVWLWXLGR OD H[SUHVLyQ LQWHQVD TXH WXYR HQ ORV RMRV DO QDFHU (VWDED WDQ
FRQFHQWUDGRHQVXVH[SHULPHQWRVGHSODWHUtDTXHDSHQDVVLDEDQGRQDEDHOODERUDWRULRSDUDFRPHU
3UHRFXSDGRSRUVXHQVLPLVPDPLHQWR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDOHGLROODYHVGHODFDVD\XQSRFRGH
GLQHURSHQVDQGRTXHWDOYH]OHKLFLHUDIDOWDXQDPXMHU3HUR$XUHOLDQRJDVWyHOGLQHURHQiFLGR
PXULiWLFRSDUDSUHSDUDUDJXDUHJLD\HPEHOOHFLyODVOODYHVFRQXQEDxRGHRUR6XVH[DJHUDFLRQHV
HUDQ DSHQDV FRPSDUDEOHV D ODV GH $UFDGLR \ $PDUDQWD TXH \D KDEtDQ HPSH]DGR D PXGDU ORV
GLHQWHV\WRGDYtDDQGDEDQDJDUUDGRVWRGRHOGtDDODVPDQWDVGHORVLQGLRVWHUFRVHQVXGHFLVLyQ
GHQRKDEODUHOFDVWHOODQRVLQRODOHQJXDJXDMLUD1RWLHQHVGHTXpTXHMDUWHOHGHFtDUVXODD
VXPDULGR/RVKLMRVKHUHGDQODVORFXUDVGHVXVSDGUHV<PLHQWUDVVHODPHQWDEDGHVXPDOD
VXHUWHFRQYHQFLGDGHTXHODVH[WUDYDJDQFLDVGHVXVKLMRVHUDQDOJRWDQHVSDQWRVRFRPRXQDFROD
GHFHUGR$XUHOLDQRILMyHQHOODXQDPLUDGDTXHODHQYROYLyHQXQiPELWRGHLQFHUWLGXPEUH
$OJXLHQYDDYHQLUOHGLMR
UVXOD FRPR VLHPSUH TXH pO H[SUHVDED XQ SURQyVWLFR WUDWy GH GHVDOHQWDUOR FRQ VX OyJLFD

FDVHUD(UDQRUPDOTXHDOJXLHQOOHJDUD'HFHQDVGHIRUDVWHURVSDVDEDQDGLDULRSRU0DFRQGRVLQ
VXVFLWDU LQTXLHWXGHV QL DQWLFLSDU DQXQFLRV VHFUHWRV 6LQ HPEDUJR SRU HQFLPD GH WRGD OyJLFD
$XUHOLDQRHVWDEDVHJXURGHVXSUHVDJLR
1RVpTXLpQVHUiLQVLVWLySHURHOTXHVHD\DYLHQHHQFDPLQR
(OGRPLQJRHQHIHFWROOHJy5HEHFD1RWHQtDPiVGHRQFHDxRV+DEtDKHFKRHOSHQRVRYLDMH
GHVGH0DQDXUHFRQXQRVWUDILFDQWHVGHSLHOHVTXHUHFLELHURQHOHQFDUJRGHHQWUHJDUODMXQWRFRQ
XQDFDUWDHQODFDVDGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDSHURTXHQRSXGLHURQH[SOLFDUFRQSUHFLVLyQTXLpQ
HUDODSHUVRQDTXHOHVKDEtDSHGLGRHOIDYRU7RGRVXHTXLSDMHHVWDEDFRPSXHVWRSRUHOEDXOLWR
GHODURSDXQSHTXHxRPHFHGRUGHPDGHUDFRQIORUHFLWDVGHFRORUHVSLQWDGDVDPDQR\XQWDOHJR
GHORQDTXHKDFtDXQSHUPDQHQWHUXLGRGHFORFFORFFORFGRQGHOOHYDEDORVKXHVRVGHVXVSDGUHV
/DFDUWDGLULJLGDD-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDHVWDEDHVFULWDHQWpUPLQRVPX\FDULxRVRVSRUDOJXLHQ
TXHORVHJXtDTXHULHQGRPXFKRDSHVDUGHOWLHPSR\ODGLVWDQFLD\TXHVHVHQWtDREOLJDGRSRUXQ
HOHPHQWDOVHQWLGRKXPDQLWDULRDKDFHUODFDULGDGGHPDQGDUOHHVDSREUHKXHUIDQLWDGHVDPSDUDGD
TXHHUDSULPDGHUVXODHQVHJXQGRJUDGR\SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHSDULHQWDWDPELpQGH-RVp$UFDGLR
%XHQGtDDXQTXHHQJUDGRPiVOHMDQRSRUTXHHUDKLMDGHHVHLQROYLGDEOHDPLJRTXHIXH1LFDQRU
8OORD \ VX PX\ GLJQD HVSRVD 5HEHFD 0RQWLHO D TXLHQHV 'LRV WXYLHUD HQ VX VDQWR UHLQR FX\RV
UHVWRV DGMXQWDED D OD SUHVHQWH SDUD TXH OHV GLHUDQ FULVWLDQD VHSXOWXUD 7DQWR ORV QRPEUHV
PHQFLRQDGRV FRPR OD ILUPD GH OD FDUWD HUDQ SHUIHFWDPHQWH OHJLEOHV SHUR QL -RVp $UFDGLR
%XHQGtDQLUVXODUHFRUGDEDQKDEHUWHQLGRSDULHQWHVFRQHVRVQRPEUHVQLFRQRFtDQDQDGLHTXH
VHOODPDUDFRPRHOUHPLWHQWH\PXFKRPHQRVHQODUHPRWDSREODFLyQGH0DQDXUH$WUDYpVGHOD
QLxDIXHLPSRVLEOHREWHQHUQLQJXQDLQIRUPDFLyQFRPSOHPHQWDULD'HVGHHOPRPHQWRHQTXHOOHJy
VHVHQWyDFKXSDUVHHOGHGRHQHOPHFHGRU\DREVHUYDUDWRGRVFRQVXVJUDQGHVRMRVHVSDQWDGRV
VLQTXHGLHUDVHxDODOJXQDGHHQWHQGHUORTXHOHSUHJXQWDEDQ/OHYDEDXQWUDMHGHGLDJRQDOWHxLGR
GHQHJURJDVWDGRSRUHOXVR\XQRVGHVFRQFKDGRVERWLQHVGHFKDURO7HQtDHOFDEHOORVRVWHQLGR
GHWUiVGHODVRUHMDVFRQPRxRVGHFLQWDVQHJUDV8VDEDXQHVFDSXODULRFRQODVLPiJHQHVERUUDGDV
SRUHOVXGRU\HQODPXxHFDGHUHFKDXQFROPLOORGHDQLPDOFDUQtYRURPRQWDGRHQXQVRSRUWHGH
FREUH FRPR DPXOHWR FRQWUD HO PDO GH RMR 6X SLHO YHUGH VX YLHQWUH UHGRQGR \ WHQVR FRPR XQ
WDPERUUHYHODEDQXQDPDODVDOXG\XQKDPEUHPiVYLHMDVTXHHOODPLVPDSHURFXDQGROHGLHURQ
GHFRPHUVHTXHGyFRQHOSODWRHQODVSLHUQDVVLQSUREDUOR6HOOHJyLQFOXVLYHDFUHHUTXHHUD
VRUGRPXGD KDVWD TXH ORV LQGLRV OH SUHJXQWDURQ HQ VX OHQJXD VL TXHUtD XQ SRFR GH DJXD \ HOOD
PRYLyORVRMRVFRPRVLORVKXELHUDUHFRQRFLGR\GLMRTXHVtFRQODFDEH]D
6H TXHGDURQ FRQ HOOD SRUTXH QR KDEtD PiV UHPHGLR 'HFLGLHURQ OODPDUOD 5HEHFD TXH GH
DFXHUGR FRQ OD FDUWD HUD HO QRPEUH GH VX PDGUH SRUTXH $XUHOLDQR WXYR OD SDFLHQFLD GH OHHU
IUHQWH D HOOD WRGR HO VDQWRUDO \ QR ORJUy TXH UHDFFLRQDUD FRQ QLQJ~Q QRPEUH &RPR HQ DTXHO
WLHPSRQRKDEtDFHPHQWHULRHQ0DFRQGRSXHVKDVWDHQWRQFHVQRKDEtDPXHUWRQDGLHFRQVHUYDURQ
HO WDOHJR FRQ ORV KXHVRV HQ HVSHUD GH TXH KXELHUD XQ OXJDU GLJQR SDUD VHSXOWDUORV \ GXUDQWH
PXFKRWLHPSRHVWRUEDURQSRUWRGDVSDUWHV\VHOHVHQFRQWUDEDGRQGHPHQRVVHVXSRQtDVLHPSUH
FRQ VX FORTXHDQWH FDFDUHR GH JDOOLQD FOXHFD 3DVy PXFKR WLHPSR DQWHV GH TXH 5HEHFD VH
LQFRUSRUDUDDODYLGDIDPLOLDU6HVHQWDEDHQHOPHFHGRUFLWRDFKXSDUVHHOGHGRHQHOULQFyQPiV

15

DSDUWDGRGHODFDVD1DGDOHOODPDEDODDWHQFLyQVDOYRODP~VLFDGHORVUHORMHVTXHFDGDPHGLD
KRUD EXVFDED FRQ RMRV DVXVWDGRV FRPR VL HVSHUDUD HQFRQWUDUOD HQ DOJ~Q OXJDU GHO DLUH 1R
ORJUDURQTXHFRPLHUDHQYDULRVGtDV1DGLHHQWHQGtDFyPRQRVHKDEtDPXHUWRGHKDPEUHKDVWD
TXHORVLQGtJHQDVTXHVHGDEDQFXHQWDGHWRGRSRUTXHUHFRUUtDQODFDVDVLQFHVDUFRQVXVSLHV
VLJLORVRVGHVFXEULHURQTXHD5HEHFDVyOROHJXVWDEDFRPHUODWLHUUDK~PHGDGHOSDWLR\ODVWRUWDV
GHFDOTXHDUUDQFDEDGHODVSDUHGHVFRQODVXxDV(UDHYLGHQWHTXHVXVSDGUHVRTXLHQTXLHUDTXH
OD KXELHVH FULDGR OD KDEtDQ UHSUHQGLGR SRU HVH KiELWR SXHV OR SUDFWLFDED D HVFRQGLGDV \ FRQ
FRQFLHQFLD GH FXOSD SURFXUDQGR WUDVSRQHU ODV UDFLRQHV SDUD FRPHUODV FXDQGR QDGLH OD YLHUD
'HVGH HQWRQFHV OD VRPHWLHURQ D XQD YLJLODQFLD LPSODFDEOH (FKDEDQ KLHO GH YDFD HQ HO SDWLR \
XQWDEDQDMtSLFDQWHHQODVSDUHGHVFUH\HQGRGHUURWDUFRQHVRVPpWRGRVVXYLFLRSHUQLFLRVRSHUR
HOODGLRWDOHVPXHVWUDVGHDVWXFLDHLQJHQLRSDUDSURFXUDUVHODWLHUUDTXHUVXODVHYLRIRU]DGDD
HPSOHDUUHFXUVRVPiVGUiVWLFRV3RQtDMXJRGHQDUDQMDFRQUXLEDUERHQXQDFD]XHODTXHGHMDEDDO
VHUHQRWRGDODQRFKH\OHGDEDODSyFLPDDOGtDVLJXLHQWHHQD\XQDV$XQTXHQDGLHOHKDEtDGLFKR
TXH DTXpO HUD HO UHPHGLR HVSHFtILFR SDUD HO YLFLR GH FRPHU WLHUUD SHQVDED TXH FXDOTXLHU
VXVWDQFLD DPDUJD HQ HO HVWyPDJR YDFtR WHQtD TXH KDFHU UHDFFLRQDU DO KtJDGR 5HEHFD HUD WDQ
UHEHOGH\WDQIXHUWHDSHVDUGHVXUDTXLWLVPRTXHWHQtDQTXHEDUEHDUODFRPRDXQEHFHUURSDUD
TXH WUDJDUD OD PHGLFLQD \ DSHQDV VL SRGtDQ UHSULPLU VXV SDWDOHWDV \ VRSRUWDU ORV HQUHYHVDGRV
MHURJOtILFRV TXH HOOD DOWHUQDED FRQ PRUGLVFRV \ HVFXSLWDMRV \ TXH VHJ~Q GHFtDQ ORV
HVFDQGDOL]DGRV LQGtJHQDV HUDQ ODV REVFHQLGDGHV PiV JUXHVDV TXH VH SRGtDQ FRQFHELU HQ VX
LGLRPD &XDQGR UVXOD OR VXSR FRPSOHPHQWy HO WUDWDPLHQWR FRQ FRUUHD]RV 1R VH HVWDEOHFLy
QXQFDVLORTXHVXUWLyHIHFWRIXHHOUXLEDUERRODVWROOLQDVRODVGRVFRVDVFRPELQDGDVSHUROD
YHUGDGHVTXHHQSRFDVVHPDQDV5HEHFDHPSH]yDGDUPXHVWUDVGHUHVWDEOHFLPLHQWR3DUWLFLSyHQ
ORV MXHJRV GH $UFDGLR \ $PDUDQWD TXH OD UHFLELHURQ FRPR XQD KHUPDQD PD\RU \ FRPLy FRQ
DSHWLWR VLUYLpQGRVH ELHQ GH ORV FXELHUWRV 3URQWR VH UHYHOy TXH KDEODED HO FDVWHOODQR FRQ WDQWD
IOXLGH]FRPRODOHQJXDGHORVLQGLRVTXHWHQtDXQDKDELOLGDGQRWDEOHSDUDORVRILFLRVPDQXDOHV\
TXHFDQWDEDHOYDOVHGHORVUHORMHVFRQXQDOHWUDPX\JUDFLRVDTXHHOODPLVPDKDEtDLQYHQWDGR
1RWDUGDURQHQFRQVLGHUDUODFRPRXQPLHPEURPiVGHODIDPLOLD(UDFRQUVXODPiVDIHFWXRVD
TXH QXQFD OR IXHURQ VXV SURSLRV KLMRV \ OODPDED KHUPDQLWRV D $PDUDQWD \ D $UFDGLR \ WtR D
$XUHOLDQR\DEXHOLWRD-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD'HPRGRTXHWHUPLQySRUPHUHFHUWDQWRFRPRORV
RWURVHOQRPEUHGH5HEHFD%XHQGtDHO~QLFRTXHWXYRVLHPSUH\TXHOOHYyFRQGLJQLGDGKDVWDOD
PXHUWH
8QD QRFKH SRU OD pSRFD HQ TXH 5HEHFD VH FXUy GHO YLFLR GH FRPHU WLHUUD \ IXH OOHYDGD D
GRUPLUHQHOFXDUWRGHORVRWURVQLxRVODLQGLDTXHGRUPtDFRQHOORVGHVSHUWySRUFDVXDOLGDG\
R\y XQ H[WUDxR UXLGR LQWHUPLWHQWH HQ HO ULQFyQ 6H LQFRUSRUy DODUPDGD FUH\HQGR TXH KDEtD
HQWUDGRXQDQLPDOHQHOFXDUWR\HQWRQFHVYLRD5HEHFDHQHOPHFHGRUFKXSiQGRVHHOGHGR\FRQ
ORVRMRVDOXPEUDGRVFRPRORVGHXQJDWRHQODRVFXULGDG3DVPDGDGHWHUURUDWULEXODGDSRUOD
IDWDOLGDG GH VX GHVWLQR 9LVLWDFLyQ UHFRQRFLy HQ HVRV RMRV ORV VtQWRPDV GH OD HQIHUPHGDG FX\D
DPHQD]D ORV KDEtD REOLJDGR D HOOD \ D VX KHUPDQR D GHVWHUUDUVH SDUD VLHPSUH GH XQ UHLQR
PLOHQDULRHQHOFXDOHUDQSUtQFLSHV(UDODSHVWHGHOLQVRPQLR

&DWDXUHHOLQGLRQRDPDQHFLyHQODFDVD6XKHUPDQDVHTXHGySRUTXHVXFRUD]yQIDWDOLVWDOH
LQGLFDEDTXHODGROHQFLDOHWDOKDEtDGHSHUVHJXLUODGHWRGRVPRGRVKDVWDHO~OWLPRULQFyQGHOD
WLHUUD 1DGLH HQWHQGLy HQ OD FDVD OD DODUPD GH 9LVLWDFLyQ 6L QR YROYHPRV D GRUPLU PHMRU
GHFtD -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD GH EXHQ KXPRU $Vt QRV UHQGLUi PiV OD YLGD 3HUR OD LQGLD OHV
H[SOLFy TXH OR PiV WHPLEOH GH OD HQIHUPHGDG GHO LQVRPQLR QR HUD OD LPSRVLELOLGDG GH GRUPLU
SXHVHOFXHUSRQRVHQWtDFDQVDQFLRDOJXQRVLQRVXLQH[RUDEOHHYROXFLyQKDFLDXQDPDQLIHVWDFLyQ
PiV FUtWLFD HO ROYLGR 4XHUtD GHFLU TXH FXDQGR HO HQIHUPR VH DFRVWXPEUDED D VX HVWDGR GH
YLJLOLDHPSH]DEDQDERUUDUVHGHVXPHPRULDORVUHFXHUGRVGHODLQIDQFLDOXHJRHOQRPEUH\OD
QRFLyQGHODVFRVDV\SRU~OWLPRODLGHQWLGDGGHODVSHUVRQDV\DXQODFRQFLHQFLDGHOSURSLRVHU
KDVWD KXQGLUVH HQ XQD HVSHFLH GH LGLRWH] VLQ SDVDGR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD PXHUWR GH ULVD
FRQVLGHUy TXH VH WUDWDED GH XQD GH WDQWDV GROHQFLDV LQYHQWDGDV SRU OD VXSHUVWLFLyQ GH ORV
LQGtJHQDV3HURUVXODSRUVLDFDVRWRPyODSUHFDXFLyQGHVHSDUDUD5HEHFDGHORVRWURVQLxRV
$O FDER GH YDULDV VHPDQDV FXDQGR HO WHUURU GH 9LVLWDFLyQ SDUHFtD DSODFDGR -RVp $UFDGLR
%XHQGtDVHHQFRQWUyXQDQRFKHGDQGRYXHOWDVHQODFDPDVLQSRGHUGRUPLUUVXODTXHWDPELpQ
KDEtD GHVSHUWDGR OH SUHJXQWy TXp OH SDVDED \ pO OH FRQWHVWy (VWR\ SHQVDQGR RWUD YH] HQ
3UXGHQFLR $JXLODU 1R GXUPLHURQ XQ PLQXWR SHUR DO GtD VLJXLHQWH VH VHQWtDQ WDQ GHVFDQVDGRV
TXHVHROYLGDURQGHODPDODQRFKH$XUHOLDQRFRPHQWyDVRPEUDGRDODKRUDGHODOPXHU]RTXHVH
VHQWtD PX\ ELHQ D SHVDU GH TXH KDEtD SDVDGR WRGD OD QRFKH HQ HO ODERUDWRULR GRUDQGR XQ
SUHQGHGRU TXH SHQVDED UHJDODUOH D UVXOD HO GtD GH VX FXPSOHDxRV 1R VH DODUPDURQ KDVWD HO
WHUFHU GtD FXDQGR D OD KRUD GH DFRVWDUVH VH VLQWLHURQ VLQ VXHxR \ FD\HURQ HQ OD FXHQWD GH TXH
OOHYDEDQPiVGHFLQFXHQWDKRUDVVLQGRUPLU
/RVQLxRVWDPELpQHVWiQGHVSLHUWRVGLMRODLQGLDFRQVXFRQYLFFLyQIDWDOLVWD8QDYH]
TXHHQWUDHQODFDVDQDGLHHVFDSDDODSHVWH
+DEtDQFRQWUDtGRHQHIHFWRODHQIHUPHGDGGHOLQVRPQLRUVXODTXHKDEtDDSUHQGLGRGHVX
PDGUHHOYDORUPHGLFLQDOGHODVSODQWDVSUHSDUyHKL]REHEHUDWRGRVXQEUHEDMHGHDFyQLWRSHUR
QR FRQVLJXLHURQ GRUPLU VLQR TXH HVWXYLHURQ WRGR HO GtD VRxDQGR GHVSLHUWRV (Q HVH HVWDGR GH
DOXFLQDGDOXFLGH]QRVyORYHtDQODVLPiJHQHVGHVXVSURSLRVVXHxRVVLQRTXHORVXQRVYHtDQODV
LPiJHQHVVRxDGDVSRUORVRWURV(UDFRPRVLODFDVDVHKXELHUDOOHQDGRGHYLVLWDQWHV6HQWDGDHQ
VXPHFHGRUHQXQULQFyQGHODFRFLQD5HEHFDVRxyTXHXQKRPEUHPX\SDUHFLGRDHOODYHVWLGR
GHOLQREODQFR\FRQHOFXHOORGHODFDPLVDFHUUDGRSRUXQERWyQGHRUROHOOHYDEDXQUDPRGH
URVDV/RDFRPSDxDEDXQDPXMHUGHPDQRVGHOLFDGDVTXHVHSDUyXQDURVD\VHODSXVRDODQLxD
HQHOSHORUVXODFRPSUHQGLyTXHHOKRPEUH\ODPXMHUHUDQORVSDGUHVGH5HEHFDSHURDXQTXH
KL]RXQJUDQGHHVIXHU]RSRUUHFRQRFHUORVFRQILUPyVXFHUWLGXPEUHGHTXHQXQFDORVKDEtDYLVWR
0LHQWUDVWDQWRSRUXQGHVFXLGRTXH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDQRVHSHUGRQyMDPiVORVDQLPDOLWRV
GH FDUDPHOR IDEULFDGRV HQ OD FDVD VHJXtDQ VLHQGR YHQGLGRV HQ HO SXHEOR 1LxRV \ DGXOWRV
FKXSDEDQ HQFDQWDGRV ORV GHOLFLRVRV JDOOLWRV YHUGHV GHO LQVRPQLR ORV H[TXLVLWRV SHFHV URVDGRV
GHO LQVRPQLR \ ORV WLHUQRV FDEDOOLWRV DPDULOORV GHO LQVRPQLR GH PRGR TXH HO DOED GHO OXQHV
VRUSUHQGLyGHVSLHUWRDWRGRHOSXHEOR$OSULQFLSLRQDGLHVHDODUPy$OFRQWUDULRVHDOHJUDURQ
GHQRGRUPLUSRUTXHHQWRQFHVKDEtDWDQWRTXHKDFHUHQ0DFRQGRTXHHOWLHPSRDSHQDVDOFDQ]DED

16

7UDEDMDURQ WDQWR TXH SURQWR QR WXYLHURQ QDGD PiV TXH KDFHU \ VH HQFRQWUDURQ D ODV WUHV GH OD
PDGUXJDGD FRQ ORV EUD]RV FUX]DGRV FRQWDQGR HO Q~PHUR GH QRWDV TXH WHQtD HO YDOVH GH ORV
UHORMHV/RVTXHTXHUtDQGRUPLUQRSRUFDQVDQFLRVLQRSRUQRVWDOJLDGHORVVXHxRVUHFXUULHURQD
WRGDFODVHGHPpWRGRVDJRWDGRUHV6HUHXQtDQDFRQYHUVDUVLQWUHJXDDUHSHWLUVHGXUDQWHKRUDV\
KRUDV ORV PLVPRV FKLVWHV D FRPSOLFDU KDVWD ORV OtPLWHV GH OD H[DVSHUDFLyQ HO FXHQWR GHO JDOOR
FDSyQTXHHUDXQMXHJRLQILQLWRHQTXHHOQDUUDGRUSUHJXQWDEDVLTXHUtDQTXHOHVFRQWDUDHOFXHQWR
GHO JDOOR FDSyQ \ FXDQGR FRQWHVWDEDQ TXH Vt HO QDUUDGRU GHFtD TXH QR OHV KDEtD SHGLGR TXH
GLMHUDQTXHVtVLQRTXHVLTXHUtDQTXHOHVFRQWDUDHOFXHQWRGHOJDOORFDSyQ\FXDQGRFRQWHVWDEDQ
TXHQRHOQDUUDGRUGHFtDTXHQROHVKDEtDSHGLGRTXHGLMHUDQTXHQRVLQRTXHVLTXHUtDQTXHOHV
FRQWDUDHOFXHQWRGHOJDOORFDSyQ\FXDQGRVHTXHGDEDQFDOODGRVHOQDUUDGRUGHFtDTXHQROHV
KDEtDSHGLGRTXHVHTXHGDUDQFDOODGRVVLQRTXHVLTXHUtDQTXHOHVFRQWDUDHOFXHQWRGHOJDOOR
FDSyQ\QDGLHSRGtDLUVHSRUTXHHOQDUUDGRUGHFtDTXHQROHVKDEtDSHGLGRTXHVHIXHUDQVLQR
TXH VL TXHUtDQ TXH OHV FRQWDUD HO FXHQWR GHO JDOOR FDSyQ \ DVt VXFHVLYDPHQWH HQ XQ FtUFXOR
YLFLRVRTXHVHSURORQJDEDSRUQRFKHVHQWHUDV
&XDQGR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDVHGLRFXHQWDGHTXHODSHVWHKDEtDLQYDGLGRHOSXHEORUHXQLy
D ORV MHIHV GH IDPLOLD SDUD H[SOLFDUOHV OR TXH VDEtD VREUH OD HQIHUPHGDG GHO LQVRPQLR \ VH
DFRUGDURQPHGLGDVSDUDLPSHGLUTXHHOIODJHORVHSURSDJDUDDRWUDVSREODFLRQHVGHODFLpQDJD
)XHDVtFRPRVHTXLWDURQDORVFKLYRVODVFDPSDQLWDVTXHORViUDEHVFDPELDEDQSRUJXDFDPD\DV
\ VH SXVLHURQ D OD HQWUDGD GHO SXHEOR D GLVSRVLFLyQ GH TXLHQHV GHVDWHQGtDQ ORV FRQVHMRV \
V~SOLFDVGHORVFHQWLQHODVHLQVLVWtDQHQYLVLWDUODSREODFLyQ7RGRVORVIRUDVWHURVTXHSRUDTXHO
WLHPSR UHFRUUtDQ ODV FDOOHV GH 0DFRQGR WHQtDQ TXH KDFHU VRQDU VX FDPSDQLWD SDUD TXH ORV
HQIHUPRVVXSLHUDQTXHHVWDEDVDQR1RVHOHVSHUPLWtDFRPHUQLEHEHUQDGDGXUDQWHVXHVWDQFLD
SXHV QR KDEtD GXGD GH TXH OD HQIHUPHGDG VyOR VH WUDQVPLWtD SRU OD ERFD \ WRGDV ODV FRVDV GH
FRPHU \ GH EHEHU HVWDEDQ FRQWDPLQDGDV GH LQVRPQLR (Q HVD IRUPD VH PDQWXYR OD SHVWH
FLUFXQVFULWDDOSHUtPHWURGHODSREODFLyQ7DQHILFD]IXHODFXDUHQWHQDTXHOOHJyHOGtDHQTXHOD
VLWXDFLyQGHHPHUJHQFLDVHWXYRSRUFRVDQDWXUDO\VHRUJDQL]yODYLGDGHWDOPRGRTXHHOWUDEDMR
UHFREUyVXULWPR\QDGLHYROYLyDSUHRFXSDUVHSRUODLQ~WLOFRVWXPEUHGHGRUPLU
)XH$XUHOLDQRTXLHQFRQFLELyODIyUPXODTXHKDEtDGHGHIHQGHUORVGXUDQWHYDULRVPHVHVGH
ODVHYDVLRQHVGHODPHPRULD/DGHVFXEULySRUFDVXDOLGDG,QVRPQHH[SHUWRSRUKDEHUVLGRXQR
GHORVSULPHURVKDEtDDSUHQGLGRDODSHUIHFFLyQHODUWHGHODSODWHUtD8QGtDHVWDEDEXVFDQGRHO
SHTXHxR\XQTXHTXHXWLOL]DEDSDUDODPLQDUORVPHWDOHV\QRUHFRUGyVXQRPEUH6XSDGUHVHOR
GLMR WDV $XUHOLDQR HVFULELy HO QRPEUH HQ XQ SDSHO TXH SHJy FRQ JRPD HQ OD EDVH GHO
\XQTXHFLWRWDV$VtHVWXYRVHJXURGHQRROYLGDUORHQHOIXWXUR1RVHOHRFXUULyTXHIXHUDDTXHOOD
ODSULPHUDPDQLIHVWDFLyQGHOROYLGRSRUTXHHOREMHWRWHQtDXQQRPEUHGLItFLOGHUHFRUGDU3HUR
SRFRV GtDV GHVSXpV GHVFXEULy TXH WHQtD GLILFXOWDGHV SDUD UHFRUGDU FDVL WRGDV ODV FRVDV GHO
ODERUDWRULR (QWRQFHV ODV PDUFy FRQ HO QRPEUH UHVSHFWLYR GH PRGR TXH OH EDVWDED FRQ OHHU OD
LQVFULSFLyQSDUDLGHQWLILFDUODV&XDQGRVXSDGUHOHFRPXQLFyVXDODUPDSRUKDEHUROYLGDGRKDVWD
ORV KHFKRV PiV LPSUHVLRQDQWHV GH VX QLxH] $XUHOLDQR OH H[SOLFy VX PpWRGR \ -RVp $UFDGLR
%XHQGtD OR SXVR HQ SUiFWLFD HQ WRGD OD FDVD \ PiV WDUGH OR LPSXVR D WRGR HO SXHEOR &RQ XQ

KLVRSR HQWLQWDGR PDUFy FDGD FRVD FRQ VX QRPEUH PHVD VLOOD UHORM SXHUWD SDUHG FDPD
FDFHUROD)XHDOFRUUDO\PDUFyORVDQLPDOHV\ODVSODQWDV YDFDFKLYRSXHUFRJDOOLQD\XFD
PDODQJDJXLQHR3RFRDSRFRHVWXGLDQGRODVLQILQLWDVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHOROYLGRVHGLRFXHQWDGH
TXH SRGtD OOHJDU XQ GtD HQ TXH VH UHFRQRFLHUDQ ODV FRVDV SRU VXV LQVFULSFLRQHV SHUR QR VH
UHFRUGDUDVXXWLOLGDG(QWRQFHVIXHPiVH[SOtFLWR(OOHWUHURTXHFROJyHQODFHUYL]GHODYDFDHUD
XQDPXHVWUDHMHPSODUGHODIRUPDHQTXHORVKDELWDQWHVGH0DFRQGRHVWDEDQGLVSXHVWRVDOXFKDU
FRQWUD HO ROYLGR (VWD HV OD YDFD KD\ TXH RUGHxDUOD WRGDV ODV PDxDQDV SDUD TXH SURGX]FD
OHFKH \ D OD OHFKH KD\ TXH KHUYLUOD SDUD PH]FODUOD FRQ HO FDIp \ KDFHU FDIp FRQ OHFKH $Vt
FRQWLQXDURQYLYLHQGRHQXQDUHDOLGDGHVFXUULGL]DPRPHQWiQHDPHQWHFDSWXUDGDSRUODVSDODEUDV
SHURTXHKDEtDGHIXJDUVHVLQUHPHGLRFXDQGRROYLGDUDQORVYDORUHVGHODOHWUDHVFULWD
(QODHQWUDGDGHOFDPLQRGHODFLpQDJDVHKDEtDSXHVWRXQDQXQFLRTXHGHFtD0DFRQGR\RWUR
PiVJUDQGHHQODFDOOHFHQWUDOTXHGHFtD'LRVH[LVWH(QWRGDVODVFDVDVVHKDEtDQHVFULWRFODYHV
SDUD PHPRUL]DU ORV REMHWRV \ ORV VHQWLPLHQWRV 3HUR HO VLVWHPD H[LJtD WDQWD YLJLODQFLD \ WDQWD
IRUWDOH]D PRUDO TXH PXFKRV VXFXPELHURQ DO KHFKL]R GH XQD UHDOLGDG LPDJLQDULD LQYHQWDGD SRU
HOORVPLVPRVTXHOHVUHVXOWDEDPHQRVSUiFWLFDSHURPiVUHFRQIRUWDQWH3LODU7HUQHUDIXHTXLHQ
PiVFRQWULEX\yDSRSXODUL]DUHVDPLVWLILFDFLyQFXDQGRFRQFLELyHODUWLILFLRGHOHHUHOSDVDGRHQ
ODV EDUDMDV FRPR DQWHV KDEtD OHtGR HO IXWXUR 0HGLDQWH HVH UHFXUVR ORV LQVRPQHV HPSH]DURQ D
YLYLU HQ XQ PXQGR FRQVWUXLGR SRU ODV DOWHUQDWLYDV LQFLHUWDV GH ORV QDLSHV GRQGH HO SDGUH VH
UHFRUGDEDDSHQDVFRPRHOKRPEUHPRUHQRTXHKDEtDOOHJDGRDSULQFLSLRVGHDEULO\ODPDGUHVH
UHFRUGDED DSHQDV FRPR OD PXMHU WULJXHxD TXH XVDED XQ DQLOOR GH RUR HQ OD PDQR L]TXLHUGD \
GRQGHXQDIHFKDGHQDFLPLHQWRTXHGDEDUHGXFLGDDO~OWLPRPDUWHVHQTXHFDQWyODDORQGUDHQHO
ODXUHO'HUURWDGRSRUDTXHOODVSUiFWLFDVGHFRQVRODFLyQ-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDGHFLGLyHQWRQFHV
FRQVWUXLU OD PiTXLQD GH OD PHPRULD TXH XQD YH] KDEtD GHVHDGR SDUD DFRUGDUVH GH ORV
PDUDYLOORVRVLQYHQWRVGHORVJLWDQRV(ODUWHIDFWRVHIXQGDEDHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHUHSDVDUWRGDV
ODVPDxDQDV\GHVGHHOSULQFLSLRKDVWDHOILQODWRWDOLGDGGHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVDGTXLULGRVHQOD
YLGD /R LPDJLQDED FRPR XQ GLFFLRQDULR JLUDWRULR TXH XQ LQGLYLGXR VLWXDGR HQ HO HMH SXGLHUD
RSHUDUPHGLDQWHXQDPDQLYHODGHPRGRTXHHQSRFDVKRUDVSDVDUDQIUHQWHDVXVRMRVODVQRFLRQHV
PiVQHFHVDULDVSDUDYLYLU+DEtDORJUDGRHVFULELUFHUFDGHFDWRUFHPLOILFKDVFXDQGRDSDUHFLy
SRU HO FDPLQR GH OD FLpQDJD XQ DQFLDQR HVWUDIDODULR FRQ OD FDPSDQLWD WULVWH GH ORV GXUPLHQWHV
FDUJDQGRXQDPDOHWDYHQWUXGDDPDUUDGDFRQFXHUGDV\XQFDUULWRFXELHUWRGHWUDSRVQHJURV)XH
GLUHFWDPHQWHDODFDVDGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD
9LVLWDFLyQQRORFRQRFLyDODEULUOHODSXHUWD\SHQVyTXHOOHYDEDHOSURSyVLWRGHYHQGHUDOJR
LJQRUDQWHGHTXHQDGDSRGtDYHQGHUVHHQXQSXHEORTXHVHKXQGtDVLQUHPHGLRHQHOWUHPHGDOGHO
ROYLGR(UDXQKRPEUHGHFUpSLWR$XQTXHVXYR]HVWDEDWDPELpQFXDUWHDGDSRUODLQFHUWLGXPEUH\
VXVPDQRVSDUHFtDQGXGDUGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHODVFRVDVHUDHYLGHQWHTXHYHQtDGHOPXQGRGRQGH
WRGDYtDORVKRPEUHVSRGtDQGRUPLU\UHFRUGDU-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDORHQFRQWUyVHQWDGRHQOD
VDODDEDQLFiQGRVHFRQXQUHPHQGDGRVRPEUHURQHJURPLHQWUDVOHtDFRQDWHQFLyQFRPSDVLYDORV
OHWUHURV SHJDGRV HQ ODV SDUHGHV /R VDOXGy FRQ DPSOLDV PXHVWUDV GH DIHFWR WHPLHQGR KDEHUOR
FRQRFLGRHQRWURWLHPSR\DKRUDQRUHFRUGDUOR3HURHOYLVLWDQWHDGYLUWLyVXIDOVHGDG6HVLQWLy

17

ROYLGDGRQRFRQHOROYLGRUHPHGLDEOHGHOFRUD]yQVLQRFRQRWURROYLGRPiVFUXHOHLUUHYRFDEOH
TXH pO FRQRFtD PX\ ELHQ SRUTXH HUD HO ROYLGR GH OD PXHUWH (QWRQFHV FRPSUHQGLy $EULy OD
PDOHWDDWLERUUDGDGHREMHWRVLQGHVFLIUDEOHV\GHHQWUHHOORVVDFyXQPDOHWtQFRQPXFKRVIUDVFRV
/H GLR D EHEHU D -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD XQD VXVWDQFLD GH FRORU DSDFLEOH \ OD OX] VH KL]R HQ VX
PHPRULD/RVRMRVVHOHKXPHGHFLHURQGHOODQWRDQWHVGHYHUVHDVtPLVPRHQXQDVDODDEVXUGD
GRQGHORVREMHWRVHVWDEDQPDUFDGRV\DQWHVGHDYHUJRQ]DUVHGHODVVROHPQHVWRQWHUtDVHVFULWDV
HQ ODV SDUHGHV \ DXQ DQWHV GH UHFRQRFHU DO UHFLpQ OOHJDGR HQ XQ GHVOXPEUDQWH UHVSODQGRU GH
DOHJUtD(UD0HOTXtDGHV
0LHQWUDV 0DFRQGR FHOHEUDED OD UHFRQTXLVWD GH ORV UHFXHUGRV -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD \
0HOTXtDGHVOHVDFXGLHURQHOSROYRDVXYLHMDDPLVWDG(OJLWDQRLEDGLVSXHVWRDTXHGDUVHHQHO
SXHEOR+DEtDHVWDGRHQODPXHUWHHQHIHFWRSHURKDEtDUHJUHVDGRSRUTXHQRSXGRVRSRUWDUOD
VROHGDG5HSXGLDGRSRUVXWULEXGHVSURYLVWRGHWRGDIDFXOWDGVREUHQDWXUDOFRPRFDVWLJRSRUVX
ILGHOLGDGDODYLGDGHFLGLyUHIXJLDUVHHQDTXHOULQFyQGHOPXQGRWRGDYtDQRGHVFXELHUWRSRUOD
PXHUWHGHGLFDGRDODH[SORWDFLyQGHXQODERUDWRULRGHGDJXHUURWLSLD-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDQR
KDEtD RtGR KDEODU QXQFD GH HVH LQYHQWR 3HUR FXDQGR VH YLR D Vt PLVPR \ D WRGD VX IDPLOLD
SODVPDGRVHQXQDHGDGHWHUQDVREUHXQDOiPLQDGHPHWDOWRUQDVROVHTXHGyPXGRGHHVWXSRU'H
HVDpSRFDGDWDEDHOR[LGDGRGDJXHUURWLSRHQHOTXHDSDUHFLy-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDFRQHOSHOR
HUL]DGR \ FHQLFLHQWR HO DFDUWRQDGR FXHOOR GH OD FDPLVD SUHQGLGR FRQ XQ ERWyQ GH FREUH \ XQD
H[SUHVLyQ GH VROHPQLGDG DVRPEUDGD \ TXH UVXOD GHVFULEtD PXHUWD GH ULVD FRPR XQ JHQHUDO
DVXVWDGR(QYHUGDG-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDHVWDEDDVXVWDGRODGLiIDQDPDxDQDGHGLFLHPEUHHQ
TXH OH KLFLHURQ HO GDJXHUURWLSR SRUTXH SHQVDED TXH OD JHQWH VH LED JDVWDQGR SRFR D SRFR D
PHGLGDTXHVXLPDJHQSDVDEDDODVSODFDVPHWiOLFDV3RUXQDFXULRVDLQYHUVLyQGHODFRVWXPEUH
IXH UVXOD TXLHQ OH VDFy DTXHOOD LGHD GH OD FDEH]D FRPR IXH WDPELpQ HOOD TXLHQ ROYLGy VXV
DQWLJXRV UHVTXHPRUHV \ GHFLGLy TXH 0HOTXtDGHV VH TXHGDUD YLYLHQGR HQ OD FDVD DXQTXH QXQFD
SHUPLWLyTXHOHKLFLHUDQXQGDJXHUURWLSRSRUTXH VHJ~QVXVSURSLDVSDODEUDVWH[WXDOHV QRTXHUtD
TXHGDU SDUD EXUOD GH VXV QLHWRV $TXHOOD PDxDQD YLVWLy D ORV QLxRV FRQ VXV URSDV PHMRUHV OHV
HPSROYy OD FDUD \ OHV GLR XQD FXFKDUDGD GH MDUDEH GH WXpWDQR D FDGD XQR SDUD TXH SXGLHUDQ
SHUPDQHFHU DEVROXWDPHQWH LQPyYLOHV GXUDQWH FDVL GRV PLQXWRV IUHQWH D OD DSDUDWRVD FiPDUD GH
0HOTXtDGHV(QHOGDJXHUURWLSRIDPLOLDUHO~QLFRTXHH[LVWLyMDPiV$XUHOLDQRDSDUHFLyYHVWLGR
GH WHUFLRSHOR QHJUR HQWUH $PDUDQWD \ 5HEHFD 7HQtD OD PLVPD ODQJXLGH] \ OD PLVPD PLUDGD
FODULYLGHQWHTXHKDEtDGHWHQHUDxRVPiVWDUGHIUHQWHDOSHORWyQGHIXVLODPLHQWR3HURD~QQRKDEtD
VHQWLGRODSUHPRQLFLyQGHVXGHVWLQR(UDXQRUIHEUHH[SHUWRHVWLPDGRHQWRGDODFLpQDJDSRUHO
SUHFLRVLVPR GH VX WUDEDMR (Q HO WDOOHU TXH FRPSDUWtD FRQ HO GLVSDUDWDGR ODERUDWRULR GH
0HOTXtDGHVDSHQDVVLVHOHRtDUHVSLUDU3DUHFtDUHIXJLDGRHQRWURWLHPSRPLHQWUDVVXSDGUH\HO
JLWDQR LQWHUSUHWDEDQ D JULWRV ODV SUHGLFFLRQHV GH 1RVWUDGDPXV HQWUH XQ HVWUpSLWR GH IUDVFRV \
FXEHWDV\HOGHVDVWUHGHORViFLGRVGHUUDPDGRV\HOEURPXURGHSODWDSHUGLGRSRUORVFRGD]RV\
WUDVSLpV TXH GDEDQ D FDGD LQVWDQWH $TXHOOD FRQVDJUDFLyQ DO WUDEDMR HO EXHQ MXLFLR FRQ TXH
DGPLQLVWUDEDVXVLQWHUHVHVOHKDEtDQSHUPLWLGRD$XUHOLDQRJDQDUHQSRFRWLHPSRPiVGLQHURTXH
UVXODFRQVXGHOLFLRVDIDXQDGHFDUDPHORSHURWRGRHOPXQGRVHH[WUDxDEDGHTXHIXHUD\DXQ

KRPEUHKHFKR\GHUHFKR\QRVHOHKXELHUDFRQRFLGRPXMHU(QUHDOLGDGQRODKDEtDWHQLGR
0HVHV GHVSXpV YROYLy )UDQFLVFR HO +RPEUH XQ DQFLDQR WURWDPXQGRV GH FDVL  DxRV TXH
SDVDED FRQ IUHFXHQFLD SRU 0DFRQGR GLYXOJDQGR ODV FDQFLRQHV FRPSXHVWDV SRU pO PLVPR (Q
HOODV)UDQFLVFRHO+RPEUHUHODWDEDFRQGHWDOOHVPLQXFLRVRVODVQRWLFLDVRFXUULGDVHQORVSXHEORV
GHVXLWLQHUDULRGHVGH0DQDXUHKDVWDORVFRQILQHVGHODFLpQDJDGHPRGRTXHVLDOJXLHQWHQtDXQ
UHFDGR TXH PDQGDU R XQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWR TXH GLYXOJDU OH SDJDED GRV FHQWDYRV SDUD TXH OR
LQFOX\HUD HQ VX UHSHUWRULR )XH DVt FRPR VH HQWHUy UVXOD GH OD PXHUWH GH VX PDGUH SRU SXUD
FDVXDOLGDG XQD QRFKH TXH HVFXFKDED ODV FDQFLRQHV FRQ OD HVSHUDQ]D GH TXH GLMHUDQ DOJR GH VX
KLMR -RVp $UFDGLR )UDQFLVFR HO +RPEUH DVt OODPDGR SRUTXH GHUURWy DO GLDEOR HQ XQ GXHOR GH
LPSURYLVDFLyQGHFDQWRV\FX\RYHUGDGHURQRPEUHQRFRQRFLyQDGLHGHVDSDUHFLyGH0DFRQGR
GXUDQWHODSHVWHGHOLQVRPQLR\XQDQRFKHUHDSDUHFLyVLQQLQJ~QDQXQFLRHQODWLHQGDGH&DWDULQR
7RGR HO SXHEOR IXH D HVFXFKDUOR SDUD VDEHU TXp KDEtD SDVDGR HQ HO PXQGR (Q HVD RFDVLyQ
OOHJDURQFRQpOXQDPXMHUWDQJRUGDTXHFXDWURLQGLRVWHQtDQTXHOOHYDUODFDUJDGDHQXQPHFHGRU
\ XQD PXODWD DGROHVFHQWH GH DVSHFWR GHVDPSDUDGR TXH OD SURWHJtD GHO VRO FRQ XQ SDUDJXDV
$XUHOLDQR IXH HVD QRFKH D OD WLHQGD GH &DWDULQR (QFRQWUy D )UDQFLVFR HO +RPEUH FRPR XQ
FDPDOHyQ PRQROtWLFR VHQWDGR HQ PHGLR GH XQ FtUFXOR GH FXULRVRV &DQWDED ODV QRWLFLDV FRQ VX
YLHMDYR]GHVFRUGDGDDFRPSDxiQGRVHFRQHOPLVPRDFRUGHyQDUFDLFRTXHOHUHJDOy6LU:DOWHU
5DOHLJKHQOD*XD\DQDPLHQWUDVOOHYDEDHOFRPSiVFRQVXVJUDQGHVSLHVFDPLQDGRUHVDJULHWDGRV
SRUHOVDOLWUH)UHQWHDXQDSXHUWDGHOIRQGRSRUGRQGHHQWUDEDQ\VDOtDQDOJXQRVKRPEUHVHVWDED
VHQWDGD\VHDEDQLFDEDHQVLOHQFLRODPDWURQDGHOPHFHGRU&DWDULQRFRQXQDURVDGHILHOWURHQOD
RUHMD YHQGtD D OD FRQFXUUHQFLD WD]RQHV GH JXDUDSR IHUPHQWDGR \ DSURYHFKDED OD RFDVLyQ SDUD
DFHUFDUVHDORVKRPEUHV\SRQHUOHVODPDQRGRQGHQRGHEtD+DFLDODPHGLDQRFKHHOFDORUHUD
LQVRSRUWDEOH$XUHOLDQRHVFXFKyODVQRWLFLDVKDVWDHOILQDOVLQHQFRQWUDUQLQJXQDTXHOHLQWHUHVDUD
DVXIDPLOLD6HGLVSRQtDDUHJUHVDUDFDVDFXDQGRODPDWURQDOHKL]RXQDVHxDOFRQODPDQR
(QWUDW~WDPELpQOHGLMR6yORFXHVWDYHLQWHFHQWDYRV
$XUHOLDQRHFKyXQDPRQHGDHQODDOFDQFtDTXHODPDWURQDWHQtDHQODVSLHUQDV\HQWUyHQHO
FXDUWRVLQVDEHUSDUDTXp/DPXODWDDGROHVFHQWHFRQVXVWHWLFDVGHSHUUDHVWDEDGHVQXGDHQOD
FDPD $QWHV GH $XUHOLDQR HVD QRFKH VHVHQWD \ WUHV KRPEUHV KDEtDQ SDVDGR SRU HO FXDUWR 'H
WDQWRVHUXVDGR\DPDVDGRHQVXGRUHV\VXVSLURVHODLUHGHODKDELWDFLyQHPSH]DEDDFRQYHUWLUVH
HQORGR/DPXFKDFKDTXLWyODViEDQDHPSDSDGD\OHSLGLyD$XUHOLDQRTXHODWXYLHUDGHXQODGR
3HVDEDFRPRXQOLHQ]R/DH[SULPLHURQWRUFLpQGRODSRUORVH[WUHPRVKDVWDTXHUHFREUyVXSHVR
QDWXUDO 9ROWHDURQ OD HVWHUD \ HO VXGRU VDOtD GHO RWUR ODGR $XUHOLDQR DQVLDED TXH DTXHOOD
RSHUDFLyQQRWHUPLQDUDQXQFD&RQRFtDODPHFiQLFDWHyULFDGHODPRUSHURQRSRGtDWHQHUVHHQ
SLH D FDXVD GHO GHVDOLHQWR GH VXV URGLOODV \ DXQTXH WHQtD OD SLHO HUL]DGD \ DUGLHQWH QR SRGtD
UHVLVWLUDODXUJHQFLDGHH[SXOVDUHOSHVRGHODVWULSDV&XDQGRODPXFKDFKDDFDEyGHDUUHJODUOD
FDPD\OHRUGHQyTXHVHGHVYLVWLHUDpOOHKL]RXQDH[SOLFDFLyQDWRORQGUDGD0HKLFLHURQHQWUDU
0H GLMHURQ TXH HFKDUD YHLQWH FHQWDYRV HQ OD DOFDQFtD \ TXH QR PH GHPRUDUD /D PXFKDFKD
FRPSUHQGLyVXRIXVFDFLyQ6LHFKDVRWURVYHLQWHFHQWDYRVDODVDOLGDSXHGHVGHPRUDUWHXQSRFR
PiVGLMRVXDYHPHQWH$XUHOLDQRVHGHVYLVWLyDWRUPHQWDGRSRUHOSXGRUVLQSRGHUTXLWDUVHOD

18

LGHDGHTXHVXGHVQXGH]QRUHVLVWtDODFRPSDUDFLyQFRQVXKHUPDQR$SHVDUGHORVHVIXHU]RVGH
OD PXFKDFKD pO VH VLQWLy FDGD YH] PiV LQGLIHUHQWH \ WHUULEOHPHQWH VROR (FKDUp RWURV YHLQWH
FHQWDYRVGLMRFRQYR]GHVRODGD/DPXFKDFKDVHORDJUDGHFLyHQVLOHQFLR7HQtDODHVSDOGDHQ
FDUQHYLYD7HQtDHOSHOOHMRSHJDGRDODVFRVWLOODV\ODUHVSLUDFLyQDOWHUDGDSRUXQDJRWDPLHQWR
LQVRQGDEOH 'RV DxRV DQWHV PX\ OHMRV GH DOOt VH KDEtD TXHGDGR GRUPLGD VLQ DSDJDU OD YHOD \
KDEtD GHVSHUWDGR FHUFDGD SRU HO IXHJR /D FDVD GRQGH YLYtD FRQ OD DEXHOD TXH OD KDEtD FULDGR
TXHGyUHGXFLGDDFHQL]DV'HVGHHQWRQFHVODDEXHODODOOHYDEDGHSXHEORHQSXHEORDFRVWiQGROD
SRU YHLQWH FHQWDYRV SDUD SDJDUVH HO YDORU GH OD FDVD LQFHQGLDGD 6HJ~Q ORV FiOFXORV GH OD
PXFKDFKD WRGDYtD OH IDOWDEDQ XQRV GLH] DxRV GH VHWHQWD KRPEUHV SRU QRFKH SRUTXH WHQtD TXH
SDJDUDGHPiVORVJDVWRVGHYLDMH\DOLPHQWDFLyQGHDPEDV\HOVXHOGRGHORVLQGLRVTXHFDUJDEDQ
HO PHFHGRU &XDQGR OD PDWURQD WRFy OD SXHUWD SRU VHJXQGD YH] $XUHOLDQR VDOLy GHO FXDUWR VLQ
KDEHU KHFKR QDGD DWXUGLGR SRU HO GHVHR GH OORUDU (VD QRFKH QR SXGR GRUPLU SHQVDQGR HQ OD
PXFKDFKDFRQXQDPH]FODGHGHVHR\FRQPLVHUDFLyQ6HQWtDXQDQHFHVLGDGLUUHVLVWLEOHGHDPDUOD
\ SURWHJHUOD $O DPDQHFHU H[WHQXDGR SRU HO LQVRPQLR \ OD ILHEUH WRPy OD VHUHQD GHFLVLyQ GH
FDVDUVH FRQ HOOD SDUD OLEHUDUOD GHO GHVSRWLVPR GH OD DEXHOD \ GLVIUXWDU WRGDV ODV QRFKHV GH OD
VDWLVIDFFLyQTXHHOODOHGDEDDVHWHQWDKRPEUHV3HURDODVGLH]GHODPDxDQDFXDQGROOHJyDOD
WLHQGDGH&DWDULQRODPXFKDFKDVHKDEtDLGRGHOSXHEOR
(O WLHPSR DSODFy VX SURSyVLWR DWRORQGUDGR SHUR DJUDYy VX VHQWLPLHQWR GH IUXVWUDFLyQ 6H
UHIXJLyHQHOWUDEDMR6HUHVLJQyDVHUXQKRPEUHVLQPXMHUWRGDODYLGDSDUDRFXOWDUODYHUJHQ]D
GH VX LQXWLOLGDG 0LHQWUDV WDQWR 0HOTXtDGHV WHUPLQy GH SODVPDU HQ VXV SODFDV WRGR OR TXH HUD
SODVPDEOH HQ 0DFRQGR \ DEDQGRQy HO ODERUDWRULR GH GDJXHUURWLSLD D ORV GHOLULRV GH -RVp
$UFDGLR%XHQGtDTXLHQKDEtDUHVXHOWRXWLOL]DUORSDUDREWHQHUODSUXHEDFLHQWtILFDGHODH[LVWHQFLD
GH 'LRV 0HGLDQWH XQ FRPSOLFDGR SURFHVR GH H[SRVLFLRQHV VXSHUSXHVWDV WRPDGDV HQ GLVWLQWRV
OXJDUHVGHODFDVDHVWDEDVHJXURGHKDFHUWDUGHRWHPSUDQRHOGDJXHUURWLSRGH'LRVVLH[LVWtDR
SRQHUWpUPLQRGHXQDYH]SRUWRGDVDODVXSRVLFLyQGHVXH[LVWHQFLD0HOTXtDGHVSURIXQGL]yHQ
ODV LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV GH 1RVWUDGDPXV (VWDED KDVWD PX\ WDUGH DVIL[LiQGRVH GHQWUR GH VX
GHVFRORULGRFKDOHFRGHWHUFLRSHORJDUUDSDWHDQGRSDSHOHVFRQVXVPLQ~VFXODVPDQRVGHJRUULyQ
FX\DVVRUWLMDVKDEtDQSHUGLGRODOXPEUHGHRWUDpSRFD8QDQRFKHFUH\yHQFRQWUDUXQDSUHGLFFLyQ
VREUHHOIXWXURGH0DFRQGR6HUtDXQDFLXGDGOXPLQRVDFRQJUDQGHVFDVDVGHYLGULRGRQGHQR
TXHGDEDQLQJ~QUDVWURGHODHVWLUSHGHORV%XHQGtD(VXQDHTXLYRFDFLyQWURQy-RVp$UFDGLR
%XHQGtD1RVHUiQFDVDVGHYLGULRVLQRGHKLHORFRPR\RORVRxp\VLHPSUHKDEUiXQ%XHQGtD
SRU ORV VLJORV GH ORV VLJORV (Q DTXHOOD FDVD H[WUDYDJDQWH UVXOD SXJQDED SRU SUHVHUYDU HO
VHQWLGR FRP~Q KDELHQGR HQVDQFKDGR HO QHJRFLR GH DQLPDOLWRV GH FDUDPHOR FRQ XQ KRUQR TXH
SURGXFtD WRGD OD QRFKH FDQDVWRV \ FDQDVWRV GH SDQ \ XQD SURGLJLRVD YDULHGDG GH SXGLQHV
PHUHQJXHV \ EL]FRFKXHORV TXH VH HVIXPDEDQ HQ SRFDV KRUDV SRU ORV YHULFXHWRV GH OD FLpQDJD
+DEtDOOHJDGRDXQDHGDGHQTXHWHQtDGHUHFKRDGHVFDQVDUSHURHUDVLQHPEDUJRFDGDYH]PDV
DFWLYD7DQRFXSDGDHVWDEDHQVXVSUyVSHUDVHPSUHVDVTXHXQDWDUGHPLUySRUGLVWUDFFLyQKDFLD
HOSDWLRPLHQWUDVODLQGLDODD\XGDEDDHQGXO]DUODPDVD\YLRGRVDGROHVFHQWHVGHVFRQRFLGDV\
KHUPRVDV ERUGDQGR HQ EDVWLGRU D OD OX] GHO FUHS~VFXOR (UDQ 5HEHFD \ $PDUDQWD $SHQDV VH

KDEtDQTXLWDGRHOOXWRGHODDEXHODTXHJXDUGDURQFRQLQIOH[LEOHULJRUGXUDQWHWUHVDxRV\ODURSD
GHFRORUSDUHFtDKDEHUOHVGDGRXQQXHYROXJDUHQHOPXQGR5HEHFDDOFRQWUDULRGHORTXHSXGR
HVSHUDUVHHUDODPiVEHOOD7HQtDXQFXWLVGLiIDQRXQRVRMRVJUDQGHV\UHSRVDGRV\XQDVPDQRV
PiJLFDVTXHSDUHFtDQHODERUDUFRQKLORVLQYLVLEOHVODWUDPDGHOERUGDGR$PDUDQWDODPHQRUHUD
XQSRFRVLQJUDFLDSHURWHQtDODGLVWLQFLyQQDWXUDOHOHVWLUDPLHQWRLQWHULRUGHODDEXHODPXHUWD
-XQWR D HOODV DXQTXH \D UHYHODED HO LPSXOVR ItVLFR GH VX SDGUH $UFDGLR SDUHFtD XQ QLxR 6H
KDEtDGHGLFDGRDDSUHQGHUHODUWHGHODSODWHUtDFRQ$XUHOLDQRTXLHQDGHPiVOHKDEtDHQVHxDGRD
OHHU\HVFULELUUVXODVHGLRFXHQWDGHSURQWRTXHODFDVDVHKDEtDOOHQDGRGHJHQWHTXHVXVKLMRV
HVWDEDQ D SXQWR GH FDVDUVH \ WHQHU KLMRV \ TXH VH YHUtDQ REOLJDGRV D GLVSHUVDUVH SRU IDOWD GH
HVSDFLR(QWRQFHVVDFyHOGLQHURDFXPXODGRHQODUJRVDxRVGHGXUDODERUDGTXLULyFRPSURPLVRV
FRQ VXV FOLHQWHV \ HPSUHQGLy OD DPSOLDFLyQ GH OD FDVD 'LVSXVR TXH VH FRQVWUX\HUD XQD VDOD
IRUPDOSDUDODVYLVLWDVRWUDPiVFyPRGD\IUHVFDSDUDHOXVRGLDULRXQFRPHGRUSDUDXQDPHVD
GH GRFH SXHVWRV GRQGH VH VHQWDUD OD IDPLOLD FRQ WRGRV VXV LQYLWDGRV QXHYH GRUPLWRULRV FRQ
YHQWDQDVKDFLDHOSDWLR\XQODUJRFRUUHGRUSURWHJLGRGHOUHVSODQGRUGHOPHGLRGtDSRUXQMDUGtQ
GH URVDV FRQ XQ SDVDPDQRV SDUD SRQHU PDFHWDV GH KHOHFKRV \ WLHVWRV GH EHJRQLDV 'LVSXVR
HQVDQFKDUODFRFLQDSDUDFRQVWUXLUGRVKRUQRVGHVWUXLUHOYLHMRJUDQHURGRQGH3LODU7HUQHUDOH
OH\yHOSRUYHQLUD-RVp$UFDGLR\FRQVWUXLURWURGRVYHFHVPiVJUDQGHSDUDTXH QXQFDIDOWDUDQ
ORVDOLPHQWRVHQODFDVD'LVSXVRFRQVWUXLUHQHOSDWLRDODVRPEUDGHOFDVWDxRXQEDxRSDUDODV
PXMHUHV\RWURSDUDORVKRPEUHV\DOIRQGRXQDFDEDOOHUL]DJUDQGHXQJDOOLQHURDODPEUDGRXQ
HVWDEORGHRUGHxD\XQDSDMDUHUDDELHUWDDORVFXDWURYLHQWRVSDUDTXHVHLQVWDODUDQDVXJXVWRORV
SiMDURVVLQUXPER6HJXLGDSRUGRFHQDVGHDOEDxLOHV\FDUSLQWHURVFRPRVLKXELHUDFRQWUDtGROD
ILHEUHDOXFLQDQWHGHVXHVSRVRUVXODRUGHQDEDODSRVLFLyQGHODOX]\ODFRQGXFWDGHOFDORU\
UHSDUWtD HO HVSDFLR VLQ HO PHQRU VHQWLGR GH VXV OtPLWHV /D SULPLWLYD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH ORV
IXQGDGRUHV VH OOHQy GH KHUUDPLHQWDV \ PDWHULDOHV GH REUHURV DJRELDGRV SRU HO VXGRU TXH OH
SHGtDQ D WRGR HO PXQGR HO IDYRU GH QR HVWRUEDU VLQ SHQVDU TXH HUDQ HOORV TXLHQHV HVWRUEDEDQ
H[DVSHUDGRV SRU HO WDOHJR GH KXHVRV KXPDQRV TXH ORV SHUVHJXtD SRU WRGDV SDUWHV FRQ VX VRUGR
FDVFDEHOHR(QDTXHOODLQFRPRGLGDGUHVSLUDQGRFDOYLYD\PHOD]DGHDOTXLWUiQQDGLHHQWHQGLy
PX\ELHQFyPRIXHVXUJLHQGRGHODVHQWUDxDVGHODWLHUUDQRVyORODFDVDPiVJUDQGHTXHKDEUtD
QXQFDHQHOSXHEORVLQRODPiVKRVSLWDODULD\IUHVFDTXHKXERMDPiVHQHOiPELWRGHODFLpQDJD
-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDWUDWDQGRGHVRUSUHQGHUDOD'LYLQD3URYLGHQFLDHQPHGLRGHOFDWDFOLVPR
IXHTXLHQPHQRVORHQWHQGLy/DQXHYDFDVDHVWDEDFDVLWHUPLQDGDFXDQGRUVXODORVDFyGHVX
PXQGRTXLPpULFRSDUDLQIRUPDUOHTXHKDEtDRUGHQGHSLQWDUODIDFKDGDGHD]XO\QRGHEODQFR
FRPRHOORVTXHUtDQ/HPRVWUyODGLVSRVLFLyQRILFLDOHVFULWDHQXQSDSHO-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD
VLQFRPSUHQGHUORTXHGHFtDVXHVSRVDGHVFLIUyODILUPD
4XLpQHVHVWHWLSR"SUHJXQWy
(O FRUUHJLGRU GLMR UVXOD GHVFRQVRODGD 'LFHQ TXH HV XQD DXWRULGDG TXH PDQGy HO
JRELHUQR
'RQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHHOFRUUHJLGRUKDEtDOOHJDGRD0DFRQGRVLQKDFHUUXLGR6HEDMyHQHO
+RWHOGH-DFRELQVWDODGRSRUXQRGHORVSULPHURViUDEHVTXHOOHJDURQKDFLHQGRFDPEDODFKHGH

19

FKXFKHUtDV SRU JXDFDPD\DV \ DO GtD VLJXLHQWH DOTXLOy XQ FXDUWLWR FRQ SXHUWD KDFLD OD FDOOH D
GRVFXDGUDVGHODFDVDGHORV%XHQGtD3XVRXQDPHVD\XQDVLOODTXHOHFRPSUyD-DFREFODYyHQ
OD SDUHG XQ HVFXGR GH OD UHS~EOLFD TXH KDEtD WUDtGR FRQVLJR \ SLQWy HQ OD SXHUWD HO OHWUHUR
&RUUHJLGRU 6X SULPHUD GLVSRVLFLyQ IXH RUGHQDU TXH WRGDV ODV FDVDV VH SLQWDUDQ GH D]XO SDUD
FHOHEUDUHODQLYHUVDULRGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDQDFLRQDO-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDFRQODFRSLDGHOD
RUGHQHQODPDQRORHQFRQWUyGXUPLHQGRODVLHVWDHQXQDKDPDFDTXHKDEtDFROJDGRHQHOHVFXHWR
GHVSDFKR8VWHGHVFULELyHVWHSDSHO"OHSUHJXQWy'RQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHXQKRPEUHPDGXUR
WtPLGRGHFRPSOH[LyQVDQJXtQHDFRQWHVWyTXHVt&RQTXpGHUHFKR"YROYLyDSUHJXQWDU-RVp
$UFDGLR%XHQGtD'RQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHEXVFyXQSDSHOHQODJDYHWDGHODPHVD\VHORPRVWUy
+H VLGR QRPEUDGR FRUUHJLGRU GH HVWH SXHEOR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD QL VLTXLHUD PLUy HO
QRPEUDPLHQWR
(QHVWHSXHEORQRPDQGDPRVFRQSDSHOHVGLMRVLQSHUGHUODFDOPD<SDUDTXHORVHSD
GHXQDYH]QRQHFHVLWDPRVQLQJ~QFRUUHJLGRUSRUTXHDTXtQRKD\QDGDTXHFRUUHJLU
$QWH OD LPSDYLGH] GH GRQ $SROLQDU 0RVFRWH VLHPSUH VLQ OHYDQWDU OD YR] KL]R XQ
SRUPHQRUL]DGRUHFXHQWRGHFyPRKDEtDQIXQGDGRODDOGHDGHFyPRVHKDEtDQUHSDUWLGRODWLHUUD
DELHUWRORVFDPLQRVHLQWURGXFLGRODVPHMRUDVTXHOHVKDEtDLGRH[LJLHQGRODQHFHVLGDGVLQKDEHU
PROHVWDGRDJRELHUQRDOJXQR\VLQTXHQDGLHORVPROHVWDUD6RPRVWDQSDFtILFRVTXHQLVLTXLHUD
QRVKHPRVPXHUWRGHPXHUWHQDWXUDOGLMR<DYHTXHWRGDYtDQRWHQHPRVFHPHQWHULR1RVH
GROLyGHTXHHOJRELHUQRQRORVKXELHUDD\XGDGR$OFRQWUDULRVHDOHJUDEDGHTXHKDVWDHQWRQFHV
ORVKXELHUDGHMDGRFUHFHUHQSD]\HVSHUDEDTXHDVtORVVLJXLHUDGHMDQGRSRUTXHHOORVQRKDEtDQ
IXQGDGR XQ SXHEOR SDUD TXH HO SULPHU DGYHQHGL]R OHV IXHUD D GHFLU OR TXH GHEtDQ KDFHU 'RQ
$SROLQDU 0RVFRWH VH KDEtD SXHVWR XQ VDFR GH GULO EODQFR FRPR VXV SDQWDORQHV VLQ SHUGHU HQ
QLQJ~QPRPHQWRODSXUH]DGHVXVDGHPDQHV
'HPRGRTXHVLXVWHGVHTXLHUHTXHGDUDTXtFRPRRWURFLXGDGDQRFRP~Q\FRUULHQWHVHD
PX\ ELHQYHQLGR FRQFOX\y -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD 3HUR VL YLHQH D LPSODQWDU HO GHVRUGHQ
REOLJDQGRDODJHQWHTXHSLQWHVXFDVDGHD]XOSXHGHDJDUUDUVXVFRURWRV\ODUJDUVHSRUGRQGH
YLQR3RUTXHPLFDVDKDGHVHUEODQFDFRPRXQDSDORPD
'RQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHVHSXVRSiOLGR'LRXQSDVRDWUiV\DSUHWyODVPDQGtEXODVSDUDGHFLU
FRQXQDFLHUWDDIOLFFLyQ
4XLHURDGYHUWLUOHTXHHVWR\DUPDGR
-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDQRVXSRHQTXpPRPHQWRVHOHVXELyDODVPDQRVODIXHU]DMXYHQLOFRQ
TXHGHUULEDEDXQFDEDOOR$JDUUyDGRQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHSRUODVRODSD\OROHYDQWyDODDOWXUD
GHVXVRMRV
(VWRORKDJROHGLMRSRUTXHSUHILHURFDUJDUORYLYR\QRWHQHUTXHVHJXLUFDUJiQGROR
PXHUWRSRUHOUHVWRGHPLYLGD
$VtOROOHYySRUODPLWDGGHODFDOOHVXVSHQGLGRSRUODVVRODSDVKDVWDTXHORSXVRVREUHVXV
GRV SLHV HQ HO FDPLQR GH OD FLpQDJD 8QD VHPDQD GHVSXpV HVWDED GH UHJUHVR FRQ VHLV VROGDGRV
GHVFDO]RV\KDUDSLHQWRVDUPDGRVFRQHVFRSHWDV\XQDFDUUHWDGHEXH\HVGRQGHYLDMDEDQVXPXMHU
\ VXV VLHWH KLMDV 0iV WDUGH OOHJDURQ RWUDV GRV FDUUHWDV FRQ ORV PXHEOHV ORV ED~OHV \ ORV

XWHQVLOLRV GRPpVWLFRV ,QVWDOy OD IDPLOLD HQ HO +RWHO GH -DFRE PLHQWUDV FRQVHJXtD XQD FDVD \
YROYLyDDEULUHOGHVSDFKRSURWHJLGRSRUORVVROGDGRV/RVIXQGDGRUHVGH0DFRQGRUHVXHOWRVD
H[SXOVDUDORVLQYDVRUHVIXHURQFRQVXVKLMRVPD\RUHVDSRQHUVHDGLVSRVLFLyQGH-RVp$UFDGLR
%XHQGtD 3HUR pO VH RSXVR VHJ~Q H[SOLFy SRUTXH GRQ $SROLQDU 0RVFRWH KDEtD YXHOWR FRQ VX
PXMHU \ VXV KLMDV \ QR HUD FRVD GH KRPEUHV DERFKRUQDU D RWURV GHODQWH GH VX IDPLOLD $Vt TXH
GHFLGLyDUUHJODUODVLWXDFLyQSRUODVEXHQDV
$XUHOLDQR OR DFRPSDxy <D SDUD HQWRQFHV KDEtD HPSH]DGR D FXOWLYDU HO ELJRWH QHJUR GH
SXQWDV HQJRPDGDV \ WHQtD OD YR] XQ SRFR HVWHQWyUHD TXH KDEtD GH FDUDFWHUL]DUOR HQ OD JXHUUD
'HVDUPDGRV VLQ KDFHU FDVR GH OD JXDUGLD HQWUDURQ DO GHVSDFKR GHO FRUUHJLGRU 'RQ $SROLQDU
0RVFRWH QR SHUGLy OD VHUHQLGDG /HV SUHVHQWy D GRV GH VXV KLMDV TXH VH HQFRQWUDEDQ DOOt SRU
FDVXDOLGDG $PSDUR GH GLHFLVpLV DxRV PRUHQD FRPR VX PDGUH \ 5HPHGLRV GH DSHQDV QXHYH
DxRV XQD SUHFLRVD QLxD FRQ SLHO GH OLULR \ RMRV YHUGHV (UDQ JUDFLRVDV \ ELHQ HGXFDGDV 7DQ
SURQWRFRPRHOORVHQWUDURQDQWHVGHVHUSUHVHQWDGDVOHVDFHUFDURQVLOODVSDUDTXHVHVHQWDUDQ
3HURDPERVSHUPDQHFLHURQGHSLH
0X\ ELHQ DPLJR GLMR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD XVWHG VH TXHGD DTXt SHUR QR SRUTXH
WHQJDHQODSXHUWDHVRVEDQGROHURVGHWUDEXFRVLQRSRUFRQVLGHUDFLyQDVXVHxRUDHVSRVD\DVXV
KLMDV
'RQ $SROLQDU 0RVFRWH VH GHVFRQFHUWy SHUR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD QR OH GLR WLHPSR GH
UHSOLFDU6yOROHSRQHPRVGRVFRQGLFLRQHVDJUHJy/DSULPHUDTXHFDGDTXLpQSLQWDVXFDVD
GHO FRORU TXH OH Gp OD JDQD /D VHJXQGD TXH ORV VROGDGRV VH YDQ HQ VHJXLGD 1RVRWURV OH
JDUDQWL]DPRVHORUGHQ(OFRUUHJLGRUOHYDQWyODPDQRGHUHFKDFRQWRGRVORVGHGRVH[WHQGLGRV
3DODEUDGHKRQRU"
3DODEUDGHHQHPLJRGLMR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD<DxDGLyHQXQWRQRDPDUJR3RUTXH
XQDFRVDOHTXLHURGHFLUXVWHG\\RVHJXLPRVVLHQGRHQHPLJRV
(VD PLVPD WDUGH VH IXHURQ ORV VROGDGRV 3RFRV GtDV GHVSXpV -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD OH
FRQVLJXLyXQDFDVDDODIDPLOLDGHOFRUUHJLGRU7RGRHOPXQGRTXHGyHQSD]PHQRV$XUHOLDQR/D
LPDJHQGH5HPHGLRVODKLMDPHQRUGHOFRUUHJLGRUTXHSRUVXHGDGKXELHUDSRGLGRVHUKLMDVX\D
OHTXHGyGROLHQGRHQDOJXQDSDUWHGHOFXHUSR(UDXQDVHQVDFLyQItVLFDTXHFDVLOHPROHVWDEDSDUD
FDPLQDUFRPRXQDSLHGUHFLWDHQHO]DSDWR

20

/D FDVD QXHYD EODQFD FRPR XQD SDORPD IXH HVWUHQDGD FRQ XQ EDLOH UVXOD KDEtD FRQFHELGR
DTXHOODLGHDGHVGHODWDUGHHQTXHYLRD5HEHFD\$PDUDQWDFRQYHUWLGDVHQDGROHVFHQWHV\FDVL
SXHGH GHFLUVH TXH HO SULQFLSDO PRWLYR GH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ IXH HO GHVHR GH SURFXUDU D ODV
PXFKDFKDV XQ OXJDU GLJQR GRQGH UHFLELU ODV YLVLWDV 3DUD TXH QDGD UHVWDUD HVSOHQGRU D HVH
SURSyVLWR WUDEDMy FRPR XQ JDOHRWH PLHQWUDV VH HMHFXWDEDQ ODV UHIRUPDV GH PRGR TXH DQWHV GH
TXHHVWXYLHUDQWHUPLQDGDVKDEtDHQFDUJDGRFRVWRVRVPHQHVWHUHVSDUDODGHFRUDFLyQ\HOVHUYLFLR
\HOLQYHQWRPDUDYLOORVRTXHKDEtDGHVXVFLWDUHODVRPEURGHOSXHEOR\HOM~ELORGHODMXYHQWXG
ODSLDQROD/DOOHYDURQDSHGD]RVHPSDFDGDHQYDULRVFDMRQHVTXHIXHURQGHVFDUJDGRVMXQWRFRQ
ORV PXHEOHV YLHQHVHV OD FULVWDOHUtD GH %RKHPLD OD YDMLOOD GH OD &RPSDxtD GH ODV ,QGLDV ORV
PDQWHOHV GH +RODQGD \ XQD ULFD YDULHGDG GH OiPSDUDV \ SDOPDWRULDV \ IORUHURV SDUDPHQWRV \
WDSLFHV /D FDVD LPSRUWDGRUD HQYLy SRU VX FXHQWD XQ H[SHUWR LWDOLDQR 3LHWUR &UHVSL SDUD TXH
DUPDUD\DILQDUDODSLDQRODLQVWUX\HUDDORVFRPSUDGRUHVHQVXPDQHMR\ORVHQVHxDUDDEDLODUOD
P~VLFDGHPRGDLPSUHVDHQVHLVUROORVGHSDSHO
3LHWUR&UHVSLHUDMRYHQ\UXELRHOKRPEUHPiVKHUPRVR\PHMRUHGXFDGRTXHVHKDEtDYLVWR
HQ0DFRQGRWDQHVFUXSXORVRHQHOYHVWLUTXHDSHVDUGHOFDORUVRIRFDQWHWUDEDMDEDFRQODDOPLOOD
EURFDGD\HOJUXHVRVDFRGHSDxRRVFXUR(PSDSDGRHQVXGRUJXDUGDQGRXQDGLVWDQFLDUHYHUHQWH
FRQ ORV GXHxRV GH OD FDVD HVWXYR YDULDV VHPDQDV HQFHUUDGR HQ OD VDOD FRQ XQD FRQVDJUDFLyQ
VLPLODUDODGH$XUHOLDQRHQVXWDOOHUGHRUIHEUH8QDPDxDQDVLQDEULUODSXHUWDVLQFRQYRFDUD
QLQJ~QWHVWLJRGHOPLODJURFRORFyHOSULPHUUROORHQODSLDQROD\HOPDUWLOOHRDWRUPHQWDGRU\HO
HVWUpSLWRFRQVWDQWHGHORVOLVWRQHVGHPDGHUDFHVDURQHQXQVLOHQFLRGHDVRPEURDQWHHORUGHQ\
OD OLPSLH]D GH OD P~VLFD 7RGRV VH SUHFLSLWDURQ D OD VDOD -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD SDUHFLy
IXOPLQDGRQRSRUODEHOOH]DGHODPHORGtDVLQRSRUHOWHFOHRDXWyQRPRGHODSLDQRODHLQVWDOyHQ
OD VDOD OD FiPDUD GH 0HOTXtDGHV FRQ OD HVSHUDQ]D GH REWHQHU HO GDJXHUURWLSR GHO HMHFXWDQWH
LQYLVLEOH (VH GtD HO LWDOLDQR DOPRU]y FRQ HOORV 5HEHFD \ $PDUDQWD VLUYLHQGR OD PHVD VH
LQWLPLGDURQ FRQ OD IOXLGH] FRQ TXH PDQHMDED ORV FXELHUWRV DTXHO KRPEUH DQJpOLFR GH PDQRV
SiOLGDV\VLQDQLOORV(QODVDODGHHVWDUFRQWLJXDDODVDODGHYLVLWD3LHWUR&UHVSLODVHQVHxyD
EDLODU /HV LQGLFDED ORV SDVRV VLQ WRFDUODV PDUFDQGR HO FRPSiV FRQ XQ PHWUyQRPR EDMR OD
DPDEOHYLJLODQFLDGHUVXODTXHQRDEDQGRQyODVDODXQVRORLQVWDQWHPLHQWUDVVXVKLMDVUHFLEtDQ
ODV OHFFLRQHV 3LHWUR &UHVSL OOHYDED HQ HVRV GtDV XQRV SDQWDORQHV HVSHFLDOHV PX\ IOH[LEOHV \

DMXVWDGRV \ XQDV ]DSDWLOODV GH EDLOH 1R WLHQHV SRU TXp SUHRFXSDUWH WDQWR OH GHFtD -RVp
$UFDGLR %XHQGtD D VX PXMHU (VWH KRPEUH HV PDULFD 3HUR HOOD QR GHVLVWLy GH OD YLJLODQFLD
PLHQWUDV QR WHUPLQy HO DSUHQGL]DMH \ HO LWDOLDQR VH PDUFKy GH 0DFRQGR (QWRQFHV HPSH]y OD
RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH OD ILHVWD UVXOD KL]R XQD OLVWD VHYHUD GH ORV LQYLWDGRV HQ OD FXDO ORV ~QLFRV
HVFRJLGRVIXHURQORVGHVFHQGLHQWHVGHORVIXQGDGRUHVVDOYRODIDPLOLDGH3LODU7HUQHUDTXH\D
KDEtDWHQLGRRWURVGRVKLMRVGHSDGUHVGHVFRQRFLGRV(UDHQUHDOLGDGXQDVHOHFFLyQGHFODVHVyOR
TXHGHWHUPLQDGDSRUVHQWLPLHQWRVGHDPLVWDGSXHVORVIDYRUHFLGRVQRVyORHUDQORVPiVDQWLJXRV
DOOHJDGRVDODFDVDGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDGHVGHDQWHVGHHPSUHQGHUHOp[RGRTXHFXOPLQyFRQ
OD IXQGDFLyQ GH 0DFRQGR VLQR TXH VXV KLMRV \ QLHWRV HUDQ ORV FRPSDxHURV KDELWXDOHV GH
$XUHOLDQR \ $UFDGLR GHVGH OD LQIDQFLD \ VXV KLMDV HUDQ ODV ~QLFDV TXH YLVLWDEDQ OD FDVD SDUD
ERUGDUFRQ5HEHFD\$PDUDQWD'RQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHHOJREHUQDQWHEHQpYRORFX\DDFWXDFLyQ
VHUHGXFtDDVRVWHQHUFRQVXVHVFDVRVUHFXUVRVDGRVSROLFtDVDUPDGRVFRQEROLOORVGHSDORHUD
XQDDXWRULGDGRUQDPHQWDO3DUDVREUHOOHYDUORVJDVWRVGRPpVWLFRVVXVKLMDVDEULHURQXQWDOOHUGH
FRVWXUDGRQGHORPLVPRKDFtDQIORUHVGHILHOWURTXHERFDGLOORVGHJXD\DED\HVTXHODVGHDPRU
SRU HQFDUJR 3HUR D SHVDU GH VHU UHFDWDGDV \ VHUYLFLDOHV ODV PiV EHOODV GHO SXHEOR \ ODV PiV
GLHVWUDVHQORVEDLOHVQXHYRVQRFRQVLJXLHURQTXHVHODVWRPDUDHQFXHQWDSDUDODILHVWD
0LHQWUDV UVXOD \ ODV PXFKDFKDV GHVHPSDFDEDQ PXHEOHV SXOtDQ ODV YDMLOODV \ FROJDEDQ
FXDGURV GH GRQFHOODV HQ EDUFDV FDUJDGDV GH URVDV LQIXQGLHQGR XQ VRSOR GH YLGD QXHYD D ORV
HVSDFLRV SHODGRV TXH FRQVWUX\HURQ ORV DOEDxLOHV -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD UHQXQFLy D OD
SHUVHFXFLyQ GH OD LPDJHQ GH 'LRV FRQYHQFLGR GH VX LQH[LVWHQFLD \ GHVWULSy OD SLDQROD SDUD
GHVFLIUDUVXPDJLDVHFUHWD'RVGtDVDQWHVGHODILHVWDHPSDQWDQDGRHQXQUHJXHURGHFODYLMDV\
PDUWLQHWHVVREUDQWHVFKDSXFHDQGRHQWUHXQHQUHGLMRGHFXHUGDVTXHGHVHQUROODEDSRUXQH[WUHPR
\ VH YROYtDQ D HQUROODU SRU HO RWUR FRQVLJXLy PDOFRPSRQHU HO LQVWUXPHQWR 1XQFD KXER WDQWRV
VREUHVDOWRV \ FRUUHQGLOODV FRPR HQ DTXHOORV GtDV SHUR ODV QXHYDV OiPSDUDV GH DOTXLWUiQ VH
HQFHQGLHURQHQODIHFKD\DODKRUDSUHYLVWDV/DFDVDVHDEULyWRGDYtDRORURVDDUHVLQDV\DFDO
K~PHGD \ ORV KLMRV \ QLHWRV GH ORV IXQGDGRUHV FRQRFLHURQ HO FRUUHGRU GH ORV KHOHFKRV \ ODV
EHJRQLDV ORV DSRVHQWRV VLOHQFLRVRV HO MDUGtQ VDWXUDGR SRU OD IUDJDQFLD GH ODV URVDV \ VH
UHXQLHURQ HQ OD VDOD GH YLVLWD IUHQWH DO LQYHQWR GHVFRQRFLGR TXH KDEtD VLGR FXELHUWR FRQ XQD
ViEDQD EODQFD 4XLHQHV FRQRFtDQ HO SLDQRIRUWH SRSXODU HQ RWUDV SREODFLRQHV GH OD FLpQDJD VH
VLQWLHURQXQSRFRGHVFRUD]RQDGRVSHURPiVDPDUJDIXHODGHVLOXVLyQGHUVXODFXDQGRFRORFyHO
SULPHU UROOR SDUD TXH $PDUDQWD \ 5HEHFD DEULHUDQ HO EDLOH \ HO PHFDQLVPR QR IXQFLRQy
0HOTXtDGHV\DFDVLFLHJRGHVPLJDMiQGRVHGHGHFUHSLWXGUHFXUULyDODVDUWHVGHVXDQWLTXtVLPD
VDELGXUtDSDUDWUDWDUGHFRPSRQHUOR$OILQ-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDORJUyPRYHUSRUHTXLYRFDFLyQ
XQGLVSRVLWLYRDWDVFDGR\ODP~VLFDVDOLySULPHURDERUERWRQHV\OXHJRHQXQPDQDQWLDOGHQRWDV
HQUHYHVDGDV *ROSHDQGR FRQWUD ODV FXHUGDV SXHVWDV VLQ RUGHQ QL FRQFLHUWR \ WHPSODGDV FRQ
WHPHULGDG ORV PDUWLQHWHV VH GHVTXLFLDURQ 3HUR ORV SRUILDGRV GHVFHQGLHQWHV GH ORV YHLQWL~Q
LQWUpSLGRVTXHGHVHQWUDxDURQODVLHUUDEXVFDQGRHOPDUSRUHORFFLGHQWHHOXGLHURQORVHVFROORV
GHOWUDVWUXHTXHPHOyGLFR\HOEDLOHVHSURORQJyKDVWDHODPDQHFHU
3LHWUR&UHVSLYROYLyDFRPSRQHUODSLDQROD5HEHFD\$PDUDQWDORD\XGDURQDRUGHQDUODV

21

FXHUGDV\ORVHFXQGDURQHQVXVULVDVSRUORHQUHYHVDGRGHORVYDOVHV(UDHQH[WUHPRDIHFWXRVR\
GHtQGROHWDQKRQUDGDTXHUVXODUHQXQFLyDODYLJLODQFLD/DYtVSHUDGHVXYLDMHVHLPSURYLVy
FRQ OD SLDQROD UHVWDXUDGD XQ EDLOH SDUD GHVSHGLUOR \ pO KL]R FRQ 5HEHFD XQD GHPRVWUDFLyQ
YLUWXRVDGHODVGDQ]DVPRGHUQDV$UFDGLR\$PDUDQWDORVLJXDODURQHQJUDFLD\GHVWUH]D3HUROD
H[KLELFLyQ IXH LQWHUUXPSLGD SRUTXH 3LODU 7HUQHUD TXH HVWDED HQ OD SXHUWD FRQ ORV FXULRVRV VH
SHOHy D PRUGLVFRV \ WLURQHV GH SHOR FRQ XQD PXMHU TXH VH DWUHYLy D FRPHQWDU TXH HO MRYHQ
$UFDGLRWHQtDQDOJDVGHPXMHU+DFLDODPHGLDQRFKH3LHWUR&UHVSLVHGHVSLGLyFRQXQGLVFXUVLWR
VHQWLPHQWDO\SURPHWLyYROYHUPX\SURQWR5HEHFDORDFRPSDxyKDVWDODSXHUWD\OXHJRGHKDEHU
FHUUDGRODFDVD\DSDJDGRODVOiPSDUDVVHIXHDVXFXDUWRDOORUDU)XHXQOODQWRLQFRQVRODEOHTXH
VH SURORQJy SRU YDULRV GtDV \ FX\D FDXVD QR FRQRFLy QL VLTXLHUD $PDUDQWD 1R HUD H[WUDxR VX
KHUPHWLVPR $XQTXH SDUHFtD H[SDQVLYD \ FRUGLDO WHQtD XQ FDUiFWHU VROLWDULR \ XQ FRUD]yQ
LPSHQHWUDEOH(UDXQDDGROHVFHQWHHVSOpQGLGDGHKXHVRVODUJRV\ILUPHVSHURVHHPSHFLQDEDHQ
VHJXLU XVDQGR HO PHFHGRUFLWR GH PDGHUD FRQ TXH OOHJy D OD FDVD PXFKDV YHFHV UHIRU]DGR \ \D
GHVSURYLVWR GH EUD]RV 1DGLH KDEtD GHVFXELHUWR TXH D~Q D HVD HGDG FRQVHUYDED HO KiELWR GH
FKXSDUVH HO GHGR 3RU HVR QR SHUGtD RFDVLyQ GH HQFHUUDUVH HQ HO EDxR \ KDEtD DGTXLULGR OD
FRVWXPEUHGHGRUPLUFRQODFDUDYXHOWDFRQWUDODSDUHG(QODVWDUGHVGHOOXYLDERUGDQGRFRQXQ
JUXSRGHDPLJDVHQHOFRUUHGRUGHODVEHJRQLDVSHUGtDHOKLORGHODFRQYHUVDFLyQ\XQDOiJULPD
GH QRVWDOJLD OH VDODED HO SDODGDU FXDQGR YHtD ODV YHWDV GH WLHUUD K~PHGD \ ORV PRQWtFXORV GH
EDUURFRQVWUXLGRVSRUODVORPEULFHVHQHOMDUGtQ(VRVJXVWRVVHFUHWRVGHUURWDGRVHQRWURWLHPSR
SRU ODV QDUDQMDV FRQ UXLEDUER HVWDOODURQ HQ XQ DQKHOR LUUHSULPLEOH FXDQGR HPSH]y D OORUDU
9ROYLy D FRPHU WLHUUD /D SULPHUD YH] OR KL]R FDVL SRU FXULRVLGDG VHJXUD GH TXH HO PDO VDERU
VHUtDHOPHMRUUHPHGLRFRQWUDODWHQWDFLyQ<HQHIHFWRQRSXGRVRSRUWDUODWLHUUDHQODERFD3HUR
LQVLVWLyYHQFLGDSRUHODQVLDFUHFLHQWH\SRFRDSRFRIXHUHVFDWDQGRHODSHWLWRDQFHVWUDOHOJXVWR
GH ORV PLQHUDOHV SULPDULRV OD VDWLVIDFFLyQ VLQ UHVTXLFLRV GHO DOLPHQWR RULJLQDO 6H HFKDED
SXxDGRVGHWLHUUDHQORVEROVLOORV\ORVFRPtDDJUDQLWRVVLQVHUYLVWDFRQXQFRQIXVRVHQWLPLHQWR
GHGLFKD\GHUDELDPLHQWUDVDGLHVWUDEDDVXVDPLJDVHQODVSXQWDGDVPiVGLItFLOHV\FRQYHUVDED
GHRWURVKRPEUHVTXHQRPHUHFtDQHOVDFULILFLRGHTXHVHFRPLHUDSRUHOORVODFDOGHODVSDUHGHV
/RV SXxDGRV GH WLHUUD KDFtDQ PHQRV UHPRWR \ PiV FLHUWR DO ~QLFR KRPEUH TXH PHUHFtD DTXHOOD
GHJUDGDFLyQFRPRVLHOVXHORTXHpOSLVDEDFRQVXVILQDVERWDVGHFKDUROHQRWUROXJDUGHOPXQGR
OH WUDQVPLWLHUD D HOOD HO SHVR \ OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH VX VDQJUH HQ XQ VDERU PLQHUDO TXH GHMDED XQ
UHVFROGRiVSHURHQODERFD\XQVHGLPHQWRGHSD]HQHOFRUD]yQ8QDWDUGHVLQQLQJ~QPRWLYR
$PSDUR0RVFRWHSLGLySHUPLVRSDUDFRQRFHUODFDVD$PDUDQWD\5HEHFDGHVFRQFHUWDGDVSRUOD
YLVLWDLPSUHYLVWDODDWHQGLHURQFRQXQIRUPDOLVPRGXUR/HPRVWUDURQODPDQVLyQUHIRUPDGDOH
KLFLHURQ RtU ORV UROORV GH OD SLDQROD \ OH RIUHFLHURQ QDUDQMDGD FRQ JDOOHWLWDV $PSDUR GLR XQD
OHFFLyQ GH GLJQLGDG GH HQFDQWR SHUVRQDO GH EXHQDV PDQHUDV TXH LPSUHVLRQy D UVXOD HQ ORV
EUHYHV LQVWDQWHV HQ TXH DVLVWLy D OD YLVLWD $O FDER GH GRV KRUDV FXDQGR OD FRQYHUVDFLyQ
HPSH]DED D ODQJXLGHFHU $PSDUR DSURYHFKy XQ GHVFXLGR GH $PDUDQWD \ OH HQWUHJy XQD FDUWD D
5HEHFD (OOD DOFDQ]y D YHU HO QRPEUH GH OD PX\ GLVWLQJXLGD VHxRULWD GRxD 5HEHFD %XHQGtD
HVFULWRFRQODPLVPDOHWUDPHWyGLFDODPLVPDWLQWDYHUGH\ODPLVPDGLVSRVLFLyQSUHFLRVLVWDGH

ODVSDODEUDVFRQTXHHVWDEDQHVFULWDVODVLQVWUXFFLRQHVGHPDQHMRGHODSLDQROD\GREOyODFDUWD
FRQ OD SXQWD GH ORV GHGRV \ VH OD HVFRQGLy HQ HO FRUSLxR PLUDQGR D $PSDUR 0RVFRWH FRQ XQD
H[SUHVLyQGHJUDWLWXGVLQWpUPLQRQLFRQGLFLRQHV\XQDFDOODGDSURPHVDGHFRPSOLFLGDGKDVWDOD
PXHUWH
/D UHSHQWLQD DPLVWDG GH $PSDUR 0RVFRWH \ 5HEHFD %XHQGtD GHVSHUWy ODV HVSHUDQ]DV GH
$XUHOLDQR (O UHFXHUGR GH OD SHTXHxD 5HPHGLRV QR KDEtD GHMDGR GH WRUWXUDUOR SHUR QR
HQFRQWUDED OD RFDVLyQ GH YHUOD &XDQGR SDVHDED SRU HO SXHEOR FRQ VXV DPLJRV PiV SUy[LPRV
0DJQtILFR 9LVEDO \ *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] KLMRV GH ORV IXQGDGRUHV GH LJXDOHV QRPEUHV OD
EXVFDED FRQ PLUDGD DQVLRVD HQ HO WDOOHU GH FRVWXUD \ VyOR YHtD D ODV KHUPDQDV PD\RUHV /D
SUHVHQFLDGH$PSDUR0RVFRWHHQODFDVDIXHFRPRXQDSUHPRQLFLyQ7LHQHTXHYHQLUFRQHOOD
VH GHFtD $XUHOLDQR HQ YR] EDMD 7LHQH TXH YHQLU 7DQWDV YHFHV VH OR UHSLWLy \ FRQ WDQWD
FRQYLFFLyQTXHXQDWDUGHHQTXHDUPDEDHQHOWDOOHUXQSHVFDGLWRGHRURWXYRODFHUWLGXPEUHGH
TXH HOOD KDEtD UHVSRQGLGR D VX OODPDGR 3RFR GHVSXpV HQ HIHFWR R\y OD YRFHFLWD LQIDQWLO \ DO
OHYDQWDUODYLVWDFRQHOFRUD]yQKHODGRGHSDYRUYLRDODQLxDHQODSXHUWDFRQYHVWLGRGHRUJDQGt
URVDGR\ERWLWDVEODQFDV
$KtQRHQWUHV5HPHGLRVGLMR$PSDUR0RVFRWHHQHOFRUUHGRU(VWiQWUDEDMDQGR
3HUR $XUHOLDQR QR OH GLR WLHPSR GH DWHQGHU /HYDQWy HO SHVFDGLWR GRUDGR SUHQGLGR GH XQD
FDGHQLWDTXHOHVDOtDSRUODERFD\OHGLMR
(QWUD
5HPHGLRVVHDSUR[LPyHKL]RVREUHHOSHVFDGLWRDOJXQDVSUHJXQWDVTXH$XUHOLDQRQRSXGR
FRQWHVWDUSRUTXHVHORLPSHGtDXQDVPDUHSHQWLQD4XHUtDTXHGDUVHSDUDVLHPSUHMXQWRDHVHFXWLV
GHOLULRMXQWRDHVRVRMRVGHHVPHUDOGDPX\FHUFDGHHVDYR]TXHDFDGDSUHJXQWDOHGHFtDVHxRU
FRQHOPLVPRUHVSHWRFRQTXHVHORGHFtDDVXSDGUH0HOTXtDGHVHVWDEDHQHOULQFyQVHQWDGRDO
HVFULWRULR JDUDEDWHDQGR VLJQRV LQGHVFLIUDEOHV $XUHOLDQR OR RGLy 1R SXGR KDFHU QDGD VDOYR
GHFLUOHD5HPHGLRVTXHOHLEDDUHJDODUHOSHVFDGLWR\ODQLxDVHDVXVWyWDQWRFRQHORIUHFLPLHQWR
TXHDEDQGRQyDWRGDSULVDHOWDOOHU$TXHOODWDUGHSHUGLy$XUHOLDQRODUHFyQGLWDSDFLHQFLDFRQ
TXH KDEtD HVSHUDGR OD RFDVLyQ GH YHUOD 'HVFXLGy HO WUDEDMR /D OODPy PXFKDV YHFHV HQ
GHVHVSHUDGRVHVIXHU]RVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQSHUR5HPHGLRVQRUHVSRQGLy/DEXVFyHQHOWDOOHUGH
VXVKHUPDQDVHQORVYLVLOORVGHVXFDVDHQODRILFLQDGHVXSDGUHSHURVRODPHQWHODHQFRQWUyHQ
ODLPDJHQTXHVDWXUDEDVXSURSLD\WHUULEOHVROHGDG3DVDEDKRUDVHQWHUDVFRQ5HEHFDHQODVDOD
GHYLVLWDHVFXFKDQGRORVYDOVHVGHODSLDQROD(OODORVHVFXFKDEDSRUTXHHUDODP~VLFDFRQTXH
3LHWUR &UHVSL OD KDEtD HQVHxDGR D EDLODU $XUHOLDQR ORV HVFXFKDED VLPSOHPHQWH SRUTXH WRGR
KDVWDODP~VLFDOHUHFRUGDEDD5HPHGLRV
/DFDVDVHOOHQyGHDPRU$XUHOLDQRORH[SUHVyHQYHUVRVTXHQRWHQtDQSULQFLSLRQLILQ/RV
HVFULEtDHQORViVSHURVSHUJDPLQRVTXHOHUHJDODED0HOTXtDGHVHQODVSDUHGHVGHOEDxRHQOD
SLHOGHVXVEUD]RV\HQWRGRVDSDUHFtD5HPHGLRVWUDQVILJXUDGD5HPHGLRVHQHODLUHVRSRUtIHUR
GHODVGRVGHODWDUGH5HPHGLRVHQODFDOODGDUHVSLUDFLyQGHODVURVDV5HPHGLRVHQODFOHSVLGUD
VHFUHWDGHODVSROLOODV5HPHGLRVHQHOYDSRUGHOSDQDODPDQHFHU5HPHGLRVHQWRGDVSDUWHV\
5HPHGLRVSDUDVLHPSUH5HEHFDHVSHUDEDHODPRUDODVFXDWURGHODWDUGHERUGDQGRMXQWRDOD

22

YHQWDQD 6DEtD TXH OD PXOD GHO FRUUHR QR OOHJDED VLQR FDGD TXLQFH GtDV SHUR HOOD OD HVSHUDED
VLHPSUH FRQYHQFLGD GH TXH LED D OOHJDU XQ GtD FXDOTXLHUD SRU HTXLYRFDFLyQ 6XFHGLy WRGR OR
FRQWUDULR XQD YH] OD PXOD QR OOHJy HQ OD IHFKD SUHYLVWD /RFD GH GHVHVSHUDFLyQ 5HEHFD VH
OHYDQWyDPHGLDQRFKH\FRPLySXxDGRVGHWLHUUDHQHOMDUGtQFRQXQDDYLGH]VXLFLGDOORUDQGRGH
GRORU\GHIXULDPDVWLFDQGRORPEULFHVWLHUQDV\DVWLOOiQGRVHODVPXHODVFRQKXHVRVGHFDUDFROHV
9RPLWyKDVWDHODPDQHFHU6HKXQGLyHQXQHVWDGRGHSRVWUDFLyQIHEULOSHUGLyODFRQFLHQFLD\VX
FRUD]yQ VH DEULy HQ XQ GHOLULR VLQ SXGRU UVXOD HVFDQGDOL]DGD IRU]y OD FHUUDGXUD GHO ED~O \
HQFRQWUy HQ HO IRQGR DWDGDV FRQ FLQWDV FRORU GH URVD ODV GLHFLVpLV FDUWDV SHUIXPDGDV \ ORV
HVTXHOHWRV GH KRMDV \ SpWDORV FRQVHUYDGRV HQ OLEURV DQWLJXRV \ ODV PDULSRVDV GLVHFDGDV TXH DO
WRFDUODVVHFRQYLUWLHURQHQSROYR
$XUHOLDQR IXH HO ~QLFR FDSD] GH FRPSUHQGHU WDQWD GHVRODFLyQ (VD WDUGH PLHQWUDV UVXOD
WUDWDED GH UHVFDWDU D 5HEHFD GHO PDQJODU GHO GHOLULR pO IXH FRQ 0DJQtILFR 9LVEDO \ *HULQHOGR
0iUTXH] D OD WLHQGD GH &DWDULQR (O HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR KDEtD VLGR HQVDQFKDGR FRQ XQD JDOHUtD GH
FXDUWRV GH PDGHUD GRQGH YLYtDQ PXMHUHV VRODV RORURVDV D IORUHV PXHUWDV 8Q FRQMXQWR GH
DFRUGHyQ \ WDPERUHV HMHFXWDED ODV FDQFLRQHV GH )UDQFLVFR HO +RPEUH TXH GHVGH KDFtD YDULRV
DxRVKDEtDGHVDSDUHFLGRGH0DFRQGR/RVWUHVDPLJRVEHELHURQJXDUDSRIHUPHQWDGR0DJQtILFR
\ *HULQHOGR FRQWHPSRUiQHRV GH $XUHOLDQR SHUR PiV GLHVWURV HQ ODV FRVDV GHO PXQGR EHEtDQ
PHWyGLFDPHQWHFRQODVPXMHUHVVHQWDGDVHQODVSLHUQDV8QDGHHOODVPDUFKLWD\FRQODGHQWDGXUD
RULILFDGDOHKL]RD$XUHOLDQRXQDFDULFLDHVWUHPHFHGRUDeOODUHFKD]y+DEtDGHVFXELHUWRTXH
PLHQWUDV PiV EHEtD PiV VH DFRUGDED GH 5HPHGLRV SHUR VRSRUWDED PHMRU OD WRUWXUD GH VX
UHFXHUGR1RVXSRHQTXpPRPHQWRHPSH]yDIORWDU9LRDVXVDPLJRV\DODVPXMHUHVQDYHJDQGR
HQXQDUHYHUEHUDFLyQUDGLDQWHVLQSHVRQLYROXPHQGLFLHQGRSDODEUDVTXHQRVDOtDQGHVXVODELRV
\KDFLHQGRVHxDOHVPLVWHULRVDVTXHQRFRUUHVSRQGtDQDVXVJHVWRV&DWDULQROHSXVRXQDPDQRHQ
OD HVSDOGD \ OH GLMR 9DQ D VHU ODV RQFH $XUHOLDQR YROYLy OD FDEH]D YLR HO HQRUPH URVWUR
GHVILJXUDGR FRQ XQD IORU GH ILHOWUR HQ OD RUHMD \ HQWRQFHV SHUGLy OD PHPRULD FRPR HQ ORV
WLHPSRV GHO ROYLGR \ OD YROYLy D UHFREUDU HQ XQD PDGUXJDGD DMHQD \ HQ XQ FXDUWR TXH OH HUD
FRPSOHWDPHQWH H[WUDxR GRQGH HVWDED 3LODU 7HUQHUD HQ FRPELQDFLyQ GHVFDO]D GHVJUHxDGD
DOXPEUiQGRORFRQXQDOiPSDUD\SDVPDGDGHLQFUHGXOLGDG
$XUHOLDQR
$XUHOLDQRVHDILUPyHQORVSLHV\OHYDQWyODFDEH]D,JQRUDEDFyPRKDEtDOOHJDGRKDVWDDOOt
SHUR VDEtD FXiO HUD HO SURSyVLWR SRUTXH OR OOHYDED HVFRQGLGR GHVGH OD LQIDQFLD HQ XQ HVWDQFR
LQYLRODEOHGHOFRUD]yQ
9HQJRDGRUPLUFRQXVWHGGLMR
7HQtDODURSDHPEDGXUQDGDGHIDQJR\GHYyPLWR3LODU7HUQHUDTXHHQWRQFHVYLYtDVRODPHQWH
FRQVXVGRVKLMRVPHQRUHVQROHKL]RQLQJXQDSUHJXQWD/ROOHYyDODFDPD/HOLPSLyODFDUDFRQ
XQHVWURSDMRK~PHGROHTXLWyODURSD\OXHJRVHGHVQXGySRUFRPSOHWR\EDMRHOPRVTXLWHURSDUD
TXHQRODYLHUDQVXVKLMRVVLGHVSHUWDEDQ6HKDEtDFDQVDGRGHHVSHUDUDOKRPEUHTXHVHTXHGyD
ORV KRPEUHV TXH VH IXHURQ D ORV LQFRQWDEOHV KRPEUHV TXH HUUDURQ HO FDPLQR GH VX FDVD
FRQIXQGLGRVSRUODLQFHUWLGXPEUHGHODVEDUDMDV(QODHVSHUDVHOHKDEtDDJULHWDGRODSLHOVHOH

KDEtDQYDFLDGRORVVHQRVVHOHKDEtDDSDJDGRHOUHVFROGRGHOFRUD]yQ%XVFyD$XUHOLDQRHQOD
RVFXULGDG OH SXVR OD PDQR HQ HO YLHQWUH \ OR EHVy HQ HO FXHOOR FRQ XQD WHUQXUD PDWHUQDO 0L
SREUH QLxLWR PXUPXUy $XUHOLDQR VH HVWUHPHFLy &RQ XQD GHVWUH]D UHSRVDGD VLQ HO PHQRU
WURSLH]RGHMyDWUiVORVDFDQWLODGRVGHOGRORU\HQFRQWUyD5HPHGLRVFRQYHUWLGDHQXQSDQWDQRVLQ
KRUL]RQWHV RORURVD D DQLPDO FUXGR \ D URSD UHFLpQ SODQFKDGD &XDQGR VDOLy D IORWH HVWDED
OORUDQGR 3ULPHUR IXHURQ XQRV VROOR]RV LQYROXQWDULRV \ HQWUHFRUWDGRV 'HVSXpV VH YDFLy HQ XQ
PDQDQWLDO GHVDWDGR VLQWLHQGR TXH DOJR WXPHIDFWR \ GRORURVR VH KDEtD UHYHQWDGR HQ VX LQWHULRU
(OODHVSHUyUDVFiQGROHODFDEH]DFRQOD\HPDGHORVGHGRVKDVWDTXHVXFXHUSRVHGHVRFXSyGH
OD PDWHULD RVFXUD TXH QR OR GHMDED YLYLU (QWRQFHV 3LODU 7HUQHUD OH SUHJXQWy 4XLpQ HV" <
$XUHOLDQRVHORGLMR(OODVROWyODULVDTXHHQRWURWLHPSRHVSDQWDEDDODVSDORPDV\TXHDKRUDQL
VLTXLHUD GHVSHUWDED D ORV QLxRV 7HQGUiV TXH DFDEDU GH FULDUOD VH EXUOy 3HUR GHEDMR GH OD
EXUODHQFRQWUy$XUHOLDQRXQUHPDQVRGHFRPSUHQVLyQ&XDQGRDEDQGRQyHOFXDUWRGHMDQGRDOOt
QRVyORODLQFHUWLGXPEUHGHVXYLULOLGDGVLQRWDPELpQHOSHVRDPDUJRTXHGXUDQWHWDQWRVPHVHV
VRSRUWyHQHOFRUD]yQ3LODU7HUQHUDOHKDEtDKHFKRXQDSURPHVDHVSRQWiQHD
9R\DKDEODUFRQODQLxDOHGLMR\YDVDYHUTXHWHODVLUYRHQEDQGHMD
&XPSOLy 3HUR HQ XQ PDO PRPHQWR SRUTXH OD FDVD KDEtD SHUGLGR OD SD] GH RWURV GtDV $O
GHVFXEULU OD SDVLyQ GH 5HEHFD TXH QR IXH SRVLEOH PDQWHQHU HQ VHFUHWR D FDXVD GH VXV JULWRV
$PDUDQWD VXIULy XQ DFFHVR GH FDOHQWXUDV 7DPELpQ HOOD SDGHFtD OD HVSLQD GH XQ DPRU VROLWDULR
(QFHUUDGDHQHOEDxRVHGHVDKRJDEDGHOWRUPHQWRGHXQDSDVLyQVLQHVSHUDQ]DVHVFULELHQGRFDUWDV
IHEULOHV TXH VH FRQIRUPDED FRQ HVFRQGHU HQ HO IRQGR GHO ED~O UVXOD DSHQDV VL VH GLR DEDVWR
SDUD DWHQGHU D ODV GRV HQIHUPDV 1R FRQVLJXLy HQ SURORQJDGRV H LQVLGLRVRV LQWHUURJDWRULRV
DYHULJXDU ODV FDXVDV GH OD SRVWUDFLyQ GH $PDUDQWD 3RU ~OWLPR HQ RWUR LQVWDQWH GH LQVSLUDFLyQ
IRU]yODFHUUDGXUDGHOED~O\HQFRQWUyODVFDUWDVDWDGDVFRQFLQWDVGHFRORUGHURVDKLQFKDGDVGH
D]XFHQDV IUHVFDV \ WRGDYtD K~PHGDV GH OiJULPDV GLULJLGDV \ QXQFD HQYLDGDV D 3LHWUR &UHVSL
/ORUDQGRGHIXULDPDOGLMRODKRUDHQTXHVHOHRFXUULyFRPSUDUODSLDQRODSURKLELyODVFODVHVGH
ERUGDGR \ GHFUHWy XQD HVSHFLH GH OXWR VLQ PXHUWR TXH KDEtD GH SURORQJDUVH KDVWD TXH ODV KLMDV
GHVLVWLHUDQ GH VXV HVSHUDQ]DV )XH LQ~WLO OD LQWHUYHQFLyQ GH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD TXH KDEtD
UHFWLILFDGRVXSULPHUDLPSUHVLyQVREUH3LHWUR&UHVSL\DGPLUDEDVXKDELOLGDGSDUDHOPDQHMRGH
ODV PiTXLQDV PXVLFDOHV 'H PRGR TXH FXDQGR 3LODU 7HUQHUD OH GLMR D $XUHOLDQR TXH 5HPHGLRV
HVWDEDGHFLGLGDDFDVDUVHpOFRPSUHQGLyTXHODQRWLFLDDFDEDUtDGHDWULEXODUDVXVSDGUHV3HUR
OH KL]R IUHQWH D OD VLWXDFLyQ &RQYRFDGRV D OD VDOD GH YLVLWD SDUD XQD HQWUHYLVWD IRUPDO -RVp
$UFDGLR%XHQGtD\UVXODHVFXFKDURQLPSiYLGRVODGHFODUDFLyQGHVXKLMR$OFRQRFHUHOQRPEUH
GH OD QRYLD VLQ HPEDUJR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD HQURMHFLy GH LQGLJQDFLyQ (O DPRU HV XQD
SHVWH WURQy +DELHQGR WDQWDV PXFKDFKDV ERQLWDV \ GHFHQWHV OR ~QLFR TXH VH WH RFXUUH HV
FDVDUWH FRQ OD KLMD GHO HQHPLJR 3HUR UVXOD HVWXYR GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD HOHFFLyQ &RQIHVy VX
DIHFWRKDFLDODVVLHWHKHUPDQDV0RVFRWHSRUVXKHUPRVXUDVXODERULRVLGDGVXUHFDWR\VXEXHQD
HGXFDFLyQ\FHOHEUyHODFLHUWRGHVXKLMR9HQFLGRSRUHOHQWXVLDVPRGHVXPXMHU-RVp$UFDGLR
%XHQGtDSXVRHQWRQFHVXQDFRQGLFLyQ5HEHFDTXHHUDODFRUUHVSRQGLGDVHFDVDUtDFRQ3LHWUR
&UHVSL UVXOD OOHYDUtD D $PDUDQWD HQ XQ YLDMH D OD FDSLWDO GH OD SURYLQFLD FXDQGR WXYLHUD

23

WLHPSR SDUD TXH HO FRQWDFWR FRQ JHQWH GLVWLQWD OD DOLYLDUD GH VX GHVLOXVLyQ 5HEHFD UHFREUy OD
VDOXGWDQSURQWRFRPRVHHQWHUyGHODFXHUGR\HVFULELyDVXQRYLRXQDFDUWDMXELORVDTXHVRPHWLy
DODDSUREDFLyQGHVXVSDGUHV\SXVRDOFRUUHRVLQVHUYLUVHGHLQWHUPHGLDULRV$PDUDQWDILQJLy
DFHSWDUODGHFLVLyQ\SRFRDSRFRVHUHVWDEOHFLyGHODVFDOHQWXUDVSHURVHSURPHWLyDVtPLVPD
TXH5HEHFDVHFDVDUtDVRODPHQWHSDVDQGRSRUHQFLPDGHVXFDGiYHU
(O ViEDGR VLJXLHQWH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD VH SXVR HO WUDMH GH SDxR RVFXUR HO FXHOOR GH
FHOXORLGH\ODVERWDVGHJDPX]DTXHKDEtDHVWUHQDGRODQRFKHGHODILHVWD\IXHDSHGLUODPDQR
GH5HPHGLRV0RVFRWH(OFRUUHJLGRU\VXHVSRVDORUHFLELHURQDOPLVPRWLHPSRFRPSODFLGRV\
FRQWXUEDGRVSRUTXHLJQRUDEDQHOSURSyVLWRGHODYLVLWDLPSUHYLVWD\OXHJRFUH\HURQTXHpOKDEtD
FRQIXQGLGRHOQRPEUHGHODSUHWHQGLGD3DUDGLVLSDUHOHUURUODPDGUHGHVSHUWyD5HPHGLRV\OD
OOHYy HQ EUD]RV D OD VDOD WRGDYtD DWDUDQWDGD GH VXHxR /H SUHJXQWDURQ VL HQ YHUGDG HVWDED
GHFLGLGDDFDVDUVH\HOODFRQWHVWyOORULTXHDQGRTXHVRODPHQWHTXHUtDTXHODGHMDUDQGRUPLU-RVp
$UFDGLR %XHQGtD FRPSUHQGLHQGR HO GHVFRQFLHUWR GH ORV 0RVFRWH IXH D DFODUDU ODV FRVDV FRQ
$XUHOLDQR &XDQGR UHJUHVy ORV HVSRVRV 0RVFRWH VH KDEtDQ YHVWLGR FRQ URSD IRUPDO KDEtDQ
FDPELDGRODSRVLFLyQGHORVPXHEOHV\SXHVWRIORUHVQXHYDVHQORVIORUHURV\ORHVSHUDEDQHQ
FRPSDxtDGHVXVKLMDVPD\RUHV$JRELDGRSRUODLQJUDWLWXGGHODRFDVLyQ\SRUODPROHVWLDGHO
FXHOORGXUR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDFRQILUPyTXHHQHIHFWR5HPHGLRVHUDODHOHJLGD(VWRQR
WLHQHVHQWLGRGLMRFRQVWHUQDGRGRQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWH7HQHPRVVHLVKLMDVPiVWRGDVVROWHUDV
\HQHGDGGHPHUHFHUTXHHVWDUtDQHQFDQWDGDVGHVHUHVSRVDVGLJQtVLPDVGHFDEDOOHURVVHULRV\
WUDEDMDGRUHVFRPRVXKLMR\$XUHOLWRSRQHVXVRMRVSUHFLVDPHQWHHQOD~QLFDTXHWRGDYtDVHRULQD
HQ OD FDPD 6X HVSRVD XQD PXMHU ELHQ FRQVHUYDGD GH SiUSDGRV \ DGHPDQHV DIOLJLGRV OH
UHSURFKy VX LQFRUUHFFLyQ &XDQGR WHUPLQDURQ GH WRPDU HO EDWLGR GH IUXWDV KDEtDQ DFHSWDGR
FRPSODFLGRV OD GHFLVLyQ GH $XUHOLDQR 6yOR TXH OD VHxRUD GH 0RVFRWH VXSOLFDED HO IDYRU GH
KDEODUDVRODVFRQUVXOD,QWULJDGDSURWHVWDQGRGHTXHODHQUHGDUDQHQDVXQWRVGHKRPEUHVSHUR
HQUHDOLGDGLQWLPLGDGDSRUODHPRFLyQUVXODIXHDYLVLWDUODDOGtDVLJXLHQWH0HGLDKRUDGHVSXpV
UHJUHVyFRQODQRWLFLDGHTXH5HPHGLRVHUDLPS~EHU$XUHOLDQRQRORFRQVLGHUyFRPRXQWURSLH]R
JUDYH +DEtD HVSHUDGR WDQWR TXH SRGtD HVSHUDU FXDQWR IXHUD QHFHVDULR KDVWD TXH OD QRYLD
HVWXYLHUDHQHGDGGHFRQFHELU
/D DUPRQtD UHFREUDGD VyOR IXH LQWHUUXPSLGD SRU OD PXHUWH GH 0HOTXtDGHV $XQTXH HUD XQ
DFRQWHFLPLHQWRSUHYLVLEOHQRORIXHURQODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV3RFRVPHVHVGHVSXpVGHVXUHJUHVRVH
KDEtDRSHUDGRHQpOXQSURFHVRGHHQYHMHFLPLHQWRWDQDSUHVXUDGR\FUtWLFRTXHSURQWRVHOHWXYR
SRU XQR GH HVRV ELVDEXHORV LQ~WLOHV TXH GHDPEXODQ FRPR VRPEUDV SRU ORV GRUPLWRULRV
DUUDVWUDQGRORVSLHVUHFRUGDQGRPHMRUHVWLHPSRVHQYR]DOWD\GHTXLHQHVQDGLHVHRFXSDQLVH
DFXHUGDHQUHDOLGDGKDVWDHOGtDHQTXHDPDQHFHQPXHUWRVHQODFDPD$OSULQFLSLR-RVp$UFDGLR
%XHQGtD OR VHFXQGDED HQ VXV WDUHDV HQWXVLDVPDGR FRQ OD QRYHGDG GH OD GDJXHUURWLSLD \ ODV
SUHGLFFLRQHVGH1RVWUDGDPXV3HURSRFRDSRFRORIXHDEDQGRQDQGRDVXVROHGDGSRUTXHFDGD
YH] VH OHV KDFtD PiV GLItFLO OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ (VWDED SHUGLHQGR OD YLVWD \ HO RtGR SDUHFtD
FRQIXQGLU D ORV LQWHUORFXWRUHV FRQ SHUVRQDV TXH FRQRFLy HQ pSRFDV UHPRWDV GH OD KXPDQLGDG \
FRQWHVWDEDDODVSUHJXQWDVFRQXQLQWULQFDGREDWLEXUULOORGHLGLRPDV&DPLQDEDWDQWHDQGRHODLUH

DXQTXHVHPRYtDSRUHQWUHODVFRVDVFRQXQDIOXLGH]LQH[SOLFDEOHFRPRVLHVWXYLHUDGRWDGRGHXQ
LQVWLQWR GH RULHQWDFLyQ IXQGDGR HQ SUHVHQWLPLHQWRV LQPHGLDWRV 8Q GtD ROYLGy SRQHUVH OD
GHQWDGXUDSRVWL]DTXHGHMDEDGHQRFKHHQXQYDVRGHDJXDMXQWRDODFDPD\QRVHODYROYLyD
SRQHU &XDQGR UVXOD GLVSXVR OD DPSOLDFLyQ GH OD FDVD OH KL]R FRQVWUXLU XQ FXDUWR HVSHFLDO
FRQWLJXR DO WDOOHU GH $XUHOLDQR OHMRV GH ORV UXLGRV \ HO WUDMtQ GRPpVWLFRV FRQ XQD YHQWDQD
LQXQGDGDGHOX]\XQHVWDQWHGRQGHHOODPLVPDRUGHQyORVOLEURVFDVLGHVKHFKRVSRUHOSROYR\ODV
SROLOODVORVTXHEUDGL]RVSDSHOHVDSUHWDGRVGHVLJQRVLQGHVFLIUDEOHV\HOYDVRFRQODGHQWDGXUD
SRVWL]DGRQGHKDEtDQSUHQGLGRXQDVSODQWLWDVDFXiWLFDVGHPLQ~VFXODVIORUHVDPDULOODV(OQXHYR
OXJDUSDUHFLyDJUDGDUD0HOTXtDGHVSRUTXHQRYROYLyDYpUVHOHQLVLTXLHUDHQHOFRPHGRU6yOR
LEDDOWDOOHUGH$XUHOLDQRGRQGHSDVDEDKRUDV\KRUDVJDUDEDWHDQGRVXOLWHUDWXUDHQLJPiWLFDHQ
ORV SHUJDPLQRV TXH OOHYy FRQVLJR \ TXH SDUHFtDQ IDEULFDGRV HQ XQD PDWHULD iULGD TXH VH
UHVTXHEUDMDEDFRPRKRMDOGUHV$OOtWRPDEDORVDOLPHQWRVTXH9LVLWDFLyQOHOOHYDEDGRVYHFHVDO
GtDDXQTXHHQORV~OWLPRVWLHPSRVSHUGLyHODSHWLWR\VyORVHDOLPHQWDEDGHOHJXPEUHV3URQWR
DGTXLULyHODVSHFWRGHGHVDPSDURSURSLRGHORVYHJHWDULDQRV/DSLHOVHOHFXEULyGHXQPXVJR
WLHUQR VHPHMDQWH DO TXH SURVSHUDED HQ HO FKDOHFR DQDFUyQLFR TXH QR VH TXLWy MDPiV \ VX
UHVSLUDFLyQH[KDOyXQWXIRGHDQLPDOGRUPLGR$XUHOLDQRWHUPLQySRUROYLGDUVHGHpODEVRUWRHQ
OD UHGDFFLyQ GH VXV YHUVRV SHUR HQ FLHUWD RFDVLyQ FUH\y HQWHQGHU DOJR GH OR TXH GHFtD HQ VXV
ERUGRQHDQWHV PRQyORJRV \ OH SUHVWy DWHQFLyQ (Q UHDOLGDG OR ~QLFR TXH SXGR DLVODU HQ ODV
SDUUDIDGDV SHGUHJRVDV IXH HO LQVLVWHQWH PDUWLOOHR GH OD SDODEUD HTXLQRFFLR HTXLQRFFLR
HTXLQRFFLR \ HO QRPEUH GH $OH[DQGHU 9RQ +XPEROGW $UFDGLR VH DSUR[LPy XQ SRFR PiV D pO
FXDQGRHPSH]yDD\XGDUD$XUHOLDQRHQODSODWHUtD0HOTXtDGHVFRUUHVSRQGLyDDTXHOHVIXHU]RGH
FRPXQLFDFLyQVROWDQGRDYHFHVIUDVHVHQFDVWHOODQRTXHWHQtDQPX\SRFRTXHYHUFRQODUHDOLGDG
8QD WDUGH VLQ HPEDUJR SDUHFLy LOXPLQDGR SRU XQD HPRFLyQ UHSHQWLQD $xRV GHVSXpV IUHQWH DO
SHORWyQ GH IXVLODPLHQWR $UFDGLR KDEtD GH DFRUGDUVH GHO WHPEORU FRQ TXH 0HOTXtDGHV OH KL]R
HVFXFKDUYDULDVSiJLQDVGHVXHVFULWXUDLPSHQHWUDEOHTXHSRUVXSXHVWRQRHQWHQGLySHURTXHDO
VHU OHtGDV HQ YR] DOWD SDUHFtDQ HQFtFOLFDV FDQWDGDV /XHJR VRQULy SRU SULPHUD YH] HQ PXFKR
WLHPSR \ GLMR HQ FDVWHOODQR &XDQGR PH PXHUD TXHPHQ PHUFXULR GXUDQWH WUHV GtDV HQ PL
FXDUWR$UFDGLRVHORFRQWyD-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD\pVWHWUDWyGHREWHQHUXQDLQIRUPDFLyQPiV
H[SOtFLWD SHUR VyOR FRQVLJXLy XQD UHVSXHVWD +H DOFDQ]DGR OD LQPRUWDOLGDG &XDQGR OD
UHVSLUDFLyQ GH 0HOTXtDGHV HPSH]y D ROHU $UFDGLR OR OOHYy D EDxDUVH DO UtR ORV MXHYHV HQ OD
PDxDQD 3DUHFLy PHMRUDU 6H GHVQXGDED \ VH PHWtD HQ HO DJXD MXQWR FRQ ORV PXFKDFKRV \ VX
PLVWHULRVRVHQWLGRGHRULHQWDFLyQOHSHUPLWtDHOXGLUORVVLWLRVSURIXQGRV\SHOLJURVRV6RPRVGHO
DJXDGLMRHQFLHUWDRFDVLyQ$VtSDVyPXFKRWLHPSRVLQTXHQDGLHORYLHUDHQODFDVDVDOYROD
QRFKH HQ TXH KL]R XQ FRQPRYHGRU HVIXHU]R SRU FRPSRQHU OD SLDQROD \ FXDQGR LED DO UtR FRQ
$UFDGLROOHYDQGREDMRHOEUD]RODWRWXPD\ODERODGHMDEyQGHFRUR]RHQYXHOWDVHQXQDWRDOOD8Q
MXHYHVDQWHVGHTXHOROODPDUDQSDUDLUDOUtR$XUHOLDQROHR\yGHFLU+HPXHUWRGHILHEUHHQ
ORVPpGDQRVGH6LQJDSXU(VHGtDVHPHWLyHQHODJXDSRUXQPDOFDPLQR\QRORHQFRQWUDURQ
KDVWDODPDxDQDVLJXLHQWHYDULRVNLOyPHWURVPiVDEDMRYDUDGRHQXQUHFRGROXPLQRVR\FRQXQ
JDOOLQD]R VROLWDULR SDUDGR HQ HO YLHQWUH &RQWUD ODV HVFDQGDOL]DGDV SURWHVWDV GH UVXOD TXH OR

24

OORUyFRQPiVGRORUTXHDVXSURSLRSDGUH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDVHRSXVRDTXHORHQWHUUDUDQ
(V LQPRUWDO GLMR \ pO PLVPR UHYHOy OD IyUPXOD GH OD UHVXUUHFFLyQ 5HYLYLy HO ROYLGDGR
DWDQRU\SXVRDKHUYLUXQFDOGHURGHPHUFXULRMXQWRDOFDGiYHUTXHSRFRDSRFRVHLEDOOHQDQGR
GHEXUEXMDVD]XOHV'RQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHVHDWUHYLyDUHFRUGDUOHTXHXQDKRJDGRLQVHSXOWRHUD
XQ SHOLJUR SDUD OD VDOXG S~EOLFD 1DGD GH HVR SXHVWR TXH HVWi YLYR IXH OD UpSOLFD GH -RVp
$UFDGLR%XHQGtDTXHFRPSOHWyODVVHWHQWD\GRVKRUDVGHVDKXPHULRVPHUFXULDOHVFXDQGR\DHO
FDGiYHU HPSH]DED D UHYHQWDUVH HQ XQD IORUDFLyQ OtYLGD FX\RV VLOELGRV WHQXHV LPSUHJQDURQ OD
FDVDGHXQYDSRUSHVWLOHQWH6yORHQWRQFHVSHUPLWLyTXHORHQWHUUDUDQSHURQRGHFXDOTXLHUPRGR
VLQRFRQORVKRQRUHVUHVHUYDGRVDOPiVJUDQGHEHQHIDFWRUGH0DFRQGR)XHHOSULPHUHQWLHUUR\
HO PiV FRQFXUULGR TXH VH YLR HQ HO SXHEOR VXSHUDGR DSHQDV XQ VLJOR GHVSXpV SRU HO FDUQDYDO
IXQHUDULR GH OD 0DPi *UDQGH /R VHSXOWDURQ HQ XQD WXPED HULJLGD HQ HO FHQWUR GHO WHUUHQR TXH
GHVWLQDURQSDUDHOFHPHQWHULRFRQXQDOiSLGDGRQGHTXHGyHVFULWROR~QLFRTXHVHVXSRGHpO
0(/48$'(6/HKLFLHURQVXVQXHYHQRFKHVGHYHORULR(QHOWXPXOWRTXHVHUHXQtDHQHOSDWLR
DWRPDUFDIpFRQWDUFKLVWHV\MXJDUEDUDMDV$PDUDQWDHQFRQWUyXQDRFDVLyQGHFRQIHVDUOHVXDPRU
D3LHWUR&UHVSLTXHSRFDVVHPDQDVDQWHVKDEtDIRUPDOL]DGRVXFRPSURPLVRFRQ5HEHFD\HVWDED
LQVWDODQGRXQDOPDFpQGHLQVWUXPHQWRVP~VLFRV\MXJXHWHVGHFXHUGDHQHOPLVPRVHFWRUGRQGH
YHJHWDEDQ ORV iUDEHV TXH HQ RWUR WLHPSR FDPELDEDQ EDUDWLMDV SRU JXDFDPD\DV \ TXH OD JHQWH
FRQRFtD FRPR OD &DOOH GH ORV 7XUFRV (O LWDOLDQR FX\D FDEH]D FXELHUWD GH UL]RV FKDURODGRV
VXVFLWDED HQ ODV PXMHUHV XQD LUUHSULPLEOH QHFHVLGDG GH VXVSLUDU WUDWy D $PDUDQWD FRPR XQD
FKLTXLOODFDSULFKRVDDTXLHQQRYDOtDODSHQDWRPDUGHPDVLDGRHQFXHQWD
7HQJRXQKHUPDQRPHQRUOHGLMR9DDYHQLUDD\XGDUPHHQODWLHQGD
$PDUDQWDVHVLQWLyKXPLOODGD\OHGLMRD3LHWUR&UHVSLFRQXQUHQFRUYLUXOHQWRTXHHVWDED
GLVSXHVWDDLPSHGLUODERGDGHVXKHUPDQDDXQTXHWXYLHUDTXHDWUDYHVDUHQODSXHUWDVXSURSLR
FDGiYHU 6H LPSUHVLRQy WDQWR HO LWDOLDQR FRQ HO GUDPDWLVPR GH OD DPHQD]D TXH QR UHVLVWLy OD
WHQWDFLyQGHFRPHQWDUODFRQ5HEHFD)XHDVtFRPRHOYLDMHGH$PDUDQWDVLHPSUHDSOD]DGRSRU
ODVRFXSDFLRQHVGHUVXODVHDUUHJOyHQPHQRVGHXQDVHPDQD$PDUDQWDQRRSXVRUHVLVWHQFLD
SHURFXDQGROHGLRD5HEHFDHOEHVRGHGHVSHGLGDOHVXVXUUyDORtGR
1RWHKDJDVLOXVLRQHV$XQTXHPHOOHYHQDOILQGHOPXQGRHQFRQWUDUpODPDQHUDGHLPSHGLU
TXHWHFDVHVDVtWHQJDTXHPDWDUWH
&RQ OD DXVHQFLD GH UVXOD FRQ OD SUHVHQFLD LQYLVLEOH GH 0HOTXtDGHV TXH FRQWLQXDED VX
GHDPEXODU VLJLORVR SRU ORV FXDUWRV OD FDVD SDUHFLy HQRUPH \ YDFtD 5HEHFD KDEtD TXHGDGR D
FDUJRGHORUGHQGRPpVWLFRPLHQWUDVODLQGLDVHRFXSDEDGHODSDQDGHUtD$ODQRFKHFHUFXDQGR
OOHJDED3LHWUR&UHVSLSUHFHGLGRGHXQIUHVFRKiOLWRGHHVSOLHJR\OOHYDQGRVLHPSUHXQMXJXHWHGH
UHJDORVXQRYLDOHUHFLEtDODYLVLWDHQODVDODSULQFLSDOFRQSXHUWDV\YHQWDQDVDELHUWDVSDUDHVWDU
DVDOYRGHWRGDVXVSLFDFLD(UDXQDSUHFDXFLyQLQQHFHVDULDSRUTXHHOLWDOLDQRKDEtDGHPRVWUDGR
VHUWDQUHVSHWXRVRTXHQLVLTXLHUDWRFDEDODPDQRGHODPXMHUTXHVHUtDVXHVSRVDDQWHVGHXQDxR
$TXHOODV YLVLWDV IXHURQ OOHQDQGR OD FDVD GH MXJXHWHV SURGLJLRVRV /DV EDLODULQDV GH FXHUGD ODV
FDMDVGHP~VLFDORVPRQRVDFUyEDWDVORVFDEDOORVWURWDGRUHVORVSD\DVRVWDPERULOHURVODULFD\
DVRPEURVD IDXQD PHFiQLFD TXH OOHYDED 3LHWUR &UHVSL GLVLSDURQ OD DIOLFFLyQ GH -RVp $UFDGLR

%XHQGtD SRU OD PXHUWH GH 0HOTXtDGHV \ OR WUDQVSRUWDURQ GH QXHYR D VXV DQWLJXRV WLHPSRV GH
DOTXLPLVWD 9LYtD HQWRQFHV HQ XQ SDUDtVR GH DQLPDOHV GHVWULSDGRV GH PHFDQLVPRV GHVKHFKRV
WUDWDQGRGHSHUIHFFLRQDUORVFRQXQVLVWHPDGHPRYLPLHQWRFRQWLQXRIXQGDGRHQORVSULQFLSLRVGHO
SpQGXOR$XUHOLDQRSRUVXSDUWHKDEtDGHVFXLGDGRHOWDOOHUSDUDHQVHxDUDOHHU\HVFULELUDOD
SHTXHxD5HPHGLRV$OSULQFLSLRODQLxDSUHIHUtDVXVPXxHFDVDOKRPEUHTXHOOHJDEDWRGDVODV
WDUGHV\TXHHUDHOFXOSDEOHGHTXHODVHSDUDUDQGHVXVMXHJRVSDUDEDxDUOD\YHVWLUOD\VHQWDUOD
HQ OD VDOD D UHFLELU OD YLVLWD 3HUR OD SDFLHQFLD \ OD GHYRFLyQ GH $XUHOLDQR WHUPLQDURQ SRU
VHGXFLUODKDVWDHOSXQWRGHTXHSDVDEDPXFKDVKRUDVFRQpOHVWXGLDQGRHOVHQWLGRGHODVOHWUDV\
GLEXMDQGR HQ XQ FXDGHUQR FRQ OiSLFHV GH FRORUHV FDVLWDV FRQ YDFDV HQ ORV FRUUDOHV \ VROHV
UHGRQGRVFRQUD\RVDPDULOORVTXHVHRFXOWDEDQGHWUiVGHODVORPDV
6yOR5HEHFDHUDLQIHOL]FRQODDPHQD]DGH$PDUDQWD&RQRFtDHOFDUiFWHUGHVXKHUPDQDOD
DOWLYH]GHVXHVStULWX\ODDVXVWDEDODYLUXOHQFLDGHVXUHQFRU3DVDEDKRUDVHQWHUDVFKXSiQGRVH
HO GHGR HQ HO EDxR DIHUUiQGRVH D XQ DJRWDGRU HVIXHU]R GH YROXQWDG SDUD QR FRPHU WLHUUD (Q
EXVFDGHXQDOLYLRDOD]R]REUDOODPyD3LODU7HUQHUDSDUDTXHOHOH\HUDHOSRUYHQLU'HVSXpVGH
XQVDUWDOGHLPSUHFLVLRQHVFRQYHQFLRQDOHV3LODU7HUQHUDSURQRVWLFy
1RVHUiVIHOL]PLHQWUDVWXVSDGUHVSHUPDQH]FDQLQVHSXOWRV
5HEHFDVHHVWUHPHFLy&RPRHQHOUHFXHUGRGHXQVXHxRVHYLRDVtPLVPDHQWUDQGRDODFDVD
PX\QLxDFRQHOED~O\HOPHFHGRUFLWRGHPDGHUD\XQWDOHJRFX\RFRQWHQLGRQRFRQRFLyMDPiV
6H DFRUGy GH XQ FDEDOOHUR FDOYR YHVWLGR GH OLQR \ FRQ HO FXHOOR GH OD FDPLVD FHUUDGR FRQ XQ
ERWyQGHRURTXHQDGDWHQtDTXHYHUFRQHOUH\GHFRSDV6HDFRUGyGHXQDPXMHUPX\MRYHQ\
PX\EHOODGHPDQRVWLELDV\SHUIXPDGDVTXHQDGDWHQtDQHQFRP~QFRQODVPDQRVUHXPiWLFDVGH
ODVRWDGHRURV\TXHOHSRQtDIORUHVHQHOFDEHOORSDUDVDFDUODDSDVHDUHQODWDUGHSRUXQSXHEOR
GHFDOOHVYHUGHV
1RHQWLHQGRGLMR
3LODU7HUQHUDSDUHFLyGHVFRQFHUWDGD
<RWDPSRFRSHURHVRHVORTXHGLFHQODVFDUWDV
5HEHFDTXHGyWDQSUHRFXSDGDFRQHOHQLJPDTXHVHORFRQWyD-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD\pVWH
OD UHSUHQGLy SRU GDU FUpGLWR D SURQyVWLFRV GH EDUDMDV SHUR VH GLR D OD VLOHQFLRVD WDUHD GH
UHJLVWUDUDUPDULRV\ED~OHVUHPRYHUPXHEOHV\YROWHDUFDPDV\HQWDEODGRVEXVFDQGRHOWDOHJRGH
KXHVRV5HFRUGDEDQRKDEHUORYLVWRGHVGHORVWLHPSRVGHODUHFRQVWUXFFLyQ/ODPyHQVHFUHWRD
ORVDOEDxLOHV\XQRGHHOORVUHYHOyTXHKDEtDHPSDUHGDGRHOWDOHJRHQDOJ~QGRUPLWRULRSRUTXHOH
HVWRUEDED SDUD WUDEDMDU 'HVSXpV GH YDULRV GtDV GH DXVFXOWDFLRQHV FRQ OD RUHMD SHJDGD D ODV
SDUHGHV SHUFLELHURQ HO FORF FORF SURIXQGR 3HUIRUDURQ HO PXUR \ DOOt HVWDEDQ ORV KXHVRV HQ HO
WDOHJRLQWDFWR(VHPLVPRGtDORVHSXOWDURQHQXQDWXPEDVLQOiSLGDLPSURYLVDGDMXQWRDODGH
0HOTXtDGHV\-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDUHJUHVyDODFDVDOLEHUDGRGHXQDFDUJDTXHSRUXQPRPHQWR
SHVyWDQWRHQVXFRQFLHQFLDFRPRHOUHFXHUGRGH3UXGHQFLR$JXLODU$OSDVDUSRUODFRFLQDOHGLR
XQEHVRHQODIUHQWHD5HEHFD
4XtWDWHODVPDODVLGHDVGHODFDEH]DOHGLMR6HUiVIHOL]
/DDPLVWDGGH5HEHFDDEULyD3LODU7HUQHUDODVSXHUWDVGHODFDVDFHUUDGDVSRUUVXODGHVGH

25

HO QDFLPLHQWR GH $UFDGLR /OHJDED D FXDOTXLHU KRUD GHO GtD FRPR XQ WURSHO GH FDEUDV \
GHVFDUJDEDVXHQHUJtDIHEULOHQORVRILFLRVPiVSHVDGRV$YHFHVHQWUDEDDOWDOOHU\D\XGDEDD
$UFDGLRDVHQVLELOL]DUODVOiPLQDVGHOGDJXHUURWLSRFRQXQDHILFDFLD\XQDWHUQXUDTXHWHUPLQDURQ
SRUFRQIXQGLUOR/RDWXUGtDHVDPXMHU/DUHVRODQDGHVXSLHOVXRORUDKXPRHOGHVRUGHQGHVX
ULVDHQHOFXDUWRRVFXURSHUWXUEDEDQVXDWHQFLyQ\ORKDFtDQWURSH]DUFRQODVFRVDV
(QFLHUWDRFDVLyQ$XUHOLDQRHVWDEDDOOtWUDEDMDQGRHQRUIHEUHUtD\3LODU7HUQHUDVHDSR\yHQ
OD PHVD SDUD DGPLUDU VX SDFLHQWH ODERULRVLGDG 'H SURQWR RFXUULy $XUHOLDQR FRPSUREy TXH
$UFDGLRHVWDEDHQHOFXDUWRRVFXURDQWHVGHOHYDQWDUODYLVWD\HQFRQWUDUVHFRQORVRMRVGH3LODU
7HUQHUDFX\RSHQVDPLHQWRHUDSHUIHFWDPHQWHYLVLEOHFRPRH[SXHVWRDODOX]GHOPHGLRGtD
%XHQRGLMR$XUHOLDQR'tJDPHTXpHV
3LODU7HUQHUDVHPRUGLyORVODELRVFRQXQDVRQULVDWULVWH
4XHHUHVEXHQRSDUDODJXHUUDGLMR'RQGHSRQHVHORMRSRQHVHOSORPR
$XUHOLDQRGHVFDQVyFRQODFRPSUREDFLyQGHOSUHVDJLR9ROYLyDFRQFHQWUDUVHHQVXWUDEDMR
FRPRVLQDGDKXELHUDSDVDGR\VXYR]DGTXLULyXQDUHSRVDGDILUPH]D
/RUHFRQR]FRGLMR/OHYDUiPLQRPEUH
-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDFRQVLJXLySRUILQORTXHEXVFDEDFRQHFWyDXQDEDLODULQDGHFXHUGDHO
PHFDQLVPRGHOUHORM\HOMXJXHWHEDLOyVLQLQWHUUXSFLyQDOFRPSiVGHVXSURSLDP~VLFDGXUDQWH
WUHVGtDV$TXHOKDOOD]JRORH[FLWyPXFKRPiVTXHFXDOTXLHUDGHVXVHPSUHVDVGHVFDEHOODGDV1R
YROYLyDFRPHU1RYROYLyDGRUPLU6LQODYLJLODQFLD\ORVFXLGDGRVGHUVXODVHGHMyDUUDVWUDU
SRU VX LPDJLQDFLyQ KDFLD XQ HVWDGR GH GHOLULR SHUSHWXR GHO FXDO QR VH YROYHUtD D UHFXSHUDU
3DVDED ODV QRFKHV GDQGR YXHOWDV HQ HO FXDUWR SHQVDQGR HQ YR] DOWD EXVFDQGR OD PDQHUD GH
DSOLFDUORVSULQFLSLRVGHOSpQGXORDODVFDUUHWDVGHEXH\HVDODVUHMDVGHODUDGRDWRGRORTXH
IXHUD ~WLO SXHVWR HQ PRYLPLHQWR /R IDWLJy WDQWR OD ILHEUH GHO LQVRPQLR TXH XQD PDGUXJDGD QR
SXGRUHFRQRFHUDODQFLDQRGHFDEH]DEODQFD\DGHPDQHVLQFLHUWRVTXHHQWUyHQVXGRUPLWRULR(UD
3UXGHQFLR $JXLODU &XDQGR SRU ILQ OR LGHQWLILFy DVRPEUDGR GH TXH WDPELpQ HQYHMHFLHUDQ ORV
PXHUWRV -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD VH VLQWLy VDFXGLGR SRU OD QRVWDOJLD 3UXGHQFLR H[FODPy
FyPR KDV YHQLGR D SDUDU WDQ OHMRV 'HVSXpV GH PXFKRV DxRV GH PXHUWH HUD WDQ LQWHQVD OD
DxRUDQ]DGHORVYLYRVWDQDSUHPLDQWHODQHFHVLGDGGHFRPSDxtDWDQDWHUUDGRUDODSUR[LPLGDGGH
ODRWUDPXHUWHTXHH[LVWtDGHQWURGHODPXHUWHTXH3UXGHQFLR$JXLODUKDEtDWHUPLQDGRSRUTXHUHU
DOSHRUGHVXVHQHPLJRV7HQtDPXFKRWLHPSRGHHVWDUEXVFiQGROR/HVSUHJXQWDEDSRUpODORV
PXHUWRV GH 5LRKDFKD D ORV PXHUWRV TXH OOHJDEDQ GHO 9DOOH GH 8SDU D ORV TXH OOHJDEDQ GH OD
FLpQDJD \ QDGLH OH GDED UD]yQ SRUTXH 0DFRQGR IXH XQ SXHEOR GHVFRQRFLGR SDUD ORV PXHUWRV
KDVWD TXH OOHJy 0HOTXtDGHV \ OR VHxDOy FRQ XQ SXQWLWR QHJUR HQ ORV DELJDUUDGRV PDSDV GH OD
PXHUWH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD FRQYHUVy FRQ 3UXGHQFLR $JXLODU KDVWD HO DPDQHFHU 3RFDV KRUDV
GHVSXpVHVWUDJDGRSRUODYLJLOLDHQWUyDOWDOOHUGH$XUHOLDQR\OHSUHJXQWy4XpGtDHVKR\"
$XUHOLDQR OH FRQWHVWy TXH HUD PDUWHV (VR PLVPR SHQVDED \R GLMR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD
3HURGHSURQWRPHKHGDGRFXHQWDGHTXHVLJXHVLHQGROXQHVFRPRD\HU0LUDHOFLHORPLUDODV
SDUHGHVPLUDODVEHJRQLDV7DPELpQKR\HVOXQHV$FRVWXPEUDGRDVXVPDQtDV$XUHOLDQRQROH
KL]R FDVR $O GtD VLJXLHQWH PLpUFROHV -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD YROYLy DO WDOOHU (VWR HV XQ

GHVDVWUHGLMR0LUDHODLUHR\HHO]XPELGRGHOVROLJXDOTXHD\HU\DQWLHU7DPELpQKR\HV
OXQHV(VDQRFKH3LHWUR&UHVSLORHQFRQWUyHQHOFRUUHGRUOORUDQGRFRQHOOODQWLWRVLQJUDFLDGH
ORV YLHMRV OORUDQGR SRU 3UXGHQFLR $JXLODU SRU 0HOTXtDGHV SRU ORV SDGUHV GH 5HEHFD SRU VX
SDSi\VXPDPiSRUWRGRVORVTXHSRGtDUHFRUGDU\TXHHQWRQFHVHVWDEDQVRORVHQODPXHUWH/H
UHJDOyXQRVRGHFXHUGDTXHFDPLQDEDHQGRVSDWDVSRUXQDODPEUHSHURQRFRQVLJXLyGLVWUDHUOR
GHVXREVHVLyQ/HSUHJXQWyTXpKDEtDSDVDGRFRQHOSUR\HFWRTXHOHH[SXVRGtDVDQWHVVREUHOD
SRVLELOLGDG GH FRQVWUXLU XQD PiTXLQD GH SpQGXOR TXH OH VLUYLHUD DO KRPEUH SDUD YRODU \ pO
FRQWHVWyTXHHUDLPSRVLEOHSRUTXHHOSpQGXORSRGtDOHYDQWDUFXDOTXLHUFRVDHQHODLUHSHURQR
SRGtDOHYDQWDUVHDVtPLVPR(OMXHYHVYROYLyDDSDUHFHUHQHOWDOOHUFRQXQGRORURVRDVSHFWRGH
WLHUUD DUUDVDGD /D PiTXLQD GHO WLHPSR VH KD GHVFRPSXHVWR FDVL VROOR]y \ UVXOD \
$PDUDQWD WDQ OHMRV $XUHOLDQR OR UHSUHQGLy FRPR D XQ QLxR \ pO DGRSWy XQ DLUH VXPLVR 3DVy
VHLVKRUDVH[DPLQDQGRODVFRVDVWUDWDQGRGHHQFRQWUDUXQDGLIHUHQFLDFRQHODVSHFWRTXHWXYLHURQ
HO GtD DQWHULRU SHQGLHQWH GH GHVFXEULU HQ HOODV DOJ~Q FDPELR TXH UHYHODUD HO WUDQVFXUVR GHO
WLHPSR(VWXYRWRGDODQRFKHHQODFDPDFRQORVRMRVDELHUWRVOODPDQGRD3UXGHQFLR$JXLODUD
0HOTXtDGHVDWRGRVORVPXHUWRVSDUDTXHIXHUDQDFRPSDUWLUVXGHVD]yQ3HURQDGLHDFXGLy(O
YLHUQHVDQWHVGHTXHVHOHYDQWDUDQDGLHYROYLyDYLJLODUODDSDULHQFLDGHODQDWXUDOH]DKDVWDTXH
QRWXYRODPHQRUGXGDGHTXHVHJXtDVLHQGROXQHV(QWRQFHVDJDUUyODWUDQFDGHXQDSXHUWD\FRQ
ODYLROHQFLDVDOYDMHGHVXIXHU]DGHVFRPXQDOGHVWUR]yKDVWDFRQYHUWLUORVHQSROYRORVDSDUDWRVGH
DOTXLPLDHOJDELQHWHGHGDJXHUURWLSLDHOWDOOHUGHRUIHEUHUtDJULWDQGRFRPRXQHQGHPRQLDGRHQ
XQLGLRPDDOWLVRQDQWH\IOXLGRSHURFRPSOHWDPHQWHLQFRPSUHQVLEOH6HGLVSRQtDDWHUPLQDUFRQHO
UHVWRGHODFDVDFXDQGR$XUHOLDQRSLGLyD\XGDDORVYHFLQRV6HQHFHVLWDURQGLH]KRPEUHVSDUD
WXPEDUOR FDWRUFH SDUD DPDUUDUOR YHLQWH SDUD DUUDVWUDUOR KDVWD HO FDVWDxR GHO SDWLR GRQGH OR
GHMDURQ DWDGR ODGUDQGR HQ OHQJXD H[WUDxD \ HFKDQGR HVSXPDUDMRV YHUGHV SRU OD ERFD &XDQGR
OOHJDURQ UVXOD \ $PDUDQWD WRGDYtD HVWDED DWDGR GH SLHV \ PDQRV DO WURQFR GHO FDVWDxR
HPSDSDGRGHOOXYLD\HQXQHVWDGRGHLQRFHQFLDWRWDO/HKDEODURQ\pOODVPLUyVLQUHFRQRFHUODV
\ OHV GLMR DOJR LQFRPSUHQVLEOH UVXOD OH VROWy ODV PXxHFDV \ ORV WRELOORV XOFHUDGRV SRU OD
SUHVLyQGHODVVRJDV\ORGHMyDPDUUDGRVRODPHQWHSRUODFLQWXUD0iVWDUGHOHFRQVWUX\HURQXQ
FREHUWL]RGHSDOPDSDUDSURWHJHUORGHOVRO\ODOOXYLD

26

$XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD \ 5HPHGLRV 0RVFRWH VH FDVDURQ XQ GRPLQJR GH PDU]R DQWH HO DOWDU TXH HO
SDGUH1LFDQRU5H\QDKL]RFRQVWUXLUHQODVDODGHYLVLWDV)XHODFXOPLQDFLyQGHFXDWURVHPDQDV
GHVREUHVDOWRVHQFDVDGHORV0RVFRWHSXHVODSHTXHxD5HPHGLRVOOHJyDODSXEHUWDGDQWHVGH
VXSHUDU ORV KiELWRV GH OD LQIDQFLD $ SHVDU GH TXH OD PDGUH OD KDEtD DOHFFLRQDGR VREUH ORV
FDPELRV GH OD DGROHVFHQFLD XQD WDUGH GH IHEUHUR LUUXPSLy GDQGR JULWRV GH DODUPD HQ OD VDOD
GRQGH VXV KHUPDQDV FRQYHUVDEDQ FRQ $XUHOLDQR \ OHV PRVWUy HO FDO]yQ HPEDGXUQDGR GH XQD
SDVWDDFKRFRODWDGD6HILMyXQPHVSDUDODERGD$SHQDVVLKXERWLHPSRGHHQVHxDUODDODYDUVHD
YHVWLUVHVRODDFRPSUHQGHUORVDVXQWRVHOHPHQWDOHVGHXQKRJDU/DSXVLHURQDRULQDUHQODGULOORV
FDOLHQWHV SDUD FRUUHJLUOH HO KiELWR GH PRMDU OD FDPD &RVWy WUDEDMR FRQYHQFHUOD GH OD
LQYLRODELOLGDGGHOVHFUHWRFRQ\XJDOSRUTXH5HPHGLRVHVWDEDWDQDWXUGLGD\DOPLVPRWLHPSRWDQ
PDUDYLOODGD FRQ OD UHYHODFLyQ TXH TXHUtD FRPHQWDU FRQ WRGR HO PXQGR ORV SRUPHQRUHV GH OD
QRFKHGHERGDV)XHXQHVIXHU]RDJRWDGRUSHURHQODIHFKDSUHYLVWDSDUDODFHUHPRQLDODQLxDHUD
WDQGLHVWUDHQODVFRVDVGHOPXQGRFRPRFXDOTXLHUDGHVXVKHUPDQDV'RQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHOD
OOHYyGHOEUD]RSRUODFDOOHDGRUQDGDFRQIORUHV\JXLUQDOGDVHQWUHHOHVWDPSLGRGHORVFRKHWHV\
OD P~VLFD GH YDULDV EDQGDV \ HOOD VDOXGDED FRQ OD PDQR \ GDED ODV JUDFLDV FRQ XQD VRQULVD D
TXLHQHVOHGHVHDEDQEXHQDVXHUWHGHVGHODVYHQWDQDV$XUHOLDQRYHVWLGRGHSDxRQHJURFRQORV
PLVPRVERWLQHVGHFKDUROFRQJDQFKRVPHWiOLFRVTXHKDEtDGHOOHYDUSRFRVDxRVGHVSXpVIUHQWHDO
SHORWyQGHIXVLODPLHQWRWHQtDXQDSDOLGH]LQWHQVD\XQDERODGXUDHQODJDUJDQWDFXDQGRUHFLELyD
VXQRYLDHQODSXHUWDGHODFDVD\ODOOHYyDODOWDU(OODVHFRPSRUWyFRQWDQWDQDWXUDOLGDGFRQ
WDQWDGLVFUHFLyQTXHQRSHUGLyODFRPSRVWXUDQLVLTXLHUDFXDQGR$XUHOLDQRGHMyFDHUHODQLOORDO
WUDWDUGHSRQpUVHOR(QPHGLRGHOPXUPXOOR\HOSULQFLSLRGHFRQIXVLyQGHORVFRQYLGDGRVHOOD
PDQWXYRHQDOWRHOEUD]RFRQHOPLWyQGHHQFDMH\SHUPDQHFLyFRQHODQXODUGLVSXHVWRKDVWDTXH
VXQRYLRORJUySDUDUHODQLOORFRQHOERWtQSDUDTXHQRVLJXLHUDURGDQGRKDVWDODSXHUWD\UHJUHVy
UXERUL]DGRDODOWDU6XPDGUH\VXVKHUPDQDVVXIULHURQWDQWRFRQHOWHPRUGHTXHODQLxDKLFLHUD
XQD LQFRUUHFFLyQ GXUDQWH OD FHUHPRQLD TXH DO ILQDO IXHURQ HOODV TXLHQHV FRPHWLHURQ OD
LPSHUWLQHQFLD GH FDUJDUOD SDUD GDUOH XQ EHVR 'HVGH DTXHO GtD VH UHYHOy HO VHQWLGR GH
UHVSRQVDELOLGDG OD JUDFLD QDWXUDO HO UHSRVDGR GRPLQLR TXH VLHPSUH KDEtD GH WHQHU 5HPHGLRV
DQWH ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV DGYHUVDV )XH HOOD TXLHQ GH VX SURSLD LQLFLDWLYD SXVR DSDUWH OD PHMRU
SRUFLyQTXHFRUWyGHOSDVWHOGHERGDV\VHODOOHYyHQXQSODWRFRQXQWHQHGRUD-RVp$UFDGLR

%XHQGtD$PDUUDGRDOWURQFRGHOFDVWDxRHQFRJLGRHQXQEDQTXLWRGHPDGHUDEDMRHOFREHUWL]R
GHSDOPDVHOHQRUPHDQFLDQRGHVFRORULGRSRUHOVRO\ODOOXYLDKL]RXQDYDJDVRQULVDGHJUDWLWXG
\VHFRPLyHOSDVWHOFRQORVGHGRVPDVWLFDQGRXQVDOPRLQLQWHOLJLEOH/D~QLFDSHUVRQDLQIHOL]HQ
DTXHOODFHOHEUDFLyQHVWUHSLWRVDTXHVHSURORQJyKDVWDHODPDQHFHUGHOOXQHVIXH5HEHFD%XHQGtD
(UDVXILHVWDIUXVWUDGD3RUDFXHUGRGHUVXODVXPDWULPRQLRGHEtDFHOHEUDUVHHQODPLVPDIHFKD
SHUR 3LHWUR &UHVSL UHFLELy HO YLHUQHV XQD FDUWD FRQ HO DQXQFLR GH OD PXHUWH LQPLQHQWH GH VX
PDGUH/DERGDVHDSOD]y3LHWUR&UHVSLVHIXHSDUDODFDSLWDOGHODSURYLQFLDXQDKRUDGHVSXpV
GHUHFLELUODFDUWD\HQHOFDPLQRVHFUX]yFRQVXPDGUHTXHOOHJySXQWXDOODQRFKHGHOViEDGR\
FDQWyHQODERGDGH$XUHOLDQRHODULDWULVWHTXHKDEtDSUHSDUDGRSDUDODERGDGHVXKLMR3LHWUR
&UHVSLUHJUHVyDODPHGLDQRFKHGHOGRPLQJRDEDUUHUODVFHQL]DVGHODILHVWDGHVSXpVGHKDEHU
UHYHQWDGR FLQFR FDEDOORV HQ HO FDPLQR WUDWDQGR GH HVWDU HQ WLHPSR SDUD VX ERGD 1XQFD VH
DYHULJXyTXLpQHVFULELyODFDUWD$WRUPHQWDGDSRUUVXOD$PDUDQWDOORUyGHLQGLJQDFLyQ\MXUy
VXLQRFHQFLDIUHQWHDODOWDUTXHORVFDUSLQWHURVQRKDEtDQDFDEDGRGHGHVDUPDU
(OSDGUH1LFDQRU5H\QDDTXLHQGRQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHKDEtDOOHYDGRGHODFLpQDJDSDUD
TXHRILFLDUDODERGDHUDXQDQFLDQRHQGXUHFLGRSRUODLQJUDWLWXGGHVXPLQLVWHULR7HQtDODSLHO
WULVWHFDVLHQORVSXURVKXHVRV\HOYLHQWUHSURQXQFLDGR\UHGRQGR\XQDH[SUHVLyQGHiQJHOYLHMR
TXH HUD PiV GH LQRFHQFLD TXH GH ERQGDG /OHYDED HO SURSyVLWR GH UHJUHVDU D VX SDUURTXLD
GHVSXpVGHODERGDSHURVHHVSDQWyFRQODDULGH]GHORVKDELWDQWHVGH0DFRQGRTXHSURVSHUDEDQ
HQHOHVFiQGDORVXMHWRVDODOH\QDWXUDOVLQEDXWL]DUDORVKLMRVQLVDQWLILFDUODVILHVWDV3HQVDQGR
TXH D QLQJXQD WLHUUD OH KDFtD WDQWD IDOWD OD VLPLHQWH GH 'LRV GHFLGLy TXHGDUVH XQD VHPDQD PiV
SDUDFULVWLDQL]DUDFLUFXQFLVRV\JHQWLOHVOHJDOL]DUFRQFXELQDULRV\VDFUDPHQWDUPRULEXQGRV3HUR
QDGLH OH SUHVWy DWHQFLyQ /H FRQWHVWDEDQ TXH GXUDQWH PXFKRV DxRV KDEtDQ HVWDGR VLQ FXUD
DUUHJODQGRORVQHJRFLRVGHODOPDGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQ'LRV\KDEtDQSHUGLGRODPDOLFLDGHOSHFDGR
PRUWDO &DQVDGR GH SUHGLFDU HQ HO GHVLHUWR HO SDGUH 1LFDQRU VH GLVSXVR D HPSUHQGHU OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQWHPSORHOPiVJUDQGHGHOPXQGRFRQVDQWRVGHWDPDxRQDWXUDO\YLGULRVGH
FRORUHV HQ ODV SDUHGHV SDUD TXH IXHUD JHQWH GHVGH 5RPD D KRQUDU D 'LRV HQ HO FHQWUR GH OD
LPSLHGDG$QGDEDSRUWRGDVSDUWHVSLGLHQGROLPRVQDVFRQXQSODWLOORGHFREUH/HGDEDQPXFKR
SHURpOTXHUtDPiVSRUTXHHOWHPSORGHEtDWHQHUXQDFDPSDQDFX\RFODPRUVDFDUDDIORWHDORV
DKRJDGRV 6XSOLFy WDQWR TXH SHUGLy OD YR] 6XV KXHVRV HPSH]DURQ D OOHQDUVH GH UXLGRV 8Q
ViEDGR QR KDELHQGR UHFRJLGR QL VLTXLHUD HO YDORU GH ODV SXHUWDV VH GHMy FRQIXQGLU SRU OD
GHVHVSHUDFLyQ,PSURYLVyXQDOWDUHQODSOD]D\HOGRPLQJRUHFRUULyHOSXHEORFRQXQDFDPSDQLWD
FRPRHQORVWLHPSRVGHOLQVRPQLRFRQYRFDQGRDODPLVDFDPSDO0XFKRVIXHURQSRUFXULRVLGDG
2WURVSRUQRVWDOJLD2WURVSDUDTXH'LRVQRIXHUDDWRPDUFRPRDJUDYLRSHUVRQDOHOGHVSUHFLRD
VX LQWHUPHGLDULR $Vt TXH D ODV RFKR GH OD PDxDQD HVWDED PHGLR SXHEOR HQ OD SOD]D GRQGH HO
SDGUH 1LFDQRU FDQWy ORV HYDQJHOLRV FRQ YR] ODFHUDGD SRU OD V~SOLFD $O ILQDO FXDQGR ORV
DVLVWHQWHVHPSH]DURQDGHVEDQGDUVHOHYDQWyORVEUD]RVHQVHxDOGHDWHQFLyQ
8QPRPHQWRGLMR$KRUDYDPRVDSUHVHQFLDUXQDSUXHEDLUUHEDWLEOHGHOLQILQLWRSRGHU
GH'LRV
(OPXFKDFKRTXHKDEtDD\XGDGRDPLVDOHOOHYyXQDWD]DGHFKRFRODWHHVSHVR\KXPHDQWHTXH

27

pOVHWRPyVLQUHVSLUDU/XHJRVHOLPSLyORVODELRVFRQXQSDxXHORTXHVDFyGHODPDQJDH[WHQGLy
ORVEUD]RV\FHUUyORVRMRV(QWRQFHVHOSDGUH1LFDQRUVHHOHYyGRFHFHQWtPHWURVVREUHHOQLYHO
GHO VXHOR )XH XQ UHFXUVR FRQYLQFHQWH $QGXYR YDULRV GtDV SRU HQWUH ODV FDVDV UHSLWLHQGR OD
SUXHEDGHODOHYLWDFLyQPHGLDQWHHOHVWtPXORGHOFKRFRODWHPLHQWUDVHOPRQDJXLOORUHFRJtDWDQWR
GLQHURHQXQWDOHJRTXHHQPHQRVGHXQPHVHPSUHQGLyODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOWHPSOR1DGLHSXVR
HQ GXGD HO RULJHQ GLYLQR GH OD GHPRVWUDFLyQ VDOYR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD TXH REVHUYy VLQ
LQPXWDUVHHOWURSHOGHJHQWHTXHXQDPDxDQDVHUHXQLyHQWRUQRDOFDVWDxRSDUDDVLVWLUXQDYH]PiV
D OD UHYHODFLyQ $SHQDV VH HVWLUy XQ SRFR HQ HO EDQTXLOOR \ VH HQFRJLy GH KRPEURV FXDQGR HO
SDGUH1LFDQRUHPSH]yDOHYDQWDUVHGHOVXHORMXQWRFRQODVLOODHQTXHHVWDEDVHQWDGR
+RF HVW VLPSOLFLVLPXP GLMR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD KRPR LVWH VWDWXP TXDUWXP
PDWHULDHLQYHQLW
(OSDGUH1LFDQRUOHYDQWyODPDQR\ODVFXDWURSDWDVGHODVLOODVHSRVDURQHQWLHUUDDOPLVPR
WLHPSR
1HJRGLMR)DFWXPKRFH[LVWHQWLDP'HLSUREDWVLQHGXELR
)XHDVtFRPRVHVXSRTXHHUDODWtQODHQGLDEODGDMHUJDGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD(OSDGUH
1LFDQRUDSURYHFKyODFLUFXQVWDQFLDGHVHUOD~QLFDSHUVRQDTXHKDEtDSRGLGRFRPXQLFDUVHFRQpO
SDUD WUDWDU GH LQIXQGLU OD IH HQ VX FHUHEUR WUDVWRUQDGR 7RGDV ODV WDUGHV VH VHQWDED MXQWR DO
FDVWDxRSUHGLFDQGRHQODWtQSHUR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDVHHPSHFLQy HQQRDGPLWLUYHULFXHWRV
UHWyULFRVQLWUDQVPXWDFLRQHVGHFKRFRODWH\H[LJLyFRPR~QLFDSUXHEDHOGDJXHUURWLSRGH'LRV
(OSDGUH1LFDQRUOHOOHYyHQWRQFHVPHGDOODV\HVWDPSLWDV\KDVWDXQDUHSURGXFFLyQGHOSDxRGHOD
9HUyQLFD SHUR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD ORV UHFKD]y SRU VHU REMHWRV DUWHVDQDOHV VLQ IXQGDPHQWR
FLHQWtILFR (UD WDQ WHUFR TXH HO SDGUH 1LFDQRU UHQXQFLy D VXV SURSyVLWRV GH HYDQJHOL]DFLyQ \
VLJXLyYLVLWiQGRORSRUVHQWLPLHQWRVKXPDQLWDULRV3HURHQWRQFHVIXH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDTXLHQ
WRPy OD LQLFLDWLYD \ WUDWy GH TXHEUDQWDU OD IH GHO FXUD FRQ PDUWLQJDODV UDFLRQDOLVWDV (Q FLHUWD
RFDVLyQHQTXHHOSDGUH1LFDQRUOOHYyDOFDVWDxRXQWDEOHUR\XQDFDMDGHILFKDVSDUDLQYLWDUORD
MXJDUDODVGDPDV-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDQRDFHSWyVHJ~QGLMRSRUTXHQXQFDSXGRHQWHQGHUHO
VHQWLGR GH XQD FRQWLHQGD HQWUH GRV DGYHUVDULRV TXH HVWDEDQ GH DFXHUGR HQ ORV SULQFLSLRV (O
SDGUH1LFDQRUTXHMDPiVKDEtDYLVWRGHHVHPRGRHOMXHJRGHGDPDVQRSXGRYROYHUORDMXJDU
&DGDYH]PiVDVRPEUDGRGHODOXFLGH]GH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDOHSUHJXQWyFyPRHUDSRVLEOH
TXHORWXYLHUDQDPDUUDGRGHXQiUERO
+RFHVWVLPSOLFLVLPXPFRQWHVWypOSRUTXHHVWR\ORFR
'HVGHHQWRQFHVSUHRFXSDGRSRUVXSURSLDIHHOFXUDQRYROYLyDYLVLWDUOR\VHGHGLFySRU
FRPSOHWRDDSUHVXUDUODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOWHPSOR5HEHFDVLQWLyUHQDFHUODHVSHUDQ]D6XSRUYHQLU
HVWDED FRQGLFLRQDGR D OD WHUPLQDFLyQ GH OD REUD GHVGH XQ GRPLQJR HQ TXH HO SDGUH 1LFDQRU
DOPRU]DEDHQODFDVD\WRGDODIDPLOLDVHQWDGDDODPHVDKDEOyGHODVROHPQLGDG\HOHVSOHQGRU
TXH WHQGUtDQ ORV DFWRV UHOLJLRVRV FXDQGR VH FRQVWUX\HUD HO WHPSOR /D PiV DIRUWXQDGD VHUi
5HEHFD GLMR $PDUDQWD < FRPR 5HEHFD QR HQWHQGLy OR TXH HOOD TXHUtD GHFLUOH VH OR H[SOLFy
FRQXQDVRQULVDLQRFHQWH
7HYDDWRFDULQDXJXUDUODLJOHVLDFRQWXERGD

5HEHFDWUDWyGHDQWLFLSDUVHDFXDOTXLHUFRPHQWDULR$OSDVRTXHOOHYDEDODFRQVWUXFFLyQHO
WHPSOR QR HVWDUtD WHUPLQDGR DQWHV GH GLH] DxRV (O SDGUH 1LFDQRU QR HVWXYR GH DFXHUGR OD
FUHFLHQWH JHQHURVLGDG GH ORV ILHOHV SHUPLWtD KDFHU FiOFXORV PiV RSWLPLVWDV $QWH OD VRUGD
LQGLJQDFLyQGH5HEHFDTXHQRSXGRWHUPLQDUHODOPXHU]RUVXODFHOHEUyODLGHDGH$PDUDQWD\
FRQWULEX\y FRQ XQ DSRUWH FRQVLGHUDEOH SDUD TXH VH DSUHVXUDUDQ ORV WUDEDMRV (O SDGUH 1LFDQRU
FRQVLGHUyTXHFRQRWURDX[LOLRFRPRHVHHOWHPSORHVWDUtDOLVWRHQWUHVDxRV$SDUWLUGHHQWRQFHV
5HEHFD QR YROYLy D GLULJLUOH OD SDODEUD D $PDUDQWD FRQYHQFLGD GH TXH VX LQLFLDWLYD QR KDEtD
WHQLGR OD LQRFHQFLD TXH HOOD VXSR DSDUHQWDU (UD OR PHQRV JUDYH TXH SRGtD KDFHU OH UHSOLFy
$PDUDQWDHQODYLUXOHQWDGLVFXVLyQTXHWXYLHURQDTXHOODQRFKH$VtQRWHQGUpTXHPDWDUWHHQORV
SUy[LPRVWUHVDxRV5HEHFDDFHSWyHOUHWR
&XDQGR3LHWUR&UHVSLVHHQWHUyGHOQXHYRDSOD]DPLHQWRVXIULyXQDFULVLVGHGHVLOXVLyQSHUR
5HEHFDOHGLRXQDSUXHEDGHILQLWLYDGHOHDOWDG1RVIXJDUHPRVFXDQGRW~ORGLVSRQJDVOHGLMR
3LHWUR &UHVSL VLQ HPEDUJR QR HUD KRPEUH GH DYHQWXUDV &DUHFtD GHO FDUiFWHU LPSXOVLYR GH VX
QRYLD\FRQVLGHUDEDHOUHVSHWRDODSDODEUDHPSHxDGDFRPRXQFDSLWDOTXHQRVHSRGtDGLODSLGDU
(QWRQFHV5HEHFDUHFXUULyDPpWRGRVPiVDXGDFHV8QYLHQWRPLVWHULRVRDSDJDEDODVOiPSDUDVGH
OD VDOD GH YLVLWD \ UVXOD VRUSUHQGtD D ORV QRYLRV EHViQGRVH HQ OD RVFXULGDG 3LHWUR &UHVSL OH
GDEDH[SOLFDFLRQHVDWRORQGUDGDVVREUHODPDODFDOLGDGGHODVPRGHUQDVOiPSDUDVGHDOTXLWUiQ\
KDVWDD\XGDEDDLQVWDODUHQODVDODVLVWHPDVGHLOXPLQDFLyQPiVVHJXURV3HURRWUDYH]IDOODEDHO
FRPEXVWLEOHRVHDWDVFDEDQODVPHFKDV\UVXODHQFRQWUDEDD5HEHFDVHQWDGDHQODVURGLOODVGHO
QRYLR7HUPLQySRUQRDFHSWDUQLQJXQDH[SOLFDFLyQ'HSRVLWyHQODLQGLDODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHOD
SDQDGHUtD \ VH VHQWy HQ XQ PHFHGRU D YLJLODU OD YLVLWD GH ORV QRYLRV GLVSXHVWD D QR GHMDUVH
GHUURWDU SRU PDQLREUDV TXH \D HUDQ YLHMDV HQ VX MXYHQWXG 3REUH PDPi GHFtD 5HEHFD FRQ
EXUORQD LQGLJQDFLyQ YLHQGR ERVWH]DU D UVXOD HQ HO VRSRU GH ODV YLVLWDV &XDQGR VH PXHUD
VDOGUi SHQDQGR HQ HVH PHFHGRU $O FDER GH WUHV PHVHV GH DPRUHV YLJLODGRV DEXUULGR FRQ OD
OHQWLWXGGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQTXHSDVDEDDLQVSHFFLRQDUWRGRVORVGtDV3LHWUR&UHVSLUHVROYLyGDUOH
DOSDGUH1LFDQRUHOGLQHURTXHOHKDFtDIDOWDSDUDWHUPLQDUHOWHPSOR$PDUDQWDQRVHLPSDFLHQWy
0LHQWUDV FRQYHUVDED FRQ ODV DPLJDV TXH WRGDV ODV WDUGHV LEDQ D ERUGDU R WHMHU HQ HO FRUUHGRU
WUDWDEDGHFRQFHELUQXHYDVWULTXLxXHODV8QHUURUGHFiOFXORHFKyDSHUGHUODTXHFRQVLGHUyPiV
HILFD] TXLWDU ODV EROLWDV GH QDIWDOLQD TXH 5HEHFD KDEtD SXHVWR D VX YHVWLGR GH QRYLD DQWHV GH
JXDUGDUOR HQ OD FyPRGD GHO GRUPLWRULR /R KL]R FXDQGR IDOWDEDQ PHQRV GH GRV PHVHV SDUD OD
WHUPLQDFLyQGHOWHPSOR3HUR5HEHFDHVWDEDWDQLPSDFLHQWHDQWHODSUR[LPLGDGGHODERGDTXH
TXLVR SUHSDUDU HO YHVWLGR FRQ PiV DQWLFLSDFLyQ GH OD TXH KDEtD SUHYLVWR $PDUDQWD $O DEULU OD
FyPRGD \ GHVHQYROYHU SULPHUR ORV SDSHOHV \ OXHJR HO OLHQ]R SURWHFWRU HQFRQWUy HO UDVR GHO
YHVWLGR\HOSXQWRGHOYHOR\KDVWDODFRURQDGHD]DKDUHVSXOYHUL]DGRVSRUODVSROLOODV$XQTXH
HVWDEDVHJXUDGHKDEHUSXHVWRHQHOHQYROWRULRGRVSXxDGRVGHEROLWDVGHQDIWDOLQDHOGHVDVWUH
SDUHFtDWDQDFFLGHQWDOTXHQRVHDWUHYLyDFXOSDUD$PDUDQWD)DOWDEDPHQRVGHXQPHVSDUDOD
ERGDSHUR$PSDUR0RVFRWHVHFRPSURPHWLyDFRVHUXQQXHYRYHVWLGRHQXQDVHPDQD$PDUDQWD
VH VLQWLy GHVIDOOHFHU HO PHGLRGtD OOXYLRVR HQ TXH $PSDUR HQWUy D OD FDVD HQYXHOWD HQ XQD
HVSXPDUDGDGHSXQWRSDUDKDFHUOHD5HEHFDOD~OWLPDSUXHEDGHOYHVWLGR3HUGLyODYR]\XQKLOR

28

GH VXGRU KHODGR GHVFHQGLy SRU HO FDXFH GH VX HVSLQD GRUVDO 'XUDQWH ODUJRV PHVHV KDEtD
WHPEODGRGHSDYRUHVSHUDQGRDTXHOODKRUDSRUTXHVLQRFRQFHEtDHOREVWiFXORGHILQLWLYRSDUDOD
ERGD GH 5HEHFD HVWDED VHJXUD GH TXH HQ HO ~OWLPR LQVWDQWH FXDQGR KXELHUDQ IDOODGR WRGRV ORV
UHFXUVRV GH VX LPDJLQDFLyQ WHQGUtD YDORU SDUD HQYHQHQDUOD (VD WDUGH PLHQWUDV 5HEHFD VH
DKRJDEDGHFDORUGHQWURGHODFRUD]DGHUDVRTXH$PSDUR0RVFRWHLEDDUPDQGRHQVXFXHUSRFRQ
XQ PLOODU GH DOILOHUHV \ XQD SDFLHQFLD LQILQLWD $PDUDQWD HTXLYRFy YDULDV YHFHV ORV SXQWRV GHO
FURFKHW\VHSLQFKyHOGHGRFRQODDJXMDSHURGHFLGLyFRQHVSDQWRVDIULDOGDGTXHODIHFKDVHUtD
HO~OWLPRYLHUQHVDQWHVGHODERGD\HOPRGRVHUtDXQFKRUURGHOiXGDQRHQHOFDIp
8Q REVWiFXOR PD\RU WDQ LQVDOYDEOH FRPR LPSUHYLVWR REOLJy D XQ QXHYR H LQGHILQLGR
DSOD]DPLHQWR8QDVHPDQDDQWHVGHODIHFKDILMDGDSDUDODERGDODSHTXHxD5HPHGLRVGHVSHUWyD
PHGLDQRFKHHPSDSDGDHQXQFDOGRFDOLHQWHTXHH[SORWyHQVXVHQWUDxDVFRQXQDHVSHFLHGHHUXFWR
GHVJDUUDGRU\PXULyWUHVGtDVGHVSXpVHQYHQHQDGDSRUVXSURSLDVDQJUHFRQXQSDUGHJHPHORV
DWUDYHVDGRVHQHOYLHQWUH$PDUDQWDVXIULyXQDFULVLVGHFRQFLHQFLD+DEtDVXSOLFDGRD'LRVFRQ
WDQWR IHUYRU TXH DOJR SDYRURVR RFXUULHUD SDUD QR WHQHU TXH HQYHQHQDU D 5HEHFD TXH VH VLQWLy
FXOSDEOHSRUODPXHUWHGH5HPHGLRV1RHUDHVHHOREVWiFXORSRUHOTXHWDQWRKDEtDVXSOLFDGR
5HPHGLRVKDEtDOOHYDGRDODFDVDXQVRSORGHDOHJUtD6HKDEtDLQVWDODGRFRQVXHVSRVRHQXQD
DOFRED FHUFDQD DO WDOOHU TXH GHFRUy FRQ ODV PXxHFDV \ MXJXHWHV GH VX LQIDQFLD UHFLHQWH \ VX
DOHJUH YLWDOLGDG GHVERUGDED ODV FXDWUR SDUHGHV GH OD DOFRED \ SDVDED FRPR XQ YHQWDUUyQ GH
EXHQD VDOXG SRU HO FRUUHGRU GH ODV EHJRQLDV &DQWDED GHVGH HO DPDQHFHU )XH HOOD OD ~QLFD
SHUVRQD TXH VH DWUHYLy D PHGLDU HQ ODV GLVSXWDV GH 5HEHFD \ $PDUDQWD 6H HFKy HQFLPD OD
GLVSHQGLRVDWDUHDGHDWHQGHUD-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD/HOOHYDEDORVDOLPHQWRVORDVLVWtDHQVXV
QHFHVLGDGHVFRWLGLDQDVORODYDEDFRQMDEyQ\HVWURSDMROHPDQWHQtDOLPSLRVGHSLRMRV\OLHQGUHV
ORVFDEHOORV\ODEDUEDFRQVHUYDEDHQEXHQHVWDGRHOFREHUWL]RGHSDOPD\ORUHIRU]DEDFRQORQDV
LPSHUPHDEOHVHQWLHPSRVGHWRUPHQWD(QVXV~OWLPRVPHVHVKDEtDORJUDGRFRPXQLFDUVHFRQpOHQ
IUDVHVGHODWtQUXGLPHQWDULR&XDQGRQDFLyHOKLMRGH$XUHOLDQR\3LODU7HUQHUD\IXHOOHYDGRDOD
FDVD\EDXWL]DGRHQFHUHPRQLDtQWLPDFRQHOQRPEUHGH$XUHOLDQR-RVp5HPHGLRVGHFLGLyTXH
IXHUDFRQVLGHUDGRFRPRVXKLMRPD\RU6XLQVWLQWRPDWHUQDOVRUSUHQGLyDUVXOD$XUHOLDQRSRU
VXSDUWHHQFRQWUyHQHOODODMXVWLILFDFLyQTXHOHKDFtDIDOWDSDUDYLYLU7UDEDMDEDWRGRHOGtDHQHO
WDOOHU\5HPHGLRVOHOOHYDEDDPHGLDPDxDQDXQWD]yQGHFDIpVLQD]~FDU$PERVYLVLWDEDQWRGDV
ODV QRFKHV D ORV 0RVFRWH $XUHOLDQR MXJDED FRQ HO VXHJUR LQWHUPLQDEOHV SDUWLGRV GH GRPLQy
PLHQWUDV5HPHGLRVFRQYHUVDEDFRQVXVKHUPDQDVRWUDWDEDFRQVXPDGUHDVXQWRVGHJHQWHPD\RU
(O YtQFXOR FRQ ORV %XHQGtD FRQVROLGy HQ HO SXHEOR OD DXWRULGDG GH GRQ $SROLQDU 0RVFRWH (Q
IUHFXHQWHVYLDMHVDODFDSLWDOGHODSURYLQFLDFRQVLJXLyTXHHOJRELHUQRFRQVWUX\HUDXQDHVFXHOD
SDUDTXHODDWHQGLHUD$UFDGLRTXHKDEtDKHUHGDGRHOHQWXVLDVPRGLGiFWLFRGHODEXHOR/RJUySRU
PHGLRGHODSHUVXDVLyQTXHODPD\RUtDGHODVFDVDVIXHUDQSLQWDGDVGHD]XOSDUDODILHVWDGHOD
LQGHSHQGHQFLD QDFLRQDO $ LQVWDQFLDV GHO SDGUH 1LFDQRU GLVSXVR HO WUDVODGR GH OD WLHQGD GH
&DWDULQR D XQD FDOOH DSDUWDGD \ FODXVXUy YDULRV OXJDUHV GH HVFiQGDOR TXH SURVSHUDEDQ HQ HO
FHQWUR GH OD SREODFLyQ 8QD YH] UHJUHVy FRQ VHLV SROLFtDV DUPDGRV GH IXVLOHV D TXLHQHV
HQFRPHQGyHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHORUGHQVLQTXHQDGLHVHDFRUGDUDGHOFRPSURPLVRRULJLQDOGHQR

WHQHUJHQWHDUPDGDHQHOSXHEOR$XUHOLDQRVHFRPSODFtDGHODHILFDFLDGHVXVXHJUR7HYDVD
SRQHUWDQJRUGRFRPRpOOHGHFtDQVXVDPLJRV3HURHOVHGHQWDULVPRTXHDFHQWXyVXVSyPXORV\
FRQFHQWUyHOIXOJRUGHVXVRMRVQRDXPHQWyVXSHVRQLDOWHUyODSDUVLPRQLDGHVXFDUiFWHU\SRU
HO FRQWUDULR HQGXUHFLy HQ VXV ODELRV OD OtQHD UHFWD GH OD PHGLWDFLyQ VROLWDULD \ OD GHFLVLyQ
LPSODFDEOH7DQKRQGRHUDHOFDULxRTXHpO\VXHVSRVDKDEtDQORJUDGRGHVSHUWDUHQODIDPLOLDGH
DPERVTXHFXDQGR5HPHGLRVDQXQFLyTXHLEDDWHQHUXQKLMRKDVWD5HEHFD\$PDUDQWDKLFLHURQ
XQDWUHJXDSDUDWHMHUHQODQDD]XOSRUVLQDFtDYDUyQ\HQODQDURVDGDSRUVLQDFtDPXMHU)XH
HOOD OD ~OWLPD SHUVRQD HQ TXH SHQVy $UFDGLR SRFRV DxRV GHVSXpV IUHQWH DO SHORWyQ GH
IXVLODPLHQWR
UVXODGLVSXVRXQGXHORGHSXHUWDV\YHQWDQDVFHUUDGDVVLQHQWUDGDQLVDOLGDSDUDQDGLHFRPR
QR IXHUD SDUD DVXQWRV LQGLVSHQVDEOHV SURKLELy KDEODU HQ YR] DOWD GXUDQWH XQ DxR \ SXVR HO
GDJXHUURWLSRGH5HPHGLRVHQHOOXJDUHQTXHVHYHOyHOFDGiYHUFRQXQDFLQWDQHJUDWHUFLDGD\
XQD OiPSDUD GH DFHLWH HQFHQGLGD SDUD VLHPSUH /DV JHQHUDFLRQHV IXWXUDV TXH QXQFD GHMDURQ
H[WLQJXLUODOiPSDUDKDEtDQGHGHVFRQFHUWDUVHDQWHDTXHOODQLxDGHIDOGDVUL]DGDVERWLWDVEODQFDV
\OD]RGHRUJDQGtHQODFDEH]DTXHQRORJUDEDQKDFHUFRLQFLGLUFRQODLPDJHQDFDGpPLFDGHXQD
ELVDEXHOD $PDUDQWD VH KL]R FDUJR GH $XUHOLDQR -RVp /R DGRSWy FRPR XQ KLMR TXH KDEtD GH
FRPSDUWLUVXVROHGDG\DOLYLDUODGHOOiXGDQRLQYROXQWDULRTXHHFKDURQVXVV~SOLFDVGHVDWLQDGDV
HQHOFDIpGH5HPHGLRV3LHWUR&UHVSLHQWUDEDHQSXQWLOODVDODQRFKHFHUFRQXQDFLQWDQHJUDHQHO
VRPEUHUR\KDFtDXQDYLVLWDVLOHQFLRVDDXQD5HEHFDTXHSDUHFtDGHVDQJUDUVHGHQWURGHOYHVWLGR
QHJUR FRQ PDQJDV KDVWD ORV SXxRV +DEUtD VLGR WDQ LUUHYHUHQWH OD VROD LGHD GH SHQVDU HQ XQD
QXHYD IHFKD SDUD OD ERGD TXH HO QRYLD]JR VH FRQYLUWLy HQ XQD UHODFLyQ HWHUQD XQ DPRU GH
FDQVDQFLRTXHQDGLHYROYLyDFXLGDUFRPRVLORVHQDPRUDGRVTXHHQRWURVGtDVGHVFRPSRQtDQODV
OiPSDUDV SDUD EHVDUVH KXELHUDQ VLGR DEDQGRQDGRV DO DOEHGUtR GH OD PXHUWH 3HUGLGR HO UXPER
FRPSOHWDPHQWHGHVPRUDOL]DGD5HEHFDYROYLyDFRPHUWLHUUD
'HSURQWRFXDQGRHOGXHOROOHYDEDWDQWRWLHPSRTXH\DVHKDEtDQUHDQXGDGRODVVHVLRQHVGH
SXQWRGHFUX]DOJXLHQHPSXMyODSXHUWDGHODFDOOHDODVGRVGHODWDUGHHQHOVLOHQFLRPRUWDO
GHO FDORU \ ORV KRUFRQHV VH HVWUHPHFLHURQ FRQ WDO IXHU]D HQ ORV FLPLHQWRV TXH $PDUDQWD \ VXV
DPLJDV ERUGDQGR HQ HO FRUUHGRU 5HEHFD FKXSiQGRVH HO GHGR HQ HO GRUPLWRULR UVXOD HQ OD
FRFLQD$XUHOLDQRHQHOWDOOHU\KDVWD-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDEDMRHOFDVWDxRVROLWDULRWXYLHURQOD
LPSUHVLyQ GH TXH XQ WHPEORU GH WLHUUD HVWDED GHVTXLFLDQGR OD FDVD /OHJDED XQ KRPEUH
GHVFRPXQDO6XVHVSDOGDVFXDGUDGDVDSHQDVVLFDEtDQSRUODVSXHUWDV7HQtDXQDPHGDOOLWDGHOD
9LUJHQ GH ORV 5HPHGLRV FROJDGD HQ HO FXHOOR GH ELVRQWH ORV EUD]RV \ HO SHFKR FRPSOHWDPHQWH
ERUGDGRVGHWDWXDMHVFUtSWLFRV\HQODPXxHFDGHUHFKDODDSUHWDGDHVFODYDGHFREUHGHORVQLxRV
HQFUX]7HQtDHOFXHURFXUWLGRSRUODVDOGHODLQWHPSHULHHOSHORFRUWR\UDSDGRFRPRODVFULQHV
GHXQPXORODVPDQGtEXODVIpUUHDV\ODPLUDGDWULVWH7HQtDXQFLQWXUyQGRVYHFHVPiVJUXHVRTXH
ODFLQFKDGHXQFDEDOORERWDVFRQSRODLQDV\HVSXHODV\FRQORVWDFRQHVKHUUDGRV\VXSUHVHQFLD
GDEDODLPSUHVLyQWUHSLGDWRULDGHXQVDFXGLPLHQWRVtVPLFR$WUDYHVyODVDODGHYLVLWDV\ODVDOD
GHHVWDUOOHYDQGRHQODPDQRXQDVDOIRUMDVPHGLRGHVEDUDWDGDV\DSDUHFLyFRPRXQWUXHQRHQHO
FRUUHGRUGHODVEHJRQLDVGRQGH$PDUDQWD\VXVDPLJDVHVWDEDQSDUDOL]DGDVFRQODVDJXMDVHQHO

29

DLUH%XHQDVOHVGLMRpOFRQODYR]FDQVDGD\WLUyODVDOIRUMDVHQODPHVDGHODERU\SDVyGH
ODUJRKDFLDHOIRQGRGHODFDVD%XHQDVOHGLMRDODDVXVWDGD5HEHFDTXHORYLRSDVDUSRUOD
SXHUWDGHVXGRUPLWRULR%XHQDVOHGLMRD$XUHOLDQRTXHHVWDEDFRQORVFLQFRVHQWLGRVDOHUWD
HQHOPHVyQGHRUIHEUHUtD1RVHHQWUHWXYRFRQQDGLH)XHGLUHFWDPHQWHDODFRFLQD\DOOtVHSDUy
SRUSULPHUDYH]HQHOWpUPLQRGHXQYLDMHTXHKDEtDHPSH]DGRDORWURODGRGHOPXQGR%XHQDV
GLMRUVXODVHTXHGyXQDIUDFFLyQGHVHJXQGRFRQODERFDDELHUWDORPLUyDORVRMRVODQ]yXQ
JULWR\VDOWyDVXFXHOORJULWDQGR\OORUDQGRGHDOHJUtD(UD-RVp$UFDGLR5HJUHVDEDWDQSREUH
FRPRVHIXHKDVWDHOH[WUHPRGHTXHUVXODWXYRTXHGDUOHGRVSHVRVSDUDSDJDUHODOTXLOHUGHO
FDEDOOR+DEODEDHOHVSDxROFUX]DGRFRQMHUJDGHPDULQHURV/HSUHJXQWDURQGyQGHKDEtDHVWDGR
\FRQWHVWy3RUDKt&ROJyODKDPDFDHQHOFXDUWRTXHOHDVLJQDURQ\GXUPLyWUHVGtDV&XDQGR
GHVSHUWy \ GHVSXpV GH WRPDUVH GLHFLVpLV KXHYRV FUXGRV VDOLy GLUHFWDPHQWH KDFLD OD WLHQGD GH
&DWDULQRGRQGHVXFRUSXOHQFLDPRQXPHQWDOSURYRFyXQSiQLFRGHFXULRVLGDGHQWUHODVPXMHUHV
2UGHQyP~VLFD\DJXDUGLHQWHSDUDWRGRVSRUVXFXHQWD+L]RDSXHVWDVGHSXOVRFRQFLQFRKRPEUHV
DOPLVPRWLHPSR(VLPSRVLEOHGHFtDQDOFRQYHQFHUVHGHTXHQRORJUDEDQPRYHUOHHOEUD]R
7LHQHQLxRVHQFUX]&DWDULQRTXHQRFUHtDHQDUWLILFLRVGHIXHU]DDSRVWyGRFHSHVRVDTXHQR
PRYtDHOPRVWUDGRU-RVp$UFDGLRORDUUDQFyGHVXVLWLROROHYDQWyHQYLORVREUHODFDEH]D\OR
SXVRHQODFDOOH6HQHFHVLWDURQRQFHKRPEUHVSDUDPHWHUOR(QHOFDORUGHODILHVWDH[KLELyVREUH
HO PRVWUDGRU VX PDVFXOLQLGDG LQYHURVtPLO HQWHUDPHQWH WDWXDGD FRQ XQD PDUDxD D]XO \ URMD GH
OHWUHURV HQ YDULRV LGLRPDV $ ODV PXMHUHV TXH OR DVHGLDURQ FRQ VX FRGLFLD OHV SUHJXQWy TXLpQ
SDJDEDPiV/DTXHWHQtDPiVRIUHFLyYHLQWHSHVRV(QWRQFHVpOSURSXVRULIDUVHHQWUHWRGDVDGLH]
SHVRVHOQ~PHUR(UDXQSUHFLRGHVRUELWDGRSRUTXHODPXMHUPiVVROLFLWDGDJDQDEDRFKRSHVRV
HQXQDQRFKHSHURWRGDVDFHSWDURQ(VFULELHURQVXVQRPEUHVHQFDWRUFHSDSHOHWDVTXHPHWLHURQ
HQ XQ VRPEUHUR \ FDGD PXMHU VDFy XQD &XDQGR VyOR IDOWDEDQ SRU VDFDU GRV SDSHOHWDV VH
HVWDEOHFLyDTXLpQHVFRUUHVSRQGtDQ
&LQFRSHVRVPiVFDGDXQDSURSXVR-RVp$UFDGLR\PHUHSDUWRHQWUHDPEDV
'H HVR YLYtD /H KDEtD GDGR VHVHQWD \ FLQFR YHFHV OD YXHOWD DO PXQGR HQURODGR HQ XQD
WULSXODFLyQ GH PDULQHURV DSiWULGDV /DV PXMHUHV TXH VH DFRVWDURQ FRQ pO DTXHOOD QRFKH HQ OD
WLHQGD GH &DWDULQR OR OOHYDURQ GHVQXGR D OD VDOD GH EDLOH SDUD TXH YLHUDQ TXH QR WHQtD XQ
PLOtPHWURGHOFXHUSRVLQWDWXDUSRUHOIUHQWH\SRUODHVSDOGD\GHVGHHOFXHOORKDVWDORVGHGRV
GH ORV SLHV 1R ORJUDED LQFRUSRUDUVH D OD IDPLOLD 'RUPtD WRGR HO GtD \ SDVDED OD QRFKH HQ HO
EDUULR GH WROHUDQFLD KDFLHQGR VXHUWHV GH IXHU]D (Q ODV HVFDVDV RFDVLRQHV HQ TXH UVXOD ORJUy
VHQWDUOR D OD PHVD GLR PXHVWUDV GH XQD VLPSDWtD UDGLDQWH VREUH WRGR FXDQGR FRQWDED VXV
DYHQWXUDVHQSDtVHVUHPRWRV+DEtDQDXIUDJDGR\SHUPDQHFLGRGRVVHPDQDVDODGHULYDHQHOPDU
GHO -DSyQ DOLPHQWiQGRVH FRQ HO FXHUSR GH XQ FRPSDxHUR TXH VXFXPELy D OD LQVRODFLyQ FX\D
FDUQHVDODGD\YXHOWDDVDODU\FRFLQDGDDOVROWHQtDXQVDERUJUDQXORVR\GXOFH(QXQPHGLRGtD
UDGLDQWH GHO *ROIR GH %HQJDOD VX EDUFR KDEtD YHQFLGR XQ GUDJyQ GH PDU HQ FX\R YLHQWUH
HQFRQWUDURQHOFDVFRODVKHELOODV\ODVDUPDVGHXQFUX]DGR+DEtDYLVWRHQHO&DULEHHOIDQWDVPD
GHODQDYHFRUVDULDGH9tFWRU+XJXHVFRQHOYHODPHQGHVJDUUDGRSRUORVYLHQWRVGHODPXHUWHOD
DUERODGXUD FDUFRPLGD SRU ODV FXFDUDFKDV GH PDU \ HTXLYRFDGR SDUD VLHPSUH HO UXPER GH OD

*XDGDOXSHUVXODOORUDEDHQODPHVDFRPRVLHVWXYLHUDOH\HQGRODVFDUWDVTXHQXQFDOOHJDURQHQ
ODV FXDOHV UHODWDED -RVp $UFDGLR VXV KD]DxDV \ GHVYHQWXUDV < WDQWD FDVD DTXt KLMR PtR
VROOR]DED < WDQWD FRPLGD WLUDGD D ORV SXHUFRV 3HUR HQ HO IRQGR QR SRGtD FRQFHELU TXH HO
PXFKDFKRTXHVHOOHYDURQORVJLWDQRVIXHUDHOPLVPRDWDUYiQTXHVHFRPtDPHGLROHFKyQHQHO
DOPXHU]R \ FX\DV YHQWRVLGDGHV PDUFKLWDEDQ ODV IORUHV $OJR VLPLODU OH RFXUUtD DO UHVWR GH OD
IDPLOLD $PDUDQWD QR SRGtD GLVLPXODU OD UHSXJQDQFLD TXH OH SURGXFtDQ HQ OD PHVD VXV HUXFWRV
EHVWLDOHV $UFDGLR TXH QXQFD FRQRFLy HO VHFUHWR GH VX ILOLDFLyQ DSHQDV VL FRQWHVWDED D ODV
SUHJXQWDVTXHpOOHKDFtDFRQHOSURSyVLWRHYLGHQWHGHFRQTXLVWDUVXVDIHFWRV$XUHOLDQRWUDWyGH
UHYLYLUORVWLHPSRVHQTXHGRUPtDQHQHOPLVPRFXDUWRSURFXUyUHVWDXUDUODFRPSOLFLGDGGHOD
LQIDQFLDSHUR-RVp$UFDGLRORVKDEtDROYLGDGRSRUTXHODYLGDGHOPDUOHVDWXUyODPHPRULDFRQ
GHPDVLDGDVFRVDVTXHUHFRUGDU6yOR5HEHFDVXFXPELyDOSULPHULPSDFWR/DWDUGHHQTXHORYLR
SDVDUIUHQWHDVXGRUPLWRULRSHQVyTXH3LHWUR&UHVSLHUDXQFXUUXWDFRGHDOIHxLTXHMXQWRDDTXHO
SURWRPDFKRFX\DUHVSLUDFLyQYROFiQLFDVHSHUFLEtDHQWRGDODFDVD%XVFDEDVXSUR[LPLGDGFRQ
FXDOTXLHUSUHWH[WR(QFLHUWDRFDVLyQ-RVp$UFDGLROHPLUyHOFXHUSRFRQXQDDWHQFLyQGHVFDUDGD
\OHGLMR(UHVPX\PXMHUKHUPDQLWD5HEHFDSHUGLyHOGRPLQLRGHVtPLVPD9ROYLyDFRPHU
WLHUUD\FDOGHODVSDUHGHVFRQODDYLGH]GHRWURVGtDV\VHFKXSyHOGHGRFRQWDQWDDQVLHGDGTXH
VHOHIRUPyXQFDOORHQHOSXOJDU9RPLWyXQOtTXLGRYHUGHFRQVDQJXLMXHODVPXHUWDV3DVyQRFKHV
HQYHODWLULWDQGRGHILHEUHOXFKDQGRFRQWUDHOGHOLULRHVSHUDQGRKDVWDTXHODFDVDWUHSLGDEDFRQ
HOUHJUHVRGH-RVp$UFDGLRDODPDQHFHU8QDWDUGHFXDQGRWRGRVGRUPtDQODVLHVWDQRUHVLVWLy
PiV\IXHDVXGRUPLWRULR/RHQFRQWUyHQFDO]RQFLOORVGHVSLHUWRWHQGLGRHQODKDPDFDTXHKDEtD
FROJDGRGHORVKRUFRQHVFRQFDEOHVGHDPDUUDUEDUFRV/DLPSUHVLRQyWDQWRVXHQRUPHGHVQXGH]
WDUDELVFRWHDGDTXHVLQWLyHOLPSXOVRGHUHWURFHGHU3HUGRQHVHH[FXVy1RVDEtDTXHHVWDED
DTXt 3HUR DSDJy OD YR] SDUD QR GHVSHUWDU D QDGLH 9HQ DFi GLMR pO 5HEHFD REHGHFLy 6H
GHWXYR MXQWR D OD KDPDFD VXGDQGR KLHOR VLQWLHQGR TXH VH OH IRUPDEDQ QXGRV HQ ODV WULSDV
PLHQWUDV -RVp $UFDGLR OH DFDULFLDED ORV WRELOORV FRQ OD \HPD GH ORV GHGRV \ OXHJR ODV
SDQWRUULOODV\OXHJRORVPXVORVPXUPXUDQGR$\KHUPDQLWDD\KHUPDQLWD(OODWXYRTXHKDFHU
XQ HVIXHU]R VREUHQDWXUDO SDUD QR PRULUVH FXDQGR XQD SRWHQFLD FLFOyQLFD DVRPEURVDPHQWH
UHJXODGDODOHYDQWySRUODFLQWXUD\ODGHVSRMyGHVXLQWLPLGDGFRQWUHV]DUSD]RV\ODGHVFXDUWL]y
FRPRDXQSDMDULWR$OFDQ]yDGDUJUDFLDVD'LRVSRUKDEHUQDFLGRDQWHVGHSHUGHUODFRQFLHQFLD
HQHOSODFHULQFRQFHELEOHGHDTXHOGRORULQVRSRUWDEOHFKDSDOHDQGRHQHOSDQWDQRKXPHDQWHGHOD
KDPDFDTXHDEVRUELyFRPRXQSDSHOVHFDQWHODH[SORVLyQGHVXVDQJUH
7UHVGtDVGHVSXpVVHFDVDURQHQODPLVDGHFLQFR-RVp$UFDGLRKDEtDLGRHOGtDDQWHULRUDOD
WLHQGDGH3LHWUR&UHVSL/RKDEtDHQFRQWUDGRGLFWDQGRXQDOHFFLyQGHFtWDUD\QROROOHYyDSDUWH
SDUDKDEODUOH0HFDVRFRQ5HEHFDOHGLMR3LHWUR&UHVSLVHSXVRSiOLGROHHQWUHJyODFtWDUDD
XQRGHORVGLVFtSXORV\GLRODFODVHSRUWHUPLQDGD&XDQGRTXHGDURQVRORVHQHOVDOyQDWLERUUDGR
GHLQVWUXPHQWRVP~VLFRV\MXJXHWHVGHFXHUGD3LHWUR&UHVSLGLMR
(VVXKHUPDQD
1RPHLPSRUWDUHSOLFy-RVp$UFDGLR
3LHWUR&UHVSLVHHQMXJyODIUHQWHFRQHOSDxXHORLPSUHJQDGRGHHVSOLHJR

30

(VFRQWUDQDWXUDH[SOLFy\DGHPiVODOH\ORSURKtEH
-RVp $UFDGLR VH LPSDFLHQWy QR WDQWR FRQ OD DUJXPHQWDFLyQ FRPR FRQ OD SDOLGH] GH 3LHWUR
&UHVSL
0H FDJR GRV YHFHV HQ QDWXUD GLMR < VH OR YHQJR D GHFLU SDUD TXH QR VH WRPH OD
PROHVWLDGHLUDSUHJXQWDUOHQDGDD5HEHFD
3HURVXFRPSRUWDPLHQWREUXWDOVHTXHEUDQWyDOYHUTXHD3LHWUR&UHVSLVHOHKXPHGHFtDQORV
RMRV
$KRUDOHGLMRHQRWURWRQRTXHVLORTXHOHJXVWDHVODIDPLOLDDKtOHTXHGD$PDUDQWD
(O SDGUH 1LFDQRU UHYHOy HQ HO VHUPyQ GHO GRPLQJR TXH -RVp $UFDGLR \ 5HEHFD QR HUDQ
KHUPDQRVUVXODQRSHUGRQyQXQFDORTXHFRQVLGHUyFRPRXQDLQFRQFHELEOHIDOWDGHUHVSHWR\
FXDQGRUHJUHVDURQGHODLJOHVLDSURKLELyDORVUHFLpQFDVDGRVTXHYROYLHUDQDSLVDUODFDVD3DUD
HOOD HUD FRPR VL KXELHUDQ PXHUWR $Vt TXH DOTXLODURQ XQD FDVLWD IUHQWH DO FHPHQWHULR \ VH
LQVWDODURQHQHOODVLQPiVPXHEOHVTXHODKDPDFDGH-RVp$UFDGLR/DQRFKHGHERGDVD5HEHFD
OHPRUGLyHOSLHXQDODFUiQTXHVHKDEtDPHWLGRHQVXSDQWXIOD6HOHDGRUPHFLyODOHQJXDSHUR
HVRQRLPSLGLyTXHSDVDUDQXQDOXQDGHPLHOHVFDQGDORVD/RVYHFLQRVVHDVXVWDEDQFRQORVJULWRV
TXHGHVSHUWDEDQDWRGRHOEDUULRKDVWDRFKRYHFHVHQXQDQRFKH\KDVWDWUHVYHFHVHQODVLHVWD\
URJDEDQTXHXQDSDVLyQWDQGHVDIRUDGDQRIXHUDDSHUWXUEDUODSD]GHORVPXHUWRV
$XUHOLDQR IXH HO ~QLFR TXH VH SUHRFXSy SRU HOORV /HV FRPSUy DOJXQRV PXHEOHV \ OHV
SURSRUFLRQy GLQHUR KDVWD TXH -RVp $UFDGLR UHFXSHUy HO VHQWLGR GH OD UHDOLGDG \ HPSH]y D
WUDEDMDU ODV WLHUUDV GH QDGLH TXH FROLQGDEDQ FRQ HO SDWLR GH OD FDVD $PDUDQWD HQ FDPELR QR
ORJUyVXSHUDUMDPiVVXUHQFRUFRQWUD5HEHFDDXQTXHODYLGDOHRIUHFLyXQDVDWLVIDFFLyQFRQTXH
QRKDEtDVRxDGRSRULQLFLDWLYDGHUVXODTXHQRVDEtDFyPRUHSDUDUODYHUJHQ]D3LHWUR&UHVSL
VLJXLy DOPRU]DQGR ORV PDUWHV HQ OD FDVD VREUHSXHVWR DO IUDFDVR FRQ XQD VHUHQD GLJQLGDG
&RQVHUYy OD FLQWD QHJUD HQ HO VRPEUHUR FRPR XQD PXHVWUD GH DSUHFLR SRU OD IDPLOLD \ VH
FRPSODFtD HQ GHPRVWUDU VX DIHFWR D UVXOD OOHYiQGROH UHJDORV H[yWLFRV VDUGLQDV SRUWXJXHVDV
PHUPHODGD GH URVDV WXUFDV \ HQ FLHUWD RFDVLyQ XQ SULPRURVR PDQWyQ GH 0DQLOD $PDUDQWD OR
DWHQGtDFRQXQDFDULxRVDGLOLJHQFLD$GLYLQDEDVXVJXVWRVOHDUUDQFDEDORVKLORVGHVFRVLGRVHQ
ORV SXxRV GH OD FDPLVD \ ERUGy XQD GRFHQD GH SDxXHORV FRQ VXV LQLFLDOHV SDUD HO GtD GH VX
FXPSOHDxRV/RVPDUWHVGHVSXpVGHODOPXHU]RPLHQWUDVHOODERUGDEDHQHOFRUUHGRUpOOHKDFtD
XQDDOHJUHFRPSDxtD3DUD3LHWUR&UHVSLDTXHOODPXMHUTXHVLHPSUHFRQVLGHUy\WUDWyFRPRXQD
QLxD IXH XQD UHYHODFLyQ $XQTXH VX WLSR FDUHFtD GH JUDFLD WHQtD XQD UDUD VHQVLELOLGDG SDUD
DSUHFLDUODVFRVDVGHOPXQGR\XQDWHUQXUDVHFUHWD8QPDUWHVFXDQGRQDGLHGXGDEDGHTXHWDUGH
RWHPSUDQRWHQtDTXHRFXUULU3LHWUR&UHVSLOHSLGLyTXHVHFDVDUDFRQpO(OODQRLQWHUUXPSLyVX
ODERU(VSHUyDTXHSDVDUDHOFDOLHQWHUXERUGHVXVRUHMDVHLPSULPLyDVXYR]XQVHUHQRpQIDVLV
GHPDGXUH]
3RU VXSXHVWR &UHVSL GLMR SHUR FXDQGR XQR VH FRQR]FD PHMRU 1XQFD HV EXHQR
SUHFLSLWDUODVFRVDV
UVXODVHRIXVFy$SHVDUGHODSUHFLRTXHOHWHQtDD3LHWUR&UHVSLQRORJUDEDHVWDEOHFHUVLVX
GHFLVLyQ HUD EXHQD R PDOD GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD PRUDO GHVSXpV GHO SURORQJDGR \ UXLGRVR

QRYLD]JRFRQ5HEHFD3HURWHUPLQySRUDFHSWDUORFRPRXQKHFKRVLQFDOLILFDFLyQSRUTXHQDGLH
FRPSDUWLy VXV GXGDV $XUHOLDQR TXH HUD HO KRPEUH GH OD FDVD OD FRQIXQGLy PiV FRQ VX
HQLJPiWLFD\WHUPLQDQWHRSLQLyQ
(VWDVQRVRQKRUDVGHDQGDUSHQVDQGRHQPDWULPRQLRV
$TXHOODRSLQLyQTXHUVXODVyORFRPSUHQGLyDOJXQRVPHVHVGHVSXpVHUDOD~QLFDVLQFHUDTXH
SRGtDH[SUHVDU$XUHOLDQRHQHVHPRPHQWRQRVyORFRQUHVSHFWRDOPDWULPRQLRVLQRDFXDOTXLHU
DVXQWRTXHQRIXHUDODJXHUUDeOPLVPRIUHQWHDOSHORWyQGHIXVLODPLHQWRQRKDEtDGHHQWHQGHU
PX\ ELHQ FyPR VH IXH HQFDGHQDQGR OD VHULH GH VXWLOHV SHUR LUUHYRFDEOHV FDVXDOLGDGHV TXH OR
OOHYDURQKDVWDHVHSXQWR/DPXHUWHGH5HPHGLRVQROHSURGXMRODFRQPRFLyQTXHWHPtD)XHPiV
ELHQXQVRUGRVHQWLPLHQWRGHUDELDTXHSDXODWLQDPHQWHVHGLVROYLyHQXQDIUXVWUDFLyQVROLWDULD\
SDVLYDVHPHMDQWHDODTXHH[SHULPHQWyHQORVWLHPSRVHQTXHHVWDEDUHVLJQDGRDYLYLUVLQPXMHU
9ROYLyDKXQGLUVHHQHOWUDEDMRSHURFRQVHUYyODFRVWXPEUHGHMXJDUGRPLQyFRQVXVXHJUR(Q
XQD FDVD DPRUGD]DGD SRU HO OXWR ODV FRQYHUVDFLRQHV QRFWXUQDV FRQVROLGDURQ OD DPLVWDG GH ORV
GRVKRPEUHV9XHOYHDFDVDUWH$XUHOLWROHGHFtDHOVXHJUR7HQJRVHLVKLMDVSDUDHVFRJHU
(Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ HQ YtVSHUDV GH ODV HOHFFLRQHV GRQ $SROLQDU 0RVFRWH UHJUHVy GH XQR GH VXV
IUHFXHQWHVYLDMHVSUHRFXSDGRSRUODVLWXDFLyQSROtWLFDGHOSDtV/RVOLEHUDOHVHVWDEDQGHFLGLGRV
D ODQ]DUVH D OD JXHUUD &RPR $XUHOLDQR WHQtD HQ HVD pSRFD QRFLRQHV PX\ FRQIXVDV VREUH ODV
GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH FRQVHUYDGRUHV \ OLEHUDOHV VX VXHJUR OH GDED OHFFLRQHV HVTXHPiWLFDV /RV
OLEHUDOHV OH GHFtD HUDQ PDVRQHV JHQWH GH PDOD tQGROH SDUWLGDULD GH DKRUFDU D ORV FXUDV GH
LPSODQWDUHOPDWULPRQLRFLYLO\HOGLYRUFLRGHUHFRQRFHULJXDOHVGHUHFKRVDORVKLMRVQDWXUDOHV
TXHDORVOHJtWLPRV\GHGHVSHGD]DUDOSDtVHQXQVLVWHPDIHGHUDOTXHGHVSRMDUDGHSRGHUHVDOD
DXWRULGDGVXSUHPD/RVFRQVHUYDGRUHVHQFDPELRTXHKDEtDQUHFLELGRHOSRGHUGLUHFWDPHQWHGH
'LRVSURSXJQDEDQSRUODHVWDELOLGDGGHORUGHQS~EOLFR\ODPRUDOIDPLOLDUHUDQORVGHIHQVRUHV
GHODIHGH&ULVWRGHOSULQFLSLRGHDXWRULGDG\QRHVWDEDQGLVSXHVWRVDSHUPLWLUTXHHOSDtVIXHUD
GHVFXDUWL]DGRHQHQWLGDGHVDXWyQRPDV3RUVHQWLPLHQWRVKXPDQLWDULRV$XUHOLDQRVLPSDWL]DEDFRQ
OD DFWLWXG OLEHUDO UHVSHFWR GH ORV GHUHFKRV GH ORV KLMRV QDWXUDOHV SHUR GH WRGRV PRGRV QR
HQWHQGtDFyPRVHOOHJDEDDOH[WUHPRGHKDFHUXQDJXHUUDSRUFRVDVTXHQRSRGtDQWRFDUVHFRQODV
PDQRV /H SDUHFLy XQD H[DJHUDFLyQ TXH VX VXHJUR VH KLFLHUD HQYLDU SDUD ODV HOHFFLRQHV VHLV
VROGDGRVDUPDGRVFRQIXVLOHVDOPDQGRGHXQVDUJHQWRHQXQSXHEORVLQSDVLRQHVSROtWLFDV1R
VyOROOHJDURQVLQRTXHIXHURQGHFDVDHQFDVDGHFRPLVDQGRDUPDVGHFDFHUtDPDFKHWHV\KDVWD
FXFKLOORVGHFRFLQDDQWHVGHUHSDUWLUHQWUHORVKRPEUHVPD\RUHVGHYHLQWL~QDxRVODVSDSHOHWDV
D]XOHVFRQORVQRPEUHVGHORVFDQGLGDWRVFRQVHUYDGRUHV\ODVSDSHOHWDVURMDVFRQORVQRPEUHV
GHORVFDQGLGDWRVOLEHUDOHV/DYtVSHUDGHODVHOHFFLRQHVHOSURSLRGRQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHOH\yXQ
EDQGR TXH SURKLEtD GHVGH OD PHGLDQRFKH GHO ViEDGR \ SRU FXDUHQWD \ RFKR KRUDV OD YHQWD GH
EHELGDVDOFRKyOLFDV\ODUHXQLyQGHPiVGHWUHVSHUVRQDVTXHQRIXHUDQGHODPLVPDIDPLOLD/DV
HOHFFLRQHVWUDQVFXUULHURQVLQLQFLGHQWHV'HVGHODVRFKRGHODPDxDQDGHOGRPLQJRVHLQVWDOyHQ
ODSOD]DODXUQDGHPDGHUDFXVWRGLDGDSRUORVVHLVVROGDGRV6HYRWyFRQHQWHUDOLEHUWDGFRPR
SXGRFRPSUREDUORHOSURSLR$XUHOLDQRTXHHVWXYRFDVLWRGRHOGtDFRQVXVXHJURYLJLODQGRTXH
QDGLH YRWDUD PiV GH XQD YH] $ ODV FXDWUR GH OD WDUGH XQ UHSLTXH GH UHGREODQWH HQ OD SOD]D

31

DQXQFLyHOWpUPLQRGHODMRUQDGD\GRQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHVHOOyODXUQDFRQXQDHWLTXHWDFUX]DGD
FRQVXILUPD(VDQRFKHPLHQWUDVMXJDEDGRPLQyFRQ$XUHOLDQROHRUGHQyDOVDUJHQWRURPSHUOD
HWLTXHWD SDUD FRQWDU ORV YRWRV +DEtD FDVL WDQWDV SDSHOHWDV URMDV FRPR D]XOHV SHUR HO VDUJHQWR
VyORGHMyGLH]URMDV\FRPSOHWyODGLIHUHQFLDFRQD]XOHV/XHJRYROYLHURQDVHOODUODXUQDFRQXQD
HWLTXHWD QXHYD \ DO GtD VLJXLHQWH D SULPHUD KRUD VH OD OOHYDURQ SDUD OD FDSLWDO GH OD SURYLQFLD
/RV OLEHUDOHV LUiQ D OD JXHUUD GLMR $XUHOLDQR 'RQ $SROLQDU QR GHVDWHQGLy VXV ILFKDV GH
GRPLQy6LORGLFHVSRUORVFDPELRVGHSDSHOHWDVQRLUiQGLMR6HGHMDQDOJXQDVURMDVSDUD
TXH QR KD\D UHFODPRV $XUHOLDQR FRPSUHQGLy ODV GHVYHQWDMDV GH OD RSRVLFLyQ 6L \R IXHUD
OLEHUDO GLMR LUtD D OD JXHUUD SRU HVWR GH ODV SDSHOHWDV 6X VXHJUR OR PLUy SRU HQFLPD GHO
PDUFRGHORVDQWHRMRV
$\ $XUHOLWR GLMR VL W~ IXHUDV OLEHUDO DXQTXH IXHUDV PL \HUQR QR KXELHUDV YLVWR HO
FDPELRGHODVSDSHOHWDV
/RTXHHQUHDOLGDGFDXVyLQGLJQDFLyQHQHOSXHEORQRIXHHOUHVXOWDGRGHODVHOHFFLRQHVVLQR
HO KHFKR GH TXH ORV VROGDGRV QR KXELHUDQ GHYXHOWR ODV DUPDV 8Q JUXSR GH PXMHUHV KDEOy FRQ
$XUHOLDQR SDUD TXH FRQVLJXLHUD FRQ VX VXHJUR OD UHVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV FXFKLOORV GH FRFLQD 'RQ
$SROLQDU0RVFRWHOHH[SOLFyHQHVWULFWDUHVHUYDTXHORVVROGDGRVVHKDEtDQOOHYDGRODVDUPDV
GHFRPLVDGDVFRPRSUXHEDGHTXHORVOLEHUDOHVVHHVWDEDQSUHSDUDQGRSDUDODJXHUUD/RDODUPy
HO FLQLVPR GH OD GHFODUDFLyQ 1R KL]R QLQJ~Q FRPHQWDULR SHUR FLHUWD QRFKH HQ TXH *HULQHOGR
0iUTXH] \ 0DJQtILFR 9LVEDO KDEODEDQ FRQ RWURV DPLJRV GHO LQFLGHQWH GH ORV FXFKLOORV OH
SUHJXQWDURQVLHUDOLEHUDORFRQVHUYDGRU$XUHOLDQRQRYDFLOy
6LKD\TXHVHUDOJRVHUtDOLEHUDOGLMRSRUTXHORVFRQVHUYDGRUHVVRQXQRVWUDPSRVRV
$OGtDVLJXLHQWHDLQVWDQFLDVGHVXVDPLJRVIXHDYLVLWDUDOGRFWRU$OLULR1RJXHUDSDUDTXHOH
WUDWDUD XQ VXSXHVWR GRORU HQ HO KtJDGR 1L VLTXLHUD VDEtD FXiO HUD HO VHQWLGR GH OD SDWUDxD (O
GRFWRU$OLULR1RJXHUDKDEtDOOHJDGRD0DFRQGRSRFRVDxRVDQWHVFRQXQERWLTXtQGHJOREXOLWRV
VLQVDERU\XQDGLYLVDPpGLFDTXHQRFRQYHQFLyDQDGLH8QFODYRVDFDRWURFODYR(QUHDOLGDG
HUDXQIDUVDQWH'HWUiVGHVXLQRFHQWHIDFKDGDGHPpGLFRVLQSUHVWLJLRVHHVFRQGtDXQWHUURULVWD
TXHWDSDEDFRQXQDVFiOLJDVGHPHGLDSLHUQDODVFLFDWULFHVTXHGHMDURQHQVXVWRELOORVFLQFRDxRV
GHFHSR&DSWXUDGRHQODSULPHUDDYHQWXUDIHGHUDOLVWDORJUyHVFDSDUD&XUD]DRGLVIUD]DGRFRQHO
WUDMH TXH PiV GHWHVWDED HQ HVWH PXQGR XQD VRWDQD $O FDER GH XQ SURORQJDGR GHVWLHUUR
HPEXOODGRSRUODVH[DOWDGDVQRWLFLDVTXHOOHYDEDQD&XUD]DRORVH[LOLDGRVGHWRGRHO&DULEHVH
HPEDUFyHQXQDJROHWDGHFRQWUDEDQGLVWDV\DSDUHFLyHQ5LRKDFKDFRQORVIUDVTXLWRVGHJOyEXORV
TXHQRHUDQPiVTXHGHD]~FDUUHILQDGD\XQGLSORPDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH/HLS]LJIDOVLILFDGR
SRU pO PLVPR /ORUy GH GHVHQFDQWR (O IHUYRU IHGHUDOLVWD TXH ORV H[LOLDGRV GHILQtDQ FRPR XQ
SROYRUtQ D SXQWR GH HVWDOODU VH KDEtD GLVXHOWR HQ XQD YDJD LOXVLyQ HOHFWRUDO $PDUJDGR SRU HO
IUDFDVR DQVLRVR GH XQ OXJDU VHJXUR GRQGH HVSHUDU OD YHMH] HO IDOVR KRPHySDWD VH UHIXJLy HQ
0DFRQGR(QHOHVWUHFKRFXDUWLWRDWLERUUDGRGHIUDVFRVYDFtRVTXHDOTXLOyDXQODGRGHODSOD]D
YLYLy YDULRV DxRV GH ORV HQIHUPRV VLQ HVSHUDQ]DV TXH GHVSXpV GH KDEHU SUREDGR WRGR VH
FRQVRODEDQFRQJOyEXORVGHD]~FDU6XVLQVWLQWRVGHDJLWDGRUSHUPDQHFLHURQHQUHSRVRPLHQWUDV
GRQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHIXHXQDDXWRULGDGGHFRUDWLYD(OWLHPSRVHOHLEDHQUHFRUGDU\HQOXFKDU

FRQWUDHODVPD/DSUR[LPLGDGGHODVHOHFFLRQHVIXHHOKLORTXHOHSHUPLWLyHQFRQWUDUGHQXHYROD
PDGHMD GH OD VXEYHUVLyQ (VWDEOHFLy FRQWDFWR FRQ OD JHQWH MRYHQ GHO SXHEOR TXH FDUHFtD GH
IRUPDFLyQSROtWLFD\VHHPSHxyHQXQDVLJLORVDFDPSDxDGHLQVWLJDFLyQ/DVQXPHURVDVSDSHOHWDV
URMDV TXH DSDUHFLHURQ HQ OD XUQD \ TXH IXHURQ DWULEXLGDV SRU GRQ $SROLQDU 0RVFRWH D OD
QRYHOHUtD SURSLD GH OD MXYHQWXG HUDQ SDUWH GH VX SODQ REOLJy D VXV GLVFtSXORV D YRWDU SDUD
FRQYHQFHUORVGHTXHODVHOHFFLRQHVHUDQXQDIDUVD/R~QLFRHILFD]GHFtDHVODYLROHQFLD
/DPD\RUtDGHORVDPLJRVGH$XUHOLDQRDQGDEDQHQWXVLDVPDGRVFRQODLGHDGHOLTXLGDUHORUGHQ
FRQVHUYDGRUSHURQDGLHVHKDEtDDWUHYLGRDLQFOXLUORHQORVSODQHVQRVyORSRUVXVYtQFXORVFRQ
HOFRUUHJLGRUVLQRSRUVXFDUiFWHUVROLWDULR\HYDVLYR6HVDEtDDGHPiVTXHKDEtDYRWDGRD]XO
SRU LQGLFDFLyQ GHO VXHJUR $Vt TXH IXH XQD VLPSOH FDVXDOLGDG TXH UHYHODUD VXV VHQWLPLHQWRV
SROtWLFRV\IXHXQSXURJROSHGHFXULRVLGDGHOTXHORPHWLyHQODYHQWROHUDGHYLVLWDUDOPpGLFR
SDUDWUDWDUVHXQGRORUTXHQRWHQtD(QHOFXFKLWULORORURVRDWHODUDxDDOFDQIRUDGDVHHQFRQWUyFRQ
XQDHVSHFLHGHLJXDQDSROYRULHQWDFX\RVSXOPRQHVVLOEDEDQDOUHVSLUDU$QWHVGHKDFHUOHQLQJXQD
SUHJXQWDHOGRFWRUOROOHYyDODYHQWDQD\OHH[DPLQySRUGHQWURHOSiUSDGRLQIHULRU1RHVDKt
GLMR $XUHOLDQR VHJ~Q OH KDEtDQ LQGLFDGR 6H KXQGLy HO KtJDGR FRQ OD SXQWD GH ORV GHGRV \
DJUHJy(VDTXtGRQGHWHQJRHOGRORUTXHQRPHGHMDGRUPLU(QWRQFHVHOGRFWRU1RJXHUDFHUUy
ODYHQWDQDFRQHOSUHWH[WRGHTXHKDEtDPXFKRVRO\OHH[SOLFyHQWpUPLQRVVLPSOHVSRUTXpHUD
XQ GHEHU SDWULyWLFR DVHVLQDU D ORV FRQVHUYDGRUHV 'XUDQWH YDULRV GtDV OOHYy $XUHOLDQR XQ
IUDVTXLWRHQHOEROVLOORGHODFDPLVD/RVDFDEDFDGDGRVKRUDVSRQtDWUHVJOREXOLWRVHQODSDOPD
GH OD PDQR \ VH ORV HFKDED GH JROSH HQ OD ERFD SDUD GLVROYHUORV OHQWDPHQWH HQ OD OHQJXD 'RQ
$SROLQDU 0RVFRWH VH EXUOy GH VX IH HQ OD KRPHRSDWtD SHUR TXLHQHV HVWDEDQ HQ HO FRPSORW
UHFRQRFLHURQ HQ pO D XQR PiV GH ORV VX\RV &DVL WRGRV ORV KLMRV GH ORV IXQGDGRUHV HVWDEDQ
LPSOLFDGRV DXQTXH QLQJXQR VDEtD FRQFUHWDPHQWH HQ TXp FRQVLVWtD OD DFFLyQ TXH HOORV PLVPRV
WUDPDEDQ6LQHPEDUJRHOGtDHQTXHHOPpGLFROHUHYHOyHOVHFUHWRD$XUHOLDQRpVWHOHVDFyHO
FXHUSR D OD FRQVSLUDFLyQ $XQTXH HQWRQFHV HVWDED FRQYHQFLGR GH OD XUJHQFLD GH OLTXLGDU DO
UpJLPHQ FRQVHUYDGRU HO SODQ OR KRUURUL]y (O GRFWRU 1RJXHUD HUD XQ PtVWLFR GHO DWHQWDGR
SHUVRQDO6XVLVWHPDVHUHGXFtDDFRRUGLQDUXQDVHULHGHDFFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHVTXHHQXQJROSH
PDHVWUR GH DOFDQFH QDFLRQDO OLTXLGDUD D ORV IXQFLRQDULRV GHO UpJLPHQ FRQ VXV UHVSHFWLYDV
IDPLOLDVVREUHWRGRDORVQLxRVSDUDH[WHUPLQDUHOFRQVHUYDWLVPRHQODVHPLOOD'RQ$SROLQDU
0RVFRWHVXHVSRVD\VXVVHLVKLMDVSRUVXSXHVWRHVWDEDQHQODOLVWD
8VWHGQRHVOLEHUDOQLHVQDGDOHGLMR$XUHOLDQRVLQDOWHUDUVH8VWHGQRHVPiVTXHXQ
PDWDULIH
(QHVHFDVRUHSOLFyHOGRFWRUFRQLJXDOFDOPDGHYXpOYHPHHOIUDVTXLWR<DQRWHKDFH
IDOWD
6yORVHLVPHVHVGHVSXpVVXSR$XUHOLDQRTXHHOGRFWRUORKDEtDGHVDKXFLDGRFRPRKRPEUHGH
DFFLyQ SRU VHU XQ VHQWLPHQWDO VLQ SRUYHQLU FRQ XQ FDUiFWHU SDVLYR \ XQD GHILQLGD YRFDFLyQ
VROLWDULD 7UDWDURQ GH FHUFDUOR WHPLHQGR TXH GHQXQFLDUD OD FRQVSLUDFLyQ $XUHOLDQR ORV
WUDQTXLOL]yQRGLUtDXQDSDODEUDSHURODQRFKHHQTXHIXHUDQDDVHVLQDUDODIDPLOLD0RVFRWHOR
HQFRQWUDUtDQDpOGHIHQGLHQGRODSXHUWD'HPRVWUyXQDGHFLVLyQWDQFRQYLQFHQWHTXHHOSODQVH

32

DSOD]y SDUD XQD IHFKD LQGHILQLGD )XH SRU HVRV GtDV TXH UVXOD FRQVXOWy VX RSLQLyQ VREUH HO
PDWULPRQLRGH3LHWUR&UHVSL\$PDUDQWD\pOFRQWHVWyTXHORVWLHPSRVQRHVWDEDQSDUDSHQVDUHQ
HVR'HVGHKDFtDXQDVHPDQDOOHYDEDEDMRODFDPLVDXQDSLVWRODDUFDLFD9LJLODEDDVXVDPLJRV
,EDSRUODVWDUGHVDWRPDUHOFDIpFRQ-RVp$UFDGLR\5HEHFDTXHHPSH]DEDQDRUGHQDUVXFDVD\
GHVGH ODV VLHWH MXJDED GRPLQy FRQ HO VXHJUR $ OD KRUD GHO DOPXHU]R FRQYHUVDED FRQ $UFDGLR
TXHHUD\DXQDGROHVFHQWHPRQXPHQWDO\ORHQFRQWUDEDFDGDYH]PiVH[DOWDGRFRQODLQPLQHQFLD
GHODJXHUUD(QODHVFXHODGRQGH$UFDGLRWHQtDDOXPQRVPD\RUHVTXHpOUHYXHOWRVFRQQLxRVTXH
DSHQDV HPSH]DEDQ D KDEODU KDEtD SUHQGLGR OD ILHEUH OLEHUDO 6H KDEODED GH IXVLODU DO SDGUH
1LFDQRU GH FRQYHUWLU HO WHPSOR HQ HVFXHOD GH LPSODQWDU HO DPRU OLEUH $XUHOLDQR SURFXUy
DWHPSHUDUVXVtPSHWXV/HUHFRPHQGyGLVFUHFLyQ\SUXGHQFLD6RUGRDVXUD]RQDPLHQWRVHUHQRD
VX VHQWLGR GH OD UHDOLGDG $UFDGLR OH UHSURFKy HQ S~EOLFR VX GHELOLGDG GH FDUiFWHU $XUHOLDQR
HVSHUy3RUILQDSULQFLSLRVGHGLFLHPEUHUVXODLUUXPSLyWUDVWRUQDGDHQHOWDOOHU
(VWDOOyODJXHUUD
(QHIHFWRKDEtDHVWDOODGRGHVGHKDFtDWUHVPHVHV/DOH\PDUFLDOLPSHUDEDHQWRGRHOSDtV(O
~QLFR TXH OR VXSR D WLHPSR IXH GRQ $SROLQDU 0RVFRWH SHUR QR OH GLR OD QRWLFLD QL D VX PXMHU
PLHQWUDVOOHJDEDHOSHORWyQGHOHMpUFLWRTXHKDEtDGHRFXSDUHOSXHEORSRUVRUSUHVD(QWUDURQVLQ
UXLGRDQWHVGHODPDQHFHUFRQGRVSLH]DVGHDUWLOOHUtDOLJHUDWLUDGDVSRUPXODV\HVWDEOHFLHURQHO
FXDUWHOHQODHVFXHOD6HLPSXVRHOWRTXHGHTXHGDDODVVHLVGHODWDUGH6HKL]RXQDUHTXLVDPiV
GUiVWLFDTXHODDQWHULRUFDVDSRUFDVD\HVWDYH]VHOOHYDURQKDVWDODVKHUUDPLHQWDVGHODEUDQ]D
6DFDURQ D UDVWUDV DO GRFWRU 1RJXHUD OR DPDUUDURQ D XQ iUERO GH OD SOD]D \ OR IXVLODURQ VLQ
IyUPXOD GH MXLFLR (O SDGUH 1LFDQRU WUDWy GH LPSUHVLRQDU D ODV DXWRULGDGHV PLOLWDUHV FRQ HO
PLODJUR GH OD OHYLWDFLyQ \ XQ VROGDGR OR GHVFDODEUy GH XQ FXODWD]R /D H[DOWDFLyQ OLEHUDO VH
DSDJy HQ XQ WHUURU VLOHQFLRVR $XUHOLDQR SiOLGR KHUPpWLFR VLJXLy MXJDQGR GRPLQy FRQ VX
VXHJUR &RPSUHQGLy TXH D SHVDU GH VX WtWXOR DFWXDO GH MHIH FLYLO \ PLOLWDU GH OD SOD]D GRQ
$SROLQDU 0RVFRWH HUD RWUD YH] XQD DXWRULGDG GHFRUDWLYD /DV GHFLVLRQHV ODV WRPDED XQ FDSLWiQ
GHO HMpUFLWR TXH WRGDV ODV PDxDQDV UHFDXGDED XQD PDQOLHYD H[WUDRUGLQDULD SDUD OD GHIHQVD GHO
RUGHQS~EOLFR&XDWURVROGDGRVDOPDQGRVX\RDUUHEDWDURQDVXIDPLOLDXQDPXMHUTXHKDEtDVLGR
PRUGLGDSRUXQSHUURUDELRVR\ODPDWDURQDFXODWD]RVHQSOHQDFDOOH8QGRPLQJRGRVVHPDQDV
GHVSXpVGHODRFXSDFLyQ$XUHOLDQRHQWUyHQODFDVDGH*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]\FRQVXSDUVLPRQLD
KDELWXDOSLGLyXQWD]yQGHFDIpVLQD]~FDU&XDQGRORVGRVTXHGDURQVRORVHQODFRFLQD$XUHOLDQR
LPSULPLyDVXYR]XQDDXWRULGDGTXHQXQFDVHOHKDEtDFRQRFLGR3UHSDUDORVPXFKDFKRVGLMR
1RVYDPRVDODJXHUUD*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]QRORFUH\y
&RQTXpDUPDV"SUHJXQWy
&RQODVGHHOORVFRQWHVWy$XUHOLDQR
(OPDUWHVDPHGLDQRFKHHQXQDRSHUDFLyQGHVFDEHOODGDYHLQWL~QKRPEUHVPHQRUHVGHWUHLQWD
DxRVDOPDQGRGH$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDDUPDGRVFRQFXFKLOORVGHPHVD\KLHUURVDILODGRVWRPDURQ
SRU VRUSUHVD OD JXDUQLFLyQ VH DSRGHUDURQ GH ODV DUPDV \ IXVLODURQ HQ HO SDWLR DO FDSLWiQ \ ORV
FXDWURVROGDGRVTXHKDEtDQDVHVLQDGRDODPXMHU
(VDPLVPDQRFKHPLHQWUDVVHHVFXFKDEDQODVGHVFDUJDVGHOSHORWyQGHIXVLODPLHQWR$UFDGLR

IXH QRPEUDGR MHIH FLYLO \ PLOLWDU GH OD SOD]D /RV UHEHOGHV FDVDGRV DSHQDV WXYLHURQ WLHPSR GH
GHVSHGLUVHGHVXVHVSRVDVDTXLHQHVDEDQGRQDURQDVXVSURSLRVUHFXUVRV6HIXHURQDODPDQHFHU
DFODPDGRV SRU OD SREODFLyQ OLEHUDGD GHO WHUURU SDUD XQLUVH D ODV IXHU]DV GHO JHQHUDO
UHYROXFLRQDULR9LFWRULR0HGLQDTXHVHJ~QODV~OWLPDVQRWLFLDVDQGDEDSRUHOUXPERGH0DQDXUH
$QWHVGHLUVH$XUHOLDQRVDFyDGRQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHGHXQDUPDULR8VWHGVHTXHGDWUDQTXLOR
VXHJUROHGLMR(OQXHYRJRELHUQRJDUDQWL]DEDMRSDODEUDGHKRQRUVXVHJXULGDGSHUVRQDO\OD
GH VX IDPLOLD 'RQ $SROLQDU 0RVFRWH WXYR GLILFXOWDGHV SDUD LGHQWLILFDU DTXHO FRQVSLUDGRU GH
ERWDV DOWDV \ IXVLO WHUFLDGR D OD HVSDOGD FRQ TXLHQ KDEtD MXJDGR GRPLQy KDVWD ODV QXHYH GH OD
QRFKH
(VWRHVXQGLVSDUDWH$XUHOLWRH[FODPy
1LQJ~QGLVSDUDWHGLMR$XUHOLDQR(VODJXHUUD<QRPHYXHOYDDGHFLU$XUHOLWRTXH
\DVR\HOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD

33

(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDSURPRYLyWUHLQWD\GRVOHYDQWDPLHQWRVDUPDGRV\ORVSHUGLyWRGRV
7XYR GLHFLVLHWH KLMRV YDURQHV GH GLHFLVLHWH PXMHUHV GLVWLQWDV TXH IXHURQ H[WHUPLQDGRV XQR WUDV
RWURHQXQDVRODQRFKHDQWHVGHTXHHOPD\RUFXPSOLHUDWUHLQWD\FLQFRDxRV(VFDSyDFDWRUFH
DWHQWDGRVDVHWHQWD\WUHVHPERVFDGDV\DXQSHORWyQGHIXVLODPLHQWR6REUHYLYLyDXQDFDUJDGH
HVWULFQLQDHQHOFDIpTXHKDEUtDEDVWDGRSDUDPDWDUDXQFDEDOOR5HFKD]yOD2UGHQGHO0pULWR
TXH OH RWRUJy HO SUHVLGHQWH GH OD UHS~EOLFD /OHJy D VHU FRPDQGDQWH JHQHUDO GH ODV IXHU]DV
UHYROXFLRQDULDVFRQMXULVGLFFLyQ\PDQGRGHXQDIURQWHUDDODRWUD\HOKRPEUHPiVWHPLGRSRU
HOJRELHUQRSHURQXQFDSHUPLWLyTXHOHWRPDUDQXQDIRWRJUDItD'HFOLQyODSHQVLyQYLWDOLFLDTXH
OHRIUHFLHURQGHVSXpVGHODJXHUUD\YLYLyKDVWDODYHMH]GHORVSHVFDGLWRVGHRURTXHIDEULFDED
HQ VX WDOOHU GH 0DFRQGR $XQTXH SHOHy VLHPSUH DO IUHQWH GH VXV KRPEUHV OD ~QLFD KHULGD TXH
UHFLELyVHODSURGXMRpOPLVPRGHVSXpVGHILUPDUODFDSLWXODFLyQGH1HHUODQGLDTXHSXVRWpUPLQR
DFDVLYHLQWHDxRVGHJXHUUDVFLYLOHV6HGLVSDUyXQWLURGHSLVWRODHQHOSHFKR\HOSUR\HFWLOOH
VDOLySRUODHVSDOGDVLQODVWLPDUQLQJ~QFHQWURYLWDO/R~QLFRTXHTXHGyGHWRGRHVRIXHXQDFDOOH
FRQVXQRPEUHHQ0DFRQGR6LQHPEDUJRVHJ~QGHFODUySRFRVDxRVDQWHVGHPRULUGHYLHMRQL
VLTXLHUD HVR HVSHUDED OD PDGUXJDGD HQ TXH VH IXH FRQ VXV YHLQWL~Q KRPEUHV D UHXQLUVH FRQ ODV
IXHU]DVGHOJHQHUDO9LFWRULR0HGLQD
$Kt WH GHMDPRV D 0DFRQGR IXH WRGR FXDQWR OH GLMR D $UFDGLR DQWHV GH LUVH 7H OR
GHMDPRVELHQSURFXUDTXHORHQFRQWUHPRVPHMRU
$UFDGLROHGLRXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQPX\SHUVRQDODODUHFRPHQGDFLyQ6HLQYHQWyXQXQLIRUPH
FRQJDORQHV\FKDUUHWHUDVGHPDULVFDOLQVSLUDGRHQODVOiPLQDVGHXQOLEURGH0HOTXtDGHV\VH
FROJy DO FLQWR HO VDEOH FRQ ERUODV GRUDGDV GHO FDSLWiQ IXVLODGR (PSOD]y ODV GRV SLH]DV GH
DUWLOOHUtD D OD HQWUDGD GHO SXHEOR XQLIRUPy D VXV DQWLJXRV DOXPQRV H[DFHUEDGRV SRU VXV
SURFODPDV LQFHQGLDULDV \ ORV GHMy YDJDU DUPDGRV SRU ODV FDOOHV SDUD GDU D ORV IRUDVWHURV XQD
LPSUHVLyQ GH LQYXOQHUDELOLGDG )XH XQ WUXFR GH GREOH ILOR SRUTXH HO JRELHUQR QR VH DWUHYLy D
DWDFDU OD SOD]D GXUDQWH GLH] PHVHV SHUR FXDQGR OR KL]R GHVFDUJy FRQWUD HOOD XQD IXHU]D WDQ
GHVSURSRUFLRQDGDTXHOLTXLGyODUHVLVWHQFLDHQPHGLDKRUD'HVGHHOSULPHUGtDGHVXPDQGDWR
$UFDGLR UHYHOy VX DILFLyQ SRU ORV EDQGRV /H\y KDVWD FXDWUR GLDULRV SDUD RUGHQDU \ GLVSRQHU
FXDQWROHSDVDEDSRUODFDEH]D,PSODQWyHOVHUYLFLRPLOLWDUREOLJDWRULRGHVGHORVGLHFLRFKRDxRV
GHFODUyGHXWLOLGDGS~EOLFDORVDQLPDOHVTXHWUDQVLWDEDQSRUODVFDOOHVGHVSXpVGHODVVHLVGHOD

WDUGHHLPSXVRDORVKRPEUHVPD\RUHVGHHGDGODREOLJDFLyQGHXVDUXQEUD]DOURMR5HFOX\yDO
SDGUH1LFDQRUHQODFDVDFXUDOEDMRDPHQD]DGHIXVLODPLHQWR\OHSURKLELyGHFLUPLVD\WRFDUODV
FDPSDQDVFRPRQRIXHUDSDUDFHOHEUDUODVYLFWRULDVOLEHUDOHV3DUDTXHQDGLHSXVLHUDHQGXGDOD
VHYHULGDG GH VXV SURSyVLWRV PDQGy TXH XQ SHORWyQ GH IXVLODPLHQWR VH HQWUHQDUD HQ OD SOD]D
S~EOLFDGLVSDUDQGRFRQWUDXQHVSDQWDSiMDURV$OSULQFLSLRQDGLHORWRPyHQVHULR(UDQDILQGH
FXHQWDVORVPXFKDFKRVGHODHVFXHODMXJDQGRDJHQWHPD\RU3HURXQDQRFKHDOHQWUDU$UFDGLRHQ
ODWLHQGDGH&DWDULQRHOWURPSHWLVWDGHODEDQGDORVDOXGyFRQXQWRTXHGHIDQIDUULDTXHSURYRFy
ODV ULVDV GH OD FOLHQWHOD \ $UFDGLR OR KL]R IXVLODU SRU LUUHVSHWR D OD DXWRULGDG $ TXLHQHV
SURWHVWDURQ ORV SXVR D SDQ \ DJXD FRQ ORV WRELOORV HQ XQ FHSR TXH LQVWDOy HQ XQ FXDUWR GH OD
HVFXHOD (UHV XQ DVHVLQR OH JULWDED UVXOD FDGD YH] TXH VH HQWHUDED GH DOJXQD QXHYD
DUELWUDULHGDG&XDQGR$XUHOLDQRORVHSDWHYDDIXVLODUDWL\\RVHUpODSULPHUDHQDOHJUDUPH
3HUR WRGR IXH LQ~WLO $UFDGLR VLJXLy DSUHWDQGR ORV WRUQLTXHWHV GH XQ ULJRU LQQHFHVDULR KDVWD
FRQYHUWLUVH HQ HO PiV FUXHO GH ORV JREHUQDQWHV TXH KXER QXQFD HQ 0DFRQGR $KRUD VXIUDQ OD
GLIHUHQFLDGLMRGRQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHHQFLHUWDRFDVLyQ(VWRHVHOSDUDtVROLEHUDO$UFDGLR
ORVXSR$OIUHQWHGHXQDSDWUXOODDVDOWyODFDVDGHVWUR]yORVPXHEOHVYDSXOHyDODVKLMDV\VH
OOHYyDUDVWUDVDGRQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWH&XDQGRUVXODLUUXPSLyHQHOSDWLRGHOFXDUWHOGHVSXpV
GH KDEHU DWUDYHVDGR HO SXHEOR FODPDQGR GH YHUJHQ]D \ EODQGLHQGR GH UDELD XQ UHEHQTXH
DOTXLWUDQDGRHOSURSLR$UFDGLRVHGLVSRQtDDGDUODRUGHQGHIXHJRDOSHORWyQGHIXVLODPLHQWR
$WUpYHWHEDVWDUGRJULWyUVXOD
$QWHV GH TXH $UFDGLR WXYLHUD WLHPSR GH UHDFFLRQDU OH GHVFDUJy HO SULPHU YHUJDMD]R
$WUpYHWHDVHVLQRJULWDED<PiWDPHWDPELpQDPtKLMRGHPDODPDGUH$VtQRWHQGUpRMRV
SDUDOORUDUODYHUJHQ]DGHKDEHUFULDGRXQIHQyPHQR$]RWiQGRORVLQPLVHULFRUGLDORSHUVLJXLy
KDVWD HO IRQGR GHO SDWLR GRQGH $UFDGLR VH HQUROOy FRPR XQ FDUDFRO 'RQ $SROLQDU 0RVFRWH
HVWDEDLQFRQVFLHQWHDPDUUDGRHQHOSRVWHGRQGHDQWHVWHQtDQHOHVSDQWDSiMDURVGHVSHGD]DGRSRU
ORVWLURVGHHQWUHQDPLHQWR/RVPXFKDFKRVGHOSHORWyQVHGLVSHUVDURQWHPHURVRVGHTXHUVXOD
WHUPLQDUD GHVDKRJiQGRVH FRQ HOORV 3HUR QL VLTXLHUD ORV PLUy 'HMy D $UFDGLR FRQ HO XQLIRUPH
DUUDVWUDGREUDPDQGRGHGRORU\UDELD\GHVDWyDGRQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHSDUDOOHYDUORDVXFDVD
$QWHVGHDEDQGRQDUHOFXDUWHOVROWyDORVSUHVRVGHOFHSR
$ SDUWLU GH HQWRQFHV IXH HOOD TXLHQ PDQGy HQ HO SXHEOR 5HVWDEOHFLy OD PLVD GRPLQLFDO
VXVSHQGLyHOXVRGHORVEUD]DOHVURMRV\GHVFDOLILFyORVEDQGRVDWUDELOLDULRV3HURDGHVSHFKRGH
VX IRUWDOH]D VLJXLy OORUDQGR OD GHVGLFKD GH VX GHVWLQR 6H VLQWLy WDQ VROD TXH EXVFy OD LQ~WLO
FRPSDxtD GHO PDULGR ROYLGDGR EDMR HO FDVWDxR 0LUD HQ OR TXH KHPRV TXHGDGR OH GHFtD
PLHQWUDV ODV OOXYLDV GH MXQLR DPHQD]DEDQ FRQ GHUULEDU HO FREHUWL]R GH SDOPD 0LUD OD FDVD
YDFtD QXHVWURV KLMRV GHVSHUGLJDGRV SRU HO PXQGR \ QRVRWURV GRV VRORV RWUD YH] FRPR DO
SULQFLSLR -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD KXQGLGR HQ XQ DELVPR GH LQFRQVFLHQFLD HUD VRUGR D VXV
ODPHQWRV$OFRPLHQ]RGHVXORFXUDDQXQFLDEDFRQODWLQDMRVDSUHPLDQWHVVXVXUJHQFLDVFRWLGLDQDV
(QIXJDFHVHVFDPSDGDVGHOXFLGH]FXDQGR$PDUDQWDOHOOHYDEDODFRPLGDpOOHFRPXQLFDEDVXV
SHVDUHVPiVPROHVWRV\VHSUHVWDEDFRQGRFLOLGDGDVXVYHQWRVDV\VLQDSLVPRV3HURHQODpSRFD
HQ TXH UVXOD IXH D ODPHQWDUVH D VX ODGR KDEtD SHUGLGR WRGR FRQWDFWR FRQ OD UHDOLGDG (OOD OR

34

EDxDEDSRUSDUWHVVHQWDGRHQHOEDQTXLWRPLHQWUDVOHGDEDQRWLFLDVGHODIDPLOLD$XUHOLDQRVH
KD LGR D OD JXHUUD KDFH \D PiV GH FXDWUR PHVHV \ QR KHPRV YXHOWR D VDEHU GH pO OH GHFtD
UHVWUHJiQGROHODHVSDOGDFRQXQHVWURSDMRHQMDERQDGR-RVp$UFDGLRYROYLyKHFKRXQKRPEUD]R
PiVDOWRTXHW~\WRGRERUGDGRHQSXQWRGHFUX]SHURVyORYLQRDWUDHUODYHUJHQ]DDQXHVWUD
FDVD&UH\yREVHUYDUVLQHPEDUJRTXHVXPDULGRHQWULVWHFtDFRQODVPDODVQRWLFLDV(QWRQFHV
RSWy SRU PHQWLUOH 1R PH FUHDV OR TXH WH GLJR GHFtD PLHQWUDV HFKDED FHQL]DV VREUH VXV
H[FUHPHQWRVSDUDUHFRJHUORVFRQODSDOD'LRVTXLVRTXH-RVp$UFDGLR\5HEHFDVHFDVDUDQ\
DKRUDVRQPX\IHOLFHV/OHJyDVHUWDQVLQFHUDHQHOHQJDxRTXHHOODPLVPDDFDEyFRQVROiQGRVH
FRQVXVSURSLDVPHQWLUDV$UFDGLR\DHVXQKRPEUHVHULRGHFtD\PX\YDOLHQWH\PX\EXHQ
PR]RFRQVXXQLIRUPH\VXVDEOH(UDFRPRKDEODUOHDXQPXHUWRSRUTXH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD
HVWDED \D IXHUD GHO DOFDQFH GH WRGD SUHRFXSDFLyQ 3HUR HOOD LQVLVWLy /R YHtD WDQ PDQVR WDQ
LQGLIHUHQWHDWRGRTXHGHFLGLyVROWDUOReOQLVLTXLHUDVHPRYLyGHOEDQTXLWR6LJXLyH[SXHVWRDO
VRO\DODOOXYLDFRPRVLODVVRJDVIXHUDQLQQHFHVDULDVSRUTXHXQGRPLQLRVXSHULRUDFXDOTXLHU
DWDGXUD YLVLEOH OR PDQWHQtD DPDUUDGR DO WURQFR GHO FDVWDxR +DFLD HO PHV GH DJRVWR FXDQGR HO
LQYLHUQRHPSH]DEDDHWHUQL]DUVHUVXODSXGRSRUILQGDUOHXQDQRWLFLDTXHSDUHFtDYHUGDG
)tMDWHTXHQRVVLJXHDWRVLJDQGRODEXHQDVXHUWHOHGLMR$PDUDQWD\HOLWDOLDQRGHOD
SLDQRODVHYDQDFDVDU
$PDUDQWD \ 3LHWUR &UHVSL HQ HIHFWR KDEtDQ SURIXQGL]DGR HQ OD DPLVWDG DPSDUDGRV SRU OD
FRQILDQ]D GH UVXOD TXH HVWD YH] QR FUH\y QHFHVDULR YLJLODU ODV YLVLWDV (UD XQ QRYLD]JR
FUHSXVFXODU(OLWDOLDQROOHJDEDDODWDUGHFHUFRQXQDJDUGHQLDHQHORMDO\OHWUDGXFtDD$PDUDQWD
VRQHWRVGH3HWUDUFD3HUPDQHFtDQHQHOFRUUHGRUVRIRFDGRSRUHORUpJDQR\ODVURVDVpOOH\HQGR
\HOODWHMLHQGRHQFDMHGHEROLOORLQGLIHUHQWHVDORVVREUHVDOWRV\ODVPDODVQRWLFLDVGHODJXHUUD
KDVWD TXH ORV PRVTXLWRV ORV REOLJDEDQ D UHIXJLDUVH HQ OD VDOD /D VHQVLELOLGDG GH $PDUDQWD VX
GLVFUHWDSHURHQYROYHQWHWHUQXUDKDEtDQLGRXUGLHQGRHQWRUQRDOQRYLRXQDWHODUDxDLQYLVLEOHTXH
pOWHQtDTXHDSDUWDUPDWHULDOPHQWHFRQVXVGHGRVSiOLGRV\VLQDQLOORVSDUDDEDQGRQDUODFDVDD
ODVRFKR+DEtDQKHFKRXQSUHFLRVRiOEXPFRQODVWDUMHWDVSRVWDOHVTXH3LHWUR&UHVSLUHFLEtDGH
,WDOLD(UDQLPiJHQHVGHHQDPRUDGRVHQSDUTXHVVROLWDULRVFRQYLxHWDVGHFRUD]RQHVIOHFKDGRV\
FLQWDV GRUDGDV VRVWHQLGDV SRU SDORPDV <R FRQR]FR HVWH SDUTXH HQ )ORUHQFLD GHFtD 3LHWUR
&UHVSL UHSDVDQGR ODV SRVWDOHV 8QR H[WLHQGH OD PDQR \ ORV SiMDURV EDMDQ D FRPHU $ YHFHV
DQWH XQD DFXDUHOD GH 9HQHFLD OD QRVWDOJLD WUDQVIRUPDED HQ WLELRV DURPDV GH IORUHV HO RORU GH
IDQJR \ PDULVFRV SRGULGRV GH ORV FDQDOHV $PDUDQWD VXVSLUDED UHtD VRxDED FRQ XQD VHJXQGD
SDWULDGHKRPEUHV\PXMHUHVKHUPRVRVTXHKDEODEDQXQDOHQJXDGHQLxRVFRQFLXGDGHVDQWLJXDV
GHFX\DSDVDGDJUDQGH]DVyORTXHGDEDQORVJDWRVHQWUHORVHVFRPEURV'HVSXpVGHDWUDYHVDUHO
RFpDQR HQ VX E~VTXHGD GHVSXpV GH KDEHUOR FRQIXQGLGR FRQ OD SDVLyQ HQ ORV PDQRVHRV
YHKHPHQWHV GH 5HEHFD 3LHWUR &UHVSL KDEtD HQFRQWUDGR HO DPRU /D GLFKD WUDMR FRQVLJR OD
SURVSHULGDG6XDOPDFpQRFXSDEDHQWRQFHVFDVLXQDFXDGUD\HUDXQLQYHUQDGHURGHIDQWDVtDFRQ
UHSURGXFFLRQHVGHOFDPSDQDULRGH)ORUHQFLDTXHGDEDQODKRUDFRQXQFRQFLHUWRGHFDULOORQHV\
FDMDVPXVLFDOHVGH6RUUHQWR\SROYHUDVGH&KLQDTXHFDQWDEDQDOGHVWDSDUODVWRQDGDVGHFLQFR
QRWDV\WRGRVORVLQVWUXPHQWRVP~VLFRVTXHVHSRGtDQLPDJLQDU\WRGRVORVDUWLILFLRVGHFXHUGD

TXHVHSRGtDQFRQFHELU%UXQR&UHVSLVXKHUPDQRPHQRUHVWDEDDOIUHQWHGHODOPDFpQSRUTXHpO
QRVHGDEDDEDVWRSDUDDWHQGHUODHVFXHODGHP~VLFD*UDFLDVDpOOD&DOOHGHORV7XUFRVFRQVX
GHVOXPEUDQWHH[SRVLFLyQGHFKXFKHUtDVVHWUDQVIRUPyHQXQUHPDQVRPHOyGLFRSDUDROYLGDUODV
DUELWUDULHGDGHV GH $UFDGLR \ OD SHVDGLOOD UHPRWD GH OD JXHUUD &XDQGR UVXOD GLVSXVR OD
UHDQXGDFLyQGHODPLVDGRPLQLFDO3LHWUR&UHVSLOHUHJDOyDOWHPSORXQDUPRQLRDOHPiQRUJDQL]y
XQ FRUR LQIDQWLO \ SUHSDUy XQ UHSHUWRULR JUHJRULDQR TXH SXVR XQD QRWD HVSOpQGLGD HQ HO ULWXDO
WDFLWXUQR GHO SDGUH 1LFDQRU 1DGLH SRQtD HQ GXGD TXH KDUtD GH $PDUDQWD XQD HVSRVD IHOL] 6LQ
DSUHVXUDUORVVHQWLPLHQWRVGHMiQGRVHDUUDVWUDUSRUODIOXLGH]QDWXUDOGHOFRUD]yQOOHJDURQDXQ
SXQWR HQ TXH VyOR KDFtD IDOWD ILMDU OD IHFKD GH OD ERGD 1R HQFRQWUDUtDQ REVWiFXORV UVXOD VH
DFXVDEDtQWLPDPHQWHGHKDEHUWRUFLGRFRQDSOD]DPLHQWRVUHLWHUDGRVHOGHVWLQRGH5HEHFD\QR
HVWDEDGLVSXHVWDDDFXPXODUUHPRUGLPLHQWRV(OULJRUGHOOXWRSRUODPXHUWHGH5HPHGLRVKDEtD
VLGRUHOHJDGRDXQOXJDUVHFXQGDULRSRUODPRUWLILFDFLyQGHODJXHUUDODDXVHQFLDGH$XUHOLDQR
OD EUXWDOLGDG GH $UFDGLR \ OD H[SXOVLyQ GH -RVp $UFDGLR \ 5HEHFD $QWH OD LQPLQHQFLD GH OD
ERGD HO SURSLR 3LHWUR &UHVSL KDEtD LQVLQXDGR TXH $XUHOLDQR -RVp HQ TXLHQ IRPHQWy XQ FDULxR
FDVL SDWHUQDO IXHUD FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR VX KLMR PD\RU 7RGR KDFtD SHQVDU TXH $PDUDQWD VH
RULHQWDED KDFLD XQD IHOLFLGDG VLQ WURSLH]RV 3HUR DO FRQWUDULR GH 5HEHFD HOOD QR UHYHODED OD
PHQRU DQVLHGDG &RQ OD PLVPD SDFLHQFLD FRQ TXH DELJDUUDED PDQWHOHV \ WHMtD SULPRUHV GH
SDVDPDQHUtD \ ERUGDED SDYRUUHDOHV HQ SXQWR GH FUX] HVSHUy D TXH 3LHWUR &UHVSL QR VRSRUWDUD
PiVODVXUJHQFLDVGHOFRUD]yQ6XKRUDOOHJyFRQODVOOXYLDVDFLDJDVGHRFWXEUH3LHWUR&UHVSLOH
TXLWyGHOUHJD]RODFDQDVWLOODGHERUGDU\OHDSUHWyODPDQRHQWUHODVVX\DV1RVRSRUWRPiVHVWD
HVSHUDOHGLMR1RVFDVDPRVHOPHVHQWUDQWH$PDUDQWDQRWHPEOyDOFRQWDFWRGHVXVPDQRV
GHKLHOR5HWLUyODVX\DFRPRXQDQLPDOLWRHVFXUULGL]R\YROYLyDVXODERU
1RVHDVLQJHQXR&UHVSLVRQULyQLPXHUWDPHFDVDUpFRQWLJR
3LHWUR&UHVSLSHUGLyHOGRPLQLRGHVtPLVPR/ORUyVLQSXGRUFDVLURPSLpQGRVHORVGHGRVGH
GHVHVSHUDFLyQ SHUR QR ORJUy TXHEUDQWDUOD 1R SLHUGDV HO WLHPSR IXH WRGR FXDQWR GLMR
$PDUDQWD 6L HQ YHUGDG PH TXLHUHV WDQWR QR YXHOYDV D SLVDU HVWD FDVD UVXOD FUH\y
HQORTXHFHU GH YHUJHQ]D 3LHWUR &UHVSL DJRWy ORV UHFXUVRV GH OD V~SOLFD /OHJy D LQFUHtEOHV
H[WUHPRV GH KXPLOODFLyQ /ORUy WRGD XQD WDUGH HQ HO UHJD]R GH UVXOD TXH KXELHUD YHQGLGR HO
DOPDSRUFRQVRODUOR(QQRFKHVGHOOXYLDVHOHYLRPHURGHDUSRUODFDVDFRQXQSDUDJXDVGHVHGD
WUDWDQGRGHVRUSUHQGHUXQDOX]HQHOGRUPLWRULRGH$PDUDQWD1XQFDHVWXYRPHMRUYHVWLGRTXHHQ
HVD pSRFD 6X DXJXVWD FDEH]D GH HPSHUDGRU DWRUPHQWDGR DGTXLULy XQ H[WUDxR DLUH GH JUDQGH]D
,PSRUWXQyDODVDPLJDVGH$PDUDQWDODVTXHLEDQDERUGDUHQHOFRUUHGRUSDUDTXHWUDWDUDQGH
SHUVXDGLUOD 'HVFXLGy ORV QHJRFLRV 3DVDED HO GtD HQ OD WUDVWLHQGD HVFULELHQGR HVTXHODV
GHVDWLQDGDVTXHKDFtDOOHJDUD$PDUDQWDFRQPHPEUDQDVGHSpWDORV\PDULSRVDVGLVHFDGDV\TXH
HOODGHYROYtDVLQDEULU6HHQFHUUDEDKRUDV\KRUDVDWRFDUODFtWDUD8QDQRFKHFDQWy0DFRQGR
GHVSHUWyHQXQDHVSHFLHGHHVWXSRUDQJHOL]DGRSRUXQDFtWDUDTXHQRPHUHFtDVHUGHHVWHPXQGR\
XQDYR]FRPRQRSRGtDFRQFHELUVHTXHKXELHUDRWUDHQODWLHUUDFRQWDQWRDPRU3LHWUR&UHVSLYLR
HQWRQFHVODOX]HQWRGDVODVYHQWDQDVGHOSXHEORPHQRVHQODGH$PDUDQWD(OGRVGHQRYLHPEUH
GtDGHWRGRVORVPXHUWRVVXKHUPDQRDEULyHODOPDFpQ\HQFRQWUyWRGDVODVOiPSDUDVHQFHQGLGDV

35

\WRGDVODVFDMDVPXVLFDOHVGHVWDSDGDV\WRGRVORVUHORMHVWUDEDGRVHQXQDKRUDLQWHUPLQDEOH\HQ
PHGLRGHDTXHOFRQFLHUWRGLVSDUDWDGRHQFRQWUyD3LHWUR&UHVSLHQHOHVFULWRULRGHODWUDVWLHQGD
FRQODVPXxHFDVFRUWDGDVDQDYDMD\ODVGRVPDQRVPHWLGDVHQXQDSDODQJDQDGHEHQMXt
UVXOD GLVSXVR TXH VH OH YHODUD HQ OD FDVD (O SDGUH 1LFDQRU VH RSRQtD D ORV RILFLRV
UHOLJLRVRV\DODVHSXOWXUDHQWLHUUDVDJUDGDUVXODVHOHHQIUHQWy'HDOJ~QPRGRTXHQLXVWHGQL
\R SRGHPRV HQWHQGHU HVH KRPEUH HUD XQ VDQWR GLMR $Vt TXH OR YR\ D HQWHUUDU FRQWUD VX
YROXQWDG MXQWR D OD WXPED GH 0HOTXtDGHV /R KL]R FRQ HO UHVSDOGR GH WRGR HO SXHEOR HQ
IXQHUDOHV PDJQtILFRV $PDUDQWD QR DEDQGRQy HO GRUPLWRULR 2\y GHVGH VX FDPD HO OODQWR GH
UVXODORVSDVRV\PXUPXOORVGHODPXOWLWXGTXHLQYDGLyODFDVDORVDXOOLGRVGHODVSODxLGHUDV\
OXHJR XQ KRQGR VLOHQFLR RORURVR D IORUHV SLVRWHDGDV 'XUDQWH PXFKR WLHPSR VLJXLy VLQWLHQGR HO
KiOLWR GH ODYDQGD GH 3LHWUR &UHVSL DO DWDUGHFHU SHUR WXYR IXHU]DV SDUD QR VXFXPELU DO GHOLULR
UVXODODDEDQGRQy1LVLTXLHUDOHYDQWyORVRMRVSDUDDSLDGDUVHGHHOODODWDUGHHQTXH$PDUDQWD
HQWUyHQODFRFLQD\SXVRODPDQRHQODVEUDVDVGHOIRJyQKDVWDTXHOHGROLyWDQWRTXHQRVLQWLy
PiV GRORU VLQR OD SHVWLOHQFLD GH VX SURSLD FDUQH FKDPXVFDGD )XH XQD FXUD GH EXUUR SDUD HO
UHPRUGLPLHQWR'XUDQWHYDULRVGtDVDQGXYRSRUODFDVDFRQODPDQRPHWLGDHQXQWD]yQFRQFODUDV
GH KXHYR \ FXDQGR VDQDURQ ODV TXHPDGXUDV SDUHFLy FRPR VL ODV FODUDV GH KXHYR KXELHUDQ
FLFDWUL]DGRWDPELpQODV~OFHUDVGHVXFRUD]yQ/D~QLFDKXHOODH[WHUQDTXHOHGHMyODWUDJHGLDIXH
ODYHQGDGHJDVDQHJUDTXHVHSXVRHQODPDQRTXHPDGD\TXHKDEtDGHOOHYDUKDVWDODPXHUWH
$UFDGLR GLR XQD UDUD PXHVWUD GH JHQHURVLGDG DO SURFODPDU PHGLDQWH XQ EDQGR HO GXHOR
RILFLDO SRU OD PXHUWH GH 3LHWUR &UHVSL UVXOD OR LQWHUSUHWy FRPR HO UHJUHVR GHO FRUGHUR
H[WUDYLDGR3HURVHHTXLYRFy+DEtDSHUGLGRD$UFDGLRQRGHVGHTXHYLVWLyHOXQLIRUPHPLOLWDU
VLQRGHVGHVLHPSUH&UHtDKDEHUORFULDGRFRPRDXQKLMRFRPRFULyD5HEHFDVLQSULYLOHJLRVQL
GLVFULPLQDFLRQHV 6LQ HPEDUJR $UFDGLR HUD XQ QLxR VROLWDULR \ DVXVWDGR GXUDQWH OD SHVWH GHO
LQVRPQLRHQPHGLRGHODILHEUHXWLOLWDULDGHUVXODGHORVGHOLULRVGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDGHO
KHUPHWLVPRGH$XUHOLDQRGHODULYDOLGDGPRUWDOHQWUH$PDUDQWD\5HEHFD$XUHOLDQROHHQVHxyD
OHHU\HVFULELUSHQVDQGRHQRWUDFRVDFRPRORKXELHUDKHFKRXQH[WUDxR/HUHJDODEDVXURSD
SDUD TXH 9LVLWDFLyQ OD UHGXMHUD FXDQGR \D HVWDED GH WLUDU $UFDGLR VXIUtD FRQ VXV ]DSDWRV
GHPDVLDGR JUDQGHV FRQ VXV SDQWDORQHV UHPHQGDGRV FRQ VXV QDOJDV GH PXMHU 1XQFD ORJUy
FRPXQLFDUVHFRQQDGLHPHMRUTXHORKL]RFRQ9LVLWDFLyQ\&DWDXUHHQVXOHQJXD0HOTXtDGHVIXH
HO~QLFRTXHHQUHDOLGDGVHRFXSyGHpOTXHOHKDFtDHVFXFKDUVXVWH[WRVLQFRPSUHQVLEOHV\OH
GDEDLQVWUXFFLRQHVVREUHHODUWHGHODGDJXHUURWLSLD1DGLHVHLPDJLQDEDFXiQWROORUyVXPXHUWH
HQ VHFUHWR \ FRQ TXp GHVHVSHUDFLyQ WUDWy GH UHYLYLUOR HQ HO HVWXGLR LQ~WLO GH VXV SDSHOHV /D
HVFXHOD GRQGH VH OH SRQtD DWHQFLyQ \ VH OH UHVSHWDED \ OXHJR HO SRGHU FRQ VXV EDQGRV
WHUPLQDQWHV\VXXQLIRUPHGHJORULDOROLEHUDURQGHOSHVRGHXQDDQWLJXDDPDUJXUD8QDQRFKHHQ
OD WLHQGD GH &DWDULQR DOJXLHQ VH DWUHYLy D GHFLUOH 1R PHUHFHV HO DSHOOLGR TXH OOHYDV $O
FRQWUDULRGHORTXHWRGRVHVSHUDEDQ$UFDGLRQRORKL]RIXVLODU
$PXFKDKRQUDGLMRQRVR\XQ%XHQGtD
4XLHQHV FRQRFtDQ HO VHFUHWR GH VX ILOLDFLyQ SHQVDURQ SRU DTXHOOD UpSOLFD TXH WDPELpQ pO
HVWDED DO FRUULHQWH SHUR HQ UHDOLGDG QR OR HVWXYR QXQFD 3LODU 7HUQHUD VX PDGUH TXH OH KDEtD

KHFKR KHUYLU OD VDQJUH HQ HO FXDUWR GH GDJXHUURWLSLD IXH SDUD pO XQD REVHVLyQ WDQ LUUHVLVWLEOH
FRPRORIXHSULPHURSDUD-RVp$UFDGLR\OXHJRSDUD$XUHOLDQR$SHVDUGHTXHKDEtDSHUGLGRVXV
HQFDQWRV\HOHVSOHQGRUGHVXULVDpOODEXVFDED\ODHQFRQWUDEDHQHOUDVWURGHVXRORUGHKXPR
3RFRDQWHVGHODJXHUUDXQPHGLRGtDHQTXHHOODIXHPiVWDUGHTXHGHFRVWXPEUHDEXVFDUDVX
KLMRPHQRUDODHVFXHOD$UFDGLRODHVWDEDHVSHUDQGRHQHOFXDUWRGRQGHVROtDKDFHUODVLHVWD\
GRQGH GHVSXpV LQVWDOy HO FHSR 0LHQWUDV HO QLxR MXJDED HQ HO SDWLR pO HVSHUy HQ OD KDPDFD
WHPEODQGR GH DQVLHGDG VDELHQGR TXH 3LODU 7HUQHUD WHQtD TXH SDVDU SRU DKt /OHJy $UFDGLR OD
DJDUUySRUODPXxHFD\WUDWyGHPHWHUODHQODKDPDFD1RSXHGRQRSXHGRGLMR3LODU7HUQHUD
KRUURUL]DGD 1R WH LPDJLQDV FyPR TXLVLHUD FRPSODFHUWH SHUR 'LRV HV WHVWLJR TXH QR SXHGR
$UFDGLR OD DJDUUy SRU OD FLQWXUD FRQ VX WUHPHQGD IXHU]D KHUHGLWDULD \ VLQWLy TXH HO PXQGR VH
ERUUDEDDOFRQWDFWRGHVXSLHO1RWHKDJDVODVDQWDGHFtD$OILQWRGRHOPXQGRVDEHTXH
HUHVXQDSXWD3LODUVHVREUHSXVRDODVFRTXHOHLQVSLUDEDVXPLVHUDEOHGHVWLQR
/RVQLxRVVHYDQDGDUFXHQWDPXUPXUy(VPHMRUTXHHVWDQRFKHGHMHVODSXHUWDVLQ
WUDQFD
$UFDGLRODHVSHUyDTXHOODQRFKHWLULWDQGRGHILHEUHHQODKDPDFD(VSHUyVLQGRUPLUR\HQGR
ORVJULOORVDOERURWDGRVGHODPDGUXJDGDVLQWpUPLQR\HOKRUDULRLPSODFDEOHGHORVDOFDUDYDQHV
FDGD YH] PiV FRQYHQFLGR GH TXH OR KDEtDQ HQJDxDGR 'H SURQWR FXDQGR OD DQVLHGDG VH KDEtD
GHVFRPSXHVWR HQ UDELD OD SXHUWD VH DEULy 3RFRV PHVHV GHVSXpV IUHQWH DO SHORWyQ GH
IXVLODPLHQWR $UFDGLR KDEtD GH UHYLYLU ORV SDVRV SHUGLGRV HQ HO VDOyQ GH FODVHV ORV WURSLH]RV
FRQWUDORVHVFDxRV\SRU~OWLPRODGHQVLGDGGHXQFXHUSRHQODVWLQLHEODVGHOFXDUWR\ORVODWLGRV
GHODLUHERPEHDGRSRUXQFRUD]yQTXHQRHUDHOVX\R([WHQGLyODPDQR\HQFRQWUyRWUDPDQRFRQ
GRV VRUWLMDV HQ XQ PLVPR GHGR TXH HVWDED D SXQWR GH QDXIUDJDU HQ OD RVFXULGDG 6LQWLy OD
QHUYDGXUDGHVXVYHQDVHOSXOVRGHVXLQIRUWXQLR\VLQWLyODSDOPDK~PHGDFRQODOtQHDGHODYLGD
WURQFKDGDHQODEDVHGHOSXOJDUSRUHO]DUSD]RGHODPXHUWH(QWRQFHVFRPSUHQGLyTXHQRHUDHVD
ODPXMHUTXHHVSHUDEDSRUTXHQRROtDDKXPRVLQRDEULOODQWLQDGHIORUHFLWDV\WHQtDORVVHQRV
LQIODGRV\FLHJRVFRQSH]RQHVGHKRPEUH\HOVH[RSpWUHR\UHGRQGRFRPRXQDQXH]\ODWHUQXUD
FDyWLFDGHODLQH[SHULHQFLDH[DOWDGD(UDYLUJHQ\WHQtDHOQRPEUHLQYHURVtPLOGH6DQWD6RItDGH
OD3LHGDG3LODU7HUQHUDOHKDEtDSDJDGRFLQFXHQWDSHVRVODPLWDGGHVXVDKRUURVGHWRGDODYLGD
SDUD TXH KLFLHUD OR TXH HVWDED KDFLHQGR $UFDGLR OD KDEtD YLVWR PXFKDV YHFHV DWHQGLHQGR OD
WLHQGHFLWDGHYtYHUHVGHVXVSDGUHV\QXQFDVHKDEtDILMDGRHQHOODSRUTXHWHQtDODUDUDYLUWXGGH
QRH[LVWLUSRUFRPSOHWRVLQRHQHOPRPHQWRRSRUWXQR3HURGHVGHDTXHOGtDVHHQURVFyFRPRXQ
JDWRDOFDORUGHVXD[LOD(OODLEDDODHVFXHODDODKRUDGHODVLHVWDFRQHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRGHVXV
SDGUHVDTXLHQHV3LODU7HUQHUDKDEtDSDJDGRODRWUDPLWDGGHVXVDKRUURV0iVWDUGHFXDQGRODV
WURSDVGHOJRELHUQRORVGHVDORMDURQGHOORFDOVHDPDEDQHQWUHODVODWDVGHPDQWHFD\ORVVDFRVGH
PDt]GHODWUDVWLHQGD3RUODpSRFDHQTXH$UFDGLRIXHQRPEUDGRMHIHFLYLO\PLOLWDUWXYLHURQXQD
KLMD
/RV ~QLFRV SDULHQWHV TXH VH HQWHUDURQ IXHURQ -RVp $UFDGLR \ 5HEHFD FRQ TXLHQHV $UFDGLR
PDQWHQtDHQWRQFHVUHODFLRQHVtQWLPDVIXQGDGDVQRWDQWRHQHOSDUHQWHVFRFRPRHQODFRPSOLFLGDG
-RVp $UFDGLR KDEtD GREOHJDGR OD FHUYL] DO \XJR PDWULPRQLDO (O FDUiFWHU ILUPH GH 5HEHFD OD

36

YRUDFLGDGGHVXYLHQWUHVXWHQD]DPELFLyQDEVRUELHURQODGHVFRPXQDOHQHUJtDGHOPDULGRTXH
GHKROJD]iQ\PXMHULHJRVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQHQRUPHDQLPDOGHWUDEDMR7HQtDQXQDFDVDOLPSLD\
RUGHQDGD5HEHFDODDEUtDGHSDUHQSDUDODPDQHFHU\HOYLHQWRGHODVWXPEDVHQWUDEDSRUODV
YHQWDQDV \ VDOtD SRU ODV SXHUWDV GHO SDWLR \ GHMDED ODV SDUHGHV EODQTXHDGDV \ ORV PXHEOHV
FXUWLGRV SRU HO VDOLWUH GH ORV PXHUWRV (O KDPEUH GH WLHUUD HO FORF FORF GH ORV KXHVRV GH VXV
SDGUHVODLPSDFLHQFLDGHVXVDQJUHIUHQWHDODSDVLYLGDGGH3LHWUR&UHVSLHVWDEDQUHOHJDGRVDO
GHVYiQGHODPHPRULD7RGRHOGtDERUGDEDMXQWRDODYHQWDQDDMHQDDOD]R]REUDGHODJXHUUD
KDVWDTXHORVSRWHVGHFHUiPLFDHPSH]DEDQDYLEUDUHQHODSDUDGRU\HOODVHOHYDQWDEDDFDOHQWDU
ODFRPLGDPXFKRDQWHVGHTXHDSDUHFLHUDQORVHVFXiOLGRVSHUURVUDVWUHDGRUHV\OXHJRHOFRORVR
GHSRODLQDV\HVSXHODV\FRQHVFRSHWDGHGRVFDxRQHVTXHDYHFHVOOHYDEDXQYHQDGRDOKRPEUR
\FDVLVLHPSUHXQVDUWDOGHFRQHMRVRGHSDWRVVLOYHVWUHV8QDWDUGHDOSULQFLSLRGHVXJRELHUQR
$UFDGLRIXHDYLVLWDUORVGHXQPRGRLQWHPSHVWLYR1RORYHtDQGHVGHTXHDEDQGRQDURQODFDVD
SHURVHPRVWUyWDQFDULxRVR\IDPLOLDUTXHORLQYLWDURQDFRPSDUWLUHOJXLVDGR
6yOR FXDQGR WRPDEDQ HO FDIp UHYHOy $UFDGLR HO PRWLYR GH VX YLVLWD KDEtD UHFLELGR XQD
GHQXQFLDFRQWUD-RVp$UFDGLR6HGHFtDTXHHPSH]yDUDQGRVXSDWLR\KDEtDVHJXLGRGHUHFKRSRU
ODVWLHUUDVFRQWLJXDVGHUULEDQGRFHUFDV\DUUDVDQGRUDQFKRVFRQVXVEXH\HVKDVWDDSRGHUDUVHSRU
ODIXHU]DGHORVPHMRUHVSUHGLRVGHOFRQWRUQR$ORVFDPSHVLQRVTXHQRKDEtDGHVSRMDGRSRUTXH
QR OH LQWHUHVDEDQ VXV WLHUUDV OHV LPSXVR XQD FRQWULEXFLyQ TXH FREUDED FDGD ViEDGR FRQ ORV
SHUURVGHSUHVD\ODHVFRSHWDGHGRVFDxRQHV1RORQHJy)XQGDEDVXGHUHFKRHQTXHODVWLHUUDV
XVXUSDGDVKDEtDQVLGRGLVWULEXLGDVSRU-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDHQORVWLHPSRVGHODIXQGDFLyQ\
FUHtD SRVLEOH GHPRVWUDU TXH VX SDGUH HVWDED ORFR GHVGH HQWRQFHV SXHVWR TXH GLVSXVR GH XQ
SDWULPRQLRTXHHQUHDOLGDGSHUWHQHFtDDODIDPLOLD(UDXQDOHJDWRLQQHFHVDULRSRUTXH$UFDGLR
QRKDEtDLGRDKDFHUMXVWLFLD2IUHFLyVLPSOHPHQWHFUHDUXQDRILFLQDGHUHJLVWURGHODSURSLHGDG
SDUD TXH -RVp $UFDGLR OHJDOL]DUD ORV WtWXORV GH OD WLHUUD XVXUSDGD FRQ OD FRQGLFLyQ GH TXH
GHOHJDUDHQHOJRELHUQRORFDOHOGHUHFKRGHFREUDUODVFRQWULEXFLRQHV6HSXVLHURQGHDFXHUGR
$xRVGHVSXpVFXDQGRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDH[DPLQyORVWtWXORVGHSURSLHGDGHQFRQWUy
TXH HVWDEDQ UHJLVWUDGDV D QRPEUH GH VX KHUPDQR WRGDV ODV WLHUUDV TXH VH GLYLVDEDQ GHVGH OD
FROLQD GH VX SDWLR KDVWD HO KRUL]RQWH LQFOXVLYH HO FHPHQWHULR \ TXH HQ ORV RQFH PHVHV GH VX
PDQGDWR$UFDGLRKDEtDFDUJDGRQRVyORFRQHOGLQHURGHODVFRQWULEXFLRQHVVLQRWDPELpQFRQHO
TXHFREUDEDDOSXHEORSRUHOGHUHFKRGHHQWHUUDUDORVPXHUWRVHQSUHGLRVGH-RVp$UFDGLR
UVXODWDUGyYDULRVPHVHVHQVDEHUORTXH\DHUDGHOGRPLQLRS~EOLFRSRUTXHODJHQWHVHOR
RFXOWDEDSDUDQRDXPHQWDUOHHOVXIULPLHQWR(PSH]ySRUVRVSHFKDUOR$UFDGLRHVWiFRQVWUX\HQGR
XQDFDVDOHFRQILyFRQILQJLGRRUJXOORDVXPDULGRPLHQWUDVWUDWDEDGHPHWHUOHHQODERFDXQD
FXFKDUDGD GH MDUDEH GH WRWXPR 6LQ HPEDUJR VXVSLUy LQYROXQWDULDPHQWH 1R Vp SRU TXp WRGR
HVWRPHKXHOHPDO0iVWDUGHFXDQGRVHHQWHUyGHTXH$UFDGLRQRVyORKDEtDWHUPLQDGRODFDVD
VLQRTXHKDEtDHQFDUJDGRXQPRELOLDULRYLHQpVFRQILUPyODVRVSHFKDGHTXHHVWDEDGLVSRQLHQGR
GHORVIRQGRVS~EOLFRV(UHVODYHUJHQ]DGHQXHVWURDSHOOLGROHJULWyXQGRPLQJRGHVSXpVGH
PLVD FXDQGR OR YLR HQ OD FDVD QXHYD MXJDQGR EDUDMDV FRQ VXV RILFLDOHV $UFDGLR QR OH SUHVWy
DWHQFLyQ 6yOR HQWRQFHV VXSR UVXOD TXH WHQtD XQD KLMD GH VHLV PHVHV \ TXH 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD

3LHGDG FRQ TXLHQ YLYtD VLQ FDVDUVH HVWDED RWUD YH] HQFLQWD 5HVROYLy HVFULELUOH DO FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD HQ FXDOTXLHU OXJDU HQ TXH VH HQFRQWUDUD SDUD SRQHUOR DO FRUULHQWH GH OD
VLWXDFLyQ3HURORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVTXHVHSUHFLSLWDURQSRUDTXHOORVGtDVQRVyORLPSLGLHURQVXV
SURSyVLWRV VLQR TXH OD KLFLHURQ DUUHSHQWLUVH GH KDEHUORV FRQFHELGR /D JXHUUD TXH KDVWD
HQWRQFHV QR KDEtD VLGR PiV TXH XQD SDODEUD SDUD GHVLJQDU XQD FLUFXQVWDQFLD YDJD \ UHPRWD VH
FRQFUHWyHQXQDUHDOLGDGGUDPiWLFD$ILQHVGHIHEUHUROOHJyD0DFRQGRXQDDQFLDQDGHDVSHFWR
FHQLFLHQWRPRQWDGDHQXQEXUURFDUJDGRGHHVFREDV3DUHFtDWDQLQRIHQVLYDTXHODVSDWUXOODVGH
YLJLODQFLD OD GHMDURQ SDVDU VLQ SUHJXQWDV FRPR XQR PiV GH ORV YHQGHGRUHV TXH D PHQXGR
OOHJDEDQGHORVSXHEORVGHODFLpQDJD)XHGLUHFWDPHQWHDOFXDUWHO$UFDGLRODUHFLELyHQHOORFDO
GRQGH DQWHV HVWXYR HO VDOyQ GH FODVHV \ TXH HQWRQFHV HVWDED WUDQVIRUPDGR HQ XQD HVSHFLH GH
FDPSDPHQWR GH UHWDJXDUGLD FRQ KDPDFDV HQUROODGDV \ FROJDGDV HQ ODV DUJROODV \ SHWDWHV
DPRQWRQDGRVHQORVULQFRQHV\IXVLOHV\FDUDELQDV\KDVWDHVFRSHWDVGHFDFHUtDGLVSHUVRVSRUHO
VXHOR/DDQFLDQDVHFXDGUyHQXQVDOXGRPLOLWDUDQWHVGHLGHQWLILFDUVH
6R\HOFRURQHO*UHJRULR6WHYHQVRQ
/OHYDEDPDODVQRWLFLDV/RV~OWLPRVIRFRVGHUHVLVWHQFLDOLEHUDOVHJ~QGLMRHVWDEDQVLHQGR
H[WHUPLQDGRV(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDDTXLHQKDEtDGHMDGREDWLpQGRVHHQUHWLUDGDSRUORV
ODGRVGH5LRKDFKDOHHQFRPHQGyODPLVLyQGHKDEODUFRQ$UFDGLR'HEtDHQWUHJDUODSOD]DVLQ
UHVLVWHQFLD SRQLHQGR FRPR FRQGLFLyQ TXH VH UHVSHWDUDQ EDMR SDODEUD GH KRQRU OD YLGD \ ODV
SURSLHGDGHVGHORVOLEHUDOHV$UFDGLRH[DPLQyFRQXQDPLUDGDGHFRQPLVHUDFLyQDDTXHOH[WUDxR
PHQVDMHURTXHKDEUtDSRGLGRFRQIXQGLUVHFRQXQDDEXHODIXJLWLYD
8VWHGSRUVXSXHVWRWUDHDOJ~QSDSHOHVFULWRGLMR
3RU VXSXHVWR FRQWHVWy HO HPLVDULR QR OR WUDLJR (V IiFLO FRPSUHQGHU TXH HQ ODV
DFWXDOHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVQRVHOOHYHHQFLPDQDGDFRPSURPHWHGRU
0LHQWUDVKDEODEDVHVDFyGHOFRUSLxR\SXVRHQODPHVDXQSHVFDGLWRGHRUR&UHRTXHFRQ
HVWRVHUiVXILFLHQWHGLMR$UFDGLRFRPSUREyTXHHQHIHFWRHUDXQRGHORVSHVFDGLWRVKHFKRVSRU
HOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD3HURDOJXLHQSRGtDKDEHUORFRPSUDGRDQWHVGHODJXHUUDRKDEHUOR
UREDGR\QRWHQtDSRUWDQWRQLQJ~QPpULWRGHVDOYRFRQGXFWR(OPHQVDMHUROOHJyKDVWDHOH[WUHPR
GHYLRODUXQVHFUHWRGHJXHUUDSDUDDFUHGLWDUVXLGHQWLGDG5HYHOyTXHLEDHQPLVLyQD&XUD]DR
GRQGH HVSHUDED UHFOXWDU H[LOLDGRV GH WRGR HO &DULEH \ DGTXLULU DUPDV \ SHUWUHFKRV VXILFLHQWHV
SDUDLQWHQWDUXQGHVHPEDUFRDILQGHDxR&RQILDQGRHQHVHSODQHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDQR
HUD SDUWLGDULR GH TXH HQ DTXHO PRPHQWR VH KLFLHUDQ VDFULILFLRV LQ~WLOHV 3HUR $UFDGLR IXH
LQIOH[LEOH+L]RHQFDUFHODUDOPHQVDMHURPLHQWUDVFRPSUREDEDVXLGHQWLGDG\UHVROYLyGHIHQGHU
ODSOD]DKDVWDODPXHUWH
1R WXYR TXH HVSHUDU PXFKR WLHPSR /DV QRWLFLDV GHO IUDFDVR OLEHUDO IXHURQ FDGD YH] PiV
FRQFUHWDV $ ILQHV GH PDU]R HQ XQD PDGUXJDGD GH OOXYLDV SUHPDWXUDV OD FDOPD WHQVD GH ODV
VHPDQDVDQWHULRUHVVHUHVROYLyDEUXSWDPHQWHFRQXQGHVHVSHUDGRWRTXHGHFRUQHWDVHJXLGRGHXQ
FDxRQD]RTXHGHVEDUDWyODWRUUHGHOWHPSOR(QUHDOLGDGODYROXQWDGGHUHVLVWHQFLDGH$UFDGLR
HUDXQDORFXUD1RGLVSRQtDGHPiVGHFLQFXHQWDKRPEUHVPDODUPDGRVFRQXQDGRWDFLyQPi[LPD
GH YHLQWH FDUWXFKRV FDGD XQR 3HUR HQWUH HOORV VXV DQWLJXRV DOXPQRV H[FLWDGRV FRQ SURFODPDV

37

DOWLVRQDQWHVHVWDEDQGHFLGLGRVDVDFULILFDUHOSHOOHMRSRUXQDFDXVDSHUGLGD(QPHGLRGHOWURSHO
GH ERWDV GH yUGHQHV FRQWUDGLFWRULDV GH FDxRQD]RV TXH KDFtDQ WHPEODU OD WLHUUD GH GLVSDURV
DWRORQGUDGRV\GHWRTXHVGHFRUQHWDVLQVHQWLGRHOVXSXHVWRFRURQHO6WHYHQVRQFRQVLJXLyKDEODU
FRQ$UFDGLR(YtWHPHODLQGLJQLGDGGHPRULUHQHOFHSRFRQHVWRVWUDSRVGHPXMHUOHGLMR6L
KHGHPRULUTXHVHDSHOHDQGR/RJUyFRQYHQFHUOR$UFDGLRRUGHQyTXHOHHQWUHJDUDQXQDUPD
FRQYHLQWHFDUWXFKRV\ORGHMDURQFRQFLQFRKRPEUHVGHIHQGLHQGRHOFXDUWHOPLHQWUDVpOLEDFRQVX
HVWDGRPD\RUDSRQHUVHDOIUHQWHGHODUHVLVWHQFLD1RDOFDQ]yDOOHJDUDOFDPLQRGHODFLpQDJD
/DVEDUULFDGDVKDEtDQVLGRGHVSHGD]DGDV\ORVGHIHQVRUHVVHEDWtDQDOGHVFXELHUWRHQODVFDOOHV
SULPHURKDVWDGRQGHOHVDOFDQ]DEDODGRWDFLyQGHORVIXVLOHV\OXHJRFRQSLVWRODVFRQWUDIXVLOHV\
SRU ~OWLPR FXHUSR D FXHUSR $QWH OD LQPLQHQFLD GH OD GHUURWD DOJXQDV PXMHUHV VH HFKDURQ D OD
FDOOHDUPDGDVGHSDORV\FXFKLOORVGHFRFLQD(QDTXHOODFRQIXVLyQ$UFDGLRHQFRQWUyD$PDUDQWD
TXH DQGDED EXVFiQGROR FRPR XQD ORFD HQ FDPLVD GH GRUPLU FRQ GRV YLHMDV SLVWRODV GH -RVp
$UFDGLR %XHQGtD /H GLR VX IXVLO D XQ RILFLDO TXH KDEtD VLGR GHVDUPDGR HQ OD UHIULHJD \ VH
HYDGLy FRQ $PDUDQWD SRU XQD FDOOH DG\DFHQWH SDUD OOHYDUOD D FDVD UVXOD HVWDED HQ OD SXHUWD
HVSHUDQGR LQGLIHUHQWH D ODV GHVFDUJDV TXH KDEtDQ DELHUWR XQD WURQHUD HQ OD IDFKDGD GH OD FDVD
YHFLQD/DOOXYLDFHGtDSHURODVFDOOHVHVWDEDQUHVEDODGL]DV\EODQGDVFRPRMDEyQGHUUHWLGR\
KDEtDTXHDGLYLQDUODVGLVWDQFLDVHQODRVFXULGDG$UFDGLRGHMyD$PDUDQWDFRQUVXOD\WUDWyGH
HQIUHQWDUVHDGRVVROGDGRVTXHVROWDURQXQDDQGDQDGDFLHJDGHVGHODHVTXLQD/DVYLHMDVSLVWRODV
JXDUGDGDV PXFKRV DxRV HQ XQ URSHUR QR IXQFLRQDURQ 3URWHJLHQGR D $UFDGLR FRQ VX FXHUSR
UVXODLQWHQWyDUUDVWUDUORKDVWDODFDVD
9HQSRU'LRVOHJULWDED<DEDVWDGHORFXUDV
/RVVROGDGRVORVDSXQWDURQ
6XHOWHDHVHKRPEUHVHxRUDJULWyXQRGHHOORVRQRUHVSRQGHPRV
$UFDGLRHPSXMyDUVXODKDFLDODFDVD\VHHQWUHJy3RFRGHVSXpVWHUPLQDURQORVGLVSDURV\
HPSH]DURQDUHSLFDUODVFDPSDQDV/DUHVLVWHQFLDKDEtDVLGRDQLTXLODGDHQPHQRVGHPHGLDKRUD
1LXQRVRORGHORVKRPEUHVGH$UFDGLRVREUHYLYLyDODVDOWRSHURDQWHVGHPRULUVHOOHYDURQSRU
GHODQWHDWUHVFLHQWRVVROGDGRV(O~OWLPREDOXDUWHIXHHOFXDUWHO$QWHVGHVHUDWDFDGRHOVXSXHVWR
FRURQHO*UHJRULR6WHYHQVRQSXVRHQOLEHUWDGDORVSUHVRV\RUGHQyDVXVKRPEUHVTXHVDOLHUDQD
EDWLUVHHQODFDOOH/DH[WUDRUGLQDULDPRYLOLGDG\ODSXQWHUtDFHUWHUDFRQTXHGLVSDUyVXVYHLQWH
FDUWXFKRV SRU ODV GLIHUHQWHV YHQWDQDV GLHURQ OD LPSUHVLyQ GH TXH HO FXDUWHO HVWDED ELHQ
UHVJXDUGDGR\ORVDWDFDQWHVORGHVSHGD]DURQDFDxRQD]RV(OFDSLWiQTXHGLULJLyODRSHUDFLyQVH
DVRPEUyGHHQFRQWUDUORVHVFRPEURVGHVLHUWRV\XQVRORKRPEUHHQFDO]RQFLOORVPXHUWRFRQHO
IXVLO VLQ FDUJD WRGDYtD DJDUUDGR SRU XQ EUD]R TXH KDEtD VLGR DUUDQFDGR GH FXDMR 7HQtD XQD
IURQGRVDFDEHOOHUDGHPXMHUHQUROODGDHQODQXFDFRQXQDSHLQHWD\HQHOFXHOORXQHVFDSXODULR
FRQXQSHVFDGLWRGHRUR$OYROWHDUORFRQODSXQWHUDGHODERWDSDUDDOXPEUDUOHODFDUDHOFDSLWiQ
VHTXHGySHUSOHMR0LHUGDH[FODPy2WURVRILFLDOHVVHDFHUFDURQ
0LUHQGyQGHYLQRDDSDUHFHUHVWHKRPEUHOHVGLMRHOFDSLWiQ(V*UHJRULR6WHYHQVRQ
$ODPDQHFHUGHVSXpVGHXQFRQVHMRGHJXHUUDVXPDULR$UFDGLRIXHIXVLODGRFRQWUDHOPXUR
GHOFHPHQWHULR(QODVGRV~OWLPDVKRUDVGHVXYLGDQRORJUyHQWHQGHUSRUTXpKDEtDGHVDSDUHFLGR

HOPLHGRTXHORDWRUPHQWyGHVGHODLQIDQFLD,PSDVLEOHVLQSUHRFXSDUVHVLTXLHUDSRUGHPRVWUDU
VXUHFLHQWHYDORUHVFXFKyORVLQWHUPLQDEOHVFDUJRVGHODDFXVDFLyQ3HQVDEDHQUVXODTXHDHVD
KRUDGHEtDHVWDUEDMRHOFDVWDxRWRPDQGRHOFDIpFRQ-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD3HQVDEDHQVXKLMD
GH RFKR PHVHV TXH D~Q QR WHQtD QRPEUH \ HQ HO TXH LED D QDFHU HQ DJRVWR 3HQVDED HQ 6DQWD
6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG D TXLHQ OD QRFKH DQWHULRU GHMy VDODQGR XQ YHQDGR SDUD HO DOPXHU]R GHO
ViEDGR\DxRUyVXFDEHOORFKRUUHDGRVREUHORVKRPEURV\VXVSHVWDxDVTXHSDUHFtDQDUWLILFLDOHV
3HQVDEDHQVXJHQWHVLQVHQWLPHQWDOLVPRVHQXQVHYHURDMXVWHGHFXHQWDVFRQODYLGDHPSH]DQGR
DFRPSUHQGHUFXiQWRTXHUtDHQUHDOLGDGDODVSHUVRQDVTXHPiVKDEtDRGLDGR(OSUHVLGHQWHGHO
FRQVHMRGHJXHUUDLQLFLyVXGLVFXUVRILQDODQWHVGHTXH$UFDGLRFD\HUDHQODFXHQWDGHTXHKDEtDQ
WUDQVFXUULGRGRVKRUDV$XQTXHORVFDUJRVFRPSUREDGRVQRWXYLHUDQVREUDGRVPpULWRVGHFtD
HO SUHVLGHQWH OD WHPHULGDG LUUHVSRQVDEOH \ FULPLQDO FRQ TXH HO DFXVDGR HPSXMy D VXV
VXERUGLQDGRV D XQD PXHUWH LQ~WLO EDVWDUtD SDUD PHUHFHUOH OD SHQD FDSLWDO (Q OD HVFXHOD
GHVSRUWLOODGD GRQGH H[SHULPHQWy SRU SULPHUD YH] OD VHJXULGDG GHO SRGHU D SRFRV PHWURV GHO
FXDUWRGRQGHFRQRFLyODLQFHUWLGXPEUHGHODPRU$UFDGLRHQFRQWUyULGtFXORHOIRUPDOLVPRGHOD
PXHUWH (Q UHDOLGDG QR OH LPSRUWDED OD PXHUWH VLQR OD YLGD \ SRU HVR OD VHQVDFLyQ TXH
H[SHULPHQWyFXDQGRSURQXQFLDURQODVHQWHQFLDQRIXHXQDVHQVDFLyQGHPLHGRVLQRGHQRVWDOJLD
1RKDEOyPLHQWUDVQROHSUHJXQWDURQFXiOHUDVX~OWLPDYROXQWDG
'tJDQOHDPLPXMHUFRQWHVWyFRQYR]ELHQWLPEUDGDTXHOHSRQJDDODQLxDHOQRPEUH
GHUVXOD+L]RXQDSDXVD\FRQILUPyUVXODFRPRODDEXHOD<GtJDQOHWDPELpQTXHVLHO
TXHYDDQDFHUQDFHYDUyQTXHOHSRQJD-RVp$UFDGLRSHURQRSRUHOWtRVLQRSRUHODEXHOR
$QWHVGHTXHOROOHYDUDQDOSDUHGyQHOSDGUH1LFDQRUWUDWyGHDVLVWLUOR1RWHQJRQDGDGH
TXpDUUHSHQWLUPHGLMR$UFDGLR\VHSXVRDODVyUGHQHVGHOSHORWyQGHVSXpVGHWRPDUVHXQDWD]D
GHFDIpQHJUR(OMHIHGHOSHORWyQHVSHFLDOLVWDHQHMHFXFLRQHVVXPDULDVWHQtDXQQRPEUHTXHHUD
PXFKR PiV TXH XQD FDVXDOLGDG FDSLWiQ 5RTXH &DUQLFHUR &DPLQR GHO FHPHQWHULR EDMR OD
OORYL]QDSHUVLVWHQWH$UFDGLRREVHUYyTXHHQHOKRUL]RQWHGHVSXQWDEDXQPLpUFROHVUDGLDQWH/D
QRVWDOJLDVHGHVYDQHFtDFRQODQLHEOD\GHMDEDHQVXOXJDUXQDLQPHQVDFXULRVLGDG6yORFXDQGR
OHRUGHQDURQSRQHUVHGHHVSDOGDVDOPXUR$UFDGLRYLRD5HEHFDFRQHOSHORPRMDGR\XQYHVWLGR
GHIORUHVURVDGDVDEULHQGRODFDVDGHSDUHQSDU+L]RXQHVIXHU]RSDUDTXHORUHFRQRFLHUD(Q
HIHFWR5HEHFDPLUyFDVXDOPHQWHKDFLDHOPXUR\VHTXHGySDUDOL]DGDGHHVWXSRU\DSHQDVSXGR
UHDFFLRQDU SDUD KDFHUOH D $UFDGLR XQD VHxDO GH DGLyV FRQ OD PDQR $UFDGLR OH FRQWHVWy HQ OD
PLVPDIRUPD(QHVHLQVWDQWHORDSXQWDURQODVERFDVDKXPDGDVGHORVIXVLOHV\R\yOHWUDSRUOHWUD
ODVHQFtFOLFDVFDQWDGDVGH0HOTXtDGHV\VLQWLyORVSDVRVSHUGLGRVGH6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDG
YLUJHQ HQ HO VDOyQ GH FODVHV \ H[SHULPHQWy HQ OD QDUL] OD PLVPD GXUH]D GH KLHOR TXH OH KDEtD
OODPDGR OD DWHQFLyQ HQ ODV IRVDV QDVDOHV GHO FDGiYHU GH 5HPHGLRV $K FDUDMR DOFDQ]y D
SHQVDUVHPHROYLGyGHFLUTXHVLQDFtDPXMHUOHSXVLHUDQ5HPHGLRV(QWRQFHVDFXPXODGRHQ
XQ]DUSD]RGHVJDUUDGRUYROYLyDVHQWLUWRGRHOWHUURUTXHOHDWRUPHQWyHQODYLGD(OFDSLWiQGLR
OD RUGHQ GH IXHJR $UFDGLR DSHQDV WXYR WLHPSR GH VDFDU HO SHFKR \ OHYDQWDU OD FDEH]D VLQ
FRPSUHQGHUGHGyQGHIOXtDHOOtTXLGRDUGLHQWHTXHOHTXHPDEDORVPXVORV
&DEURQHVJULWy9LYDHOSDUWLGROLEHUDO

38

(QPD\RWHUPLQyODJXHUUD'RVVHPDQDVDQWHVGHTXHHOJRELHUQRKLFLHUDHODQXQFLRRILFLDOHQ
XQDSURFODPDDOWLVRQDQWHTXHSURPHWtDXQGHVSLDGDGRFDVWLJRSDUDORVSURPRWRUHVGHODUHEHOLyQ
HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD FD\y SULVLRQHUR FXDQGR HVWDED D SXQWR GH DOFDQ]DU OD IURQWHUD
RFFLGHQWDO GLVIUD]DGR GH KHFKLFHUR LQGtJHQD 'H ORV YHLQWL~Q KRPEUHV TXH OR VLJXLHURQ D OD
JXHUUD FDWRUFH PXULHURQ HQ FRPEDWH VHLV HVWDEDQ KHULGRV \ VyOR XQR OR DFRPSDxDED HQ HO
PRPHQWRGHODGHUURWDILQDOHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]/DQRWLFLDGHODFDSWXUDIXHGDGDHQ
0DFRQGRFRQXQEDQGRH[WUDRUGLQDULR(VWiYLYROHLQIRUPyUVXODDVXPDULGR5RJXHPRVD
'LRVSDUDTXHVXVHQHPLJRVWHQJDQFOHPHQFLD'HVSXpVGHWUHVGtDVGHOODQWRXQDWDUGHHQTXH
EDWtDXQGXOFHGHOHFKHHQODFRFLQDR\yFODUDPHQWHODYR]GHVXKLMRPX\FHUFDGHORtGR(UD
$XUHOLDQR JULWy FRUULHQGR KDFLD HO FDVWDxR SDUD GDUOH OD QRWLFLD DO HVSRVR 1R Vp FyPR KD
VLGRHOPLODJURSHURHVWiYLYR\YDPRVDYHUORPX\SURQWR/RGLRSRUKHFKR+L]RODYDUORV
SLVRV GH OD FDVD \ FDPELDU OD SRVLFLyQ GH ORV PXHEOHV 8QDV VHPDQDV GHVSXpV XQ UXPRU VLQ
RULJHQ TXH QR VHUtD UHVSDOGDGR SRU HO EDQGR FRQILUPy GUDPiWLFDPHQWH HO SUHVDJLR (O FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD KDEtD VLGR FRQGHQDGR D PXHUWH \ OD VHQWHQFLD VHUtD HMHFXWDGD HQ 0DFRQGR
SDUDHVFDUPLHQWRGHODSREODFLyQ
8Q OXQHV D ODV GLH] \ YHLQWH GH OD PDxDQD $PDUDQWD HVWDED YLVWLHQGR D $XUHOLDQR -RVp
FXDQGR SHUFLELy XQ WURSHO UHPRWR \ XQ WRTXH GH FRUQHWD XQ VHJXQGR DQWHV GH TXH UVXOD
LUUXPSLHUDHQHOFXDUWRFRQXQJULWR<DORWUDHQ/DWURSDSXJQDEDSRUVRPHWHUDFXODWD]RVDOD
PXFKHGXPEUH GHVERUGDGD UVXOD \ $PDUDQWD FRUULHURQ KDVWD OD HVTXLQD DEULpQGRVH SDVR D
HPSHOORQHV\HQWRQFHVORYLHURQ3DUHFtDXQSRUGLRVHUR7HQtDODURSDGHVJDUUDGDHOFDEHOOR\
ODEDUEDHQPDUDxDGRV\HVWDEDGHVFDO]R&DPLQDEDVLQVHQWLUHOSROYRDEUDVDQWHFRQODVPDQRV
DPDUUDGDV D OD HVSDOGD FRQ XQD VRJD TXH VRVWHQtD HQ OD FDEH]D GH VX PRQWXUD XQ RILFLDO GH D
FDEDOOR -XQWR D pO WDPELpQ DVWURVR \ GHUURWDGR OOHYDEDQ DO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] 1R
HVWDEDQWULVWHV3DUHFtDQPiVELHQWXUEDGRVSRUODPXFKHGXPEUHTXHJULWDEDDODWURSDWRGDFODVH
GHLPSURSHULRV
+LMR PtR JULWy UVXOD HQ PHGLR GH OD DOJD]DUD \ OH GLR XQ PDQRWD]R DO VROGDGR TXH
WUDWyGHGHWHQHUOD(OFDEDOORGHORILFLDOVHHQFDEULWy(QWRQFHVHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDVH
GHWXYRWUpPXORHVTXLYyORVEUD]RVGHVXPDGUH\ILMyHQVXVRMRVXQDPLUDGDGXUD
9i\DVH D FDVD PDPi GLMR 3LGD SHUPLVR D ODV DXWRULGDGHV \ YHQJD D YHUPH D OD

FiUFHO
0LUy D $PDUDQWD TXH SHUPDQHFtD LQGHFLVD D GRV SDVRV GHWUiV GH UVXOD \ OH VRQULy DO
SUHJXQWDUOH 4Xp WH SDVy HQ OD PDQR" $PDUDQWD OHYDQWy OD PDQR FRQ OD YHQGD QHJUD 8QD
TXHPDGXUDGLMR\DSDUWyDUVXODSDUDTXHQRODDWURSHOODUDQORVFDEDOORV/DWURSDGLVSDUy
8QDJXDUGLDHVSHFLDOURGHyDORVSULVLRQHURV\ORVOOHYyDOWURWHDOFXDUWHO
$O DWDUGHFHU UVXOD YLVLWy HQ OD FiUFHO DO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD +DEtD WUDWDGR GH
FRQVHJXLUHOSHUPLVRDWUDYpVGHGRQ$SROLQDU0RVFRWHSHURpVWHKDEtDSHUGLGRWRGDDXWRULGDG
IUHQWH D OD RPQLSRWHQFLD GH ORV PLOLWDUHV (O SDGUH 1LFDQRU HVWDED SRVWUDGR SRU XQD FDOHQWXUD
KHSiWLFD/RVSDGUHVGHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]TXHQRHVWDEDFRQGHQDGRDPXHUWHKDEtDQ
WUDWDGR GH YHUOR \ IXHURQ UHFKD]DGRV D FXODWD]RV $QWH OD LPSRVLELOLGDG GH FRQVHJXLU
LQWHUPHGLDULRVFRQYHQFLGDGHTXHVXKLMRVHUtDIXVLODGRDODPDQHFHUUVXODKL]RXQHQYROWRULR
FRQODVFRVDVTXHTXHUtDOOHYDUOH\IXHVRODDOFXDUWHO
6R\ODPDGUHGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDVHDQXQFLy
/RVFHQWLQHODVOHFHUUDURQHOSDVR'HWRGRVPRGRVYR\DHQWUDUOHVDGYLUWLyUVXOD'H
PDQHUDTXHVLWLHQHQRUGHQGHGLVSDUDUHPSLHFHQGHXQDYH]$SDUWyDXQRGHXQHPSHOOyQ\
HQWUyDODDQWLJXDVDODGHFODVHVGRQGHXQJUXSRGHVROGDGRVGHVQXGRVHQJUDVDEDVXVDUPDV8Q
RILFLDO HQ XQLIRUPH GH FDPSDxD VRQURVDGR FRQ OHQWHV GH FULVWDOHV PX\ JUXHVRV \ DGHPDQHV
FHUHPRQLRVRVKL]RDORVFHQWLQHODVXQDVHxDOSDUDTXHVHUHWLUDUDQ
6R\ODPDGUHGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDUHSLWLyUVXOD
8VWHGTXHUUiGHFLUFRUULJLyHORILFLDOFRQXQDVRQULVDDPDEOHTXHHVODVHxRUDPDGUH
GHOVHxRU$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
UVXOD UHFRQRFLy HQ VX PRGR GH KDEODU UHEXVFDGR OD FDGHQFLD OiQJXLGD GH OD JHQWH GHO
SiUDPRORVFDFKDFRV
&RPRXVWHGGLJDVHxRUDGPLWLyVLHPSUHTXHPHSHUPLWDYHUOR
+DEtD yUGHQHV VXSHULRUHV GH QR SHUPLWLU YLVLWDV D ORV FRQGHQDGRV D PXHUWH SHUR HO RILFLDO
DVXPLyODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHFRQFHGHUOHXQDHQWUHYLVWDGHTXLQFHPLQXWRVUVXODOHPRVWUyOR
TXHOOHYDEDHQHOHQYROWRULRXQDPXGDGHURSDOLPSLDORVERWLQHVTXHVHSXVRVXKLMRSDUDOD
ERGD\HOGXOFHGHOHFKHTXHJXDUGDEDSDUDpOGHVGHHOGtDHQTXHSUHVLQWLyVXUHJUHVR(QFRQWUy
DOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDHQHOFXDUWRGHOFHSRWHQGLGRHQXQFDWUH\FRQORVEUD]RVDELHUWRV
SRUTXH WHQtD ODV D[LODV HPSHGUDGDV GH JRORQGULQRV /H KDEtDQ SHUPLWLGR DIHLWDUVH (O ELJRWH
GHQVR GH SXQWDV UHWRUFLGDV DFHQWXDED OD DQJXORVLGDG GH VXV SyPXORV $ UVXOD OH SDUHFLy TXH
HVWDEDPiVSiOLGRTXHFXDQGRVHIXHXQSRFRPiVDOWR\PiVVROLWDULRTXHQXQFD(VWDEDHQWHUDGR
GHORVSRUPHQRUHVGHODFDVDHOVXLFLGLRGH3LHWUR&UHVSLODVDUELWUDULHGDGHV\HOIXVLODPLHQWR
GH$UFDGLRODLPSDYLGH]GH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDEDMRHOFDVWDxR6DEtDTXH$PDUDQWDKDEtD
FRQVDJUDGR VX YLXGH] GH YLUJHQ D OD FULDQ]D GH $XUHOLDQR -RVp \ TXH pVWH HPSH]DED D GDU
PXHVWUDVGHPX\EXHQMXLFLR\OHtD\HVFULEtDDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHDSUHQGtDDKDEODU'HVGHHO
PRPHQWRHQTXHHQWUyDOFXDUWRUVXODVHVLQWLyFRKLELGDSRUODPDGXUH]GHVXKLMRSRUVXDXUD
GHGRPLQLRSRUHOUHVSODQGRUGHDXWRULGDGTXHLUUDGLDEDVXSLHO6HVRUSUHQGLyTXHHVWXYLHUDWDQ
ELHQLQIRUPDGR<DVDEHXVWHGTXHVR\DGLYLQREURPHypO<DJUHJyHQVHULR(VWDPDxDQD

39

FXDQGR PH WUDMHURQ WXYH OD LPSUHVLyQ GH TXH \D KDEtD SDVDGR SRU WRGR HVWR (Q YHUGDG
PLHQWUDV OD PXFKHGXPEUH WURQDED D VX SDVR pO HVWDED FRQFHQWUDGR HQ VXV SHQVDPLHQWRV
DVRPEUDGRGHODIRUPDHQTXHKDEtDHQYHMHFLGRHOSXHEORHQXQDxR/RVDOPHQGURVWHQtDQODV
KRMDVURWDV/DVFDVDVSLQWDGDVGHD]XOSLQWDGDVOXHJRGHURMR\OXHJRYXHOWDVDSLQWDUGHD]XO
KDEtDQWHUPLQDGRSRUDGTXLULUXQDFRORUDFLyQLQGHILQLEOH
4XpHVSHUDEDV"VXVSLUyUVXOD(OWLHPSRSDVD
$VtHVDGPLWLy$XUHOLDQRSHURQRWDQWR
'H HVWH PRGR OD YLVLWD WDQWR WLHPSR HVSHUDGD SDUD OD TXH DPERV KDEtDQ SUHSDUDGR ODV
SUHJXQWDVHLQFOXVLYHSUHYLVWRODVUHVSXHVWDVIXHRWUDYH]ODFRQYHUVDFLyQFRWLGLDQDGHVLHPSUH
&XDQGRHOFHQWLQHODDQXQFLyHOWpUPLQRGHODHQWUHYLVWD$XUHOLDQRVDFyGHGHEDMRGHODHVWHUDGHO
FDWUH XQ UROOR GH SDSHOHV VXGDGRV (UDQ VXV YHUVRV /RV LQVSLUDGRV SRU 5HPHGLRV TXH KDEtD
OOHYDGR FRQVLJR FXDQGR VH IXH \ ORV HVFULWRV GHVSXpV HQ ODV D]DURVDV SDXVDV GH OD JXHUUD
3URPpWDPHTXHQRORVYDDOHHUQDGLHGLMR(VWDPLVPDQRFKHHQFLHQGDHOKRUQRFRQHOORV
UVXODORSURPHWLy\VHLQFRUSRUySDUDGDUOHXQEHVRGHGHVSHGLGD
7HWUDMHXQUHYyOYHUPXUPXUy
(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDFRPSUREyTXHHOFHQWLQHODQRHVWDEDDODYLVWD1RPHVLUYH
GHQDGDUHSOLFyHQYR]EDMD3HURGpPHORQRVHDTXHODUHJLVWUHQDODVDOLGDUVXODVDFyHO
UHYyOYHU GHO FRUSLxR \ pO OR SXVR GHEDMR GH OD HVWHUD GHO FDWUH < DKRUD QR VH GHVSLGD
FRQFOX\yFRQXQpQIDVLVFDOPDGR1RVXSOLTXHDQDGLHQLVHUHEDMHDQWHQDGLH+iJDVHHOFDUJR
TXHPHIXVLODURQKDFHPXFKRWLHPSRUVXODVHPRUGLyORVODELRVSDUDQROORUDU
3RQWHSLHGUDVFDOLHQWHVHQORVJRORQGULQRVGLMR
'LR PHGLD YXHOWD \ VDOLy GHO FXDUWR (O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD SHUPDQHFLy GH SLH
SHQVDWLYR KDVWD TXH VH FHUUy OD SXHUWD (QWRQFHV YROYLy D DFRVWDUVH FRQ ORV EUD]RV DELHUWRV
'HVGHHOSULQFLSLRGHODDGROHVFHQFLDFXDQGRHPSH]yDVHUFRQVFLHQWHGHVXVSUHVDJLRVSHQVy
TXH OD PXHUWH KDEtD GH DQXQFLDUVH FRQ XQD VHxDO GHILQLGD LQHTXtYRFD LUUHYRFDEOH SHUR OH
IDOWDEDQ SRFDV KRUDV SDUD PRULU \ OD VHxDO QR OOHJDED (Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ XQD PXMHU PX\ EHOOD
HQWUyDVXFDPSDPHQWRGH7XFXULQFD\SLGLyDORVFHQWLQHODVTXHOHSHUPLWLHUDQYHUOR/DGHMDURQ
SDVDUSRUTXHFRQRFtDQHOIDQDWLVPRGHDOJXQDVPDGUHVTXHHQYLDEDQDVXVKLMDVDOGRUPLWRULRGH
ORV JXHUUHURV PiV QRWDEOHV VHJ~Q HOODV PLVPDV GHFtDQ SDUD PHMRUDU OD UD]D (O FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD HVWDED DTXHOOD QRFKH WHUPLQDQGR HO SRHPD GHO KRPEUH TXH VH KDEtD
H[WUDYLDGRHQODOOXYLDFXDQGRODPXFKDFKDHQWUyDOFXDUWReOOHGLRODHVSDOGDSDUDSRQHUOD
KRMDHQODJDYHWDFRQOODYHGRQGHJXDUGDEDVXVYHUVRV<HQWRQFHVORVLQWLy$JDUUyODSLVWRODHQ
ODJDYHWDVLQYROYHUODFDUD
1RGLVSDUHSRUIDYRUGLMR
&XDQGRVHYROYLyFRQODSLVWRODPRQWDGDODPXFKDFKDKDEtDEDMDGRODVX\D\QRVDEtDTXp
KDFHU $Vt KDEtD ORJUDGR HOXGLU FXDWUR GH RQFH HPERVFDGDV (Q FDPELR DOJXLHQ TXH QXQFD IXH
FDSWXUDGRHQWUyXQDQRFKHDOFXDUWHOUHYROXFLRQDULRGH0DQDXUH\DVHVLQyDSXxDODGDVDVXtQWLPR
DPLJRHOFRURQHO0DJQtILFR9LVEDODTXLHQKDEtDFHGLGRHOFDWUHSDUDTXHVXGDUDXQDFDOHQWXUD
$SRFRVPHWURVGXUPLHQGRHQXQDKDPDFDHQHOPLVPRFXDUWRpOQRVHGLRFXHQWDGHQDGD(UDQ

LQ~WLOHVVXVHVIXHU]RVSRUVLVWHPDWL]DUORVSUHVDJLRV6HSUHVHQWDEDQGHSURQWRHQXQDUiIDJDGH
OXFLGH]VREUHQDWXUDOFRPRXQDFRQYLFFLyQDEVROXWD\PRPHQWiQHDSHURLQDVLEOH(QRFDVLRQHV
HUDQWDQQDWXUDOHVTXHQRORVLGHQWLILFDEDFRPRSUHVDJLRVVLQRFXDQGRVHFXPSOtDQ2WUDVYHFHV
HUDQ WHUPLQDQWHV \ QR VH FXPSOtDQ &RQ IUHFXHQFLD QR HUDQ PiV TXH JROSHV YXOJDUHV GH
VXSHUVWLFLyQ3HURFXDQGRORFRQGHQDURQDPXHUWH\OHSLGLHURQH[SUHVDUVX~OWLPDYROXQWDGQR
WXYRODPHQRUGLILFXOWDGSDUDLGHQWLILFDUHOSUHVDJLRTXHOHLQVSLUyODUHVSXHVWD
3LGRTXHODVHQWHQFLDVHFXPSODHQ0DFRQGRGLMR
(OSUHVLGHQWHGHOWULEXQDOVHGLVJXVWy
1RVHDYLYR%XHQGtDOHGLMR(VXQDHVWUDWDJHPDSDUDJDQDUWLHPSR
6LQRODFXPSOHQDOOiXVWHGHVGLMRHOFRURQHOSHURHVDHVPL~OWLPDYROXQWDG
'HVGH HQWRQFHV OR KDEtDQ DEDQGRQDGR ORV SUHVDJLRV (O GtD HQ TXH UVXOD OR YLVLWy HQ OD
FiUFHOGHVSXpVGHPXFKRSHQVDUOOHJyDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXHTXL]iODPXHUWHQRVHDQXQFLDUtD
DTXHOODYH]SRUTXHQRGHSHQGtDGHOD]DUVLQRGHODYROXQWDGGHVXVYHUGXJRV3DVyODQRFKHHQ
YHODDWRUPHQWDGRSRUHOGRORUGHORVJRORQGULQRV3RFRDQWHVGHODOEDR\ySDVRVHQHOFRUUHGRU
<DYLHQHQVHGLMR\SHQVyVLQPRWLYRHQ-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDTXHHQDTXHOPRPHQWRHVWDED
SHQVDQGRHQpOEDMRODPDGUXJDGDO~JXEUHGHOFDVWDxR1RVLQWLyPLHGRQLQRVWDOJLDVLQRXQD
UDELDLQWHVWLQDODQWHODLGHDGHTXHDTXHOODPXHUWHDUWLILFLRVDQROHSHUPLWLUtDFRQRFHUHOILQDOGH
WDQWDVFRVDVTXHGHMDEDVLQWHUPLQDU/DSXHUWDVHDEULy\HQWUyHOFHQWLQHODFRQXQWD]yQGHFDIp
$O GtD VLJXLHQWH D OD PLVPD KRUD WRGDYtD HVWDED FRPR HQWRQFHV UDELDQGR FRQ HO GRORU GH ODV
D[LODV\RFXUULyH[DFWDPHQWHORPLVPR(OMXHYHVFRPSDUWLyHOGXOFHGHOHFKHFRQORVFHQWLQHODV
\VHSXVRODURSDOLPSLDTXHOHTXHGDEDHVWUHFKD\ORVERWLQHVGHFKDURO7RGDYtDHOYLHUQHVQR
ORKDEtDQIXVLODGR
(QUHDOLGDGQRVHDWUHYtDQDHMHFXWDUODVHQWHQFLD/DUHEHOGtDGHOSXHEORKL]RSHQVDUDORV
PLOLWDUHV TXH HO IXVLODPLHQWR GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD WHQGUtD JUDYHV FRQVHFXHQFLDV
SROtWLFDV QR VyOR HQ 0DFRQGR VLQR HQ WRGR HO iPELWR GH OD FLpQDJD DVt TXH FRQVXOWDURQ D ODV
DXWRULGDGHV GH OD FDSLWDO SURYLQFLDO /D QRFKH GHO ViEDGR PLHQWUDV HVSHUDEDQ OD UHVSXHVWD HO
FDSLWiQ 5RTXH &DUQLFHUR IXH FRQ RWURV RILFLDOHV D OD WLHQGD GH &DWDULQR 6yOR XQD PXMHU FDVL
SUHVLRQDGDFRQDPHQD]DVVHDWUHYLyDOOHYDUORDOFXDUWR1RVHTXLHUHQDFRVWDUFRQXQKRPEUH
TXHVDEHQTXHVHYDDPRULUOHFRQIHVyHOOD1DGLHVDEHFyPRVHUiSHURWRGRHOPXQGRDQGD
GLFLHQGRTXHHORILFLDOTXHIXVLOHDOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD\WRGRVORVVROGDGRVGHOSHORWyQ
XQR SRU XQR VHUiQ DVHVLQDGRV VLQ UHPHGLR WDUGH R WHPSUDQR DVt VH HVFRQGDQ HQ HO ILQ GHO
PXQGR(OFDSLWiQ5RTXH&DUQLFHURORFRPHQWyFRQORVRWURVRILFLDOHV\pVWRVORFRPHQWDURQ
FRQ VXV VXSHULRUHV (O GRPLQJR DXQTXH QDGLH OR KDEtD UHYHODGR FRQ IUDQTXH]D DXQTXH QLQJ~Q
DFWRPLOLWDUKDEtDWXUEDGRODFDOPDWHQVDGHDTXHOORVGtDVWRGRHOSXHEORVDEtDTXHORVRILFLDOHV
HVWDEDQGLVSXHVWRVDHOXGLUFRQWRGDFODVHGHSUHWH[WRVODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHODHMHFXFLyQ(QHO
FRUUHRGHOOXQHVOOHJyODRUGHQRILFLDOODHMHFXFLyQGHEtDFXPSOLUVHHQHOWpUPLQRGHYHLQWLFXDWUR
KRUDV (VD QRFKH ORV RILFLDOHV PHWLHURQ HQ XQD JRUUD VLHWH SDSHOHWDV FRQ VXV QRPEUHV \ HO
LQFOHPHQWH GHVWLQR GHO FDSLWiQ 5RTXH &DUQLFHUR OR VHxDOy FRQ OD SDSHOHWD SUHPLDGD /D PDOD
VXHUWHQRWLHQHUHVTXLFLRVGLMRpOFRQSURIXQGDDPDUJXUD1DFtKLMRGHSXWD\PXHURKLMRGH

40

SXWD$ODVFLQFRGHODPDxDQDHOLJLyHOSHORWyQSRUVRUWHRORIRUPyHQHOSDWLR\GHVSHUWyDO
FRQGHQDGRFRQXQDIUDVHSUHPRQLWRULD
9DPRV%XHQGtDOHGLMR1RVOOHJyODKRUD
$VtTXHHUDHVWRUHSOLFyHOFRURQHO(VWDEDVRxDQGRTXHVHPHKDEtDQUHYHQWDGRORV
JRORQGULQRV
5HEHFD%XHQGtDVHOHYDQWDEDDODVWUHVGHODPDGUXJDGDGHVGHTXHVXSRTXH$XUHOLDQRVHUtD
IXVLODGR 6H TXHGDED HQ HO GRUPLWRULR D RVFXUDV YLJLODQGR SRU OD YHQWDQD HQWUHDELHUWD HO PXUR
GHOFHPHQWHULRPLHQWUDVODFDPDHQTXHHVWDEDVHQWDGDVHHVWUHPHFtDFRQORVURQTXLGRVGH-RVp
$UFDGLR (VSHUy WRGD OD VHPDQD FRQ OD PLVPD REVWLQDFLyQ UHFyQGLWD FRQ TXH HQ RWUD pSRFD
HVSHUDEDODVFDUWDVGH3LHWUR&UHVSL1RORIXVLODUiQDTXtOHGHFtD-RVp$UFDGLR/RIXVLODUiQ
D PHGLDQRFKH HQ HO FXDUWHO SDUD TXH QDGLH VHSD TXLpQ IRUPy HO SHORWyQ \ OR HQWHUUDUiQ DOOi
PLVPR 5HEHFD VLJXLy HVSHUDQGR 6RQ WDQ EUXWRV TXH OR IXVLODUiQ DTXt GHFtD 7DQ VHJXUD
HVWDEDTXHKDEtDSUHYLVWRODIRUPDHQTXHDEULUtDODSXHUWDSDUDGHFLUOHDGLyVFRQODPDQR1R
ORYDQDWUDHUSRUODFDOOHLQVLVWtD-RVp$UFDGLRFRQVyORVHLVVROGDGRVDVXVWDGRVVDELHQGR
TXHODJHQWHHVWiGLVSXHVWDDWRGR,QGLIHUHQWHDODOyJLFDGHVXPDULGR5HEHFDFRQWLQXDEDHQOD
YHQWDQD
<DYHUiVTXHVRQDVtGHEUXWRVGHFtD
(OPDUWHVDODVFLQFRGHODPDxDQD-RVp$UFDGLRKDEtDWRPDGRHOFDIp\VROWDGRORVSHUURV
FXDQGR 5HEHFD FHUUy OD YHQWDQD \ VH DJDUUy GH OD FDEHFHUD GH OD FDPD SDUD QR FDHU $Kt OR
WUDHQVXVSLUy4XpKHUPRVRHVWi-RVp$UFDGLRVHDVRPyDODYHQWDQD\ORYLRWUpPXORHQOD
FODULGDG GHO DOED FRQ XQRV SDQWDORQHV TXH KDEtDQ VLGR VX\RV HQ OD MXYHQWXG (VWDED \D GH
HVSDOGDV DO PXUR \ WHQtD ODV PDQRV DSR\DGDV HQ OD FLQWXUD SRUTXH ORV QXGRV DUGLHQWHV GH ODV
D[LODV OH LPSHGtDQ EDMDU ORV EUD]RV 7DQWR MRGHUVH XQR PXUPXUDED HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtD7DQWRMRGHUVHSDUDTXHORPDWHQDXQRVHLVPDULFDVVLQSRGHUKDFHUQDGD/RUHSHWtD
FRQWDQWDUDELDTXHFDVLSDUHFtDIHUYRU\HOFDSLWiQ5RTXH&DUQLFHURVHFRQPRYLySRUTXHFUH\y
TXHHVWDEDUH]DQGR&XDQGRHOSHORWyQORDSXQWyODUDELDVHKDEtDPDWHULDOL]DGRHQXQDVXVWDQFLD
YLVFRVD\DPDUJDTXHOHDGRUPHFLyODOHQJXD\ORREOLJyDFHUUDUORVRMRV(QWRQFHVGHVDSDUHFLy
HOUHVSODQGRUGHDOXPLQLRGHODPDQHFHU\YROYLyDYHUVHDVtPLVPRPX\QLxRFRQSDQWDORQHV
FRUWRV\XQOD]RHQHOFXHOOR\YLRDVXSDGUHHQXQDWDUGHHVSOpQGLGDFRQGXFLpQGRORDOLQWHULRU
GHODFDUSD\YLRHOKLHOR&XDQGRR\yHOJULWRFUH\yTXHHUDODRUGHQILQDODOSHORWyQ$EULyORV
RMRVFRQXQDFXULRVLGDGGHHVFDORIUtRHVSHUDQGRHQFRQWUDUVHFRQODWUD\HFWRULDLQFDQGHVFHQWHGH
ORVSUR\HFWLOHVSHURVyORHQFRQWUyDOFDSLWiQ5RTXH&DUQLFHURFRQORVEUD]RVHQDOWR\D-RVp
$UFDGLRDWUDYHVDQGRODFDOOHFRQVXHVFRSHWDSDYRURVDOLVWDSDUDGLVSDUDU
1RKDJDIXHJROHGLMRHOFDSLWiQD-RVp$UFDGLR8VWHGYLHQHPDQGDGRSRUOD'LYLQD
3URYLGHQFLD
$OOt HPSH]y RWUD JXHUUD (O FDSLWiQ 5RTXH &DUQLFHUR \ VXV VHLV KRPEUHV VH IXHURQ FRQ HO
FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD D OLEHUDU DO JHQHUDO UHYROXFLRQDULR 9LFWRULR 0HGLQD FRQGHQDGR D
PXHUWHHQ5LRKDFKD3HQVDURQJDQDUWLHPSRDWUDYHVDQGRODVLHUUDSRUHOFDPLQRTXHVLJXLy-RVp
$UFDGLR%XHQGtDSDUDIXQGDUD0DFRQGRSHURDQWHVGHXQDVHPDQDVHFRQYHQFLHURQGHTXHHUD

XQDHPSUHVDLPSRVLEOH'HPRGRTXHWXYLHURQTXHKDFHUODSHOLJURVDUXWDGHODVHVWULEDFLRQHV
VLQPiVPXQLFLRQHVTXHODVGHOSHORWyQGHIXVLODPLHQWR$FDPSDEDQFHUFDGHORVSXHEORV\XQR
GHHOORVFRQXQSHVFDGLWRGHRURHQODPDQRHQWUDEDGLVIUD]DGRDSOHQRGtD\KDFtDFRQWDFWRFRQ
ORVOLEHUDOHVHQUHSRVRTXHDODPDxDQDVLJXLHQWHVDOtDQDFD]DU\QRUHJUHVDEDQQXQFD&XDQGR
DYLVWDURQ D 5LRKDFKD GHVGH XQ UHFRGR GH OD VLHUUD HO JHQHUDO 9LFWRULR 0HGLQD KDEtD VLGR
IXVLODGR /RV KRPEUHV GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD OR SURFODPDURQ MHIH GH ODV IXHU]DV
UHYROXFLRQDULDVGHOOLWRUDOGHO&DULEHFRQHOJUDGRGHJHQHUDOeODVXPLyHOFDUJRSHURUHFKD]y
HODVFHQVR\VHSXVRDVtPLVPRODFRQGLFLyQGHQRDFHSWDUORPLHQWUDVQRGHUULEDUDQHOUpJLPHQ
FRQVHUYDGRU $O FDER GH WUHV PHVHV KDEtDQ ORJUDGR DUPDU D PiV GH PLO KRPEUHV SHUR IXHURQ
H[WHUPLQDGRV/RVVREUHYLYLHQWHVDOFDQ]DURQODIURQWHUDRULHQWDO/DSUy[LPDYH]TXHVHVXSRGH
HOORVKDEtDQGHVHPEDUFDGRHQHO&DERGHOD9HODSURFHGHQWHVGHODUFKLSLpODJRGHODV$QWLOODV\
XQSDUWHGHOJRELHUQRGLYXOJDGRSRUWHOpJUDIR\SXEOLFDGRHQEDQGRVMXELORVRVSRUWRGRHOSDtV
DQXQFLyODPXHUWHGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD3HURGRVGtDVGHVSXpVXQWHOHJUDPDP~OWLSOH
TXHFDVLOHGLRDOFDQFHDODQWHULRUDQXQFLDEDRWUDUHEHOLyQHQORVOODQRVGHOVXU$VtHPSH]yOD
OH\HQGD GH OD XELFXLGDG GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD ,QIRUPDFLRQHV VLPXOWiQHDV \
FRQWUDGLFWRULDVORGHFODUDEDQYLFWRULRVRHQ9LOODQXHYDGHUURWDGRHQ*XDFDPD\DOGHYRUDGRSRU
ORV LQGLRV 0RWLORQHV PXHUWR HQ XQD DOGHD GH OD FLpQDJD \ RWUD YH] VXEOHYDGR HQ 8UXPLWD /RV
GLULJHQWHV OLEHUDOHV TXH HQ DTXHO PRPHQWR HVWDEDQ QHJRFLDQGR XQD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ HO
SDUODPHQWRORVHxDODURQFRPRXQDYHQWXUHURVLQUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHSDUWLGR(OJRELHUQRQDFLRQDO
ORDVLPLOyDODFDWHJRUtDGHEDQGROHUR\SXVRDVXFDEH]DXQSUHFLRGHFLQFRPLOSHVRV$OFDER
GH GLHFLVpLV GHUURWDV HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD VDOLy GH OD *XDMLUD FRQ GRV PLO LQGtJHQDV
ELHQDUPDGRV\ODJXDUQLFLyQVRUSUHQGLGDGXUDQWHHOVXHxRDEDQGRQy5LRKDFKD$OOtHVWDEOHFLy
VX FXDUWHO JHQHUDO \ SURFODPy OD JXHUUD WRWDO FRQWUD HO UpJLPHQ /D SULPHUD QRWLILFDFLyQ TXH
UHFLELy GHO JRELHUQR IXH OD DPHQD]D GH IXVLODU DO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] HQ HO WpUPLQR GH
FXDUHQWD \ RFKR KRUDV VL QR VH UHSOHJDED FRQ VXV IXHU]DV KDVWD OD IURQWHUD RULHQWDO (O FRURQHO
5RTXH&DUQLFHURTXHHQWRQFHVHUDMHIHGHVXHVWDGRPD\RUOHHQWUHJyHOWHOHJUDPDFRQXQJHVWR
GHFRQVWHUQDFLyQSHURpOOROH\yFRQLPSUHYLVLEOHDOHJUtD
4XpEXHQRH[FODPy<DWHQHPRVWHOpJUDIRHQ0DFRQGR
6X UHVSXHVWD IXH WHUPLQDQWH (Q WUHV PHVHV HVSHUDED HVWDEOHFHU VX FXDUWHO JHQHUDO HQ
0DFRQGR6LHQWRQFHVQRHQFRQWUDEDYLYRDOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]IXVLODUtDVLQIyUPXODGH
MXLFLRDWRGDODRILFLDOLGDGTXHWXYLHUDSULVLRQHUDHQHVHPRPHQWRHPSH]DQGRSRUORVJHQHUDOHV
HLPSDUWLUtDyUGHQHVDVXVVXERUGLQDGRVSDUDTXHSURFHGLHUDQHQLJXDOIRUPDKDVWDHOWpUPLQRGH
ODJXHUUD7UHVPHVHVGHVSXpVFXDQGRHQWUyYLFWRULRVRD0DFRQGRHOSULPHUDEUD]RTXHUHFLELy
HQHOFDPLQRGHODFLpQDJDIXHHOGHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]
/DFDVDHVWDEDOOHQDGHQLxRVUVXODKDEtDUHFRJLGRD6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGFRQODKLMD
PD\RU \ XQ SDU GH JHPHORV TXH QDFLHURQ FLQFR PHVHV GHVSXpV GHO IXVLODPLHQWR GH $UFDGLR
&RQWUD OD ~OWLPD YROXQWDG GHO IXVLODGR EDXWL]y D OD QLxD FRQ HO QRPEUH GH 5HPHGLRV (VWR\
VHJXUDTXHHVRIXHORTXH$UFDGLRTXLVRGHFLUDOHJy1ROHSRQGUHPRVUVXODSRUTXHVHVXIUH
PXFKR FRQ HVH QRPEUH $ ORV JHPHORV OHV SXVR -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR \ $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR

41

$PDUDQWD VH KL]R FDUJR GH WRGRV &RORFy DVLHQWLWRV GH PDGHUD HQ OD VDOD \ HVWDEOHFLy XQ
SDUYXODULR FRQ RWURV QLxRV GH IDPLOLDV YHFLQDV &XDQGR UHJUHVy HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD
HQWUHHVWDPSLGRVGHFRKHWHV\UHSLTXHVGHFDPSDQDVXQFRURLQIDQWLOOHGLRODELHQYHQLGDHQOD
FDVD$XUHOLDQR-RVpODUJRFRPRVXDEXHORYHVWLGRGHRILFLDOUHYROXFLRQDULROHULQGLyKRQRUHV
PLOLWDUHV
1RWRGDVODVQRWLFLDVHUDQEXHQDV8QDxRGHVSXpVGHODIXJDGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
-RVp$UFDGLR\5HEHFDVHIXHURQDYLYLUHQODFDVDFRQVWUXLGDSRU$UFDGLR1DGLHVHHQWHUyGHVX
LQWHUYHQFLyQ SDUD LPSHGLU HO IXVLODPLHQWR (Q OD FDVD QXHYD VLWXDGD HQ HO PHMRU ULQFyQ GH OD
SOD]D D OD VRPEUD GH XQ DOPHQGUR SULYLOHJLDGR FRQ WUHV QLGRV GH SHWLUURMRV FRQ XQD SXHUWD
JUDQGH SDUD ODV YLVLWDV \ FXDWUR YHQWDQDV SDUD OD OX] HVWDEOHFLHURQ XQ KRJDU KRVSLWDODULR /DV
DQWLJXDV DPLJDV GH 5HEHFD HQWUH HOODV FXDWUR KHUPDQDV 0RVFRWH TXH FRQWLQXDEDQ VROWHUDV
UHDQXGDURQODVVHVLRQHVGHERUGDGRLQWHUUXPSLGDVDxRVDQWHVHQHOFRUUHGRUGHODVEHJRQLDV-RVp
$UFDGLR VLJXLy GLVIUXWDQGR GH ODV WLHUUDV XVXUSDGDV FX\RV WtWXORV IXHURQ UHFRQRFLGRV SRU HO
JRELHUQRFRQVHUYDGRU7RGDVODVWDUGHVVHOHYHtDUHJUHVDUDFDEDOORFRQVXVSHUURVPRQWXQRV\
VX HVFRSHWD GH GRV FDxRQHV \ XQ VDUWDO GH FRQHMRV FROJDGRV HQ OD PRQWXUD 8QD WDUGH GH
VHWLHPEUH DQWH OD DPHQD]D GH XQD WRUPHQWD UHJUHVy D FDVD PiV WHPSUDQR TXH GH FRVWXPEUH
6DOXGy D 5HEHFD HQ HO FRPHGRU DPDUUy ORV SHUURV HQ HO SDWLR FROJy ORV FRQHMRV HQ OD FRFLQD
SDUD VDODUORV PiV WDUGH \ IXH DO GRUPLWRULR D FDPELDUVH GH URSD 5HEHFD GHFODUy GHVSXpV TXH
FXDQGRVXPDULGRHQWUyDOGRUPLWRULRHOODVHHQFHUUyHQHOEDxR\QRVHGLRFXHQWDGHQDGD(UD
XQDYHUVLyQGLItFLOGHFUHHUSHURQRKDEtDRWUDPiVYHURVtPLO\QDGLHSXGRFRQFHELUXQPRWLYR
SDUDTXH5HEHFDDVHVLQDUDDOKRPEUHTXHODKDEtDKHFKRIHOL](VHIXHWDOYH]HO~QLFRPLVWHULR
TXH QXQFD VH HVFODUHFLy HQ 0DFRQGR 7DQ SURQWR FRPR -RVp $UFDGLR FHUUy OD SXHUWD GHO
GRUPLWRULRHOHVWDPSLGRGHXQSLVWROHWD]RUHWXPEyHQODFDVD8QKLORGHVDQJUHVDOLySRUGHEDMR
GH OD SXHUWD DWUDYHVy OD VDOD VDOLy D OD FDOOH VLJXLy HQ XQ FXUVR GLUHFWR SRU ORV DQGHQHV
GHVSDUHMRV GHVFHQGLy HVFDOLQDWDV \ VXELy SUHWLOHV SDVy GH ODUJR SRU OD &DOOH GH ORV 7XUFRV
GREOyXQDHVTXLQDDODGHUHFKD\RWUDDODL]TXLHUGDYROWHyHQiQJXORUHFWRIUHQWHDODFDVDGHORV
%XHQGtDSDVySRUGHEDMRGHODSXHUWDFHUUDGDDWUDYHVyODVDODGHYLVLWDVSHJDGRDODVSDUHGHV
SDUD QR PDQFKDU ORV WDSLFHV VLJXLy SRU OD RWUD VDOD HOXGLy HQ XQD FXUYD DPSOLD OD PHVD GHO
FRPHGRUDYDQ]ySRUHOFRUUHGRUGHODVEHJRQLDV\SDVyVLQVHUYLVWRSRUGHEDMRGHODVLOODGH
$PDUDQWD TXH GDED XQD OHFFLyQ GH DULWPpWLFD D $XUHOLDQR -RVp \ VH PHWLy SRU HO JUDQHUR \
DSDUHFLyHQODFRFLQDGRQGHUVXODVHGLVSRQtDDSDUWLUWUHLQWD\VHLVKXHYRVSDUDHOSDQ
$YH0DUtD3XUtVLPDJULWyUVXOD
6LJXLy HO KLOR GH VDQJUH HQ VHQWLGR FRQWUDULR \ HQ EXVFD GH VX RULJHQ DWUDYHVy HO JUDQHUR
SDVySRUHOFRUUHGRUGHODVEHJRQLDVGRQGH$XUHOLDQR-RVpFDQWDEDTXHWUHV\WUHVVRQVHLV\VHLV
\WUHVVRQQXHYH\DWUDYHVyHOFRPHGRU\ODVVDODV\VLJXLyHQOtQHDUHFWDSRUODFDOOH\GREOy
OXHJRDODGHUHFKD\GHVSXpVDODL]TXLHUGDKDVWDOD&DOOHGHORV7XUFRVVLQUHFRUGDUTXHWRGDYtD
OOHYDEDSXHVWRVHOGHODQWDOGHKRUQHDU\ODVEDEXFKDVFDVHUDV\VDOLyDODSOD]D\VHPHWLySRUOD
SXHUWD GH XQD FDVD GRQGH QR KDEtD HVWDGR QXQFD \ HPSXMy OD SXHUWD GHO GRUPLWRULR \ FDVL VH
DKRJyFRQHORORUDSyOYRUDTXHPDGD\HQFRQWUyD-RVp$UFDGLRWLUDGRERFDDEDMRHQHOVXHOR

VREUH ODV SRODLQDV TXH VH DFDEDED GH TXLWDU \ YLR HO FDER RULJLQDO GHO KLOR GH VDQJUH TXH \D
KDEtDGHMDGRGHIOXLUGHVXRtGRGHUHFKR1RHQFRQWUDURQQLQJXQDKHULGDHQVXFXHUSRQLSXGLHURQ
ORFDOL]DUHODUPD7DPSRFRIXHSRVLEOHTXLWDUHOSHQHWUDQWHRORUDSyOYRUDGHOFDGiYHU3ULPHUR
OR ODYDURQ WUHV YHFHV FRQ MDEyQ \ HVWURSDMR GHVSXpV OR IURWDURQ FRQ VDO \ YLQDJUH OXHJR FRQ
FHQL]D \ OLPyQ \ SRU ~OWLPR OR PHWLHURQ HQ XQ WRQHO GH OHMtD \ OR GHMDURQ UHSRVDU VHLV KRUDV
7DQWRORUHVWUHJDURQTXHORVDUDEHVFRVGHOWDWXDMHHPSH]DEDQDGHFRORUDUVH&XDQGRFRQFLELHURQ
HOUHFXUVRGHVHVSHUDGRGHVD]RQDUORFRQSLPLHQWD\FRPLQR\KRMDVGHODXUHO\KHUYLUORXQGtD
HQWHUR D IXHJR OHQWR \D KDEtD HPSH]DGR D GHVFRPSRQHUVH \ WXYLHURQ TXH HQWHUUDUOR D ODV
YRODQGDV/RHQFHUUDURQKHUPpWLFDPHQWHHQXQDWD~GHVSHFLDOGHGRVPHWURV\WUHLQWDFHQWtPHWURV
GHODUJR\XQPHWUR\GLH]FHQWtPHWURVGHDQFKRUHIRU]DGRSRUGHQWURFRQSODQFKDVGHKLHUUR\
DWRUQLOODGR FRQ SHUQRV GH DFHUR \ DXQ DVt VH SHUFLEtD HO RORU HQ ODV FDOOHV SRU GRQGH SDVy HO
HQWLHUUR(OSDGUH1LFDQRUFRQHOKtJDGRKLQFKDGR\WHQVRFRPRXQWDPERUOHHFKyODEHQGLFLyQ
GHVGH OD FDPD $XQTXH HQ ORV PHVHV VLJXLHQWHV UHIRU]DURQ OD WXPED FRQ PXURV VXSHUSXHVWRV \
HFKDURQHQWUHHOORVFHQL]DDSHOPD]DGDDVHUUtQ\FDOYLYDHOFHPHQWHULRVLJXLyROLHQGRDSyOYRUD
KDVWD PXFKRV DxRV GHVSXpV FXDQGR ORV LQJHQLHURV GH OD FRPSDxtD EDQDQHUD UHFXEULHURQ OD
VHSXOWXUD FRQ XQD FRUD]D GH KRUPLJyQ 7DQ SURQWR FRPR VDFDURQ HO FDGiYHU 5HEHFD FHUUy ODV
SXHUWDV GH VX FDVD \ VH HQWHUUy HQ YLGD FXELHUWD FRQ XQD JUXHVD FRVWUD GH GHVGpQ TXH QLQJXQD
WHQWDFLyQ WHUUHQDO FRQVLJXLy URPSHU 6DOLy D OD FDOOH HQ XQD RFDVLyQ \D PX\ YLHMD FRQ XQRV
]DSDWRVFRORUGHSODWDDQWLJXD\XQVRPEUHURGHIORUHVPLQ~VFXODVSRUODpSRFDHQTXHSDVySRU
HOSXHEORHO-XGtR(UUDQWH\SURYRFyXQFDORUWDQLQWHQVRTXHORVSiMDURVURPStDQODVDODPEUHUDV
GH ODV YHQWDQDV SDUD PRULU HQ ORV GRUPLWRULRV /D ~OWLPD YH] TXH DOJXLHQ OD YLR FRQ YLGD IXH
FXDQGR PDWy GH XQ WLUR FHUWHUR D XQ ODGUyQ TXH WUDWy GH IRU]DU OD SXHUWD GH VX FDVD 6DOYR
$UJpQLGD VX FULDGD \ FRQILGHQWH QDGLH YROYLy D WHQHU FRQWDFWR FRQ HOOD GHVGH HQWRQFHV (Q XQ
WLHPSRVHVXSRTXHHVFULEtDFDUWDVDORELVSRDTXLHQFRQVLGHUDEDFRPRVXSULPRKHUPDQRSHUR
QXQFDVHGLMRTXHKXELHUDUHFLELGRUHVSXHVWD(OSXHEORODROYLGy
$ SHVDU GH VX UHJUHVR WULXQIDO HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD QR VH HQWXVLDVPDED FRQ ODV
DSDULHQFLDV/DVWURSDVGHOJRELHUQRDEDQGRQDEDQODVSOD]DVVLQUHVLVWHQFLD\HVRVXVFLWDEDHQOD
SREODFLyQ OLEHUDO XQD LOXVLyQ GH YLFWRULD TXH QR FRQYHQtD GHIUDXGDU SHUR ORV UHYROXFLRQDULRV
FRQRFtDQ OD YHUGDG \ PiV TXH QDGLH HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD $XQTXH HQ HVH PRPHQWR
PDQWHQtD PiV GH FLQFR PLO KRPEUHV EDMR VX PDQGR \ GRPLQDED GRV HVWDGRV GHO OLWRUDO WHQtD
FRQFLHQFLDGHHVWDUDFRUUDODGRFRQWUDHOPDU\PHWLGRHQXQDVLWXDFLyQSROtWLFDWDQFRQIXVDTXH
FXDQGRRUGHQyUHVWDXUDUODWRUUHGHODLJOHVLDGHVEDUDWDGDSRUXQFDxRQD]RGHOHMpUFLWRHOSDGUH
1LFDQRUFRPHQWyHQVXOHFKRGHHQIHUPR(VWRHVXQGLVSDUDWHORVGHIHQVRUHVGHODIHGH&ULVWR
GHVWUX\HQHOWHPSOR\ORVPDVRQHVORPDQGDQFRPSRQHU%XVFDQGRXQDWURQHUDGHHVFDSHSDVDED
KRUDV\KRUDVHQODRILFLQDWHOHJUiILFDFRQIHUHQFLDQGRFRQORVMHIHVGHRWUDVSOD]DV\FDGDYH]
VDOtD FRQ OD LPSUHVLyQ PiV GHILQLGD GH TXH OD JXHUUD HVWDED HVWDQFDGD &XDQGR VH UHFLEtDQ
QRWLFLDVGHQXHYRVWULXQIRVOLEHUDOHVVHSURFODPDEDQFRQEDQGRVGHM~ELORSHURpOPHGtDHQORV
PDSDV VX YHUGDGHUR DOFDQFH \ FRPSUHQGtD TXH VXV KXHVWHV HVWDEDQ SHQHWUDQGR HQ OD VHOYD
GHIHQGLpQGRVHGHODPDODULD\ORVPRVTXLWRVDYDQ]DQGRHQVHQWLGRFRQWUDULRDOGHODUHDOLGDG

42

(VWDPRVSHUGLHQGRHOWLHPSRVHTXHMDEDDQWHVXVRILFLDOHV(VWDUHPRVSHUGLHQGRHOWLHPSR
PLHQWUDV ORV FDEURQHV GHO SDUWLGR HVWpQ PHQGLJDQGR XQ DVLHQWR HQ HO FRQJUHVR (Q QRFKHV GH
YLJLOLDWHQGLGRERFDUULEDHQODKDPDFDTXHFROJDEDHQHOPLVPRFXDUWRHQTXHHVWXYRFRQGHQDGR
D PXHUWH HYRFDED OD LPDJHQ GH ORV DERJDGRV YHVWLGRV GH QHJUR TXH DEDQGRQDEDQ HO SDODFLR
SUHVLGHQFLDOHQHOKLHORGHODPDGUXJDGDFRQHOFXHOORGHORVDEULJRVOHYDQWDGRKDVWDODVRUHMDV
IURWiQGRVH ODV PDQRV FXFKLFKHDQGR UHIXJLiQGRVH HQ ORV FDIHWLQHV O~JXEUHV GHO DPDQHFHU SDUD
HVSHFXODUVREUHORTXHTXLVRGHFLUHOSUHVLGHQWHFXDQGRGLMRTXHVtRORTXHTXLVRGHFLUFXDQGR
GLMRTXHQR\SDUDVXSRQHULQFOXVLYHORTXHHOSUHVLGHQWHHVWDEDSHQVDQGRFXDQGRGLMRXQDFRVD
HQWHUDPHQWH GLVWLQWD PLHQWUDV pO HVSDQWDED PRVTXLWRV D WUHLQWD \ FLQFR JUDGRV GH WHPSHUDWXUD
VLQWLHQGRDSUR[LPDUVHHODOEDWHPLEOHHQTXHWHQGUtDTXHGDUDVXVKRPEUHVODRUGHQGHWLUDUVHDO
PDU
8QDQRFKHGHLQFHUWLGXPEUHHQTXH3LODU7HUQHUDFDQWDEDHQHOSDWLRFRQODWURSDpOSLGLy
TXHOHOH\HUDHOSRUYHQLUHQODVEDUDMDV&XtGDWHODERFDIXHWRGRORTXHVDFyHQFODUR3LODU
7HUQHUDGHVSXpVGHH[WHQGHU\UHFRJHUORVQDLSHVWUHVYHFHV1RVpORTXHTXLHUHGHFLUSHUROD
VHxDOHVPX\FODUDFXtGDWHODERFD'RVGtDVGHVSXpVDOJXLHQOHGLRDXQRUGHQDQ]DXQWD]yQGH
FDIpVLQD]~FDU\HORUGHQDQ]DVHORSDVyDRWUR\pVWHDRWURKDVWDTXHOOHJyGHPDQRHQPDQRDO
GHVSDFKR GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD 1R KDEtD SHGLGR FDIp SHUR \D TXH HVWDED DKt HO
FRURQHOVHORWRPy7HQtDXQDFDUJDGHQXH]YyPLFDVXILFLHQWHSDUDPDWDUXQFDEDOOR&XDQGROR
OOHYDURQDVXFDVDHVWDEDWLHVR\DUTXHDGR\WHQtDODOHQJXDSDUWLGDHQWUHORVGLHQWHVUVXODVHOR
GLVSXWy D OD PXHUWH 'HVSXpV GH OLPSLDUOH HO HVWyPDJR FRQ YRPLWLYRV OR HQYROYLy HQ IUD]DGDV
FDOLHQWHV \ OH GLR FODUDV GH KXHYRV GXUDQWH GRV GtDV KDVWD TXH HO FXHUSR HVWUDJDGR UHFREUy OD
WHPSHUDWXUD QRUPDO $O FXDUWR GtD HVWDED IXHUD GH SHOLJUR &RQWUD VX YROXQWDG SUHVLRQDGR SRU
UVXOD\ORVRILFLDOHVSHUPDQHFLyHQODFDPDXQDVHPDQDPiV6yORHQWRQFHVVXSRTXHQRKDEtDQ
TXHPDGRVXVYHUVRV1RPHTXLVHSUHFLSLWDUOHH[SOLFyUVXOD$TXHOODQRFKHFXDQGRLEDD
SUHQGHU HO KRUQR PH GLMH TXH HUD PHMRU HVSHUDU TXH WUDMHUDQ HO FDGiYHU (Q OD QHEOLQD GH OD
FRQYDOHFHQFLDURGHDGRGHODVSROYRULHQWDVPXxHFDVGH5HPHGLRVHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
HYRFy HQ OD OHFWXUD GH VXV YHUVRV ORV LQVWDQWHV GHFLVLYRV GH VX H[LVWHQFLD 9ROYLy D HVFULELU
'XUDQWHPXFKDVKRUDVDOPDUJHQGHORVVREUHVDOWRVGHXQDJXHUUDVLQIXWXURUHVROYLyHQYHUVRV
ULPDGRV VXV H[SHULHQFLDV D OD RULOOD GH OD PXHUWH (QWRQFHV VXV SHQVDPLHQWRV VH KLFLHURQ WDQ
FODURVTXHSXGRH[DPLQDUORVDOGHUHFKR\DOUHYpV8QDQRFKHOHSUHJXQWyDOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR
0iUTXH]
'LPHXQDFRVDFRPSDGUHSRUTXpHVWiVSHOHDQGR"
3RU TXp KD GH VHU FRPSDGUH FRQWHVWy HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] SRU HO JUDQ
SDUWLGROLEHUDO
'LFKRVRW~TXHORVDEHVFRQWHVWypO<RSRUPLSDUWHDSHQDVDKRUDPHGR\FXHQWDTXH
HVWR\SHOHDQGRSRURUJXOOR
(VRHVPDORGLMRHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]
$O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD OH GLYLUWLy VX DODUPD 1DWXUDOPHQWH GLMR 3HUR HQ WRGR
FDVRHVPHMRUHVRTXHQRVDEHUSRUTXpVHSHOHD/RPLUyDORVRMRV\DJUHJyVRQULHQGR

2TXHSHOHDUFRPRW~SRUDOJRTXHQRVLJQLILFDQDGDSDUDQDGLH
6XRUJXOOROHKDEtDLPSHGLGRKDFHUFRQWDFWRVFRQORVJUXSRVDUPDGRVGHOLQWHULRUGHOSDtV
PLHQWUDV ORV GLULJHQWHV GHO SDUWLGR QR UHFWLILFDUDQ HQ S~EOLFR VX GHFODUDFLyQ GH TXH HUD XQ
EDQGROHUR6DEtDVLQHPEDUJRTXHWDQSURQWRFRPRSXVLHUDGHODGRHVRVHVFU~SXORVURPSHUtDHO
FtUFXOR YLFLRVR GH OD JXHUUD /D FRQYDOHFHQFLD OH SHUPLWLy UHIOH[LRQDU (QWRQFHV FRQVLJXLy TXH
UVXOD OH GLHUD HO UHVWR GH OD KHUHQFLD HQWHUUDGD \ VXV FXDQWLRVRV DKRUURV QRPEUy DO FRURQHO
*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]MHIHFLYLO\PLOLWDUGH0DFRQGR\VHIXHDHVWDEOHFHUFRQWDFWRFRQORVJUXSRV
UHEHOGHVGHOLQWHULRU
(OFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]QRVyORHUDHOKRPEUHGHPiVFRQILDQ]DGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtDVLQRTXHUVXODORUHFLEtDFRPRXQPLHPEURGHODIDPLOLD)UiJLOWtPLGRGHXQDEXHQD
HGXFDFLyQQDWXUDOHVWDEDVLQHPEDUJRPHMRUFRQVWLWXLGRSDUDODJXHUUDTXHSDUDHOJRELHUQR6XV
DVHVRUHVSROtWLFRVORHQUHGDEDQFRQIDFLOLGDGHQODEHULQWRVWHyULFRV3HURFRQVLJXLyLPSRQHUHQ
0DFRQGRHODPELHQWHGHSD]UXUDOFRQTXHVRxDEDHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDSDUDPRULUVHGH
YLHMRIDEULFDQGRSHVFDGLWRVGHRUR$XQTXHYLYtDHQFDVDGHVXVSDGUHVDOPRU]DEDGRQGHUVXOD
GRVRWUHVYHFHVSRUVHPDQD,QLFLyD$XUHOLDQR-RVpHQHOPDQHMRGHODVDUPDVGHIXHJROHGLR
XQD LQVWUXFFLyQ PLOLWDU SUHPDWXUD \ GXUDQWH YDULRV PHVHV OR OOHYy D YLYLU DO FXDUWHO FRQ HO
FRQVHQWLPLHQWRGHUVXODSDUDTXHVHIXHUDKDFLHQGRKRPEUH0XFKRVDxRVDQWHVVLHQGRFDVLXQ
QLxR *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] KDEtD GHFODUDGR VX DPRU D $PDUDQWD (OOD HVWDED HQWRQFHV WDQ
LOXVLRQDGDFRQVXSDVLyQVROLWDULDSRU3LHWUR&UHVSLTXHVHULyGHpO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]HVSHUy
(QFLHUWDRFDVLyQOHHQYLyD$PDUDQWDXQSDSHOLWRGHVGHODFiUFHOSLGLpQGROHHOIDYRUGHERUGDU
XQDGRFHQDGHSDxXHORVGHEDWLVWDFRQODVLQLFLDOHVGHVXSDGUH/HPDQGyHOGLQHUR$OFDERGH
XQDVHPDQD$PDUDQWDOHOOHYyDODFiUFHOODGRFHQDGHSDxXHORVERUGDGRVMXQWRFRQHOGLQHUR\
VH TXHGDURQ YDULDV KRUDV KDEODQGR GHO SDVDGR &XDQGR VDOJD GH DTXt PH FDVDUp FRQWLJR OH
GLMR *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] DO GHVSHGLUVH $PDUDQWD VH ULy SHUR VLJXLy SHQVDQGR HQ pO PLHQWUDV
HQVHxDED D OHHU D ORV QLxRV \ GHVHy UHYLYLU SDUD pO VX SDVLyQ MXYHQLO SRU 3LHWUR &UHVSL /RV
ViEDGRVGtDGHYLVLWDDORVSUHVRVSDVDEDSRUFDVDGHORVSDGUHVGH*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]\ORV
DFRPSDxDED D OD FiUFHO 8QR GH HVRV ViEDGRV UVXOD VH VRUSUHQGLy DO YHUOD HQ OD FRFLQD
HVSHUDQGRDTXHVDOLHUDQORVEL]FRFKRVGHOKRUQRSDUDHVFRJHUORVPHMRUHV\HQYROYHUORVHQXQD
VHUYLOOHWDTXHKDEtDERUGDGRSDUDODRFDVLyQ
&iVDWHFRQpOOHGLMR'LItFLOPHQWHHQFRQWUDUiVRWURKRPEUHFRPRHVH
$PDUDQWDILQJLyXQDUHDFFLyQGHGLVJXVWR
1R QHFHVLWR DQGDU FD]DQGR KRPEUHV UHSOLFy /H OOHYR HVWRV EL]FRFKRV D *HULQHOGR
SRUTXHPHGDOiVWLPDTXHWDUGHRWHPSUDQRORYDQDIXVLODU
/R GLMR VLQ SHQVDUOR SHUR IXH SRU HVD pSRFD TXH HO JRELHUQR KL]R S~EOLFD OD DPHQD]D GH
IXVLODU DO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] VL ODV IXHU]DV UHEHOGHV QR HQWUHJDEDQ D 5LRKDFKD /DV
YLVLWDV VH VXVSHQGLHURQ $PDUDQWD VH HQFHUUy D OORUDU DJRELDGD SRU XQ VHQWLPLHQWR GH FXOSD
VHPHMDQWH DO TXH OD DWRUPHQWy FXDQGR PXULy 5HPHGLRV FRPR VL RWUD YH] KXELHUDQ VLGR VXV
SDODEUDV LUUHIOH[LYDV ODV UHVSRQVDEOHV GH XQD PXHUWH 6X PDGUH OD FRQVROy /H DVHJXUy TXH HO
FRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDKDUtDDOJRSRULPSHGLUHOIXVLODPLHQWR\SURPHWLyTXHHOODPLVPDVH

43

HQFDUJDUtDGHDWUDHUD*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]FXDQGRWHUPLQDUDODJXHUUD&XPSOLyODSURPHVDDQWHV
GHOWpUPLQRSUHYLVWR&XDQGR*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]YROYLyDODFDVDLQYHVWLGRGHVXQXHYDGLJQLGDG
GH MHIH FLYLO \ PLOLWDU OR UHFLELy FRPR D XQ KLMR FRQFLELy H[TXLVLWRV KDODJRV SDUD UHWHQHUOR \
URJyFRQWRGRHOiQLPRGHVXFRUD]yQTXHUHFRUGDUDVXSURSyVLWRGHFDVDUVHFRQ$PDUDQWD6XV
V~SOLFDV SDUHFtDQ FHUWHUDV /RV GtDV HQ TXH LED D DOPRU]DU D OD FDVD HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR
0iUTXH]VHTXHGDEDODWDUGHHQHOFRUUHGRUGHODVEHJRQLDVMXJDQGRGDPDVFKLQDVFRQ$PDUDQWD
UVXOD OHV OOHYDED FDIp FRQ OHFKH \ EL]FRFKRV \ VH KDFtD FDUJR GH ORV QLxRV SDUD TXH QR ORV
PROHVWDUDQ $PDUDQWD HQ UHDOLGDG VH HVIRU]DED SRU HQFHQGHU HQ VX FRUD]yQ ODV FHQL]DV
ROYLGDGDVGHVXSDVLyQMXYHQLO&RQXQDDQVLHGDGTXHOOHJyDVHULQWROHUDEOHHVSHUyORVGtDVGH
DOPXHU]R ODV WDUGHV GH GDPDV FKLQDV \ HO WLHPSR VH OH LED YRODQGR HQ FRPSDxtD GH DTXHO
JXHUUHUR GH QRPEUH QRVWiOJLFR FX\RV GHGRV WHPEODEDQ LPSHUFHSWLEOHPHQWH DO PRYHU ODV ILFKDV
3HUR HO GtD HQ TXH HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] OH UHLWHUy VX YROXQWDG GH FDVDUVH HOOD OR
UHFKD]y
1RPHFDVDUpFRQQDGLHOHGLMRSHURPHQRVFRQWLJR4XLHUHVWDQWRD$XUHOLDQRTXHWH
YDVDFDVDUFRQPLJRSRUTXHQRSXHGHVFDVDUWHFRQpO
(OFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]HUDXQKRPEUHSDFLHQWH9ROYHUpDLQVLVWLUGLMR7DUGHR
WHPSUDQR WH FRQYHQFHUp 6LJXLy YLVLWDQGR OD FDVD (QFHUUDGD HQ HO GRUPLWRULR PRUGLHQGR XQ
OODQWRVHFUHWR$PDUDQWDVHPHWtDORVGHGRVHQORVRtGRVSDUDQRHVFXFKDUODYR]GHOSUHWHQGLHQWH
TXHOHFRQWDEDDUVXODODV~OWLPDVQRWLFLDVGHODJXHUUD\DSHVDUGHTXHVHPRUtDSRUYHUOR
WXYRIXHU]DVSDUDQRVDOLUDVXHQFXHQWUR
(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDGLVSRQtDHQWRQFHVGHWLHPSRSDUDHQYLDUFDGDGRVVHPDQDVXQ
LQIRUPHSRUPHQRUL]DGRD0DFRQGR3HURVyORXQDYH]FDVLRFKRPHVHVGHVSXpVGHKDEHUVHLGR
OHHVFULELyDUVXOD8QHPLVDULRHVSHFLDOOOHYyDODFDVDXQVREUHODFUDGRGHQWURGHOFXDOKDEtD
XQSDSHOHVFULWRFRQODFDOLJUDItDSUHFLRVLVWDGHOFRURQHO&XLGHQPXFKRDSDSiSRUTXHVHYDD
PRULU UVXOD VH DODUPy 6L $XUHOLDQR OR GLFH $XUHOLDQR OR VDEH GLMR < SLGLy D\XGD SDUD
OOHYDUD-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDDVXGRUPLWRULR1RVyORHUDWDQSHVDGRFRPRVLHPSUHVLQRTXH
HQ VX SURORQJDGD HVWDQFLD EDMR HO FDVWDxR KDEtD GHVDUUROODGR OD IDFXOWDG GH DXPHQWDU GH SHVR
YROXQWDULDPHQWHKDVWDHOSXQWRGHTXHVLHWHKRPEUHVQRSXGLHURQFRQpO\WXYLHURQTXHOOHYDUORD
UDVWUDV D OD FDPD 8Q WXIR GH KRQJRV WLHUQRV GH IORU GH SDOR GH DQWLJXD \ UHFRQFHQWUDGD
LQWHPSHULH LPSUHJQy HO DLUH GHO GRUPLWRULR FXDQGR HPSH]y D UHVSLUDUOR HO YLHMR FRORVDO
PDFHUDGRSRUHOVRO\ODOOXYLD$OGtDVLJXLHQWHQRDPDQHFLyHQODFDPD'HVSXpVGHEXVFDUOR
SRU WRGRV ORV FXDUWRV UVXOD OR HQFRQWUy RWUD YH] EDMR HO FDVWDxR (QWRQFHV OR DPDUUDURQ D OD
FDPD $ SHVDU GH VX IXHU]D LQWDFWD -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD QR HVWDED HQ FRQGLFLRQHV GH OXFKDU
7RGROHGDEDORPLVPR6LYROYLyDOFDVWDxRQRIXHSRUVXYROXQWDGVLQRSRUXQDFRVWXPEUHGHO
FXHUSRUVXODORDWHQGtDOHGDEDGHFRPHUOHOOHYDEDQRWLFLDVGH$XUHOLDQR3HURHQUHDOLGDG
OD ~QLFD SHUVRQD FRQ TXLHQ pO SRGtD WHQHU FRQWDFWR GHVGH KDFtD PXFKR WLHPSR HUD 3UXGHQFLR
$JXLODU<DFDVLSXOYHUL]DGRSRUODSURIXQGDGHFUHSLWXGGHODPXHUWH3UXGHQFLR$JXLODULEDGRV
YHFHV DO GtD D FRQYHUVDU FRQ pO +DEODEDQ GH JDOORV 6H SURPHWtDQ HVWDEOHFHU XQ FULDGHUR GH
DQLPDOHVPDJQtILFRVQRWDQWRSRUGLVIUXWDUGHXQDVYLFWRULDVTXHHQWRQFHVQROHVKDUtDQIDOWDVLQR

SRUWHQHUDOJRFRQTXpGLVWUDHUVHHQORVWHGLRVRVGRPLQJRVGHODPXHUWH(UD3UXGHQFLR$JXLODU
TXLHQOROLPSLDEDOHGDEDGHFRPHU\OHOOHYDEDQRWLFLDVHVSOpQGLGDVGHXQGHVFRQRFLGRTXHVH
OODPDED$XUHOLDQR\TXHHUDFRURQHOHQODJXHUUD&XDQGRHVWDEDVROR-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDVH
FRQVRODED FRQ HO VXHxR GH ORV FXDUWRV LQILQLWRV 6RxDED TXH VH OHYDQWDED GH OD FDPD DEUtD OD
SXHUWD\SDVDEDDRWURFXDUWRLJXDOFRQODPLVPDFDPDGHFDEHFHUDGHKLHUURIRUMDGRHOPLVPR
VLOOyQGHPLPEUH\HOPLVPRFXDGULWRGHOD9LUJHQGHORV5HPHGLRVHQODSDUHGGHOIRQGR'HHVH
FXDUWRSDVDEDDRWURH[DFWDPHQWHLJXDOFX\DSXHUWDDEUtDSDUDSDVDUDRWURH[DFWDPHQWHLJXDO\
OXHJRDRWURH[DFWDPHQWHLJXDOKDVWDHOLQILQLWR/HJXVWDEDLUVHGHFXDUWRHQFXDUWRFRPRHQXQD
JDOHUtD GH HVSHMRV SDUDOHORV KDVWD TXH 3UXGHQFLR $JXLODU OH WRFDED HO KRPEUR (QWRQFHV
UHJUHVDED GH FXDUWR HQ FXDUWR GHVSHUWDQGR KDFLD DWUiV UHFRUULHQGR HO FDPLQR LQYHUVR \
HQFRQWUDED D 3UXGHQFLR $JXLODU HQ HO FXDUWR GH OD UHDOLGDG 3HUR XQD QRFKH GRV VHPDQDV
GHVSXpV GH TXH OR OOHYDURQ D OD FDPD 3UXGHQFLR $JXLODU OH WRFy HO KRPEUR HQ XQ FXDUWR
LQWHUPHGLR \ pO VH TXHGy DOOt SDUD VLHPSUH FUH\HQGR TXH HUD HO FXDUWR UHDO $ OD PDxDQD
VLJXLHQWHUVXODOHOOHYDEDHOGHVD\XQRFXDQGRYLRDFHUFDUVHDXQKRPEUHSRUHOFRUUHGRU(UD
SHTXHxR \ PDFL]R FRQ XQ WUDMH GH SDxR QHJUR \ XQ VRPEUHUR WDPELpQ QHJUR HQRUPH KXQGLGR
KDVWDORVRMRVWDFLWXUQRV'LRVPtRSHQVyUVXOD+XELHUDMXUDGRTXHHUD0HOTXtDGHV(UD
&DWDXUH HO KHUPDQR GH 9LVLWDFLyQ TXH KDEtD DEDQGRQDGR OD FDVD KX\HQGR GH OD SHVWH GHO
LQVRPQLR\GHTXLHQQXQFDVHYROYLyDWHQHUQRWLFLD9LVLWDFLyQOHSUHJXQWySRUTXpKDEtDYXHOWR
\pOOHFRQWHVWyHQVXOHQJXDVROHPQH
+HYHQLGRDOVHSHOLRGHOUH\
(QWRQFHVHQWUDURQDOFXDUWRGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDORVDFXGLHURQFRQWRGDVVXVIXHU]DVOH
JULWDURQDORtGROHSXVLHURQXQHVSHMRIUHQWHDODVIRVDVQDVDOHVSHURQRSXGLHURQGHVSHUWDUOR
3RFR GHVSXpV FXDQGR HO FDUSLQWHUR OH WRPDED ODV PHGLGDV SDUD HO DWD~G YLHURQ D WUDYpV GH OD
YHQWDQDTXHHVWDEDFD\HQGRXQDOORYL]QDGHPLQ~VFXODVIORUHVDPDULOODV&D\HURQWRGDODQRFKH
VREUH HO SXHEOR HQ XQD WRUPHQWD VLOHQFLRVD \ FXEULHURQ ORV WHFKRV \ DWDVFDURQ ODV SXHUWDV \
VRIRFDURQDORVDQLPDOHVTXHGXUPLHURQDODLQWHPSHULH7DQWDVIORUHVFD\HURQGHOFLHORTXHODV
FDOOHV DPDQHFLHURQ WDSL]DGDV GH XQD FROFKD FRPSDFWD \ WXYLHURQ TXH GHVSHMDUODV FRQ SDODV \
UDVWULOORVSDUDTXHSXGLHUDSDVDUHOHQWLHUUR

44

6HQWDGDHQHOPHFHGRUGHPLPEUHFRQODODERULQWHUUXPSLGDHQHOUHJD]R$PDUDQWDFRQWHPSODED
D$XUHOLDQR-RVpFRQHOPHQWyQHPEDGXUQDGRGHHVSXPDDILODQGRODQDYDMDEDUEHUDHQODSHQFD
SDUD DIHLWDUVH SRU SULPHUD YH] 6H VDQJUy ODV HVSLQLOODV VH FRUWy HO ODELR VXSHULRU WUDWDQGR GH
PRGHODUVH XQ ELJRWH GH SHOXVDV UXELDV \ GHVSXpV GH WRGR TXHGy LJXDO TXH DQWHV SHUR HO
ODERULRVRSURFHVROHGHMyD$PDUDQWDODLPSUHVLyQGHTXHHQDTXHOLQVWDQWHKDEtDHPSH]DGRD
HQYHMHFHU
(VWiVLGpQWLFRD$XUHOLDQRFXDQGRWHQtDWXHGDGGLMR<DHUHVXQKRPEUH
/RHUDGHVGHKDFtDPXFKRWLHPSRGHVGHHOGtD\DOHMDQRHQTXH$PDUDQWDFUH\yTXHD~QHUD
XQQLxR\VLJXLyGHVQXGiQGRVHHQHOEDxRGHODQWHGHpOFRPRORKDEtDKHFKRVLHPSUHFRPRVH
DFRVWXPEUy D KDFHUOR GHVGH TXH 3LODU 7HUQHUD VH OR HQWUHJy SDUD TXH DFDEDUD GH FULDUOR /D
SULPHUDYH]TXHpOODYLROR~QLFRTXHOHOODPyODDWHQFLyQIXHODSURIXQGDGHSUHVLyQHQWUHORV
VHQRV(UDHQWRQFHVWDQLQRFHQWHTXHSUHJXQWyTXpOHKDEtDSDVDGR\$PDUDQWDILQJLyH[FDYDUVH
HOSHFKRFRQODSXQWDGHORVGHGRV\FRQWHVWy0HVDFDURQWDMDGDV\WDMDGDV\WDMDGDV7LHPSR
GHVSXpV FXDQGR HOOD VH UHVWDEOHFLy GHO VXLFLGLR GH 3LHWUR &UHVSL \ YROYLy D EDxDUVH FRQ
$XUHOLDQR -RVp pVWH \D QR VH ILMy HQ OD GHSUHVLyQ VLQR TXH H[SHULPHQWy XQ HVWUHPHFLPLHQWR
GHVFRQRFLGRDQWHODYLVLyQGHORVVHQRVHVSOpQGLGRVGHSH]RQHVPRUDGRV6LJXLyH[DPLQiQGROD
GHVFXEULHQGR SDOPR D SDOPR HO PLODJUR GH VX LQWLPLGDG \ VLQWLy TXH VX SLHO VH HUL]DED HQ OD
FRQWHPSODFLyQ FRPR VH HUL]DED OD SLHO GH HOOD DO FRQWDFWR GHO DJXD 'HVGH PX\ QLxR WHQtD OD
FRVWXPEUHGHDEDQGRQDUODKDPDFDSDUDDPDQHFHUHQODFDPDGH$PDUDQWDFX\RFRQWDFWRWHQtDOD
YLUWXG GH GLVLSDU HO PLHGR D OD RVFXULGDG 3HUR GHVGH HO GtD HQ TXH WXYR FRQFLHQFLD GH VX
GHVQXGH]QRHUDHOPLHGRDODRVFXULGDGORTXHORLPSXOVDEDDPHWHUVHHQVXPRVTXLWHURVLQRHO
DQKHORGHVHQWLUODUHVSLUDFLyQWLELDGH$PDUDQWDDODPDQHFHU8QDPDGUXJDGDSRUODpSRFDHQ
TXHHOODUHFKD]yDOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]$XUHOLDQR-RVpGHVSHUWyFRQODVHQVDFLyQGHTXH
OH IDOWDED HO DLUH 6LQWLy ORV GHGRV GH $PDUDQWD FRPR XQRV JXVDQLWRV FDOLHQWHV \ DQVLRVRV TXH
EXVFDEDQ VX YLHQWUH )LQJLHQGR GRUPLU FDPELy GH SRVLFLyQ SDUD HOLPLQDU WRGD GLILFXOWDG \
HQWRQFHVVLQWLyODPDQRVLQODYHQGDQHJUDEXFHDQGRFRPRXQPROXVFRFLHJRHQWUHODVDOJDVGHVX
DQVLHGDG$XQTXHDSDUHQWDURQLJQRUDUORTXHDPERVVDEtDQ\ORTXHFDGDXQRVDEtDTXHHORWUR
VDEtD GHVGH DTXHOOD QRFKH TXHGDURQ PDQFRUQDGRV SRU XQD FRPSOLFLGDG LQYLRODEOH $XUHOLDQR
-RVpQRSRGtDFRQFLOLDUHOVXHxRPLHQWUDVQRHVFXFKDEDHOYDOVHGHODVGRFHHQHOUHORMGHODVDOD

\ODPDGXUDGRQFHOODFX\DSLHOHPSH]DEDDHQWULVWHFHUQRWHQtDXQLQVWDQWHGHVRVLHJRPLHQWUDVQR
VHQWtDGHVOL]DUVHHQHOPRVTXLWHURDTXHOVRQiPEXORTXHHOODKDEtDFULDGRVLQSHQVDUTXHVHUtDXQ
SDOLDWLYRSDUDVXVROHGDG(QWRQFHVQRVyORGXUPLHURQMXQWRVGHVQXGRVLQWHUFDPELDQGRFDULFLDV
DJRWDGRUDVVLQRTXHVHSHUVHJXtDQSRUORVULQFRQHVGHODFDVD\VHHQFHUUDEDQHQORVGRUPLWRULRV
D FXDOTXLHU KRUD HQ XQ SHUPDQHQWH HVWDGR GH H[DOWDFLyQ VLQ DOLYLR (VWXYLHURQ D SXQWR GH VHU
VRUSUHQGLGRV SRU UVXOD XQD WDUGH HQ TXH HQWUy DO JUDQHUR FXDQGR HOORV HPSH]DEDQ D EHVDUVH
4XLHUHVPXFKRDWXWtD"OHSUHJXQWyHOODGHXQPRGRLQRFHQWHD$XUHOLDQR-RVpeOFRQWHVWy
TXH Vt +DFHV ELHQ FRQFOX\y UVXOD \ DFDEy GH PHGLU OD KDULQD SDUD HO SDQ \ UHJUHVy D OD
FRFLQD $TXHO HSLVRGLR VDFy D $PDUDQWD GHO GHOLULR 6H GLR FXHQWD GH TXH KDEtD OOHJDGR
GHPDVLDGROHMRVGHTXH\DQRHVWDEDMXJDQGRDORVEHVLWRVFRQXQQLxRVLQRFKDSDOHDQGRHQXQD
SDVLyQ RWRxDO SHOLJURVD \ VLQ SRUYHQLU \ OD FRUWy GH XQ WDMR $XUHOLDQR -RVp TXH HQWRQFHV
WHUPLQDEDVXDGLHVWUDPLHQWRPLOLWDUDFDEySRUDGPLWLUODUHDOLGDG\VHIXHDGRUPLUDOFXDUWHO
/RVViEDGRVLEDFRQORVVROGDGRVDODWLHQGDGH&DWDULQR6HFRQVRODEDGHVXDEUXSWDVROHGDGGH
VX DGROHVFHQFLD SUHPDWXUD FRQ PXMHUHV RORURVDV D IORUHV PXHUWDV TXH pO LGHDOL]DED HQ ODV
WLQLHEODV\ODVFRQYHUWtDHQ$PDUDQWDPHGLDQWHDQVLRVRVHVIXHU]RVGHLPDJLQDFLyQ
3RFRGHVSXpVHPSH]DURQDUHFLELUVHQRWLFLDVFRQWUDGLFWRULDVGHODJXHUUD0LHQWUDVHOSURSLR
JRELHUQR DGPLWtD ORV SURJUHVRV GH OD UHEHOLyQ ORV RILFLDOHV GH 0DFRQGR WHQtDQ LQIRUPHV
FRQILGHQFLDOHVGHODLQPLQHQFLDGHXQDSD]QHJRFLDGD$SULQFLSLRVGHDEULOXQHPLVDULRHVSHFLDO
VHLGHQWLILFyDQWHHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]/HFRQILUPyTXHHQHIHFWRORVGLULJHQWHVGHO
SDUWLGR KDEtDQ HVWDEOHFLGR FRQWDFWRV FRQ MHIHV UHEHOGHV GHO LQWHULRU \ HVWDEDQ HQ YtVSHUDV GH
FRQFHUWDU HO DUPLVWLFLR D FDPELR GH WUHV PLQLVWHULRV SDUD ORV OLEHUDOHV XQD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
PLQRULWDULDHQHOSDUODPHQWR\ODDPQLVWtDJHQHUDOSDUDORVUHEHOGHVTXHGHSXVLHUDQODVDUPDV(O
HPLVDULROOHYDEDXQDRUGHQDOWDPHQWHFRQILGHQFLDOGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDTXHHVWDEDHQ
GHVDFXHUGRFRQORVWpUPLQRVGHODUPLVWLFLR(OFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]GHEtDVHOHFFLRQDUD
FLQFR GH VXV PHMRUHV KRPEUHV \ SUHSDUDUVH SDUD DEDQGRQDU FRQ HOORV HO SDtV /D RUGHQ VH
FXPSOLyGHQWURGHODPiVHVWULFWDUHVHUYD8QDVHPDQDDQWHVGHTXHVHDQXQFLDUDHODFXHUGR\HQ
PHGLRGHXQDWRUPHQWDGHUXPRUHVFRQWUDGLFWRULRVHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD\GLH]RILFLDOHV
GHFRQILDQ]DHQWUHHOORVHOFRURQHO5RTXH&DUQLFHUROOHJDURQVLJLORVDPHQWHD0DFRQGRGHVSXpV
GHODPHGLDQRFKHGLVSHUVDURQODJXDUQLFLyQHQWHUUDURQODVDUPDV\GHVWUX\HURQORVDUFKLYRV$O
DPDQHFHUKDEtDQDEDQGRQDGRHOSXHEORFRQHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]\VXVFLQFRRILFLDOHV
)XHXQDRSHUDFLyQWDQUiSLGD\FRQILGHQFLDOTXHUVXODQRVHHQWHUyGHHOODVLQRD~OWLPDKRUD
FXDQGRDOJXLHQGLRXQRVJROSHFLWRVHQODYHQWDQDGHVXGRUPLWRULR\PXUPXUy6LTXLHUHYHUDO
FRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDDVyPHVHDKRUDPLVPRDODSXHUWDUVXODVDOWyGHODFDPD\VDOLyD
OD SXHUWD HQ URSD GH GRUPLU \ DSHQDV DOFDQ]y D SHUFLELU HO JDORSH GH OD FDEDOODGD TXH
DEDQGRQDEDHOSXHEORHQPHGLRGHXQDPXGDSROYDUHGD6yORDOGtDVLJXLHQWHVHHQWHUyGHTXH
$XUHOLDQR-RVpVHKDEtDLGRFRQVXSDGUH
'LH] GtDV GHVSXpV GH TXH XQ FRPXQLFDGR FRQMXQWR GHO JRELHUQR \ OD RSRVLFLyQ DQXQFLy HO
WpUPLQRGHODJXHUUDVHWXYLHURQQRWLFLDVGHOSULPHUOHYDQWDPLHQWRDUPDGRGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtD HQ OD IURQWHUD RFFLGHQWDO 6XV IXHU]DV HVFDVDV \ PDO DUPDGDV IXHURQ GLVSHUVDGDV HQ

45

PHQRVGHXQDVHPDQD3HURHQHOFXUVRGHHVHDxRPLHQWUDVOLEHUDOHV\FRQVHUYDGRUHVWUDWDEDQ
GHTXHHOSDtVFUH\HUDHQODUHFRQFLOLDFLyQLQWHQWyRWURVVLHWHDO]DPLHQWRV8QDQRFKHFDxRQHyD
5LRKDFKDGHVGHXQDJROHWD\ODJXDUQLFLyQVDFyGHVXVFDPDV\IXVLOyHQUHSUHVDOLDDORVFDWRUFH
OLEHUDOHVPiVFRQRFLGRVGHODSREODFLyQ2FXSySRUPiVGHTXLQFHGtDVXQDDGXDQDIURQWHUL]D\
GHVGHDOOtGLULJLyDODQDFLyQXQOODPDGRDODJXHUUDJHQHUDO2WUDGHVXVH[SHGLFLRQHVVHSHUGLy
WUHVPHVHVHQODVHOYDHQXQDGLVSDUDWDGDWHQWDWLYDGHDWUDYHVDUPiVGHPLOTXLQLHQWRVNLOyPHWURV
GHWHUULWRULRVYtUJHQHVSDUDSURFODPDUODJXHUUDHQORVVXEXUELRVGHODFDSLWDO(QFLHUWDRFDVLyQ
HVWXYRDPHQRVGHYHLQWHNLOyPHWURVGH0DFRQGR\IXHREOLJDGRSRUODVSDWUXOODVGHOJRELHUQRD
LQWHUQDUVH HQ ODV PRQWDxDV PX\ FHUFD GH OD UHJLyQ HQFDQWDGD GRQGH VX SDGUH HQFRQWUy PXFKRV
DxRVDQWHVHOIyVLOGHXQJDOHyQHVSDxRO
3RU HVD pSRFD PXULy 9LVLWDFLyQ 6H GLR HO JXVWR GH PRULUVH GH PXHUWH QDWXUDO GHVSXpV GH
KDEHUUHQXQFLDGRDXQWURQRSRUWHPRUDOLQVRPQLR\VX~OWLPDYROXQWDGIXHTXHGHVHQWHUUDUDQGH
GHEDMR GH VX FDPD HO VXHOGR DKRUUDGR HQ PiV GH YHLQWH DxRV \ VH OR PDQGDUDQ DO FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDSDUDTXHVLJXLHUDODJXHUUD3HURUVXODQRVHWRPyHOWUDEDMRGHVDFDUHVH
GLQHUR SRUTXH HQ DTXHOORV GtDV VH UXPRUHDED TXH HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD KDEtD VLGR
PXHUWRHQXQGHVHPEDUFRFHUFDGHODFDSLWDOSURYLQFLDO(ODQXQFLRRILFLDOHOFXDUWRHQPHQRV
GHGRVDxRVIXHWHQLGRSRUFLHUWRGXUDQWHFDVLVHLVPHVHVSXHVQDGDYROYLyDVDEHUVHGHpO'H
SURQWRFXDQGR\DUVXOD\$PDUDQWDKDEtDQVXSHUSXHVWRXQQXHYROXWRDORVDQWHULRUHVOOHJyXQD
QRWLFLD LQVyOLWD (O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD HVWDED YLYR SHUR DSDUHQWHPHQWH KDEtD GHVLVWLGR
GH KRVWLJDU DO JRELHUQR GH VX SDtV \ VH KDEtD VXPDGR DO IHGHUDOLVPR WULXQIDQWH HQ RWUDV
UHS~EOLFDVGHO&DULEH$SDUHFtDFRQQRPEUHVGLVWLQWRVFDGDYH]PiVOHMRVGHVXWLHUUD'HVSXpV
KDEtD GH VDEHUVH TXH OD LGHD TXH HQWRQFHV OR DQLPDED HUD OD XQLILFDFLyQ GH ODV IXHU]DV
IHGHUDOLVWDVGHOD$PpULFD&HQWUDOSDUDEDUUHUFRQORVUHJtPHQHVFRQVHUYDGRUHVGHVGH$ODVND
KDVWDOD3DWDJRQLD/DSULPHUDQRWLFLDGLUHFWDTXHUVXODUHFLELyGHpOYDULRVDxRVGHVSXpVGH
KDEHUVHLGRIXHXQDFDUWDDUUXJDGD\ERUURVDTXHOHOOHJyGHPDQRHQPDQRGHVGH6DQWLDJRGH
&XED
/RKHPRVSHUGLGRSDUDVLHPSUHH[FODPyUVXODDOOHHUOD3RUHVHFDPLQRSDVDUiOD
1DYLGDGHQHOILQGHOPXQGR
/D SHUVRQD D TXLHQ VH OR GLMR TXH IXH OD SULPHUD D TXLHQ PRVWUy OD FDUWD HUD HO JHQHUDO
FRQVHUYDGRU -RVp 5DTXHO 0RQFDGD DOFDOGH GH 0DFRQGR GHVGH TXH WHUPLQy OD JXHUUD (VWH
$XUHOLDQRFRPHQWyHOJHQHUDO0RQFDGDOiVWLPDTXHQRVHDFRQVHUYDGRU/RDGPLUDEDGH
YHUDV &RPR PXFKRV FLYLOHV FRQVHUYDGRUHV -RVp 5DTXHO 0RQFDGD KDEtD KHFKR OD JXHUUD HQ
GHIHQVD GH VX SDUWLGR \ KDEtD DOFDQ]DGR HO WtWXOR GH JHQHUDO HQ HO FDPSR GH EDWDOOD DXQTXH
FDUHFtD GH YRFDFLyQ PLOLWDU $O FRQWUDULR WDPELpQ FRPR PXFKRV GH VXV FRSDUWLGDULRV HUD
DQWLPLOLWDULVWD &RQVLGHUDED D OD JHQWH GH DUPDV FRPR KROJD]DQHV VLQ SULQFLSLRV LQWULJDQWHV \
DPELFLRVRVH[SHUWRVHQHQIUHQWDUDORVFLYLOHVSDUDPHGUDUHQHOGHVRUGHQ,QWHOLJHQWHVLPSiWLFR
VDQJXtQHR KRPEUH GH EXHQ FRPHU \ IDQiWLFR GH ODV SHOHDV GH JDOORV KDEtD VLGR HQ FLHUWR
PRPHQWRHODGYHUVDULRPiVWHPLEOHGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD/RJUyLPSRQHUVXDXWRULGDG
VREUHORVPLOLWDUHVGHFDUUHUDHQXQDPSOLRVHFWRUGHOOLWRUDO&LHUWDYH]HQTXHVHYLRIRU]DGR

SRU FRQYHQLHQFLDV HVWUDWpJLFDV D DEDQGRQDU XQD SOD]D D ODV IXHU]DV GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtD OH GHMy D pVWH GRV FDUWDV (Q XQD GH HOODV PX\ H[WHQVD OR LQYLWDED D XQD FDPSDxD
FRQMXQWD SDUD KXPDQL]DU OD JXHUUD /D RWUD FDUWD HUD SDUD VX HVSRVD TXH YLYtD HQ WHUULWRULR
OLEHUDO \ OD GHMy FRQ OD V~SOLFD GH KDFHUOD OOHJDU D VX GHVWLQR 'HVGH HQWRQFHV DXQ HQ ORV
SHUtRGRV PiV HQFDUQL]DGRV GH OD JXHUUD ORV GRV FRPDQGDQWHV FRQFHUWDURQ WUHJXDV SDUD
LQWHUFDPELDU SULVLRQHURV (UDQ SDXVDV FRQ XQ FLHUWR DPELHQWH IHVWLYR TXH HO JHQHUDO 0RQFDGD
DSURYHFKDED SDUD HQVHxDU D MXJDU DMHGUH] DO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD 6H KLFLHURQ JUDQGHV
DPLJRV/OHJDURQLQFOXVLYHDSHQVDUHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHFRRUGLQDUDORVHOHPHQWRVSRSXODUHVGH
DPERV SDUWLGRV SDUD OLTXLGDU OD LQIOXHQFLD GH ORV PLOLWDUHV \ ORV SROtWLFRV SURIHVLRQDOHV H
LQVWDXUDUXQUpJLPHQKXPDQLWDULRTXHDSURYHFKDUDORPHMRUGHFDGDGRFWULQD&XDQGRWHUPLQyOD
JXHUUD PLHQWUDV HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD VH HVFDEXOOtD SRU ORV GHVILODGHURV GH OD
VXEYHUVLyQSHUPDQHQWHHOJHQHUDO0RQFDGDIXHQRPEUDGRFRUUHJLGRUGH0DFRQGR9LVWLyVXWUDMH
FLYLOVXVWLWX\yDORVPLOLWDUHVSRUDJHQWHVGHODSROLFtDGHVDUPDGRVKL]RUHVSHWDUODVOH\HVGH
DPQLVWtD\DX[LOLyDDOJXQDVIDPLOLDVGHOLEHUDOHVPXHUWRVHQFDPSDxD&RQVLJXLyTXH0DFRQGR
IXHUDHULJLGRHQPXQLFLSLR\IXHSRUWDQWRVXSULPHUDOFDOGH\FUHyXQDPELHQWHGHFRQILDQ]DTXH
KL]RSHQVDUHQODJXHUUDFRPRHQXQDDEVXUGDSHVDGLOODGHOSDVDGR(OSDGUH1LFDQRUFRQVXPLGR
SRUODVILHEUHVKHSiWLFDVIXHUHHPSOD]DGRSRUHOSDGUH&RURQHODTXLHQOODPDEDQ(O&DFKRUUR
YHWHUDQR GH OD SULPHUD JXHUUD IHGHUDOLVWD %UXQR &UHVSL FDVDGR FRQ $PSDUR 0RVFRWH \ FX\D
WLHQGDGHMXJXHWHVHLQVWUXPHQWRVPXVLFDOHVQRVHFDQVDEDGHSURVSHUDUFRQVWUX\yXQWHDWURTXH
ODV FRPSDxtDV HVSDxRODV LQFOX\HURQ HQ VXV LWLQHUDULRV (UD XQ YDVWR VDOyQ DO DLUH OLEUH FRQ
HVFDxRV GH PDGHUD XQ WHOyQ GH WHUFLRSHOR FRQ PiVFDUDV JULHJDV \ WUHV WDTXLOODV HQ IRUPD GH
FDEH]DVGHOHyQSRUFX\DVERFDVDELHUWDVVHYHQGtDQORVEROHWRV)XHWDPELpQSRUHVDpSRFDTXH
VH UHVWDXUy HO HGLILFLR GH OD HVFXHOD 6H KL]R FDUJR GH HOOD GRQ 0HOFKRU (VFDORQD XQ PDHVWUR
YLHMRPDQGDGRGHODFLpQDJDTXHKDFtDFDPLQDUGHURGLOODVHQHOSDWLRGHFDOLFKHDORVDOXPQRV
GHVDSOLFDGRV\OHVKDFtDFRPHUDMtSLFDQWHDORVOHQJXDUDFHVFRQODFRPSODFHQFLDGHORVSDGUHV
$XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR \ -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR ORV YROXQWDULRVRV JHPHORV GH 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD
3LHGDGIXHURQORVSULPHURVTXHVHVHQWDURQHQHOVDOyQGHFODVHVFRQVXVSL]DUUDV\VXVJLVHV\
VXVMDUULWRVGHDOXPLQLRPDUFDGRVFRQVXVQRPEUHV5HPHGLRVKHUHGHUDGHODEHOOH]DSXUDGHVX
PDGUH HPSH]DED D VHU FRQRFLGD FRPR 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD $ SHVDU GHO WLHPSR GH ORV OXWRV
VXSHUSXHVWRV \ ODV DIOLFFLRQHV DFXPXODGDV UVXOD VH UHVLVWtD D HQYHMHFHU $\XGDGD SRU 6DQWD
6RItDGHOD3LHGDGKDEtDGDGRXQQXHYRLPSXOVRDVXLQGXVWULDGHUHSRVWHUtD\QRVyORUHFXSHUy
HQSRFRVDxRVODIRUWXQDTXHVXKLMRVHJDVWyHQODJXHUUDVLQRTXHYROYLyDDWLERUUDUGHRURSXUR
ORVFDODED]RVHQWHUUDGRVHQHOGRUPLWRULR0LHQWUDV'LRVPHGpYLGDVROtDGHFLUQRIDOWDUi
OD SODWD HQ HVWD FDVD GH ORFRV $Vt HVWDEDQ ODV FRVDV FXDQGR $XUHOLDQR -RVp GHVHUWy GH ODV
WURSDVIHGHUDOLVWDVGH1LFDUDJXDVHHQUROyHQODWULSXODFLyQGHXQEXTXHDOHPiQ\DSDUHFLyHQOD
FRFLQD GH OD FDVD PDFL]R FRPR XQ FDEDOOR SULHWR \ SHOXGR FRPR XQ LQGLR \ FRQ OD VHFUHWD
GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHFDVDUVHFRQ$PDUDQWD
&XDQGR $PDUDQWD OR YLR HQWUDU VLQ TXH pO KXELHUD GLFKR QDGD VXSR GH LQPHGLDWR SRU TXp
KDEtD YXHOWR (Q OD PHVD QR VH DWUHYtDQ D PLUDUVH D OD FDUD 3HUR GRV VHPDQDV GHVSXpV GHO

46

UHJUHVR HVWDQGR UVXOD SUHVHQWH pO ILMy VXV RMRV HQ ORV GH HOOD \ OH GLMR 6LHPSUH SHQVDED
PXFKR HQ WL $PDUDQWD OH KXtD 6H SUHYHQtD FRQWUD ORV HQFXHQWURV FDVXDOHV 3URFXUDED QR
VHSDUDUVH GH 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD /H LQGLJQy HO UXERU TXH GRUy VXV PHMLOODV HO GtD HQ TXH HO
VREULQROHSUHJXQWyKDVWDFXiQGRSHQVDEDOOHYDUODYHQGDQHJUDHQODPDQRSRUTXHLQWHUSUHWyOD
SUHJXQWDFRPRXQDDOXVLyQDVXYLUJLQLGDG&XDQGRpOOOHJyHOODSDVyODDOGDEDHQVXGRUPLWRULR
SHURGXUDQWHWDQWDVQRFKHVSHUFLELyVXVURQTXLGRVSDFtILFRVHQHOFXDUWRFRQWLJXRTXHGHVFXLGy
HVD SUHFDXFLyQ 8QD PDGUXJDGD FDVL GRV PHVHV GHVSXpV GHO UHJUHVR OR VLQWLy HQWUDU HQ HO
GRUPLWRULR(QWRQFHVHQYH]GHKXLUHQYH]GHJULWDUFRPRORKDEtDSUHYLVWRVHGHMyVDWXUDUSRU
XQD VXDYH VHQVDFLyQ GH GHVFDQVR /R VLQWLy GHVOL]DUVH HQ HO PRVTXLWHUR FRPR OR KDEtD KHFKR
FXDQGR HUD QLxR FRPR OR KDEtD KHFKR GHVGH VLHPSUH \ QR SXGR UHSULPLU HO VXGRU KHODGR \ HO
FURWDORWHRGHORVGLHQWHVFXDQGRVHGLRFXHQWDGHTXHpOHVWDEDFRPSOHWDPHQWHGHVQXGR9HWH
PXUPXUy DKRJiQGRVH GH FXULRVLGDG 9HWH R PH SRQJR D JULWDU 3HUR $XUHOLDQR -RVp VDEtD
HQWRQFHV OR TXH WHQtD TXH KDFHU SRUTXH \D QR HUD XQ QLxR DVXVWDGR SRU OD RVFXULGDG VLQR XQ
DQLPDOGHFDPSDPHQWR'HVGHDTXHOODQRFKHVHUHLQLFLDURQODVVRUGDVEDWDOODVVLQFRQVHFXHQFLDV
TXH VH SURORQJDEDQ KDVWD HO DPDQHFHU 6R\ WX WtD PXUPXUDED $PDUDQWD DJRWDGD (V FDVL
FRPR VL IXHUD WX PDGUH QR VyOR SRU OD HGDG VLQR SRUTXH OR ~QLFR TXH PH IDOWy IXH GDUWH GH
PDPDU$XUHOLDQRHVFDSDEDDODOED\UHJUHVDEDDODPDGUXJDGDVLJXLHQWHFDGDYH]PiVH[FLWDGR
SRU OD FRPSUREDFLyQ GH TXH HOOD QR SDVDED OD DOGDED 1R KDEtD GHMDGR GH GHVHDUOD XQ VROR
LQVWDQWH /D HQFRQWUDED HQ ORV RVFXURV GRUPLWRULRV GH ORV SXHEORV YHQFLGRV VREUH WRGR HQ ORV
PiVDE\HFWRV\ODPDWHULDOL]DEDHQHOWXIRGHODVDQJUHVHFDHQODVYHQGDVGHORVKHULGRVHQHO
SDYRU LQVWDQWiQHR GHO SHOLJUR GH PXHUWH D WRGD KRUD \ HQ WRGDV SDUWHV +DEtD KXLGR GH HOOD
WUDWDQGRGHDQLTXLODUVXUHFXHUGRQRVyORFRQODGLVWDQFLDVLQRFRQXQHQFDUQL]DPLHQWRDWXUGLGR
TXHVXVFRPSDxHURVGHDUPDVFDOLILFDEDQGHWHPHULGDGSHURPLHQWUDVPiVUHYROFDEDVXLPDJHQ
HQHOPXODGDUGHODJXHUUDPiVODJXHUUDVHSDUHFtDD$PDUDQWD$VtSDGHFLyHOH[LOLREXVFDQGR
ODPDQHUDGHPDWDUODFRQVXSURSLDPXHUWHKDVWDTXHOHR\yFRQWDUDDOJXLHQHOYLHMRFXHQWRGHO
KRPEUHTXHVHFDVyFRQXQDWtDTXHDGHPiVHUDVXSULPD\FX\RKLMRWHUPLQyVLHQGRDEXHORGHVt
PLVPR
(VTXHXQRVHSXHGHFDVDUFRQXQDWtD"SUHJXQWypODVRPEUDGR
1RVyORVHSXHGHOHFRQWHVWyXQVROGDGRVLQRTXHHVWDPRVKDFLHQGRHVWDJXHUUDFRQWUD
ORVFXUDVSDUDTXHXQRVHSXHGDFDVDUFRQVXSURSLDPDGUH
4XLQFH GtDV GHVSXpV GHVHUWy (QFRQWUy D $PDUDQWD PiV DMDGD TXH HQ HO UHFXHUGR PiV
PHODQFyOLFD \ SXGLEXQGD \ \D GREODQGR HQ UHDOLGDG HO ~OWLPR FDER GH OD PDGXUH] SHUR PiV
IHEULOTXHQXQFDHQODVWLQLHEODVGHOGRUPLWRULR\PiVGHVDILDQWHTXHQXQFDHQODDJUHVLYLGDGGH
VX UHVLVWHQFLD (UHV XQ EUXWR OH GHFtD $PDUDQWD DFRVDGD SRU VXV SHUURV GH SUHVD 1R HV
FLHUWRTXHVHOHSXHGDKDFHUHVWRDXQDSREUHWtDFRPRQRVHDFRQGLVSHQVDHVSHFLDOGHO3DSD
$XUHOLDQR-RVpSURPHWtDLUD5RPDSURPHWtDUHFRUUHU(XURSDGHURGLOODV\EHVDUODVVDQGDOLDV
GHO6XPR3RQWtILFHVyORSDUDTXHHOODEDMDUDVXVSXHQWHVOHYDGL]RV
1RHVVyORHVRUHEDWtD$PDUDQWD(VTXHQDFHQORVKLMRVFRQFRODGHSXHUFR
$XUHOLDQR-RVpHUDVRUGRDWRGRDUJXPHQWR

$XQTXHQD]FDQDUPDGLOORVVXSOLFDED
8QDPDGUXJDGDYHQFLGRSRUHOGRORULQVRSRUWDEOHGHODYLULOLGDGUHSULPLGDIXHDODWLHQGD
GH&DWDULQR(QFRQWUyXQDPXMHUGHVHQRVIOiFFLGRVFDULxRVD\EDUDWDTXHOHDSDFLJXyHOYLHQWUH
SRU DOJ~Q WLHPSR 7UDWy GH DSOLFDUOH D $PDUDQWD HO WUDWDPLHQWR GHO GHVSUHFLR /D YHtD HQ HO
FRUUHGRU FRVLHQGR HQ XQD PiTXLQD GH PDQLYHOD TXH KDEtD DSUHQGLGR D PDQHMDU FRQ KDELOLGDG
DGPLUDEOH \ QL VLTXLHUD OH GLULJtD OD SDODEUD $PDUDQWD VH VLQWLy OLEHUDGD GH XQ ODVWUH \ HOOD
PLVPD QR FRPSUHQGLy SRU TXp YROYLy D SHQVDU HQWRQFHV HQ HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] SRU
TXpHYRFDEDFRQWDQWDQRVWDOJLDODVWDUGHVGHGDPDVFKLQDV\SRUTXpOOHJyLQFOXVLYHDGHVHDUOR
FRPR KRPEUH GH GRUPLWRULR $XUHOLDQR -RVp QR VH LPDJLQDED FXiQWR WHUUHQR KDEtD SHUGLGR OD
QRFKH HQ TXH QR SXGR UHVLVWLU PiV OD IDUVD GH OD LQGLIHUHQFLD \ YROYLy DO FXDUWR GH $PDUDQWD
(OODORUHFKD]yFRQXQDGHWHUPLQDFLyQLQIOH[LEOHLQHTXtYRFD\HFKySDUDVLHPSUHODDOGDEDGHO
GRUPLWRULR
3RFRV PHVHV GHVSXpV GHO UHJUHVR GH $XUHOLDQR -RVp VH SUHVHQWy HQ OD FDVD XQD PXMHU
H[XEHUDQWH SHUIXPDGD GH MD]PLQHV FRQ XQ QLxR GH XQRV FLQFR DxRV $ILUPy TXH HUD KLMR GHO
FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD \ OR OOHYDED SDUD TXH UVXOD OR EDXWL]DUD 1DGLH SXVR HQ GXGD HO
RULJHQ GH DTXHO QLxR VLQ QRPEUH HUD LJXDO DO FRURQHO SRU ORV WLHPSRV HQ TXH OR OOHYDURQ D
FRQRFHUHOKLHOR/DPXMHUFRQWyTXHKDEtDQDFLGRFRQORVRMRVDELHUWRVPLUDQGRDODJHQWHFRQ
FULWHULR GH SHUVRQD PD\RU \ TXH OH DVXVWDED VX PDQHUD GH ILMDU OD PLUDGD HQ ODV FRVDV VLQ
SDUSDGHDU(VLGpQWLFRGLMRUVXOD/R~QLFRTXHIDOWDHVTXHKDJDURGDUODVVLOODVFRQVyOR
PLUDUODV/REDXWL]DURQFRQHOQRPEUHGH$XUHOLDQR\FRQHODSHOOLGRGHVXPDGUHSRUTXHOD
OH\ QR OH SHUPLWtD OOHYDU HO DSHOOLGR GHO SDGUH PLHQWUDV pVWH QR OR UHFRQRFLHUD (O JHQHUDO
0RQFDGD VLUYLy GH SDGULQR $XQTXH $PDUDQWD LQVLVWLy HQ TXH VH OR GHMDUDQ SDUD DFDEDU GH
FULDUORODPDGUHVHRSXVR
UVXOD LJQRUDED HQWRQFHV OD FRVWXPEUH GH PDQGDU GRQFHOODV D ORV GRUPLWRULRV GH ORV
JXHUUHURVFRPRVHOHVVROWDEDQJDOOLQDVDORVJDOORVILQRVSHURHQHOFXUVRGHHVHDxRVHHQWHUy
QXHYHKLMRVPiVGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDIXHURQOOHYDGRVDODFDVDSDUDVHUEDXWL]DGRV(O
PD\RU XQ H[WUDxR PRUHQR GH RMRV YHUGHV TXH QDGD WHQtD TXH YHU FRQ OD IDPLOLD SDWHUQD KDEtD
SDVDGR GH ORV GLH] DxRV /OHYDURQ QLxRV GH WRGDV ODV HGDGHV GH WRGRV ORV FRORUHV SHUR WRGRV
YDURQHV\WRGRVFRQXQDLUHGHVROHGDGTXHQRSHUPLWtDSRQHUHQGXGDHOSDUHQWHVFR6yORGRVVH
GLVWLQJXLHURQ GHO PRQWyQ 8QR GHPDVLDGR JUDQGH SDUD VX HGDG TXH KL]R DxLFRV ORV IORUHURV \
YDULDVSLH]DVGHODYDMLOODSRUTXHVXVPDQRVSDUHFtDQWHQHUODSURSLHGDGGHGHVSHGD]DUWRGROR
TXHWRFDEDQ(ORWURHUDXQUXELRFRQORVPLVPRVRMRVJDU]RVGHVXPDGUHDTXLHQKDEtDQGHMDGR
HOFDEHOORODUJR\FRQEXFOHVFRPRDXQDPXMHU(QWUyDODFDVDFRQPXFKDIDPLOLDULGDGFRPRVL
KXELHUD VLGR FULDGR HQ HOOD \ IXH GLUHFWDPHQWH D XQ DUFyQ GHO GRUPLWRULR GH UVXOD \ H[LJLy
4XLHURODEDLODULQDGHFXHUGDUVXODVHDVXVWy$EULyHODUFyQUHEXVFyHQWUHORVDQWLFXDGRV\
SROYRULHQWRVREMHWRVGHORVWLHPSRVGH0HOTXtDGHV\HQFRQWUyHQYXHOWDHQXQSDUGHPHGLDVOD
EDLODULQDGHFXHUGDTXHDOJXQDYH]OOHYy3LHWUR&UHVSLDODFDVD\GHODFXDOQDGLHKDEtDYXHOWRD
DFRUGDUVH(QPHQRVGHGRVDxRVEDXWL]DURQFRQHOQRPEUHGH$XUHOLDQR\FRQHODSHOOLGRGHOD
PDGUH D WRGRV ORV KLMRV TXH GLVHPLQy HO FRURQHO D OR ODUJR \ D OR DQFKR GH VXV WHUULWRULRV GH

47

JXHUUDGLHFLVLHWH$OSULQFLSLRUVXODOHVOOHQDEDORVEROVLOORVGHGLQHUR\$PDUDQWDLQWHQWDED
TXHGDUVHFRQHOORV3HURWHUPLQDURQSRUOLPLWDUVHDKDFHUOHVXQUHJDOR\DVHUYLUOHVGHPDGULQDV
&XPSOLPRVFRQEDXWL]DUORVGHFtDUVXODDQRWDQGRHQXQDOLEUHWDHOQRPEUH\ODGLUHFFLyQGH
ODV PDGUHV \ HO OXJDU \ IHFKD GH QDFLPLHQWR GH ORV QLxRV $XUHOLDQR KD GH OOHYDU ELHQ VXV
FXHQWDV DVt TXH VHUi pO TXLHQ WRPH ODV GHWHUPLQDFLRQHV FXDQGR UHJUHVH (Q HO FXUVR GH XQ
DOPXHU]RFRPHQWDQGRFRQHOJHQHUDO0RQFDGDDTXHOODGHVFRQFHUWDQWHSUROLIHUDFLyQH[SUHVyHO
GHVHRGHTXHHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDYROYLHUDDOJXQDYH]SDUDUHXQLUDWRGRVVXVKLMRVHQ
ODFDVD
1R VH SUHRFXSH FRPDGUH GLMR HQLJPiWLFDPHQWH HO JHQHUDO 0RQFDGD 9HQGUi PiV
SURQWRGHORTXHXVWHGVHLPDJLQD
/RTXHHOJHQHUDO0RQFDGDVDEtD\TXHQRTXLVRUHYHODUHQHODOPXHU]RHUDTXHHOFRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD HVWDED \D HQ FDPLQR SDUD SRQHUVH DO IUHQWH GH OD UHEHOLyQ PiV SURORQJDGD
UDGLFDO\VDQJULHQWDGHFXDQWDVVHKDEtDQLQWHQWDGRKDVWDHQWRQFHV
/DVLWXDFLyQYROYLyDVHUWDQWHQVDFRPRHQORVPHVHVTXHSUHFHGLHURQDODSULPHUDJXHUUD
/DV ULxDV GH JDOORV DQLPDGDV SRU HO SURSLR DOFDOGH IXHURQ VXVSHQGLGDV (O FDSLWiQ $TXLOHV
5LFDUGRFRPDQGDQWHGHODJXDUQLFLyQDVXPLyHQODSUiFWLFDHOSRGHUPXQLFLSDO/RVOLEHUDOHVOR
VHxDODURQFRPRXQSURYRFDGRU$OJRWUHPHQGRYDDRFXUULUOHGHFtDUVXODD$XUHOLDQR-RVp
1RVDOJDVDODFDOOHGHVSXpVGHODVVHLVGHODWDUGH(UDQV~SOLFDVLQ~WLOHV$XUHOLDQR-RVpDO
LJXDOTXH$UFDGLRHQRWUDpSRFDKDEtDGHMDGRGHSHUWHQHFHUOH(UDFRPRVLHOUHJUHVRDODFDVD
ODSRVLELOLGDGGHH[LVWLUVLQPROHVWDUVHSRUODVXUJHQFLDVFRWLGLDQDVKXELHUDQGHVSHUWDGRHQpOOD
YRFDFLyQFRQFXSLVFHQWH\GHVLGLRVDGHVXWtR-RVp$UFDGLR6XSDVLyQSRU$PDUDQWDVHH[WLQJXLy
VLQ GHMDU FLFDWULFHV $QGDED XQ SRFR DO JDUHWH MXJDQGR ELOODU VREUHOOHYDQGR VX VROHGDG FRQ
PXMHUHV RFDVLRQDOHV VDTXHDQGR ORV UHVTXLFLRV GRQGH UVXOD ROYLGDED HO GLQHUR WUDVSXHVWR
7HUPLQySRUQRYROYHUDODFDVDVLQRSDUDFDPELDUVHGHURSD7RGRVVRQLJXDOHVVHODPHQWDED
UVXOD$OSULQFLSLRVHFUtDQPX\ELHQVRQREHGLHQWHV\IRUPDOHV\SDUHFHQLQFDSDFHVGHPDWDU
XQDPRVFD\DSHQDVOHVVDOHODEDUEDVHWLUDQDODSHUGLFLyQ$OFRQWUDULRGH$UFDGLRTXHQXQFD
FRQRFLy VX YHUGDGHUR RULJHQ pO VH HQWHUy GH TXH HUD KLMR GH 3LODU 7HUQHUD TXLHQ OH KDEtD
FROJDGRXQDKDPDFDSDUDTXHKLFLHUDODVLHVWDHQVXFDVD(UDQPiVTXHPDGUHHKLMRFyPSOLFHV
HQODVROHGDG3LODU7HUQHUDKDEtDSHUGLGRHOUDVWURGHWRGDHVSHUDQ]D6XULVDKDEtDDGTXLULGR
WRQDOLGDGHVGHyUJDQRVXVVHQRVKDEtDQVXFXPELGRDOWHGLRGHODVFDULFLDVHYHQWXDOHVVXYLHQWUH
\VXVPXVORVKDEtDQVLGRYtFWLPDVGHVXLUUHYRFDEOHGHVWLQRGHPXMHUUHSDUWLGDSHURVXFRUD]yQ
HQYHMHFtD VLQ DPDUJXUD *RUGD OHQJXDUD] FRQ tQIXODV GH PDWURQD HQ GHVJUDFLD UHQXQFLy D OD
LOXVLyQHVWpULOGHODVEDUDMDV\HQFRQWUyXQUHPDQVRGHFRQVRODFLyQHQORVDPRUHVDMHQRV(QOD
FDVDGRQGH$XUHOLDQR-RVpGRUPtDODVLHVWDODVPXFKDFKDVGHOYHFLQGDULRUHFLEtDQDVXVDPDQWHV
FDVXDOHV0HSUHVWDVHOFXDUWR3LODUOHGHFtDQVLPSOHPHQWHFXDQGR\DHVWDEDQGHQWUR3RU
VXSXHVWRGHFtD3LODU<VLDOJXLHQHVWDEDSUHVHQWHOHH[SOLFDED
6R\IHOL]VDELHQGRTXHODJHQWHHVIHOL]HQODFDPD
1XQFD FREUDED HO VHUYLFLR 1XQFD QHJDED HO IDYRU FRPR QR VH OR QHJy D ORV LQFRQWDEOHV
KRPEUHV TXH OD EXVFDURQ KDVWD HQ HO FUHS~VFXOR GH VX PDGXUH] VLQ SURSRUFLRQDUOH GLQHUR QL

DPRU \ VyOR DOJXQDV YHFHV SODFHU 6XV FLQFR KLMDV KHUHGHUDV GH XQD VHPLOOD DUGLHQWH VH
SHUGLHURQSRUORVYHULFXHWRVGHODYLGDGHVGHODDGROHVFHQFLD'HORVGRVYDURQHVTXHDOFDQ]yD
FULDU XQR PXULy SHOHDQGR HQ ODV KXHVWHV GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD \ RWUR IXH KHULGR \
FDSWXUDGRDORVFDWRUFHDxRVFXDQGRLQWHQWDEDUREDUVHXQKXDFDOGHJDOOLQDVHQXQSXHEORGHOD
FLpQDJD(QFLHUWRPRGR$XUHOLDQR-RVpIXHHOKRPEUHDOWR\PRUHQRTXHGXUDQWHPHGLRVLJOROH
DQXQFLyHOUH\GHFRSDV\TXHFRPRWRGRVORVHQYLDGRVGHODVEDUDMDVOOHJyDVXFRUD]yQFXDQGR
\DHVWDEDPDUFDGRSRUHOVLJQRGHODPXHUWH(OODORYLRHQORVQDLSHV
1R VDOJDV HVWD QRFKH OH GLMR 4XpGDWH D GRUPLU DTXt TXH &DUPHOLWD 0RQWLHO VH KD
FDQVDGRGHURJDUPHTXHODPHWDHQWXFXDUWR
$XUHOLDQR-RVpQRFDSWyHOSURIXQGRVHQWLGRGHV~SOLFDTXHWHQtDDTXHOODRIHUWD
'LOHTXHPHHVSHUHDODPHGLDQRFKHGLMR
6HIXHDOWHDWURGRQGHXQDFRPSDxtDHVSDxRODDQXQFLDED(OSXxDOGHO=RUURTXHHQUHDOLGDG
HUDODREUDGH=RUULOODFRQHOQRPEUHFDPELDGRSRURUGHQGHOFDSLWiQ$TXLOHV5LFDUGRSRUTXH
ORVOLEHUDOHVOHVOODPDEDQJRGRVDORVFRQVHUYDGRUHV6yORHQHOPRPHQWRGHHQWUHJDUHOEROHWR
HQODSXHUWD$XUHOLDQR-RVpVHGLRFXHQWDGHTXHHOFDSLWiQ$TXLOHV5LFDUGRFRQGRVVROGDGRV
DUPDGRVGHIXVLOHVHVWDEDFDWHDQGRDODFRQFXUUHQFLD&XLGDGRFDSLWiQOHDGYLUWLy$XUHOLDQR
-RVp 7RGDYtD QR KD QDFLGR HO KRPEUH TXH PH SRQJD ODV PDQRV HQFLPD (O FDSLWiQ LQWHQWy
FDWHDUORSRUODIXHU]D\$XUHOLDQR-RVpTXHDQGDEDGHVDUPDGRVHHFKyDFRUUHU/RVVROGDGRV
GHVREHGHFLHURQODRUGHQGHGLVSDUDU(VXQ%XHQGtDH[SOLFyXQRGHHOORV&LHJRGHIXULDHO
FDSLWiQOHDUUHEDWyHQWRQFHVHOIXVLOVHDEULyHQHOFHQWURGHODFDOOH\DSXQWy
&DEURQHVDOFDQ]yDJULWDU2MDOiIXHUDHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
&DUPHOLWD 0RQWLHO XQD YLUJHQ GH YHLQWH DxRV DFDEDED GH EDxDUVH FRQ DJXD GH D]DKDUHV \
HVWDEDUHJDQGRKRMDVGHURPHURHQODFDPDGH3LODU7HUQHUDFXDQGRVRQyHOGLVSDUR$XUHOLDQR
-RVpHVWDEDGHVWLQDGRDFRQRFHUFRQHOODODIHOLFLGDGTXHOHQHJy$PDUDQWDDWHQHUVLHWHKLMRV\D
PRULUVHGHYLHMRHQVXVEUD]RVSHURODEDODGHIXVLOTXHOHHQWUySRUODHVSDOGD\OHGHVSHGD]yHO
SHFKRHVWDEDGLULJLGDSRUXQDPDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODVEDUDMDV(OFDSLWiQ$TXLOHV5LFDUGRTXH
HUDHQUHDOLGDGTXLHQHVWDEDGHVWLQDGRDPRULUHVDQRFKHPXULyHQHIHFWRFXDWURKRUDVDQWHVTXH
$XUHOLDQR-RVp$SHQDVVRQyHOGLVSDURIXHGHUULEDGRSRUGRVEDOD]RVVLPXOWiQHRVFX\RRULJHQ
QRVHHVWDEOHFLyQXQFD\XQJULWRPXOWLWXGLQDULRHVWUHPHFLyODQRFKH
9LYDHOSDUWLGROLEHUDO9LYDHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
$ ODV GRFH FXDQGR $XUHOLDQR -RVp DFDEy GH GHVDQJUDUVH \ &DUPHOLWD 0RQWLHO HQFRQWUy HQ
EODQFRORVQDLSHVGHVXSRUYHQLUPiVGHFXDWURFLHQWRVKRPEUHVKDEtDQGHVILODGRIUHQWHDOWHDWUR
\KDEtDQGHVFDUJDGRVXVUHYyOYHUHVFRQWUDHOFDGiYHUDEDQGRQDGRGHOFDSLWiQ$TXLOHV5LFDUGR
6H QHFHVLWy XQD SDWUXOOD SDUD SRQHU HQ XQD FDUUHWLOOD HO FXHUSR DSHOPD]DGR GH SORPR TXH VH
GHVEDUDWDEDFRPRXQSDQHQVRSDGR
&RQWUDULDGR SRU ODV LPSHUWLQHQFLDV GHO HMpUFLWR UHJXODU HO JHQHUDO -RVp 5DTXHO 0RQFDGD
PRYLOL]yVXVLQIOXHQFLDVSROtWLFDVYROYLyDYHVWLUHOXQLIRUPH\DVXPLyODMHIDWXUDFLYLO\PLOLWDU
GH 0DFRQGR 1R HVSHUDED VLQ HPEDUJR TXH VX DFWLWXG FRQFLOLDWRULD SXGLHUD LPSHGLU OR
LQHYLWDEOH/DVQRWLFLDVGHVHWLHPEUHIXHURQFRQWUDGLFWRULDV0LHQWUDVHOJRELHUQRDQXQFLDEDTXH

48

PDQWHQtD HO FRQWURO HQ WRGR HO SDtV ORV OLEHUDOHV UHFLEtDQ LQIRUPHV VHFUHWRV GH OHYDQWDPLHQWRV
DUPDGRVHQHOLQWHULRU(OUpJLPHQQRDGPLWLyHOHVWDGRGHJXHUUDPLHQWUDVQRVHSURFODPyHQXQ
EDQGR TXH VH OH KDEtD VHJXLGR FRQVHMR GH JXHUUD HQ DXVHQFLD DO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD \
KDEtDVLGRFRQGHQDGRDPXHUWH6HRUGHQDEDFXPSOLUODVHQWHQFLDDODSULPHUDJXDUQLFLyQTXHOR
FDSWXUDUD(VWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHKDYXHOWRVHDOHJUyUVXODDQWHHOJHQHUDO0RQFDGD3HURpO
PLVPRORLJQRUDED
(Q UHDOLGDG HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD HVWDED HQ HO SDtV GHVGH KDFtD PiV GH XQ PHV
3UHFHGLGRGHUXPRUHVFRQWUDGLFWRULRVVXSXHVWRDOPLVPRWLHPSRHQORVOXJDUHVPiVDSDUWDGRVHO
SURSLRJHQHUDO0RQFDGDQRFUH\yHQVXUHJUHVRVLQRFXDQGRVHDQXQFLyRILFLDOPHQWHTXHVHKDEtD
DSRGHUDGR GH GRV HVWDGRV GHO OLWRUDO /D IHOLFLWR FRPDGUH OH GLMR D UVXOD PRVWUiQGROH HO
WHOHJUDPD0X\SURQWRORWHQGUiDTXtUVXODVHSUHRFXSyHQWRQFHVSRUSULPHUDYH]<XVWHG
TXpKDUiFRPSDGUH"SUHJXQWy(OJHQHUDO0RQFDGDVHKDEtDKHFKRHVDSUHJXQWDPXFKDVYHFHV
/RPLVPRTXHpOFRPDGUHFRQWHVWyFXPSOLUFRQPLGHEHU
(O SULPHUR GH RFWXEUH DO DPDQHFHU HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD FRQ PLO KRPEUHV ELHQ
DUPDGRVDWDFyD0DFRQGR\ODJXDUQLFLyQUHFLELyODRUGHQGHUHVLVWLUKDVWDHOILQDO$PHGLRGtD
PLHQWUDVHOJHQHUDO0RQFDGDDOPRU]DEDFRQUVXODXQFDxRQD]RUHEHOGHTXHUHWXPEyHQWRGRHO
SXHEORSXOYHUL]yODIDFKDGDGHODWHVRUHUtDPXQLFLSDO(VWiQWDQELHQDUPDGRVFRPRQRVRWURV
VXVSLUy HO JHQHUDO 0RQFDGD SHUR DGHPiV SHOHDQ FRQ PiV JDQDV $ ODV GRV GH OD WDUGH
PLHQWUDV OD WLHUUD WHPEODED FRQ ORV FDxRQD]RV GH DPERV ODGRV VH GHVSLGLy GH UVXOD FRQ OD
FHUWLGXPEUHGHTXHHVWDEDOLEUDQGRXQDEDWDOODSHUGLGD
5XHJRD'LRVTXHHVWDQRFKHQRWHQJDD$XUHOLDQRHQODFDVDGLMR6LHVDVtGHOHXQ
DEUD]RGHPLSDUWHSRUTXH\RQRHVSHURYHUORPiVQXQFD
(VD QRFKH IXH FDSWXUDGR FXDQGR WUDWDED GH IXJDUVH GH 0DFRQGR GHVSXpV GH HVFULELUOH XQD
H[WHQVDFDUWDDOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDHQODFXDOOHUHFRUGDEDORVSURSyVLWRVFRPXQHVGH
KXPDQL]DUODJXHUUD\OHGHVHDEDXQDYLFWRULDGHILQLWLYDFRQWUDODFRUUXSFLyQGHORVPLOLWDUHV\
ODVDPELFLRQHVGHORVSROtWLFRVGHDPERVSDUWLGRV$OGtDVLJXLHQWHHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
DOPRU]y FRQ pO HQ FDVD GH UVXOD GRQGH IXH UHFOXLGR KDVWD TXH XQ FRQVHMR GH JXHUUD
UHYROXFLRQDULR GHFLGLHUD VX GHVWLQR )XH XQD UHXQLyQ IDPLOLDU 3HUR PLHQWUDV ORV DGYHUVDULRV
ROYLGDEDQODJXHUUDSDUDHYRFDUUHFXHUGRVGHOSDVDGRUVXODWXYRODVRPEUtDLPSUHVLyQGHTXH
VXKLMRHUDXQLQWUXVR/DKDEtDWHQLGRGHVGHTXHORYLRHQWUDUSURWHJLGRSRUXQUXLGRVRDSDUDWR
PLOLWDUTXHYROWHyORVGRUPLWRULRVDOGHUHFKR\DOUHYpVKDVWDFRQYHQFHUVHGHTXHQRKDEtDQLQJ~Q
ULHVJR (O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD QR VyOR OR DFHSWy VLQR TXH LPSDUWLy yUGHQHV GH XQD
VHYHULGDGWHUPLQDQWH\QRSHUPLWLyTXHQDGLHVHOHDFHUFDUDDPHQRVGHWUHVPHWURVQLVLTXLHUD
UVXODPLHQWUDVORVPLHPEURVGHVXHVFROWDQRWHUPLQDURQGHHVWDEOHFHUODVJXDUGLDVDOUHGHGRU
GHODFDVD9HVWtDXQXQLIRUPHGHGULORUGLQDULRVLQLQVLJQLDVGHQLQJXQDFODVH\XQDVERWDVDOWDV
FRQHVSXHODVHPEDGXUQDGDVGHEDUUR\VDQJUHVHFD/OHYDEDDOFLQWRXQDHVFXDGUDFRQODIXQGD
GHVDEURFKDGD \ OD PDQR VLHPSUH DSR\DGD HQ OD FXODWD UHYHODED OD PLVPD WHQVLyQ YLJLODQWH \
UHVXHOWDGHODPLUDGD6XFDEH]DDKRUDFRQHQWUDGDVSURIXQGDVSDUHFtDKRUQHDGDDIXHJROHQWR
6XURVWURFXDUWHDGRSRUODVDOGHO&DULEHKDEtDDGTXLULGRXQDGXUH]DPHWiOLFD(VWDEDSUHVHUYDGR

FRQWUDODYHMH]LQPLQHQWHSRUXQDYLWDOLGDGTXHWHQtDDOJRTXHYHUFRQODIULDOGDGGHODVHQWUDxDV
(UD PiV DOWR TXH FXDQGR VH IXH PiV SiOLGR \ yVHR \ PDQLIHVWDED ORV SULPHURV VtQWRPDV GH
UHVLVWHQFLDDODQRVWDOJLD'LRVPtRVHGLMRUVXODDODUPDGD$KRUDSDUHFHXQKRPEUHFDSD]
GH WRGR /R HUD (O UHER]R D]WHFD TXH OH OOHYy D $PDUDQWD ODV HYRFDFLRQHV TXH KL]R HQ HO
DOPXHU]RODVGLYHUWLGDVDQpFGRWDVTXHFRQWyHUDQVLPSOHVUHVFROGRVGHVXKXPRUGHRWUDpSRFD
1RELHQVHFXPSOLyODRUGHQGHHQWHUUDUDORVPXHUWRVHQODIRVDFRP~QDVLJQyDOFRURQHO5RTXH
&DUQLFHURODPLVLyQGHDSUHVXUDUORVMXLFLRVGHJXHUUD\pOVHHPSHxyHQODDJRWDGRUDWDUHDGH
LPSRQHUODVUHIRUPDVUDGLFDOHVTXHQRGHMDUDQSLHGUDVREUHSLHGUDHQODUHYHQLGDHVWUXFWXUDGHO
UpJLPHQ FRQVHUYDGRU 7HQHPRV TXH DQWLFLSDUQRV D ORV SROtWLFRV GHO SDUWLGR GHFtD D VXV
DVHVRUHV&XDQGRDEUDQORVRMRVDODUHDOLGDGVHHQFRQWUDUiQFRQORVKHFKRVFRQVXPDGRV)XH
HQWRQFHV FXDQGR GHFLGLy UHYLVDU ORV WtWXORV GH SURSLHGDG GH OD WLHUUD KDVWD FLHQ DxRV DWUiV \
GHVFXEULy ODV WURSHOtDV OHJDOL]DGDV GH VX KHUPDQR -RVp $UFDGLR $QXOy ORV UHJLVWURV GH XQD
SOXPDGD(QXQ~OWLPRJHVWRGHFRUWHVtDGHVDWHQGLyVXVDVXQWRVSRUXQDKRUD\YLVLWyD5HEHFD
SDUDSRQHUODDOFRUULHQWHGHVXGHWHUPLQDFLyQ
(QODSHQXPEUDGHODFDVDODYLXGDVROLWDULDTXHHQXQWLHPSRIXHODFRQILGHQWHGHVXVDPRUHV
UHSULPLGRV \ FX\D REVWLQDFLyQ OH VDOYy OD YLGD HUD XQ HVSHFWUR GHO SDVDGR &HUUDGD GH QHJUR
KDVWDORVSXxRVFRQHOFRUD]yQFRQYHUWLGRHQFHQL]DVDSHQDVVLWHQtDQRWLFLDVGHODJXHUUD(O
FRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDWXYRODLPSUHVLyQGHTXHODIRVIRUHVFHQFLDGHVXVKXHVRVWUDVSDVDED
OD SLHO \ TXH HOOD VH PRYtD D WUDYpV GH XQD DWPyVIHUD GH IXHJRV IDWXRV HQ XQ DLUH HVWDQFDGR
GRQGH D~Q VH SHUFLEtD XQ UHFyQGLWR RORU D SyOYRUD (PSH]y SRU DFRQVHMDUOH TXH PRGHUDUD HO
ULJRUGHVXOXWRTXHYHQWLODUDODFDVDTXHOHSHUGRQDUDDOPXQGRODPXHUWHGH-RVp$UFDGLR3HUR
\D 5HEHFD HVWDED D VDOYR GH WRGD YDQLGDG 'HVSXpV GH EXVFDUOD LQ~WLOPHQWH HQ HO VDERU GH OD
WLHUUD HQ ODV FDUWDV SHUIXPDGDV GH 3LHWUR &UHVSL HQ OD FDPD WHPSHVWXRVD GH VX PDULGR KDEtD
HQFRQWUDGR OD SD] HQ DTXHOOD FDVD GRQGH ORV UHFXHUGRV VH PDWHULDOL]DURQ SRU OD IXHU]D GH OD
HYRFDFLyQLPSODFDEOH\VHSDVHDEDQFRPRVHUHVKXPDQRVSRUORVFXDUWRVFODXVXUDGRV(VWLUDGD
HQ VX PHFHGRU GH PLPEUH PLUDQGR DO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD FRPR VL IXHUD pO TXLHQ
SDUHFLHUD XQ HVSHFWUR GHO SDVDGR 5HEHFD QL VLTXLHUD VH FRQPRYLy FRQ OD QRWLFLD GH TXH ODV
WLHUUDVXVXUSDGDVSRU-RVp$UFDGLRVHUtDQUHVWLWXLGDVDVXVGXHxRVOHJtWLPRV
6H KDUi OR TXH W~ GLVSRQJDV $XUHOLDQR VXVSLUy 6LHPSUH FUHt \ OR FRQILUPR DKRUD
TXHHUHVXQGHVFDVWDGR
/DUHYLVLyQGHORVWtWXORVGHSURSLHGDGVHFRQVXPyDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHORVMXLFLRVVXPDULRV
SUHVLGLGRVSRUHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]\TXHFRQFOX\HURQFRQHOIXVLODPLHQWRGHWRGDOD
RILFLDOLGDGGHOHMpUFLWRUHJXODUSULVLRQHUDGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRV(O~OWLPRFRQVHMRGHJXHUUDIXH
HOGHOJHQHUDO-RVp5DTXHO0RQFDGDUVXODLQWHUYLQR(VHOPHMRUJREHUQDQWHTXHKHPRVWHQLGR
HQ0DFRQGROHGLMRDOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD1LVLTXLHUDWHQJRQDGDTXHGHFLUWHGHVX
EXHQ FRUD]yQ GHO DIHFWR TXH QRV WLHQH SRUTXH W~ OR FRQRFHV PHMRU TXH QDGLH (O FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDILMyHQHOODXQDPLUDGDGHUHSUREDFLyQ
1R SXHGR DUURJDUPH OD IDFXOWDG GH DGPLQLVWUDU MXVWLFLD UHSOLFy 6L XVWHG WLHQH DOJR
TXHGHFLUGtJDORDQWHHOFRQVHMRGHJXHUUD

49

UVXOD QR VyOR OR KL]R VLQR TXH OOHYy D GHFODUDU D WRGDV ODV PDGUHV GH ORV RILFLDOHV
UHYROXFLRQDULRVTXHYLYtDQHQ0DFRQGR8QDSRUXQDODVYLHMDVIXQGDGRUDVGHOSXHEORYDULDVGH
ODV FXDOHV KDEtDQ SDUWLFLSDGR HQ OD WHPHUDULD WUDYHVtD GH OD VLHUUD H[DOWDURQ ODV YLUWXGHV GHO
JHQHUDO0RQFDGDUVXODIXHOD~OWLPDHQHOGHVILOH6XGLJQLGDGOXFWXRVDHOSHVRGHVXQRPEUH
ODFRQYLQFHQWHYHKHPHQFLDGHVXGHFODUDFLyQKLFLHURQYDFLODUSRUXQPRPHQWRHOHTXLOLEULRGHOD
MXVWLFLD8VWHGHVKDQWRPDGRPX\HQVHULRHVWHMXHJRHVSDQWRVR\KDQKHFKRELHQSRUTXHHVWiQ
FXPSOLHQGRFRQVXGHEHUGLMRDORVPLHPEURVGHOWULEXQDO3HURQRROYLGHQTXHPLHQWUDV'LRV
QRV Gp YLGD QRVRWUDV VHJXLUHPRV VLHQGR PDGUHV \ SRU PX\ UHYROXFLRQDULRV TXH VHDQ WHQHPRV
GHUHFKRGHEDMDUOHVORVSDQWDORQHV\GDUOHVXQDFXHUL]DDODSULPHUDIDOWDGHUHVSHWR(OMXUDGR
VH UHWLUy D GHOLEHUDU FXDQGR WRGDYtD UHVRQDEDQ HVWDV SDODEUDV HQ HO iPELWR GH OD HVFXHOD
FRQYHUWLGD HQ FXDUWHO $ OD PHGLDQRFKH HO JHQHUDO -RVp 5DTXHO 0RQFDGD IXH VHQWHQFLDGR D
PXHUWH (O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD D SHVDU GH ODV YLROHQWDV UHFULPLQDFLRQHV GH UVXOD VH
QHJyDFRQPXWDUOHODSHQD3RFRDQWHVGHODPDQHFHUYLVLWyDOVHQWHQFLDGRHQHOFXDUWRGHOFHSR
5HFXHUGDFRPSDGUHOHGLMRTXHQRWHIXVLOR\R7HIXVLODODUHYROXFLyQ
(OJHQHUDO0RQFDGDQLVLTXLHUDVHOHYDQWyGHOFDWUHDOYHUORHQWUDU
9HWHDODPLHUGDFRPSDGUHUHSOLFy
+DVWDHVHPRPHQWRGHVGHVXUHJUHVRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDQRVHKDEtDFRQFHGLGROD
RSRUWXQLGDGGHYHUORFRQHOFRUD]yQ6HDVRPEUyGHFXiQWRKDEtDHQYHMHFLGRGHOWHPEORUGHVXV
PDQRVGHODFRQIRUPLGDGXQSRFRUXWLQDULDFRQTXHHVSHUDEDODPXHUWH\HQWRQFHVH[SHULPHQWy
XQKRQGRGHVSUHFLRSRUVtPLVPRTXHFRQIXQGLyFRQXQSULQFLSLRGHPLVHULFRUGLD
6DEHV PHMRU TXH \R GLMR TXH WRGR FRQVHMR GH JXHUUD HV XQD IDUVD \ TXH HQ YHUGDG
WLHQHV TXH SDJDU ORV FUtPHQHV GH RWURV SRUTXH HVWD YH] YDPRV D JDQDU OD JXHUUD D FXDOTXLHU
SUHFLR7~HQPLOXJDUQRKXELHUDVKHFKRORPLVPR"
(OJHQHUDO0RQFDGDVHLQFRUSRUySDUDOLPSLDUORVJUXHVRVDQWHRMRVGHFDUH\FRQHOIDOGyQGH
ODFDPLVD3UREDEOHPHQWHGLMR3HURORTXHPHSUHRFXSDQRHVTXHPHIXVLOHVSRUTXHDOILQ\
DOFDERSDUDODJHQWHFRPRQRVRWURVHVWRHVODPXHUWHQDWXUDO3XVRORVOHQWHVHQODFDPD\VH
TXLWyHOUHORMGHOHRQWLQD/RTXHPHSUHRFXSDDJUHJyHVTXHGHWDQWRRGLDUDORVPLOLWDUHV
GHWDQWRFRPEDWLUORVGHWDQWRSHQVDUHQHOORVKDVWHUPLQDGRSRUVHULJXDODHOORV<QRKD\XQ
LGHDOHQODYLGDTXHPHUH]FDWDQWDDE\HFFLyQ6HTXLWyHODQLOORPDWULPRQLDO\ODPHGDOODGHOD
9LUJHQGHORV5HPHGLRV\ORVSXVRMXQWRFRQORVOHQWHV\HOUHORM
$HVWHSDVRFRQFOX\yQRVyORVHUiVHOGLFWDGRUPiVGHVSyWLFR\VDQJXLQDULRGHQXHVWUD
KLVWRULDVLQRTXHIXVLODUiVDPLFRPDGUHUVXODWUDWDQGRGHDSDFLJXDUWXFRQFLHQFLD
(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDSHUPDQHFLyLPSDVLEOH(OJHQHUDO0RQFDGDOHHQWUHJyHQWRQFHV
ORVOHQWHVODPHGDOODHOUHORM\HODQLOOR\FDPELyGHWRQR
3HURQRWHKLFHYHQLUSDUDUHJDxDUWHGLMR4XHUtDVXSOLFDUWHHOIDYRUGHPDQGDUOHHVWDV
FRVDVDPLPXMHU
(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDVHODVJXDUGyHQORVEROVLOORV
6LJXHHQ0DQDXUH"
6LJXHHQ0DQDXUHFRQILUPyHOJHQHUDO0RQFDGDHQODPLVPDFDVDGHWUiVGHODLJOHVLD

GRQGHPDQGDVWHDTXHOODFDUWD
/RKDUpFRQPXFKRJXVWR-RVp5DTXHOGLMRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
&XDQGRVDOLyDODLUHD]XOGHQHEOLQDHOURVWURVHOHKXPHGHFLyFRPRHQRWURDPDQHFHUGHO
SDVDGR\VyORHQWRQFHVFRPSUHQGLySRUTXpKDEtDGLVSXHVWRTXHODVHQWHQFLDVHFXPSOLHUDHQHO
SDWLR\QRHQHOPXURGHOFHPHQWHULR(OSHORWyQIRUPDGRIUHQWHDODSXHUWDOHULQGLyKRQRUHVGH
MHIHGHHVWDGR
<DSXHGHQWUDHUORRUGHQy

50

(OFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]IXHHOSULPHURTXHSHUFLELyHOYDFtRGHODJXHUUD(QVXFRQGLFLyQ
GH MHIH FLYLO \ PLOLWDU GH 0DFRQGR VRVWHQtD GRV YHFHV SRU VHPDQD FRQYHUVDFLRQHV WHOHJUiILFDV
FRQ HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD $O SULQFLSLR DTXHOODV HQWUHYLVWDV GHWHUPLQDEDQ HO FXUVR GH
XQD JXHUUD GH FDUQH \ KXHVR FX\RV FRQWRUQRV SHUIHFWDPHQWH GHILQLGRV SHUPLWtDQ HVWDEOHFHU HQ
FXDOTXLHU PRPHQWR HO SXQWR H[DFWR HQ TXH VH HQFRQWUDED \ SUHYHU VXV UXPERV IXWXURV $XQTXH
QXQFD VH GHMDED DUUDVWUDU DO WHUUHQR GH ODV FRQILGHQFLDV QL VLTXLHUD SRU VXV DPLJRV PiV
SUy[LPRV HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD FRQVHUYDED HQWRQFHV HO WRQR IDPLOLDU TXH SHUPLWtD
LGHQWLILFDUORDORWURH[WUHPRGHODOtQHD0XFKDVYHFHVSURORQJyODVFRQYHUVDFLRQHVPiVDOOiGHO
WpUPLQR SUHYLVWR \ ODV GHMy GHULYDU KDFLD FRPHQWDULRV GH FDUiFWHU GRPpVWLFR 3RFR D SRFR VLQ
HPEDUJR\DPHGLGDTXHODJXHUUDVHLEDLQWHQVLILFDQGR\H[WHQGLHQGRVXLPDJHQVHIXHERUUDQGR
HQXQXQLYHUVRGHLUUHDOLGDG/RVSXQWRV\UD\DVGHVXYR]HUDQFDGDYH]PiVUHPRWRVHLQFLHUWRV
\VHXQtDQ\FRPELQDEDQSDUDIRUPDUSDODEUDVTXHSDXODWLQDPHQWHIXHURQSHUGLHQGRWRGRVHQWLGR
(O FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] VH OLPLWDED HQWRQFHV D HVFXFKDU DEUXPDGR SRU OD LPSUHVLyQ GH
HVWDUHQFRQWDFWRWHOHJUiILFRFRQXQGHVFRQRFLGRGHRWURPXQGR
&RPSUHQGLGR$XUHOLDQRFRQFOXtDHQHOPDQLSXODGRU9LYDHOSDUWLGROLEHUDO
7HUPLQySRUSHUGHUWRGRFRQWDFWRFRQODJXHUUD/RTXHHQRWURWLHPSRIXHXQDDFWLYLGDGUHDO
XQDSDVLyQLUUHVLVWLEOHGHVXMXYHQWXGVHFRQYLUWLySDUDpOHQXQDUHIHUHQFLDUHPRWDXQYDFtR6X
~QLFRUHIXJLRHUDHOFRVWXUHURGH$PDUDQWD/DYLVLWDEDWRGDVODVWDUGHV/HJXVWDEDFRQWHPSODU
VXVPDQRVPLHQWUDVUL]DEDHVSXPDVGHROiQHQODPiTXLQDGHPDQLYHODTXHKDFtDJLUDU5HPHGLRV
ODEHOOD3DVDEDQPXFKDVKRUDVVLQKDEODUFRQIRUPHVFRQODFRPSDxtDUHFtSURFDSHURPLHQWUDV
$PDUDQWDVHFRPSODFtDtQWLPDPHQWHHQPDQWHQHUYLYRHOIXHJRGHVXGHYRFLyQpOLJQRUDEDFXiOHV
HUDQORVVHFUHWRVGHVLJQLRVGHDTXHOFRUD]yQLQGHVFLIUDEOH&XDQGRVHFRQRFLyODQRWLFLDGHVX
UHJUHVR$PDUDQWDVHKDEtDDKRJDGRGHDQVLHGDG3HURFXDQGRORYLRHQWUDUHQODFDVDFRQIXQGLGR
FRQ OD UXLGRVD HVFROWD GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD \ OR YLR PDOWUDWDGR SRU HO ULJRU GHO
GHVWLHUURHQYHMHFLGRSRUODHGDG\HOROYLGRVXFLRGHVXGRU\SROYRRORURVRDUHEDxRIHRFRQ
HOEUD]RL]TXLHUGRHQFDEHVWULOORVHVLQWLyGHVIDOOHFHUGHGHVLOXVLyQ'LRVPtRSHQVyQR
HUDpVWHHOTXHHVSHUDED$OGtDVLJXLHQWHVLQHPEDUJRpOYROYLyDODFDVDDIHLWDGR\OLPSLR
FRQHOELJRWHSHUIXPDGRGHDJXDGHDOKXFHPD\VLQHOFDEHVWULOORHQVDQJUHQWDGR/HOOHYDEDXQ
EUHYLDULRGHSDVWDVQDFDUDGDV

4XpUDURVVRQORVKRPEUHVGLMRHOODSRUTXHQRHQFRQWUyRWUDFRVDTXHGHFLU6HSDVDQ
ODYLGDSHOHDQGRFRQWUDORVFXUDV\UHJDODQOLEURVGHRUDFLRQHV
'HVGHHQWRQFHVDXQHQORVGtDVPiVFUtWLFRVGHODJXHUUDODYLVLWyWRGDVODVWDUGHV0XFKDV
YHFHVFXDQGRQRHVWDEDSUHVHQWH5HPHGLRVODEHOODHUDpOTXLHQOHGDEDYXHOWDVDODUXHGDGHOD
PiTXLQD GH FRVHU $PDUDQWD VH VHQWtD WXUEDGD SRU OD SHUVHYHUDQFLD OD OHDOWDG OD VXPLVLyQ GH
DTXHOKRPEUHLQYHVWLGRGHWDQWDDXWRULGDGTXHVLQHPEDUJRVHGHVSRMDEDGHVXVDUPDVHQODVDOD
SDUDHQWUDULQGHIHQVRDOFRVWXUHUR3HURGXUDQWHFXDWURDxRVpOOHUHLWHUyVXDPRU\HOODHQFRQWUy
VLHPSUHODPDQHUDGHUHFKD]DUORVLQKHULUORSRUTXHDXQTXHQRFRQVHJXtDTXHUHUOR\DQRSRGtD
YLYLU VLQ pO 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD TXH SDUHFtD LQGLIHUHQWH D WRGR \ GH TXLHQ VH SHQVDED TXH HUD
UHWUDVDGDPHQWDOQRIXHLQVHQVLEOHDWDQWDGHYRFLyQHLQWHUYLQRHQIDYRUGHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR
0iUTXH] $PDUDQWD GHVFXEULy GH SURQWR TXH DTXHOOD QLxD TXH KDEtD FULDGR TXH DSHQDV
GHVSXQWDEDDODDGROHVFHQFLDHUD\DODFULDWXUDPiVEHOODTXHVHKDEtDYLVWRHQ0DFRQGR6LQWLy
UHQDFHU HQ VX FRUD]yQ HO UHQFRU TXH HQ RWUR WLHPSR H[SHULPHQWy FRQWUD 5HEHFD \ URJiQGROH D
'LRVTXHQRODDUUDVWUDUDKDVWDHOH[WUHPRGHGHVHDUOHODPXHUWHODGHVWHUUyGHOFRVWXUHUR)XH
SRUHVDpSRFDTXHHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]HPSH]yDVHQWLUHOKDVWtRGHODJXHUUD$SHOyD
VXVUHVHUYDVGHSHUVXDVLyQDVXLQPHQVD\UHSULPLGDWHUQXUDGLVSXHVWRDUHQXQFLDUSRU$PDUDQWD
DXQDJORULDTXHOHKDEtDFRVWDGRHOVDFULILFLRGHVXVPHMRUHVDxRV3HURQRORJUyFRQYHQFHUOD
8QD WDUGH GH DJRVWR DJRELDGD SRU HO SHVR LQVRSRUWDEOH GH VX SURSLD REVWLQDFLyQ $PDUDQWD VH
HQFHUUy HQ HO GRUPLWRULR D OORUDU VX VROHGDG KDVWD OD PXHUWH GHVSXpV GH GDUOH OD UHVSXHVWD
GHILQLWLYDDVXSUHWHQGLHQWHWHQD]
2OYLGpPRQRVSDUDVLHPSUHOHGLMR\DVRPRVGHPDVLDGRYLHMRVSDUDHVWDVFRVDV
(O FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] DFXGLy DTXHOOD WDUGH D XQ OODPDGR WHOHJUiILFR GHO FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD )XH XQD FRQYHUVDFLyQ UXWLQDULD TXH QR KDEtD GH DEULU QLQJXQD EUHFKD HQ OD
JXHUUDHVWDQFDGD$OWHUPLQDUHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]FRQWHPSOyODVFDOOHVGHVRODGDVHO
DJXDFULVWDOL]DGDHQORVDOPHQGURV\VHHQFRQWUySHUGLGRHQODVROHGDG
$XUHOLDQRGLMRWULVWHPHQWHHQHOPDQLSXODGRUHVWiOORYLHQGRHQ0DFRQGR
+XER XQ ODUJR VLOHQFLR HQ OD OtQHD 'H SURQWR ORV DSDUDWRV VDOWDURQ FRQ ORV VLJQRV
GHVSLDGDGRVGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
1R VHDV SHQGHMR *HULQHOGR GLMHURQ ORV VLJQRV (V QDWXUDO TXH HVWp OORYLHQGR HQ
DJRVWR
7HQtDQ WDQWR WLHPSR GH QR YHUVH TXH HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] VH GHVFRQFHUWy FRQ OD
DJUHVLYLGDGGHDTXHOODUHDFFLyQ6LQHPEDUJRGRVPHVHVGHVSXpVFXDQGRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtDYROYLyD0DFRQGRHOGHVFRQFLHUWRVHWUDQVIRUPyHQHVWXSRU+DVWDUVXODVHVRUSUHQGLy
GHFXiQWRKDEtDFDPELDGR/OHJyVLQUXLGRVLQHVFROWDHQYXHOWRHQXQDPDQWDDSHVDUGHOFDORU\
FRQWUHVDPDQWHVTXHLQVWDOyHQXQDPLVPDFDVDGRQGHSDVDEDODPD\RUSDUWHGHOWLHPSRWHQGLGR
HQ XQD KDPDFD $SHQDV VL OHtD ORV GHVSDFKRV WHOHJUiILFRV TXH LQIRUPDEDQ GH RSHUDFLRQHV
UXWLQDULDV (Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] OH SLGLy LQVWUXFFLRQHV SDUD OD
HYDFXDFLyQ GH XQD ORFDOLGDG IURQWHUL]D TXH DPHQD]DED FRQ FRQYHUWLUVH HQ XQ FRQIOLFWR
LQWHUQDFLRQDO

51

1RPHPROHVWHVSRUSHTXHxHFHVOHRUGHQypO&RQV~OWDORFRQOD'LYLQD3URYLGHQFLD
(UDWDOYH]HOPRPHQWRPiVFUtWLFRGHODJXHUUD/RVWHUUDWHQLHQWHVOLEHUDOHVTXHDOSULQFLSLR
DSR\DEDQ OD UHYROXFLyQ KDEtDQ VXVFULWR DOLDQ]DV VHFUHWDV FRQ ORV WHUUDWHQLHQWHV FRQVHUYDGRUHV
SDUD LPSHGLU OD UHYLVLyQ GH ORV WtWXORV GH SURSLHGDG /RV SROtWLFRV TXH FDSLWDOL]DEDQ OD JXHUUD
GHVGH HO H[LOLR KDEtDQ UHSXGLDGR S~EOLFDPHQWH ODV GHWHUPLQDFLRQHV GUiVWLFDV GHO FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDSHURKDVWDHVDGHVDXWRUL]DFLyQSDUHFtDWHQHUORVLQFXLGDGR1RKDEtDYXHOWRD
OHHUVXVYHUVRVTXHRFXSDEDQPiVGHFLQFRWRPRV\TXHSHUPDQHFtDQROYLGDGRVHQHOIRQGRGHO
ED~O'HQRFKHRDODKRUDGHODVLHVWDOODPDEDDODKDPDFDDXQDGHVXVPXMHUHV\REWHQtDGH
HOODXQDVDWLVIDFFLyQUXGLPHQWDULD\OXHJRGRUPtDFRQXQVXHxRGHSLHGUDTXHQRHUDSHUWXUEDGR
SRUHOPiVOLJHURLQGLFLRGHSUHRFXSDFLyQ6yORpOVDEtDHQWRQFHVTXHVXDWXUGLGRFRUD]yQHVWDED
FRQGHQDGRSDUDVLHPSUHDODLQFHUWLGXPEUH$OSULQFLSLRHPEULDJDGRSRUODJORULDGHOUHJUHVR
SRU ODV YLFWRULDV LQYHURVtPLOHV VH KDEtD DVRPDGR DO DELVPR GH OD JUDQGH]D 6H FRPSODFtD HQ
PDQWHQHUDODGLHVWUDDOGXTXHGH0DUOERURXJKVXJUDQPDHVWURHQODVDUWHVGHODJXHUUDFX\R
DWXHQGRGHSLHOHV\XxDVGHWLJUHVXVFLWDEDHOUHVSHWRGHORVDGXOWRV\HODVRPEURGHORVQLxRV
)XH HQWRQFHV FXDQGR GHFLGLy TXH QLQJ~Q VHU KXPDQR QL VLTXLHUD UVXOD VH OH DSUR[LPDUD D
PHQRVGHWUHVPHWURV(QHOFHQWURGHOFtUFXORGHWL]DTXHVXVHGHFDQHVWUD]DEDQGRQGHTXLHUDTXH
pOOOHJDUD\HQHOFXDOVyORpOSRGtDHQWUDUGHFLGtDFRQyUGHQHVEUHYHVHLQDSHODEOHVHOGHVWLQR
GHOPXQGR/DSULPHUDYH]TXHHVWXYRHQ0DQDXUHGHVSXpVGHOIXVLODPLHQWRGHOJHQHUDO0RQFDGD
VHDSUHVXUyDFXPSOLUOD~OWLPDYROXQWDGGHVXYtFWLPD\ODYLXGDUHFLELyORVOHQWHVODPHGDOOD
HOUHORM\HODQLOORSHURQROHSHUPLWLySDVDUGHODSXHUWD
1RHQWUHFRURQHOOHGLMR8VWHGPDQGDUiHQVXJXHUUDSHUR\RPDQGRHQPLFDVD
(O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD QR GLR QLQJXQD PXHVWUD GH UHQFRU SHUR VX HVStULWX VyOR
HQFRQWUy HO VRVLHJR FXDQGR VX JXDUGLD SHUVRQDO VDTXHy \ UHGXMR D FHQL]DV OD FDVD GH OD YLXGD
&XtGDWH HO FRUD]yQ $XUHOLDQR OH GHFtD HQWRQFHV HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] 7H HVWiV
SXGULHQGRYLYR3RUHVDpSRFDFRQYRFyXQDVHJXQGDDVDPEOHDGHORVSULQFLSDOHVFRPDQGDQWHV
UHEHOGHV (QFRQWUy GH WRGR LGHDOLVWDV DPELFLRVRV DYHQWXUHURV UHVHQWLGRV VRFLDOHV \ KDVWD
GHOLQFXHQWHV FRPXQHV +DEtD LQFOXVLYH XQ DQWLJXR IXQFLRQDULR FRQVHUYDGRU UHIXJLDGR HQ OD
UHYXHOWDSDUDHVFDSDUDXQMXLFLRSRUPDOYHUVDFLyQGHIRQGRV0XFKRVQRVDEtDQQLVLTXLHUDSRU
TXp SHOHDEDQ (Q PHGLR GH DTXHOOD PXFKHGXPEUH DELJDUUDGD FX\DV GLIHUHQFLDV GH FULWHULR
HVWXYLHURQDSXQWRGHSURYRFDUXQDH[SORVLyQLQWHUQDVHGHVWDFDEDXQDDXWRULGDGWHQHEURVDHO
JHQHUDO7HyILOR9DUJDV(UDXQLQGLRSXURPRQWDUD]DQDOIDEHWRGRWDGRGHXQDPDOLFLDWDFLWXUQD\
XQD YRFDFLyQ PHVLiQLFD TXH VXVFLWDED HQ VXV KRPEUHV XQ IDQDWLVPR GHPHQWH (O FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDSURPRYLyODUHXQLyQFRQHOSURSyVLWRGHXQLILFDUHOPDQGRUHEHOGHFRQWUDODV
PDQLREUDV GH ORV SROtWLFRV (O JHQHUDO 7HyILOR 9DUJDV VH DGHODQWy D VXV LQWHQFLRQHV HQ SRFDV
KRUDV GHVEDUDWy OD FRDOLFLyQ GH ORV FRPDQGDQWHV PHMRU FDOLILFDGRV \ VH DSRGHUy GHO PDQGR
FHQWUDO(VXQDILHUDGHFXLGDGROHVGLMRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDDVXVRILFLDOHV3DUD
QRVRWURVHVHKRPEUHHVPiVSHOLJURVRTXHHO0LQLVWURGHOD*XHUUD(QWRQFHVXQFDSLWiQPX\
MRYHQTXHVLHPSUHVHKDEtDGLVWLQJXLGRSRUVXWLPLGH]OHYDQWyXQtQGLFHFDXWHORVR
(VPX\VLPSOHFRURQHOSURSXVRKD\TXHPDWDUOR

(O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD QR VH DODUPy SRU OD IULDOGDG GH OD SURSRVLFLyQ VLQR SRU OD
IRUPDHQTXHVHDQWLFLSyXQDIUDFFLyQGHVHJXQGRDVXSURSLRSHQVDPLHQWR
1RHVSHUHQTXH\RGpHVDRUGHQGLMR
1RODGLRHQHIHFWR3HURTXLQFHGtDVGHVSXpVHOJHQHUDO7HyILOR9DUJDVIXHGHVSHGD]DGRD
PDFKHWD]RV HQ XQD HPERVFDGD \ HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD DVXPLy HO PDQGR FHQWUDO /D
PLVPD QRFKH HQ TXH VX DXWRULGDG IXH UHFRQRFLGD SRU WRGRV ORV FRPDQGRV UHEHOGHV GHVSHUWy
VREUHVDOWDGR SLGLHQGR D JULWRV XQD PDQWD 8Q IUtR LQWHULRU TXH OH UD\DED ORV KXHVRV \ OR
PRUWLILFDEDLQFOXVLYHDSOHQRVROOHLPSLGLyGRUPLUELHQYDULRVPHVHVKDVWDTXHVHOHFRQYLUWLy
HQ XQD FRVWXPEUH /D HPEULDJXH] GHO SRGHU HPSH]y D GHVFRPSRQHUVH HQ UiIDJDV GH GHVD]yQ
%XVFDQGR XQ UHPHGLR FRQWUD HO IUtR KL]R IXVLODU DO MRYHQ RILFLDO TXH SURSXVR HO DVHVLQDWR GHO
JHQHUDO7HyILOR9DUJDV6XVyUGHQHVVHFXPSOtDQDQWHVGHVHULPSDUWLGDVDXQDQWHVGHTXHpOODV
FRQFLELHUD \ VLHPSUH OOHJDEDQ PXFKR PiV OHMRV GH GRQGH pO VH KXELHUD DWUHYLGR D KDFHUODV
OOHJDU([WUDYLDGRHQODVROHGDGGHVXLQPHQVRSRGHUHPSH]yDSHUGHUHOUXPER/HPROHVWDEDOD
JHQWH TXH OR DFODPDED HQ ORV SXHEORV YHQFLGRV \ TXH OH SDUHFtD OD PLVPD TXH DFODPDED DO
HQHPLJR 3RU WRGDV SDUWHV HQFRQWUDED DGROHVFHQWHV TXH OR PLUDEDQ FRQ VXV SURSLRV RMRV TXH
KDEODEDQFRQVXSURSLDYR]TXHORVDOXGDEDQFRQODPLVPDGHVFRQILDQ]DFRQTXHpOORVVDOXGDED
DHOORV\TXHGHFtDQVHUVXVKLMRV6HVLQWLyGLVSHUVRUHSHWLGR\PiVVROLWDULRTXHQXQFD7XYR
OD FRQYLFFLyQ GH TXH VXV SURSLRV RILFLDOHV OH PHQWtDQ 6H SHOHy FRQ HO GXTXH GH 0DUOERURXJK
(O PHMRU DPLJR VROtD GHFLU HQWRQFHV HV HO TXH DFDED GH PRULU 6H FDQVy GH OD
LQFHUWLGXPEUHHOFtUFXORYLFLRVRGHDTXHOODJXHUUDHWHUQDTXHVLHPSUHORHQFRQWUDEDDpOHQHO
PLVPROXJDUVyORTXHFDGDYH]PiVYLHMRPiVDFDEDGRPiVVLQVDEHUSRUTXpQLFyPRQLKDVWD
FXiQGR6LHPSUHKDEtDDOJXLHQIXHUDGHOFtUFXORGHWL]D$OJXLHQDTXLHQOHKDFtDIDOWDGLQHURTXH
WHQtDXQKLMRFRQWRVIHULQDRTXHTXHUtDLUVHDGRUPLUSDUDVLHPSUHSRUTXH\DQRSRGtDVRSRUWDU
HQ OD ERFD HO VDERU D PLHUGD GH OD JXHUUD \ TXH VLQ HPEDUJR VH FXDGUDED FRQ VXV ~OWLPDV
UHVHUYDVGHHQHUJtDSDUDLQIRUPDU7RGRQRUPDOPLFRURQHO<ODQRUPDOLGDGHUDSUHFLVDPHQWH
OR PiV HVSDQWRVR GH DTXHOOD JXHUUD LQILQLWD TXH QR SDVDED QDGD 6ROR DEDQGRQDGR SRU ORV
SUHVDJLRVKX\HQGRGHOIUtRTXHKDEtDGHDFRPSDxDUORKDVWDODPXHUWHEXVFyXQ~OWLPRUHIXJLRHQ
0DFRQGR DO FDORU GH VXV UHFXHUGRV PiV DQWLJXRV (UD WDQ JUDYH VX GHVLGLD TXH FXDQGR OH
DQXQFLDURQODOOHJDGDGHXQDFRPLVLyQGHVXSDUWLGRDXWRUL]DGDSDUDGLVFXWLUODHQFUXFLMDGDGHOD
JXHUUDpOVHGLRYXHOWDHQODKDPDFDVLQGHVSHUWDUSRUFRPSOHWR
/OpYHQORVGRQGHODVSXWDVGLMR
(UDQVHLVDERJDGRVGHOHYLWD\FKLVWHUDTXHVRSRUWDEDQFRQXQGXURHVWRLFLVPRHOEUDYRVRO
GHQRYLHPEUHUVXODORVKRVSHGyHQODFDVD6HSDVDEDQODPD\RUSDUWHGHOGtDHQFHUUDGRVHQHO
GRUPLWRULR HQ FRQFLOLiEXORV KHUPpWLFRV \ DO DQRFKHFHU SHGtDQ XQD HVFROWD \ XQ FRQMXQWR GH
DFRUGHRQHV \ WRPDEDQ SRU VX FXHQWD OD WLHQGD GH &DWDULQR 1R ORV PROHVWHQ RUGHQDED HO
FRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD$OILQ\DOFDER\RVpORTXHTXLHUHQ$SULQFLSLRVGHGLFLHPEUH
ODHQWUHYLVWDODUJDPHQWHHVSHUDGDTXHPXFKRVKDEtDQSUHYLVWRFRPRXQDGLVFXVLyQLQWHUPLQDEOH
VHUHVROYLyHQPHQRVGHXQDKRUD
(Q OD FDOXURVD VDOD GH YLVLWDV MXQWR DO HVSHFWUR GH OD SLDQROD DPRUWDMDGD FRQ XQD ViEDQD

52

EODQFDHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDQRVHVHQWyHVWDYH]GHQWURGHOFtUFXORGHWL]DTXHWUD]DURQ
VXV HGHFDQHV 2FXSy XQD VLOOD HQWUH VXV DVHVRUHV SROtWLFRV \ HQYXHOWR HQ OD PDQWD GH ODQD
HVFXFKyHQVLOHQFLRODVEUHYHVSURSXHVWDVGHORVHPLVDULRV3HGtDQHQSULPHUWpUPLQRUHQXQFLDU
DODUHYLVLyQGHORVWtWXORVGHSURSLHGDGGHODWLHUUDSDUDUHFXSHUDUHODSR\RGHORVWHUUDWHQLHQWHV
OLEHUDOHV 3HGtDQ HQ VHJXQGR WpUPLQR UHQXQFLDU D OD OXFKD FRQWUD OD LQIOXHQFLD FOHULFDO SDUD
REWHQHU HO UHVSDOGR GHO SXHEOR FDWyOLFR 3HGtDQ SRU ~OWLPR UHQXQFLDU D ODV DVSLUDFLRQHV GH
LJXDOGDGGHGHUHFKRVHQWUHORVKLMRVQDWXUDOHV\ORVOHJtWLPRVSDUDSUHVHUYDUODLQWHJULGDGGHORV
KRJDUHV
4XLHUHGHFLUVRQULyHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDFXDQGRWHUPLQyODOHFWXUDTXHVyOR
HVWDPRVOXFKDQGRSRUHOSRGHU
6RQ UHIRUPDV WiFWLFDV UHSOLFy XQR GH ORV GHOHJDGRV 3RU DKRUD OR HVHQFLDO HV
HQVDQFKDUODEDVHSRSXODUGHODJXHUUD'HVSXpVYHUHPRV
8QRGHORVDVHVRUHVSROtWLFRVGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDVHDSUHVXUyDLQWHUYHQLU
(VXQFRQWUDVHQWLGRGLMR6LHVWDVUHIRUPDVVRQEXHQDVTXLHUHGHFLUTXHHVEXHQRHO
UpJLPHQFRQVHUYDGRU6LFRQHOODVORJUDUHPRVHQVDQFKDUODEDVHSRSXODUGHODJXHUUDFRPRGLFHQ
XVWHGHVTXLHUHGHFLUTXHHOUpJLPHQWLHQHXQDDPSOLDEDVHSRSXODU4XLHUHGHFLUHQVtQWHVLVTXH
GXUDQWHFDVLYHLQWHDxRVKHPRVHVWDGROXFKDQGRFRQWUDORVVHQWLPLHQWRVGHODQDFLyQ
,EDDVHJXLUSHURHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDORLQWHUUXPSLyFRQXQDVHxDO1RSLHUGDHO
WLHPSRGRFWRUGLMR/RLPSRUWDQWHHVTXHGHVGHHVWHPRPHQWRVyOROXFKDPRVSRUHOSRGHU
6LQGHMDUGHVRQUHtUWRPyORVSOLHJRVTXHOHHQWUHJDURQORVGHOHJDGRV\VHGLVSXVRDILUPDU
3XHVWRTXHHVDVtFRQFOX\yQRWHQHPRVQLQJ~QLQFRQYHQLHQWHHQDFHSWDU
6XVKRPEUHVVHPLUDURQFRQVWHUQDGRV
0HSHUGRQDFRURQHOGLMRVXDYHPHQWHHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]SHURHVWRHVXQD
WUDLFLyQ
(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDGHWXYRHQHODLUHODSOXPDHQWLQWDGD\GHVFDUJyVREUHpOWRGR
HOSHVRGHVXDXWRULGDG
(QWUpJXHPHVXVDUPDVRUGHQy
(OFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]VHOHYDQWy\SXVRODVDUPDVHQODPHVD
3UHVpQWHVH HQ HO FXDUWHO OH RUGHQy HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD 4XHGD XVWHG D
GLVSRVLFLyQGHORVWULEXQDOHVUHYROXFLRQDULRV
/XHJRILUPyODGHFODUDFLyQ\HQWUHJyORVSOLHJRVDORVHPLVDULRVGLFLpQGROHV
6HxRUHVDKtWLHQHQVXVSDSHOHV4XHOHVDSURYHFKHQ
'RVGtDVGHVSXpVHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]DFXVDGRGHDOWDWUDLFLyQIXHFRQGHQDGRD
PXHUWH'HUUXPEDGRHQVXKDPDFDHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDIXHLQVHQVLEOHDODVV~SOLFDVGH
FOHPHQFLD /D YtVSHUD GH OD HMHFXFLyQ GHVREHGHFLHQGR OD RUGHQ GH QR PROHVWDUOR UVXOD OR
YLVLWyHQHOGRUPLWRULR&HUUDGDGHQHJURLQYHVWLGDGHXQDUDUDVROHPQLGDGSHUPDQHFLyGHSLH
ORVWUHVPLQXWRVGHODHQWUHYLVWD6pTXHIXVLODUiVD*HULQHOGRGLMRVHUHQDPHQWH\QRSXHGR
KDFHUQDGDSRULPSHGLUOR3HURXQDFRVDWHDGYLHUWRWDQSURQWRFRPRYHDHOFDGiYHUWHORMXUR
SRUORVKXHVRVGHPLSDGUH\PLPDGUHSRUODPHPRULDGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDWHORMXURDQWH

'LRV TXH WH KH GH VDFDU GH GRQGH WH PHWDV \ WH PDWDUp FRQ PLV SURSLDV PDQRV $QWHV GH
DEDQGRQDUHOFXDUWRVLQHVSHUDUQLQJXQDUpSOLFDFRQFOX\y
(VORPLVPRTXHKDEUtDKHFKRVLKXELHUDVQDFLGRFRQFRODGHSXHUFR
$TXHOOD QRFKH LQWHUPLQDEOH PLHQWUDV HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] HYRFDED VXV WDUGHV
PXHUWDV HQ HO FRVWXUHUR GH $PDUDQWD HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD UDVJXxy GXUDQWH PXFKDV
KRUDVWUDWDQGRGHURPSHUODODGXUDFiVFDUDGHVXVROHGDG6XV~QLFRVLQVWDQWHVIHOLFHVGHVGHOD
WDUGH UHPRWD HQ TXH VX SDGUH OR OOHYy D FRQRFHU HO KLHOR KDEtDQ WUDQVFXUULGR HQ HO WDOOHU GH
SODWHUtDGRQGHVHOHLEDHOWLHPSRDUPDQGRSHVFDGLWRVGHRUR+DEtDWHQLGRTXHSURPRYHUWUHLQWD
\ GRV JXHUUDV \ KDEtD WHQLGR TXH YLRODU WRGRV VXV SDFWRV FRQ OD PXHUWH \ UHYROFDUVH FRPR XQ
FHUGRHQHOPXODGDUGHODJORULDSDUDGHVFXEULUFRQFDVLFXDUHQWDDxRVGHUHWUDVRORVSULYLOHJLRV
GHODVLPSOLFLGDG
$O DPDQHFHU HVWUDJDGR SRU OD WRUPHQWRVD YLJLOLD DSDUHFLy HQ HO FXDUWR GHO FHSR XQD KRUD
DQWHV GH OD HMHFXFLyQ 7HUPLQy OD IDUVD FRPSDGUH OH GLMR DO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH]
9iPRQRV GH DTXt DQWHV GH TXH DFDEHQ GH IXVLODUWH ORV PRVTXLWRV (O FRURQHO *HULQHOGR
0iUTXH]QRSXGRUHSULPLUHOGHVSUHFLRTXHOHLQVSLUDEDDTXHOODDFWLWXG
1R$XUHOLDQRUHSOLFy9DOHPiVHVWDUPXHUWRTXHYHUWHFRQYHUWLGRHQXQFKDIDURWH
1R PH YHUiV GLMR HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD 3RQWH ORV ]DSDWRV \ D\~GDPH D
WHUPLQDUFRQHVWDJXHUUDGHPLHUGD
$OGHFLUORQRLPDJLQDEDTXHHUDPiVIiFLOHPSH]DUXQDJXHUUDTXHWHUPLQDUOD1HFHVLWyFDVL
XQDxRGHULJRUVDQJXLQDULRSDUDIRU]DUDOJRELHUQRDSURSRQHUFRQGLFLRQHVGHSD]IDYRUDEOHVD
ORVUHEHOGHV\RWURDxRSDUDSHUVXDGLUDVXVSDUWLGDULRVGHODFRQYHQLHQFLDGHDFHSWDUODV/OHJy
DLQFRQFHELEOHVH[WUHPRVGHFUXHOGDGSDUDVRIRFDUODVUHEHOLRQHVGHVXVSURSLRVRILFLDOHVTXHVH
UHVLVWtDQ D IHULDU OD YLFWRULD \ WHUPLQy DSR\iQGRVH HQ IXHU]DV HQHPLJDV SDUD DFDEDU GH
VRPHWHUORV
1XQFDIXHPHMRUJXHUUHURTXHHQWRQFHV/DFHUWLGXPEUHGHTXHSRUILQSHOHDEDSRUVXSURSLD
OLEHUDFLyQ\QRSRULGHDOHVDEVWUDFWRVSRUFRQVLJQDVTXHORVSROtWLFRVSRGtDQYROWHDUDOGHUHFKR
\DOUHYpVVHJ~QODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVOHLQIXQGLyXQHQWXVLDVPRHQDUGHFLGR(OFRURQHO*HULQHOGR
0iUTXH]TXHOXFKySRUHOIUDFDVRFRQWDQWDFRQYLFFLyQ\WDQWDOHDOWDGFRPRDQWHVKDEtDOXFKDGR
SRU HO WULXQIR OH UHSURFKDED VX WHPHULGDG LQ~WLO 1R WH SUHRFXSHV VRQUHtD pO 0RULUVH HV
PXFKRPiVGLItFLOGHORTXHXQRFUHH(QVXFDVRHUDYHUGDG/DVHJXULGDGGHTXHVXGtDHVWDED
VHxDODGR OR LQYLVWLy GH XQD LQPXQLGDG PLVWHULRVD XQD LQPRUWDOLGDG D WpUPLQR ILMR TXH OR KL]R
LQYXOQHUDEOHDORVULHVJRVGHODJXHUUD\OHSHUPLWLyILQDOPHQWHFRQTXLVWDUXQDGHUURWDTXHHUD
PXFKRPiVGLItFLOPXFKRPiVVDQJULHQWD\FRVWRVDTXHODYLFWRULD
(QFDVLYHLQWHDxRVGHJXHUUDHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDKDEtDHVWDGRPXFKDVYHFHVHQOD
FDVDSHURHOHVWDGRGHXUJHQFLDHQTXHOOHJDEDVLHPSUHHODSDUDWRPLOLWDUTXHORDFRPSDxDEDD
WRGDVSDUWHVHODXUDGHOH\HQGDTXHGRUDEDVXSUHVHQFLD\DODFXDOQRIXHLQVHQVLEOHQLODSURSLD
UVXODWHUPLQDURQSRUFRQYHUWLUORHQXQH[WUDxR/D~OWLPDYH]TXHHVWXYRHQ0DFRQGR\WRPy
XQD FDVD SDUD VXV WUHV FRQFXELQDV QR VH OH YLR HQ OD VX\D VLQR GRV R WUHV YHFHV FXDQGR WXYR
WLHPSR GH DFHSWDU LQYLWDFLRQHV D FRPHU 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD \ ORV JHPHORV QDFLGRV HQ SOHQD

53

JXHUUDDSHQDVVLORFRQRFtDQ$PDUDQWDQRORJUDEDFRQFLOLDUODLPDJHQGHOKHUPDQRTXHSDVyOD
DGROHVFHQFLDIDEULFDQGRSHVFDGLWRVGHRURFRQODGHOJXHUUHURPtWLFRTXHKDEtDLQWHUSXHVWRHQWUH
pO\HOUHVWRGHODKXPDQLGDGXQDGLVWDQFLDGHWUHVPHWURV3HURFXDQGRVHFRQRFLyODSUR[LPLGDG
GHODUPLVWLFLR\VHSHQVyTXHpOUHJUHVDEDRWUDYH]FRQYHUWLGRHQXQVHUKXPDQRUHVFDWDGRSRU
ILQSDUDHOFRUD]yQGHORVVX\RVORVDIHFWRVIDPLOLDUHVDOHWDUJDGRVSRUWDQWRWLHPSRUHQDFLHURQ
FRQPiVIXHU]DTXHQXQFD
$OILQGLMRUVXODWHQGUHPRVRWUDYH]XQKRPEUHHQODFDVD
$PDUDQWDIXHODSULPHUDHQVRVSHFKDUTXHORKDEtDQSHUGLGRSDUDVLHPSUH8QDVHPDQDDQWHV
GHO DUPLVWLFLR FXDQGR pO HQWUy HQ OD FDVD VLQ HVFROWD SUHFHGLGR SRU GRV RUGHQDQ]DV GHVFDO]RV
TXHGHSRVLWDURQHQHOFRUUHGRUORVDSHURVGHODPXOD\HOED~OGHORVYHUVRV~QLFRVDOGRGHVX
DQWLJXRHTXLSDMHLPSHULDOHOODORYLRSDVDUIUHQWHDOFRVWXUHUR\OROODPy(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtDSDUHFLyWHQHUGLILFXOWDGSDUDUHFRQRFHUOD
6R\$PDUDQWDGLMRHOODGHEXHQKXPRUIHOL]GHVXUHJUHVR\OHPRVWUyODPDQRFRQOD
YHQGDQHJUD0LUD
(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDOHKL]RODPLVPDVRQULVDGHODSULPHUDYH]HQTXHODYLRFRQOD
YHQGDODUHPRWDPDxDQDHQTXHYROYLyD0DFRQGRVHQWHQFLDGRDPXHUWH
4XpKRUURUGLMRFyPRVHSDVDHOWLHPSR
(O HMpUFLWR UHJXODU WXYR TXH SURWHJHU OD FDVD /OHJy YHMDGR HVFXSLGR DFXVDGR GH KDEHU
UHFUXGHFLGRODJXHUUDVyORSDUDYHQGHUODPiVFDUD7HPEODEDGHILHEUH\GHIUtR\WHQtDRWUDYH]
ODVD[LODVHPSHGUDGDVGHJRORQGULQRV6HLVPHVHVDQWHVFXDQGRR\yKDEODUGHODUPLVWLFLRUVXOD
KDEtDDELHUWR\EDUULGRODDOFREDQXSFLDO\KDEtDTXHPDGRPLUUDHQORVULQFRQHVSHQVDQGRTXH
pOUHJUHVDUtDGLVSXHVWRDHQYHMHFHUGHVSDFLRHQWUHODVHQPRKHFLGDVPXxHFDVGH5HPHGLRV3HUR
HQUHDOLGDGHQORVGRV~OWLPRVDxRVpOOHKDEtDSDJDGRVXVFXRWDVILQDOHVDODYLGDLQFOXVLYHOD
GHOHQYHMHFLPLHQWR$OSDVDUIUHQWHDOWDOOHUGHSODWHUtDTXHUVXODKDEtDSUHSDUDGRFRQHVSHFLDO
GLOLJHQFLD QL VLTXLHUD DGYLUWLy TXH ODV OODYHV HVWDEDQ SXHVWDV HQ HO FDQGDGR 1R SHUFLELy ORV
PLQ~VFXORV\GHVJDUUDGRUHVGHVWUR]RVTXHHOWLHPSRKDEtDKHFKRHQODFDVD\TXHGHVSXpVGHXQD
DXVHQFLDWDQSURORQJDGDKDEUtDQSDUHFLGRXQGHVDVWUHDFXDOTXLHUKRPEUHTXHFRQVHUYDUDYLYRV
VXV UHFXHUGRV 1R OH GROLHURQ ODV SHODGXUDV GH FDO HQ ODV SDUHGHV QL ORV VXFLRV DOJRGRQHV GH
WHODUDxDHQORVULQFRQHVQLHOSROYRGHODVEHJRQLDVQLODVQHUYDGXUDVGHOFRPHMpQHQODVYLJDV
QL HO PXVJR GH ORV TXLFLRV QL QLQJXQD GH ODV WUDPSDV LQVLGLRVDV TXH OH WHQGtD OD QRVWDOJLD 6H
VHQWyHQHOFRUUHGRUHQYXHOWRHQODPDQWD\VLQTXLWDUVHODVERWDVFRPRHVSHUDQGRDSHQDVTXH
HVFDPSDUD \ SHUPDQHFLy WRGD OD WDUGH YLHQGR OORYHU VREUH ODV EHJRQLDV UVXOD FRPSUHQGLy
HQWRQFHV TXH QR OR WHQGUtD HQ OD FDVD SRU PXFKR WLHPSR 6L QR HV OD JXHUUD SHQVy VyOR
SXHGHVHUODPXHUWH)XHXQDVXSRVLFLyQWDQQtWLGDWDQFRQYLQFHQWHTXHODLGHQWLILFyFRPRXQ
SUHVDJLR
(VDQRFKHHQODFHQDHOVXSXHVWR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRGHVPLJDMyHOSDQFRQODPDQRGHUHFKD
\ WRPy OD VRSD FRQ OD L]TXLHUGD 6X KHUPDQR JHPHOR HO VXSXHVWR -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR
GHVPLJDMy HO SDQ FRQ OD PDQR L]TXLHUGD \ WRPy OD VRSD FRQ OD GHUHFKD (UD WDQ SUHFLVD OD
FRRUGLQDFLyQGHVXVPRYLPLHQWRVTXHQRSDUHFtDQGRVKHUPDQRVVHQWDGRVHOXQRIUHQWHDORWUR

VLQRXQDUWLILFLRGHHVSHMRV(OHVSHFWiFXORTXHORVJHPHORVKDEtDQFRQFHELGRGHVGHTXHWXYLHURQ
FRQFLHQFLD GH VHU LJXDOHV IXH UHSHWLGR HQ KRQRU GHO UHFLpQ OOHJDGR 3HUR HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtDQRORDGYLUWLy3DUHFtDWDQDMHQRDWRGRTXHQLVLTXLHUDVHILMyHQ5HPHGLRVODEHOODTXH
SDVyGHVQXGDKDFLDHOGRUPLWRULRUVXODIXHOD~QLFDTXHVHDWUHYLyDSHUWXUEDUVXDEVWUDFFLyQ
6LKDVGHLUWHRWUDYH]OHGLMRDPLWDGGHODFHQDSRUORPHQRVWUDWDGHUHFRUGDUFyPR
pUDPRVHVWDQRFKH
(QWRQFHVHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDVHGLRFXHQWDVLQDVRPEURTXHUVXODHUDHO~QLFR
VHU KXPDQR TXH KDEtD ORJUDGR GHVHQWUDxDU VX PLVHULD \ SRU SULPHUD YH] HQ PXFKRV DxRV VH
DWUHYLyDPLUDUODDODFDUD7HQtDODSLHOFXDUWHDGDORVGLHQWHVFDUFRPLGRVHOFDEHOORPDUFKLWR\
VLQFRORU\ODPLUDGDDWyQLWD/DFRPSDUyFRQHOUHFXHUGRPiVDQWLJXRTXHWHQtDGHHOODODWDUGH
HQ TXH pO WXYR HO SUHVDJLR GH TXH XQD ROOD GH FDOGR KLUYLHQGR LED D FDHUVH GH OD PHVD \ OD
HQFRQWUyGHVSHGD]DGD(QXQLQVWDQWHGHVFXEULyORVDUDxD]RVORVYHUGXJRQHVODVPDWDGXUDVODV
~OFHUDV\FLFDWULFHVTXHKDEtDGHMDGRHQHOODPiVGHPHGLRVLJORGHYLGDFRWLGLDQD\FRPSUREy
TXH HVRV HVWUDJRV QR VXVFLWDEDQ HQ pO QL VLTXLHUD XQ VHQWLPLHQWR GH SLHGDG +L]R HQWRQFHV XQ
~OWLPRHVIXHU]RSDUDEXVFDUHQVXFRUD]yQHOVLWLRGRQGHVHOHKDEtDQSRGULGRORVDIHFWRV\QR
SXGR HQFRQWUDUOR (Q RWUD pSRFD DO PHQRV H[SHULPHQWDED XQ FRQIXVR VHQWLPLHQWR GH YHUJHQ]D
FXDQGR VRUSUHQGtD HQ VX SURSLD SLHO HO RORU GH UVXOD \ HQ PiV GH XQD RFDVLyQ VLQWLy VXV
SHQVDPLHQWRVLQWHUIHULGRVSRUHOSHQVDPLHQWRGHHOOD3HURWRGRHVRKDEtDVLGRDUUDVDGRSRUOD
JXHUUD/DSURSLD5HPHGLRVVXHVSRVDHUDHQDTXHOPRPHQWRODLPDJHQERUURVDGHDOJXLHQTXH
SXGR KDEHU VLGR VX KLMD /DV LQFRQWDEOHV PXMHUHV TXH FRQRFLy HQ HO GHVLHUWR GHO DPRU \ TXH
GLVSHUVDURQVXVLPLHQWHHQWRGRHOOLWRUDOQRKDEtDQGHMDGRUDVWURDOJXQRHQVXVVHQWLPLHQWRV/D
PD\RUtDGHHOODVHQWUDEDHQHOFXDUWRHQODRVFXULGDG\VHLEDDQWHVGHODOED\DOGtDVLJXLHQWH
HUDQDSHQDVXQSRFRGHWHGLRHQODPHPRULDFRUSRUDO(O~QLFRDIHFWRTXHSUHYDOHFtDFRQWUDHO
WLHPSR\ODJXHUUDIXHHOTXHVLQWLySRUVXKHUPDQR-RVp$UFDGLRFXDQGRDPERVHUDQQLxRV\QR
HVWDEDIXQGDGRHQHODPRUVLQRHQODFRPSOLFLGDG
3HUGRQHVHH[FXVyDQWHODSHWLFLyQGHUVXOD(VTXHHVWDJXHUUDKDDFDEDGRFRQWRGR
(QORVGtDVVLJXLHQWHVVHRFXSyGHGHVWUXLUWRGRUDVWURGHVXSDVRSRUHOPXQGR6LPSOLILFyHO
WDOOHUGHSODWHUtDKDVWDVyORGHMDUORVREMHWRVLPSHUVRQDOHVUHJDOyVXVURSDVDORVRUGHQDQ]DV\
HQWHUUy VXV DUPDV HQ HO SDWLR FRQ HO PLVPR VHQWLGR GH SHQLWHQFLD FRQ TXH VX SDGUH HQWHUUy OD
ODQ]DTXHGLRPXHUWHD3UXGHQFLR$JXLODU6yORFRQVHUYyXQDSLVWROD\FRQXQDVRODEDODUVXOD
QR LQWHUYLQR /D ~QLFD YH] TXH OR GLVXDGLy IXH FXDQGR pO HVWDED D SXQWR GH GHVWUXLU HO
GDJXHUURWLSRGH5HPHGLRVTXHVHFRQVHUYDEDHQODVDODDOXPEUDGRSRUXQDOiPSDUDHWHUQD(VH
UHWUDWR GHMy GH SHUWHQHFHUWH KDFH PXFKR WLHPSR OH GLMR (V XQD UHOLTXLD GH IDPLOLD /D
YtVSHUDGHODUPLVWLFLRFXDQGR\DQRTXHGDEDHQODFDVDXQVRORREMHWRTXHSHUPLWLHUDUHFRUGDUOR
OOHYy D OD SDQDGHUtD HO ED~O FRQ ORV YHUVRV HQ HO PRPHQWR HQ TXH 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG VH
SUHSDUDEDSDUDHQFHQGHUHOKRUQR
3UpQGDOR FRQ HVWR OH GLMR pO HQWUHJiQGROH HO SULPHU UROOR GH SDSHOHV DPDULOOHQWRV
$UGHPHMRUSRUTXHVRQFRVDVPX\YLHMDV
6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGODVLOHQFLRVDODFRQGHVFHQGLHQWHODTXHQXQFDFRQWUDULyQLDVXV

54

SURSLRVKLMRVWXYRODLPSUHVLyQGHTXHDTXHOHUDXQDFWRSURKLELGR
6RQSDSHOHVLPSRUWDQWHVGLMR
1DGDGHHVRGLMRHOFRURQHO6RQFRVDVTXHVHHVFULEHQSDUDXQRPLVPR
(QWRQFHVGLMRHOODTXpPHORVXVWHGPLVPRFRURQHO
1R VyOR OR KL]R VLQR TXH GHVSHGD]y HO ED~O FRQ XQD KDFKXHOD \ HFKy ODV DVWLOODV DO IXHJR
+RUDV DQWHV 3LODU 7HUQHUD KDEtD HVWDGR D YLVLWDUOR 'HVSXpV GH WDQWRV DxRV GH QR YHUOD HO
FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD VH DVRPEUy GH FXiQWR KDEtD HQYHMHFLGR \ HQJRUGDGR \ GH FXiQWR
KDEtD SHUGLGR HO HVSOHQGRU GH VX ULVD SHUR VH DVRPEUy WDPELpQ GH OD SURIXQGLGDG TXH KDEtD
ORJUDGRHQODOHFWXUDGHODVEDUDMDV&XtGDWHODERFDOHGLMRHOOD\pOVHSUHJXQWyVLODRWUDYH]
TXHVHORGLMRHQHODSRJHRGHODJORULDQRKDEtDVLGRXQDYLVLyQVRUSUHQGHQWHPHQWHDQWLFLSDGD
GHVXGHVWLQR3RFRGHVSXpVFXDQGRVXPpGLFRSHUVRQDODFDEyGHH[WLUSDUOHORVJRORQGULQRVpO
OHSUHJXQWyVLQGHPRVWUDUXQLQWHUpVSDUWLFXODUFXiOHUDHOVLWLRH[DFWRGHOFRUD]yQ(OPpGLFROR
DXVFXOWy\OHSLQWyOXHJRXQFtUFXORHQHOSHFKRFRQXQDOJRGyQVXFLRGH\RGR
(OPDUWHVGHODUPLVWLFLRDPDQHFLyWLELR\OOXYLRVR(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDDSDUHFLyHQ
OD FRFLQD DQWHV GH ODV FLQFR \ WRPy VX KDELWXDO FDIp VLQ D]~FDU 8Q GtD FRPR HVWH YLQLVWH DO
PXQGR OH GLMR UVXOD 7RGRV VH DVXVWDURQ FRQ WXV RMRV DELHUWRV eO QR OH SXVR DWHQFLyQ
SRUTXHHVWDEDSHQGLHQWHGHORVDSUHVWRVGHWURSDORVWRTXHVGHFRUQHWD\ODVYRFHVGHPDQGRTXH
HVWURSHDEDQHODOED$XQTXHGHVSXpVGHWDQWRVDxRVGHJXHUUDGHEtDQSDUHFHUOHIDPLOLDUHVHVWD
YH]H[SHULPHQWyHOPLVPRGHVDOLHQWRHQODVURGLOODV\HOPLVPRFDEULOOHRGHODSLHOTXHKDEtD
H[SHULPHQWDGR HQ VX MXYHQWXG HQ SUHVHQFLD GH XQD PXMHU GHVQXGD 3HQVy FRQIXVDPHQWH DO ILQ
FDSWXUDGRHQXQDWUDPSDGHODQRVWDOJLDTXHWDOYH]VLVHKXELHUDFDVDGRFRQHOODKXELHUDVLGRXQ
KRPEUH VLQ JXHUUD \ VLQ JORULD XQ DUWHVDQR VLQ QRPEUH XQ DQLPDO IHOL] (VH HVWUHPHFLPLHQWR
WDUGtR TXH QR ILJXUDED HQ VXV SUHYLVLRQHV OH DPDUJy HO GHVD\XQR $ ODV VLHWH GH OD PDxDQD
FXDQGR HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] IXH D EXVFDUOR HQ FRPSDxtD GH XQ JUXSR GH RILFLDOHV
UHEHOGHVORHQFRQWUyPiVWDFLWXUQRTXHQXQFDPiVSHQVDWLYR\VROLWDULRUVXODWUDWyGHHFKDUOH
VREUHORVKRPEURVXQDPDQWDQXHYD4XpYDDSHQVDUHOJRELHUQROHGLMR6HLPDJLQDUiQTXH
WHKDVUHQGLGRSRUTXH\DQRWHQtDVQLFRQTXpFRPSUDUXQDPDQWD3HURpOQRODDFHSWy<DHQOD
SXHUWDYLHQGRTXHVHJXtDODOOXYLDVHGHMySRQHUXQYLHMRVRPEUHURGHILHOWURGH-RVp$UFDGLR
%XHQGtD
$XUHOLDQROHGLMRHQWRQFHVUVXODSURPpWHPHTXHVLWHHQFXHQWUDVSRUDKtFRQODPDOD
KRUDSHQVDUiVHQWXPDGUH
eOOHKL]RXQDVRQULVDGLVWDQWHOHYDQWyODPDQRFRQWRGRVORVGHGRVH[WHQGLGRV\VLQGHFLU
XQD SDODEUD DEDQGRQy OD FDVD \ VH HQIUHQWy D ORV JULWRV YLWXSHULRV \ EODVIHPLDV TXH KDEtDQ GH
SHUVHJXLUORKDVWDODVDOLGDGHOSXHEORUVXODSDVyODWUDQFDHQODSXHUWDGHFLGLGDDQRTXLWDUODHQ
HOUHVWRGHVXYLGD1RVSXGULUHPRVDTXtGHQWURSHQVy1RVYROYHUHPRVFHQL]DHQHVWDFDVD
VLQKRPEUHVSHURQROHGDUHPRVDHVWHSXHEORPLVHUDEOHHOJXVWRGHYHUQRVOORUDU(VWXYRWRGD
ODPDxDQDEXVFDQGRXQUHFXHUGRGHVXKLMRHQORVPiVVHFUHWRVULQFRQHV\QRSXGRHQFRQWUDUOR
(ODFWRVHFHOHEUyDYHLQWHNLOyPHWURVGH0DFRQGRDODVRPEUDGHXQDFHLEDJLJDQWHVFDHQ
WRUQRDODFXDOKDEtDGHIXQGDUVHPiVWDUGHHOSXHEORGH1HHUODQGLD/RVGHOHJDGRVGHOJRELHUQR

\ ORV SDUWLGRV \ OD FRPLVLyQ UHEHOGH TXH HQWUHJy ODV DUPDV IXHURQ VHUYLGRV SRU XQ EXOOLFLRVR
JUXSR GH QRYLFLDV GH KiELWRV EODQFRV TXH SDUHFtDQ XQ UHYXHOR GH SDORPDV DVXVWDGDV SRU OD
OOXYLD (O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD OOHJy HQ XQD PXOD HPEDUUDGD (VWDED VLQ DIHLWDU PiV
DWRUPHQWDGR SRU HO GRORU GH ORV JRORQGULQRV TXH SRU HO LQPHQVR IUDFDVR GH VXV VXHxRV SXHV
KDEtDOOHJDGRDOWpUPLQRGHWRGDHVSHUDQ]DPiVDOOiGHODJORULD\GHODQRVWDOJLDGHODJORULD
'HDFXHUGRFRQORGLVSXHVWRSRUpOPLVPRQRKXERP~VLFDQLFRKHWHVQLFDPSDQDVGHM~ELORQL
YtWRUHVQLQLQJXQDRWUDPDQLIHVWDFLyQTXHSXGLHUDDOWHUDUHOFDUiFWHUOXFWXRVRGHODUPLVWLFLR8Q
IRWyJUDIRDPEXODQWHTXHWRPyHO~QLFRUHWUDWRVX\RTXHKXELHUDSRGLGRFRQVHUYDUVHIXHREOLJDGR
DGHVWUXLUODVSODFDVVLQUHYHODUODV
(ODFWRGXUyDSHQDVHOWLHPSRLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDTXHVHHVWDPSDUDQODVILUPDV(QWRUQRGHOD
U~VWLFD PHVD FRORFDGD HQ HO FHQWUR GH XQD UHPHQGDGD FDUSD GH FLUFR GRQGH VH VHQWDURQ ORV
GHOHJDGRVHVWDEDQORV~OWLPRVRILFLDOHVTXHSHUPDQHFLHURQILHOHVDOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
$QWHVGHWRPDUODVILUPDVHOGHOHJDGRSHUVRQDOGHOSUHVLGHQWHGHODUHS~EOLFDWUDWyGHOHHUHQ
YR]DOWDHODFWDGHODUHQGLFLyQSHURHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDVHRSXVR1RSHUGDPRVHO
WLHPSRHQIRUPDOLVPRVGLMR\VHGLVSXVRDILUPDUORVSOLHJRVVLQOHHUORV8QRGHVXVRILFLDOHV
URPSLyHQWRQFHVHOVLOHQFLRVRSRUtIHURGHODFDUSD
&RURQHOGLMRKiJDQRVHOIDYRUGHQRVHUHOSULPHURHQILUPDU
(O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD DFFHGLy &XDQGR HO GRFXPHQWR GLR OD YXHOWD FRPSOHWD D OD
PHVD HQ PHGLR GH XQ VLOHQFLR WDQ QtWLGR TXH KDEUtDQ SRGLGR GHVFLIUDUVH ODV ILUPDV SRU HO
JDUUDSDWHR GH OD SOXPD HQ HO SDSHO HO SULPHU OXJDU HVWDED WRGDYtD HQ EODQFR (O FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDVHGLVSXVRDRFXSDUOR
&RURQHOGLMRHQWRQFHVRWURGHVXVRILFLDOHVWRGDYtDWLHQHWLHPSRGHTXHGDUELHQ
6LQ LQPXWDUVH HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD ILUPy OD SULPHUD FRSLD 1R KDEtD DFDEDGR GH
ILUPDU OD ~OWLPD FXDQGR DSDUHFLy HQ OD SXHUWD GH OD FDUSD XQ FRURQHO UHEHOGH OOHYDQGR GHO
FDEHVWUR XQD PXOD FDUJDGD FRQ GRV ED~OHV $ SHVDU GH VX H[WUHPDGD MXYHQWXG WHQtD XQ DVSHFWR
iULGR \ XQD H[SUHVLyQ SDFLHQWH (UD HO WHVRUHUR GH OD UHYROXFLyQ HQ OD FLUFXQVFULSFLyQ GH
0DFRQGR+DEtDKHFKRXQSHQRVRYLDMHGHVHLVGtDVDUUDVWUDQGRODPXODPXHUWDGHKDPEUHSDUD
OOHJDUDWLHPSRDODUPLVWLFLR&RQXQDSDUVLPRQLDH[DVSHUDQWHGHVFDUJyORVED~OHVORVDEULy\
IXH SRQLHQGR HQ OD PHVD XQR SRU XQR VHWHQWD \ GRV ODGULOORV GH RUR 1DGLH UHFRUGDED OD
H[LVWHQFLD GH DTXHOOD IRUWXQD (Q HO GHVRUGHQ GHO ~OWLPR DxR FXDQGR HO PDQGR FHQWUDO VDOWy HQ
SHGD]RV \ OD UHYROXFLyQ GHJHQHUy HQ XQD VDQJULHQWD ULYDOLGDG GH FDXGLOORV HUD LPSRVLEOH
GHWHUPLQDUQLQJXQDUHVSRQVDELOLGDG(ORURGHODUHEHOLyQIXQGLGRHQEORTXHVTXHOXHJRIXHURQ
UHFXELHUWRV GH EDUUR FRFLGR TXHGy IXHUD GH WRGR FRQWURO (O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD KL]R
LQFOXLUORVVHWHQWD\GRVODGULOORVGHRURHQHOLQYHQWDULRGHODUHQGLFLyQ\FODXVXUyHODFWRVLQ
SHUPLWLUGLVFXUVRV(OHVFXiOLGRDGROHVFHQWHSHUPDQHFLyIUHQWHDpOPLUiQGRORDORVRMRVFRQVXV
VHUHQRVRMRVFRORUGHDOPtEDU
$OJRPiV"OHSUHJXQWyHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
(OMRYHQFRURQHODSUHWyORVGLHQWHV
(OUHFLERGLMR

55

(O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD VH OR H[WHQGLy GH VX SXxR \ OHWUD /XHJR WRPy XQ YDVR GH
OLPRQDGD \ XQ SHGD]R GH EL]FRFKR TXH UHSDUWLHURQ ODV QRYLFLDV \ VH UHWLUy D XQD WLHQGD GH
FDPSDxDTXHOHKDEtDQSUHSDUDGRSRUVLTXHUtDGHVFDQVDU$OOtVHTXLWyODFDPLVDVHVHQWyHQHO
ERUGHGHOFDWUH\DODVWUHV\FXDUWRGHODWDUGHVHGLVSDUyXQWLURGHSLVWRODHQHOFtUFXORGH\RGR
TXHVXPpGLFRSHUVRQDOOHKDEtDSLQWDGRHQHOSHFKR$HVDKRUDHQ0DFRQGRUVXODGHVWDSyOD
ROODGHODOHFKHHQHOIRJyQH[WUDxDGDGHTXHVHGHPRUDUDWDQWRSDUDKHUYLU\ODHQFRQWUyOOHQD
GHJXVDQRV
+DQPDWDGRD$XUHOLDQRH[FODPy
0LUy KDFLD HO SDWLR REHGHFLHQGR D XQD FRVWXPEUH GH VX VROHGDG \ HQWRQFHV YLR D -RVp
$UFDGLR %XHQGtD HPSDSDGR WULVWH GH OOXYLD \ PXFKR PiV YLHMR TXH FXDQGR PXULy /R KDQ
PDWDGR D WUDLFLyQ SUHFLVy UVXOD \ QDGLH OH KL]R OD FDULGDG GH FHUUDUOH ORV RMRV $O
DQRFKHFHUYLRDWUDYpVGHODVOiJULPDVORVUDXGRV\OXPLQRVRVGLVFRVDQDUDQMDGRVTXHFUX]DURQHO
FLHOR FRPR XQD H[KDODFLyQ \ SHQVy TXH HUDQ XQD VHxDO GH OD PXHUWH (VWDED WRGDYtD EDMR HO
FDVWDxRVROOR]DQGRHQODVURGLOODVGHVXHVSRVRFXDQGROOHYDURQDOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
HQYXHOWRHQODPDQWDDFDUWRQDGDGHVDQJUHVHFD\FRQORVRMRVDELHUWRVGHUDELD
(VWDEDIXHUDGHSHOLJUR(OSUR\HFWLOVLJXLyXQDWUD\HFWRULDWDQOLPSLDTXHHOPpGLFROHPHWLy
SRUHOSHFKR\OHVDFySRUODHVSDOGDXQFRUGyQHPSDSDGRGH\RGR(VWDHVPLREUDPDHVWUDOH
GLMR VDWLVIHFKR (UD HO ~QLFR SXQWR SRU GRQGH SRGtD SDVDU XQD EDOD VLQ ODVWLPDU QLQJ~Q FHQWUR
YLWDO(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDVHYLRURGHDGRGHQRYLFLDVPLVHULFRUGLRVDVTXHHQWRQDEDQ
VDOPRVGHVHVSHUDGRVSRUHOHWHUQRGHVFDQVRGHVXDOPD\HQWRQFHVVHDUUHSLQWLyGHQRKDEHUVH
GDGRHOWLURHQHOSDODGDUFRPRORWHQtDSUHYLVWRVyORSRUEXUODUHOSURQyVWLFRGH3LODU7HUQHUD
6L WRGDYtD PH TXHGDUD DXWRULGDG OH GLMR DO GRFWRU OR KDUtD IXVLODU VLQ IyUPXOD GH
MXLFLR1RSRUVDOYDUPHODYLGDVLQRSRUKDFHUPHTXHGDUHQULGtFXOR
(O IUDFDVR GH OD PXHUWH OH GHYROYLy HQ SRFDV KRUDV HO SUHVWLJLR SHUGLGR /RV PLVPRV TXH
LQYHQWDURQ OD SDWUDxD GH TXH KDEtD YHQGLGR OD JXHUUD SRU XQ DSRVHQWR FX\DV SDUHGHV HVWDEDQ
FRQVWUXLGDVFRQODGULOORVGHRURGHILQLHURQODWHQWDWLYDGHVXLFLGLRFRPRXQDFWRGHKRQRU\OR
SURFODPDURQPiUWLU/XHJRFXDQGRUHFKD]yOD2UGHQGHO0pULWRTXHOHRWRUJyHOSUHVLGHQWHGHOD
UHS~EOLFD KDVWD VXV PiV HQFDUQL]DGRV ULYDOHV GHVILODURQ SRU VX FXDUWR SLGLpQGROH TXH
GHVFRQRFLHUD ORV WpUPLQRV GHO DUPLVWLFLR \ SURPRYLHUD XQD QXHYD JXHUUD /D FDVD VH OOHQy GH
UHJDORV GH GHVDJUDYLR 7DUGtDPHQWH LPSUHVLRQDGR SRU HO UHVSDOGR PDVLYR GH VXV DQWLJXRV
FRPSDxHURVGHDUPDVHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDQRGHVFDUWyODSRVLELOLGDGGHFRPSODFHUORV
$OFRQWUDULRHQFLHUWRPRPHQWRSDUHFLyWDQHQWXVLDVPDGRFRQODLGHDGHXQDQXHYDJXHUUDTXHHO
FRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]SHQVyTXHVyORHVSHUDEDXQSUHWH[WRSDUDSURFODPDUOD(OSUHWH[WRVH
OHRIUHFLyHIHFWLYDPHQWHFXDQGRHOSUHVLGHQWHGHODUHS~EOLFDVHQHJyDDVLJQDUODVSHQVLRQHVGH
JXHUUDDORVDQWLJXRVFRPEDWLHQWHVOLEHUDOHVRFRQVHUYDGRUHVPLHQWUDVFDGDH[SHGLHQWHQRIXHUD
UHYLVDGRSRUXQDFRPLVLyQHVSHFLDO\ODOH\GHDVLJQDFLRQHVDSUREDGDSRUHOFRQJUHVR(VWRHV
XQDWURSHOORWURQyHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD6HPRULUiQGHYLHMRVHVSHUDQGRHOFRUUHR
$EDQGRQySRUSULPHUDYH]HOPHFHGRUTXHUVXODFRPSUySDUDODFRQYDOHFHQFLD\GDQGRYXHOWDV
HQ OD DOFRED GLFWy XQ PHQVDMH WHUPLQDQWH SDUD HO SUHVLGHQWH GH OD UHS~EOLFD (Q HVH WHOHJUDPD

TXHQXQFDIXHSXEOLFDGRGHQXQFLDEDODSULPHUDYLRODFLyQGHOWUDWDGRGH1HHUODQGLD\DPHQD]DED
FRQSURFODPDUODJXHUUDDPXHUWHVLODDVLJQDFLyQGHODVSHQVLRQHVQRHUDUHVXHOWDHQHOWpUPLQR
GH TXLQFH GtDV (UD WDQ MXVWD VX DFWLWXG TXH SHUPLWtD HVSHUDU LQFOXVLYH OD DGKHVLyQ GH ORV
DQWLJXRVFRPEDWLHQWHVFRQVHUYDGRUHV3HUROD~QLFDUHVSXHVWDGHOJRELHUQRIXHHOUHIXHU]RGHOD
JXDUGLD PLOLWDU TXH VH KDEtD SXHVWR HQ OD SXHUWD GH OD FDVD FRQ HO SUHWH[WR GH SURWHJHUOD \ OD
SURKLELFLyQGHWRGDFODVHGHYLVLWDV0HGLGDVVLPLODUHVVHDGRSWDURQHQWRGRHOSDtVFRQRWURV
FDXGLOORVGHFXLGDGR)XHXQDRSHUDFLyQWDQRSRUWXQDGUiVWLFD\HILFD]TXHGRVPHVHVGHVSXpV
GHO DUPLVWLFLR FXDQGR HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD IXH GDGR GH DOWD VXV LQVWLJDGRUHV PiV
GHFLGLGRV HVWDEDQ PXHUWRV R H[SDWULDGRV R KDEtDQ VLGR DVLPLODGRV SDUD VLHPSUH SRU OD
DGPLQLVWUDFLyQS~EOLFD
(O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD DEDQGRQy HO FXDUWR HQ GLFLHPEUH \ OH EDVWy FRQ HFKDU XQD
PLUDGDDOFRUUHGRUSDUDQRYROYHUDSHQVDUHQODJXHUUD&RQXQDYLWDOLGDGTXHSDUHFtDLPSRVLEOH
D VXV DxRV UVXOD KDEtD YXHOWR D UHMXYHQHFHU OD FDVD $KRUD YDQ D YHU TXLpQ VR\ \R GLMR
FXDQGRVXSRTXHVXKLMRYLYLUtD1RKDEUiXQDFDVDPHMRUQLPiVDELHUWDDWRGRHOPXQGRTXH
HVWDFDVDGHORFRV/DKL]RODYDU\SLQWDUFDPELyORVPXHEOHVUHVWDXUyHOMDUGtQ\VHPEUyIORUHV
QXHYDV \ DEULy SXHUWDV \ YHQWDQDV SDUD TXH HQWUDUD KDVWD ORV GRUPLWRULRV OD GHVOXPEUDQWH
FODULGDG GHO YHUDQR 'HFUHWy HO WpUPLQR GH ORV QXPHURVRV OXWRV VXSHUSXHVWRV \ HOOD PLVPD
FDPELyORVYLHMRVWUDMHVULJXURVRVSRUURSDVMXYHQLOHV/DP~VLFDGHODSLDQRODYROYLyDDOHJUDU
ODFDVD$ORtUOD$PDUDQWDVHDFRUGyGH3LHWUR&UHVSLGHVXJDUGHQLDFUHSXVFXODU\VXRORUGH
ODYDQGD \ HQ HO IRQGR GH VX PDUFKLWR FRUD]yQ IORUHFLy XQ UHQFRU OLPSLR SXULILFDGR SRU HO
WLHPSR8QDWDUGHHQTXHWUDWDEDGHSRQHURUGHQHQODVDODUVXODSLGLyD\XGDDORVVROGDGRVTXH
FXVWRGLDEDQODFDVD(OMRYHQFRPDQGDQWHGHODJXDUGLDOHVFRQFHGLyHOSHUPLVR3RFRDSRFR
UVXODOHVIXHDVLJQDQGRQXHYDVWDUHDV/RVLQYLWDEDDFRPHUOHVUHJDODEDURSDV\]DSDWRV\OHV
HQVHxDED D OHHU \ HVFULELU &XDQGR HO JRELHUQR VXVSHQGLy OD YLJLODQFLD XQR GH HOORV VH TXHGy
YLYLHQGRHQODFDVD\HVWXYRDVXVHUYLFLRSRUPXFKRVDxRV(OGtDGH$xR1XHYRHQORTXHFLGR
SRUORVGHVDLUHVGH5HPHGLRVODEHOODHOMRYHQFRPDQGDQWHGHODJXDUGLDDPDQHFLyPXHUWRGH
DPRUMXQWRDVXYHQWDQD

56

$xRVGHVSXpVHQVXOHFKRGHDJRQtD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRKDEtDGHUHFRUGDUODOOXYLRVDWDUGHGH
MXQLRHQTXHHQWUyHQHOGRUPLWRULRDFRQRFHUDVXSULPHUKLMR$XQTXHHUDOiQJXLGR\OORUyQVLQ
QLQJ~QUDVJRGHXQ%XHQGtDQRWXYRTXHSHQVDUGRVYHFHVSDUDSRQHUOHQRPEUH
6HOODPDUi-RVp$UFDGLRGLMR
)HUQDQGDGHO&DUSLRODKHUPRVDPXMHUFRQTXLHQVHKDEtDFDVDGRHODxRDQWHULRUHVWXYRGH
DFXHUGR(QFDPELRUVXODQRSXGRRFXOWDUXQYDJRVHQWLPLHQWRGH]R]REUD(QODODUJDKLVWRULD
GH OD IDPLOLD OD WHQD] UHSHWLFLyQ GH ORV QRPEUHV OH KDEtD SHUPLWLGR VDFDU FRQFOXVLRQHV TXH OH
SDUHFtDQWHUPLQDQWHV0LHQWUDVORV$XUHOLDQRVHUDQUHWUDtGRVSHURGHPHQWDOLGDGO~FLGDORV-RVp
$UFDGLR HUDQ LPSXOVLYRV \ HPSUHQGHGRUHV SHUR HVWDEDQ PDUFDGRV SRU XQ VLJQR WUiJLFR /RV
~QLFRVFDVRVGHFODVLILFDFLyQLPSRVLEOHHUDQORVGH-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGR\$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR
)XHURQ WDQ SDUHFLGRV \ WUDYLHVRV GXUDQWH OD LQIDQFLD TXH QL OD SURSLD 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG
SRGtD GLVWLQJXLUORV (O GtD GHO EDXWLVPR $PDUDQWD OHV SXVR HVFODYDV FRQ VXV UHVSHFWLYRV
QRPEUHV\ORVYLVWLyFRQURSDVGHFRORUHVGLVWLQWRVPDUFDGDVFRQODVLQLFLDOHVGHFDGDXQRSHUR
FXDQGR HPSH]DURQ D DVLVWLU D OD HVFXHOD RSWDURQ SRU FDPELDUVH OD URSD \ ODV HVFODYDV \ SRU
OODPDUVHHOORVPLVPRVFRQORVQRPEUHVFUX]DGRV(OPDHVWUR0HOFKRU(VFDORQDDFRVWXPEUDGRD
FRQRFHUD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRSRUODFDPLVDYHUGHSHUGLyORVHVWULERVFXDQGRGHVFXEULyTXH
pVWHWHQtDODHVFODYDGH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR\TXHHORWURGHFtDOODPDUVHVLQHPEDUJR$XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGR D SHVDU GH TXH WHQtD OD FDPLVD EODQFD \ OD HVFODYD PDUFDGD FRQ HO QRPEUH GH -RVp
$UFDGLR6HJXQGR'HVGHHQWRQFHVQRVHVDEtDFRQFHUWH]DTXLpQHUDTXLpQ$XQFXDQGRFUHFLHURQ
\ODYLGDORVKL]RGLIHUHQWHVUVXODVHJXtDSUHJXQWiQGRVHVLHOORVPLVPRVQRKDEUtDQFRPHWLGRXQ
HUURUHQDOJ~QPRPHQWRGHVXLQWULQFDGRMXHJRGHFRQIXVLRQHV\KDEtDQTXHGDGRFDPELDGRVSDUD
VLHPSUH+DVWDHOSULQFLSLRGHODDGROHVFHQFLDIXHURQGRVPHFDQLVPRVVLQFUyQLFRV'HVSHUWDEDQ
DOPLVPRWLHPSRVHQWtDQGHVHRVGHLUDOEDxRDODPLVPDKRUDVXIUtDQORVPLVPRVWUDVWRUQRVGH
VDOXG\KDVWDVRxDEDQODVPLVPDVFRVDV(QODFDVDGRQGHVHFUHtDTXHFRRUGLQDEDQVXVDFWRVSRU
HOVLPSOHGHVHRGHFRQIXQGLUQDGLHVHGLRFXHQWDGHODUHDOLGDGKDVWDXQGtDHQTXH6DQWD6RItD
GHOD3LHGDGOHGLRDXQRXQYDVRGHOLPRQDGD\PiVWDUGyHQSUREDUORTXHHORWURHQGHFLUTXH
OH IDOWDED D]~FDU 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG TXH HQ HIHFWR KDEtD ROYLGDGR SRQHUOH D]~FDU D OD
OLPRQDGDVHORFRQWyDUVXOD$VtVRQWRGRVGLMRHOODVLQVRUSUHVD/RFRVGHQDFLPLHQWR
(O WLHPSR DFDEy GH GHVRUGHQDU ODV FRVDV (O TXH HQ ORV MXHJRV GH FRQIXVLyQ VH TXHGy FRQ HO

QRPEUHGH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHYROYLyPRQXPHQWDOFRPRHODEXHOR\HOTXHVHTXHGyFRQHO
QRPEUHGH-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRVHYROYLyyVHRFRPRHOFRURQHO\OR~QLFRTXHFRQVHUYDURQHQ
FRP~QIXHHODLUHVROLWDULRGHODIDPLOLD7DOYH]IXHHVHHQWUHFUX]DPLHQWRGHHVWDWXUDVQRPEUHV\
FDUDFWHUHVORTXHOHKL]RVRVSHFKDUDUVXODTXHHVWDEDQEDUDMDGRVGHVGHODLQIDQFLD
/D GLIHUHQFLD GHFLVLYD VH UHYHOy HQ SOHQD JXHUUD FXDQGR -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR OH SLGLy DO
FRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]TXHOROOHYDUDDYHUORVIXVLODPLHQWRV&RQWUDHOSDUHFHUGHUVXOD
VXVGHVHRVIXHURQVDWLVIHFKRV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRHQFDPELRVHHVWUHPHFLyDQWHODVRODLGHDGH
SUHVHQFLDUXQDHMHFXFLyQ3UHIHUtDODFDVD$ORVGRFHDxRVOHSUHJXQWyDUVXODTXpKDEtDHQHO
FXDUWRFODXVXUDGR3DSHOHVOHFRQWHVWyHOOD6RQORVOLEURVGH0HOTXtDGHV\ODVFRVDVUDUDV
TXHHVFULEtDHQVXV~OWLPRVDxRV/DUHVSXHVWDHQYH]GHWUDQTXLOL]DUORDXPHQWyVXFXULRVLGDG
,QVLVWLy WDQWR SURPHWLy FRQ WDQWR DKtQFR QR PDOWUDWDU ODV FRVDV TXH UVXOD OH GLR ODV OODYHV
1DGLHKDEtDYXHOWRDHQWUDUDOFXDUWRGHVGHTXHVDFDURQHOFDGiYHUGH0HOTXtDGHV\SXVLHURQHQ
ODSXHUWDHOFDQGDGRFX\DVSLH]DVVHVROGDURQFRQODKHUUXPEUH3HURFXDQGR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR
DEULyODVYHQWDQDVHQWUyXQDOX]IDPLOLDUTXHSDUHFtDDFRVWXPEUDGDDLOXPLQDUHOFXDUWRWRGRVORV
GtDV\QRKDEtDHOPHQRUUDVWURGHSROYRRWHODUDxDVLQRTXHWRGRHVWDEDEDUULGR\OLPSLRPHMRU
EDUULGR\PiVOLPSLRTXHHOGtDGHOHQWLHUUR\ODWLQWDQRVHKDEtDVHFDGRHQHOWLQWHURQLHOy[LGR
KDEtDDOWHUDGRHOEULOORGHORVPHWDOHVQLVHKDEtDH[WLQJXLGRHOUHVFROGRGHODWDQRUGRQGH-RVp
$UFDGLR %XHQGtD YDSRUL]y HO PHUFXULR (Q ORV DQDTXHOHV HVWDEDQ ORV OLEURV HPSDVWDGRV HQ XQD
PDWHULDDFDUWRQDGD\SiOLGDFRPRODSLHOKXPDQDFXUWLGD\HVWDEDQORVPDQXVFULWRVLQWDFWRV$
SHVDUGHOHQFLHUURGHPXFKRVDxRVHODLUHSDUHFtDPiVSXURTXHHQHOUHVWRGHODFDVD7RGRHUD
WDQUHFLHQWHTXHYDULDVVHPDQDVGHVSXpVFXDQGRUVXODHQWUyDOFXDUWRFRQXQFXERGHDJXD\
XQDHVFREDSDUDODYDUORVSLVRVQRWXYRQDGDTXHKDFHU$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRHVWDEDDEVWUDtGRHQ
ODOHFWXUDGHXQOLEUR$XQTXHFDUHFtDGHSDVWDV\HOWtWXORQRDSDUHFtDSRUQLQJXQDSDUWHHOQLxR
JR]DEDFRQODKLVWRULDGHXQDPXMHUTXHVHVHQWDEDDODPHVD\VyORFRPtDJUDQRVGHDUUR]TXH
SUHQGtDFRQDOILOHUHV\FRQODKLVWRULDGHOSHVFDGRUTXHOHSLGLySUHVWDGRDVXYHFLQRXQSORPR
SDUDVXUHG\HOSHVFDGRFRQTXHORUHFRPSHQVyPiVWDUGHWHQtDXQGLDPDQWHHQHOHVWyPDJR\
FRQODOiPSDUDTXHVDWLVIDFtDORVGHVHRV\ODVDOIRPEUDVTXHYRODEDQ$VRPEUDGROHSUHJXQWyD
UVXODVLWRGRDTXHOORHUDYHUGDG\HOODOHFRQWHVWyTXHVtTXHPXFKRVDxRVDQWHVORVJLWDQRV
OOHYDEDQD0DFRQGRODVOiPSDUDVPDUDYLOORVDV\ODVHVWHUDVYRODGRUDV
/RTXHSDVDVXVSLUyHVTXHHOPXQGRVHYDDFDEDQGRSRFRDSRFR\\DQRYLHQHQHVDV
FRVDV
&XDQGR WHUPLQy HO OLEUR PXFKRV GH FX\RV FXHQWRV HVWDEDQ LQFRQFOXVRV SRUTXH IDOWDEDQ
SiJLQDV $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR VH GLR D OD WDUHD GH GHVFLIUDU ORV PDQXVFULWRV )XH LPSRVLEOH /DV
OHWUDVSDUHFtDQURSDSXHVWDDVHFDUHQXQDODPEUH\VHDVHPHMDEDQPiVDODHVFULWXUDPXVLFDOTXH
DODOLWHUDULD8QPHGLRGtDDUGLHQWHPLHQWUDVHVFUXWDEDORVPDQXVFULWRVVLQWLyTXHQRHVWDEDVROR
HQHOFXDUWR&RQWUDODUHYHUEHUDFLyQGHODYHQWDQDVHQWDGRFRQODVPDQRVHQODVURGLOODVHVWDED
0HOTXtDGHV1RWHQtDPiVGHFXDUHQWDDxRV/OHYDEDHOPLVPRFKDOHFRDQDFUyQLFR\HOVRPEUHUR
GHDODVGHFXHUYR\SRUVXVVLHQHVSiOLGDVFKRUUHDEDODJUDVDGHOFDEHOORGHUUHWLGDSRUHOFDORU
FRPRORYLHURQ$XUHOLDQR\-RVp$UFDGLRFXDQGRHUDQQLxRV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRORUHFRQRFLyGH

57

LQPHGLDWRSRUTXHDTXHOUHFXHUGRKHUHGLWDULRVHKDEtDWUDQVPLWLGRGHJHQHUDFLyQHQJHQHUDFLyQ\
KDEtDOOHJDGRDpOGHVGHODPHPRULDGHVXDEXHOR
6DOXGGLMR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR
6DOXGMRYHQGLMR0HOTXtDGHV
'HVGHHQWRQFHVGXUDQWHYDULRVDxRVVHYLHURQFDVLWRGDVODVWDUGHV0HOTXtDGHVOHKDEODED
GHO PXQGR WUDWDED GH LQIXQGLUOH VX YLHMD VDELGXUtD SHUR VH QHJy D WUDGXFLU ORV PDQXVFULWRV
1DGLH GHEH FRQRFHU VX VHQWLGR PLHQWUDV QR KD\DQ FXPSOLGR FLHQ DxRV H[SOLFy $XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGR JXDUGy SDUD VLHPSUH HO VHFUHWR GH DTXHOODV HQWUHYLVWDV (Q XQD RFDVLyQ VLQWLy TXH VX
PXQGRSULYDGRVHGHUUXPEDEDSRUTXHUVXODHQWUyHQHOPRPHQWRHQTXH0HOTXtDGHVHVWDEDHQ
HOFXDUWR3HURHOODQRORYLR
&RQTXLpQKDEODV"OHSUHJXQWy
&RQQDGLHGLMR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR
$VtHUDWXELVDEXHORGLMRUVXOD7DPELpQpOKDEODEDVROR
-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRPLHQWUDVWDQWRKDEtDVDWLVIHFKRODLOXVLyQGHYHUXQIXVLODPLHQWR3RU
HOUHVWRGHVXYLGDUHFRUGDUtDHOIRJRQD]ROtYLGRGHORVVHLVGLVSDURVVLPXOWiQHRV\HOHFRGHO
HVWDPSLGRTXHVHGHVSHGD]ySRUORVPRQWHV\ODVRQULVDWULVWH\ORVRMRVSHUSOHMRVGHOIXVLODGR
TXHSHUPDQHFLyHUJXLGRPLHQWUDVODFDPLVDVHOHHPSDSDEDGHVDQJUH\TXHVHJXtDVRQULHQGRDXQ
FXDQGRORGHVDWDURQGHOSRVWH\ORPHWLHURQHQXQFDMyQOOHQRGHFDO(VWiYLYRSHQVypO/R
YDQDHQWHUUDUYLYR6HLPSUHVLRQyWDQWRTXHGHVGHHQWRQFHVGHWHVWyODVSUiFWLFDVPLOLWDUHV\OD
JXHUUDQRSRUODVHMHFXFLRQHVVLQRSRUODHVSDQWRVDFRVWXPEUHGHHQWHUUDUYLYRVDORVIXVLODGRV
1DGLH VXSR HQWRQFHV HQ TXp PRPHQWR HPSH]y D WRFDU ODV FDPSDQDV HQ OD WRUUH \ D D\XGDUOH D
PLVDDOSDGUH$QWRQLR,VDEHOVXFHVRUGH(O&DFKRUUR\DFXLGDUJDOORVGHSHOHDHQHOSDWLRGHOD
FDVD FXUDO &XDQGR HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] VH HQWHUy OR UHSUHQGLy GXUDPHQWH SRU HVWDU
DSUHQGLHQGRRILFLRVUHSXGLDGRVSRUORVOLEHUDOHV/DFXHVWLyQFRQWHVWypOHVTXHDPtPH
SDUHFHTXHKHVDOLGRFRQVHUYDGRU/RFUHtDFRPRVLIXHUDXQDGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODIDWDOLGDG(O
FRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]HVFDQGDOL]DGRVHORFRQWyDUVXOD
0HMRUDSUREyHOOD2MDOiVHPHWDGHFXUDSDUDTXH'LRVHQWUHSRUILQDHVWDFDVD
0X\ SURQWR VH VXSR TXH HO SDGUH $QWRQLR ,VDEHO OR HVWDED SUHSDUDQGR SDUD OD SULPHUD
FRPXQLyQ/HHQVHxDEDHOFDWHFLVPRPLHQWUDVOHDIHLWDEDHOSHVFXH]RDORVJDOORV/HH[SOLFDED
FRQHMHPSORVVLPSOHVPLHQWUDVSRQtDQHQVXVQLGRVDODVJDOOLQDVFOXHFDVFyPRVHOHRFXUULyD
'LRV HQ HO VHJXQGR GtD GH OD FUHDFLyQ TXH ORV SROORV VH IRUPDUDQ GHQWUR GHO KXHYR 'HVGH
HQWRQFHVPDQLIHVWDEDHOSiUURFRORVSULPHURVVtQWRPDVGHOGHOLULRVHQLOTXHOROOHYyDGHFLUDxRV
PiV WDUGH TXH SUREDEOHPHQWH HO GLDEOR KDEtD JDQDGR OD UHEHOLyQ FRQWUD 'LRV \ TXH HUD DTXpO
TXLHQ HVWDED VHQWDGR HQ HO WURQR FHOHVWH VLQ UHYHODU VX YHUGDGHUD LGHQWLGDG SDUD DWUDSDU D ORV
LQFDXWRV )RJXHDGR SRU OD LQWUHSLGH] GH VX SUHFHSWRU -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR OOHJy HQ SRFRV
PHVHVDVHUWDQGXFKRHQPDUWLQJDODVWHROyJLFDVSDUDFRQIXQGLUDOGHPRQLRFRPRGLHVWURHQODV
WUDPSDVGHODJDOOHUD$PDUDQWDOHKL]RXQWUDMHGHOLQRFRQFXHOOR\FRUEDWDOHFRPSUyXQSDUGH
]DSDWRVEODQFRV\JUDEyVXQRPEUHFRQOHWUDVGRUDGDVHQHOOD]RGHOFLULR'RVQRFKHVDQWHVGHOD
SULPHUDFRPXQLyQHOSDGUH$QWRQLR,VDEHOVHHQFHUUyFRQpOHQODVDFULVWtDSDUDFRQIHVDUORFRQ

OD D\XGD GH XQ GLFFLRQDULR GH SHFDGRV )XH XQD OLVWD WDQ ODUJD TXH HO DQFLDQR SiUURFR
DFRVWXPEUDGR D DFRVWDUVH D ODV VHLV VH TXHGy GRUPLGR HQ HO VLOOyQ DQWHV GH WHUPLQDU (O
LQWHUURJDWRULRIXHSDUD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRXQDUHYHODFLyQ1ROHVRUSUHQGLyTXHHOSDGUHOH
SUHJXQWDUD VL KDEtD KHFKR FRVDV PDODV FRQ PXMHU \ FRQWHVWy KRQUDGDPHQWH TXH QR SHUR VH
GHVFRQFHUWy FRQ OD SUHJXQWD GH VL ODV KDEtD KHFKR FRQ DQLPDOHV (O SULPHU YLHUQHV GH PD\R
FRPXOJy WRUWXUDGR SRU OD FXULRVLGDG 0iV WDUGH OH KL]R OD SUHJXQWD D 3HWURQLR HO HQIHUPR
VDFULVWiQ TXH YLYtD HQ OD WRUUH \ TXH VHJ~Q GHFtDQ VH DOLPHQWDED GH PXUFLpODJRV \ 3HWURQLR OH
FRQWHVWy(VTXHKD\FULVWLDQRVFRUURPSLGRVTXHKDFHQVXVFRVDVFRQODVEXUUDV-RVp$UFDGLR
6HJXQGRVLJXLyGHPRVWUDQGRWDQWDFXULRVLGDGSLGLyWDQWDVH[SOLFDFLRQHVTXH3HWURQLRSHUGLyOD
SDFLHQFLD
<R YR\ ORV PDUWHV HQ OD QRFKH FRQIHVy 6L SURPHWHV QR GHFtUVHOR D QDGLH HO RWUR
PDUWHVWHOOHYR
(OPDUWHVVLJXLHQWHHQHIHFWR3HWURQLREDMyGHODWRUUHFRQXQEDQTXLWRGHPDGHUDTXHQDGLH
VXSR KDVWD HQWRQFHV SDUD TXp VHUYtD \ OOHYy D -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR D XQD KXHUWD FHUFDQD (O
PXFKDFKRVHDILFLRQyWDQWRDDTXHOODVLQFXUVLRQHVQRFWXUQDVTXHSDVyPXFKRWLHPSRDQWHVGHTXH
VHOHYLHUDHQODWLHQGDGH&DWDULQR6HKL]RKRPEUHGHJDOORV7HOOHYDVHVRVDQLPDOHVDRWUD
SDUWHOHRUGHQyUVXODODSULPHUDYH]TXHORYLRHQWUDUFRQVXVILQRVDQLPDOHVGHSHOHD<DORV
JDOORVKDQWUDtGRGHPDVLDGDVDPDUJXUDVDHVWDFDVDSDUDTXHDKRUDYHQJDVW~DWUDHUQRVRWUDV
-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRVHORVOOHYyVLQGLVFXVLyQSHURVLJXLyFULiQGRORVGRQGH3LODU7HUQHUDVX
DEXHODTXHSXVRDVXGLVSRVLFLyQFXDQWROHKDFtDIDOWDDFDPELRGHWHQHUORHQODFDVD3URQWR
GHPRVWUy HQ OD JDOOHUD OD VDELGXUtD TXH OH LQIXQGLy HO SDGUH $QWRQLR ,VDEHO \ GLVSXVR GH
VXILFLHQWH GLQHUR QR VyOR SDUD HQULTXHFHU VXV FUtDV VLQR SDUD SURFXUDUVH VDWLVIDFFLRQHV GH
KRPEUHUVXODORFRPSDUDEDHQDTXHOWLHPSRFRQVXKHUPDQR\QRSRGtDHQWHQGHUFyPRORVGRV
JHPHORVTXHSDUHFLHURQXQDVRODSHUVRQDHQODLQIDQFLDKDEtDQWHUPLQDGRSRUVHUWDQGLVWLQWRV/D
SHUSOHMLGDG QR OH GXUy PXFKR WLHPSR SRUTXH PX\ SURQWR HPSH]y $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR D GDU
PXHVWUDVGHKROJD]DQHUtD\GLVLSDFLyQ0LHQWUDVHVWXYRHQFHUUDGRHQHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHVIXH
XQ KRPEUH HQVLPLVPDGR FRPR OR IXH HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD HQ VX MXYHQWXG 3HUR SRFR
DQWHVGHOWUDWDGRGH1HHUODQGLDXQDFDVXDOLGDGORVDFyGHVXHQVLPLVPDPLHQWR\ORHQIUHQWyDOD
UHDOLGDG GHO PXQGR 8QD PXMHU MRYHQ TXH DQGDED YHQGLHQGR Q~PHURV SDUD OD ULID GH XQ
DFRUGHyQORVDOXGyFRQPXFKDIDPLOLDULGDG$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRQRVHVRUSUHQGLySRUTXHRFXUUtD
FRQ IUHFXHQFLD TXH OR FRQIXQGLHUDQ FRQ VX KHUPDQR 3HUR QR DFODUy HO HTXtYRFR QL VLTXLHUD
FXDQGR OD PXFKDFKD WUDWy GH DEODQGDUOH HO FRUD]yQ FRQ OORULTXHRV \ WHUPLQy SRU OOHYDUOR D VX
FXDUWR/HWRPyWDQWRFDULxRGHVGHDTXHOSULPHUHQFXHQWURTXHKL]RWUDPSDVHQODULIDSDUDTXHpO
VHJDQDUDHODFRUGHyQ$OFDERGHGRVVHPDQDV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHGLRFXHQWDGHTXHODPXMHU
VHKDEtDHVWDGRDFRVWDQGRDOWHUQDWLYDPHQWHFRQpO\FRQVXKHUPDQRFUH\HQGRTXHHUDQHOPLVPR
KRPEUH\HQYH]GHDFODUDUODVLWXDFLyQVHODVDUUHJOySDUDSURORQJDUOD1RYROYLyDOFXDUWRGH
0HOTXtDGHV3DVDEDODVWDUGHVHQHOSDWLRDSUHQGLHQGRDWRFDUGHRtGDVHODFRUGHyQFRQWUDODV
SURWHVWDV GH UVXOD TXH HQ DTXHO WLHPSR KDEtD SURKLELGR OD P~VLFD HQ OD FDVD D FDXVD GH ORV
OXWRV\TXHDGHPiVPHQRVSUHFLDEDHODFRUGHyQFRPRXQLQVWUXPHQWRSURSLRGHORVYDJDEXQGRV

58

KHUHGHURVGH)UDQFLVFRHO+RPEUH6LQHPEDUJR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGROOHJyDVHUXQYLUWXRVRGHO
DFRUGHyQ \ VLJXLy VLpQGROR GHVSXpV GH TXH VH FDVy \ WXYR KLMRV \ IXH XQR GH ORV KRPEUHV PiV
UHVSHWDGRVGH0DFRQGR
'XUDQWHFDVLGRVPHVHVFRPSDUWLyODPXMHUFRQVXKHUPDQR/RYLJLODEDOHGHVFRPSRQtDORV
SODQHV \ FXDQGR HVWDED VHJXUR GH TXH -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR QR YLVLWDUtD HVD QRFKH OD DPDQWH
FRP~Q VH LED D GRUPLU FRQ HOOD 8QD PDxDQD GHVFXEULy TXH HVWDED HQIHUPR 'RV GtDV GHVSXpV
HQFRQWUy D VX KHUPDQR DIHUUDGR D XQD YLJD GHO EDxR HPSDSDGR HQ VXGRU \ OORUDQGR D OiJULPD
YLYD\HQWRQFHVFRPSUHQGLy6XKHUPDQROHFRQIHVyTXHODPXMHUORKDEtDUHSXGLDGRSRUOOHYDUOH
ORTXHHOODOODPDEDXQDHQIHUPHGDGGHODPDODYLGD/HFRQWyWDPELpQFyPRWUDWDEDGHFXUDUOR
3LODU 7HUQHUD $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR VH VRPHWLy D HVFRQGLGDV D ORV DUGLHQWHV ODYDGRV GH
SHUPDQJDQDWR\ODVDJXDVGLXUpWLFDV\DPERVVHFXUDURQSRUVHSDUDGRGHVSXpVGHWUHVPHVHVGH
VXIULPLHQWRV VHFUHWRV -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR QR YROYLy D YHU D OD PXMHU $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR
REWXYRVXSHUGyQ\VHTXHGyFRQHOODKDVWDODPXHUWH
6HOODPDED3HWUD&RWHV+DEtDOOHJDGRD0DFRQGRHQSOHQDJXHUUDFRQXQPDULGRRFDVLRQDO
TXH YLYtD GH ODV ULIDV \ FXDQGR HO KRPEUH PXULy HOOD VLJXLy FRQ HO QHJRFLR (UD XQD PXODWD
OLPSLD\MRYHQFRQXQRVRMRVDPDULOORV\DOPHQGUDGRVTXHOHGDEDQDVXURVWURODIHURFLGDGGH
XQD SDQWHUD SHUR WHQtD XQ FRUD]yQ JHQHURVR \ XQD PDJQtILFD YRFDFLyQ SDUD HO DPRU &XDQGR
UVXOD VH GLR FXHQWD GH TXH -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR HUD JDOOHUR \ $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR WRFDED HO
DFRUGHyQHQODVILHVWDVUXLGRVDVGHVXFRQFXELQDFUH\yHQORTXHFHUGHFRQIXVLyQ(UDFRPRVLHQ
DPERV VH KXELHUDQ FRQFHQWUDGR ORV GHIHFWRV GH OD IDPLOLD \ QLQJXQD GH VXV YLUWXGHV (QWRQFHV
GHFLGLyTXHQDGLHYROYLHUDDOODPDUVH$XUHOLDQR\-RVp$UFDGLR6LQHPEDUJRFXDQGR$XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGRWXYRVXSULPHUKLMRQRVHDWUHYLyDFRQWUDULDUOR
'HDFXHUGRGLMRUVXODSHURFRQXQDFRQGLFLyQ\RPHHQFDUJRGHFULDUOR
$XQTXH \D HUD FHQWHQDULD \ HVWDED D SXQWR GH TXHGDUVH FLHJD SRU ODV FDWDUDWDV FRQVHUYDED
LQWDFWRVHOGLQDPLVPRItVLFRODLQWHJULGDGGHOFDUiFWHU\HOHTXLOLEULRPHQWDO1DGLHPHMRUTXH
HOODSDUDIRUPDUDOKRPEUHYLUWXRVRTXHKDEtDGHUHVWDXUDUHOSUHVWLJLRGHODIDPLOLDXQKRPEUH
TXHQXQFDKXELHUDRtGRKDEODUGHODJXHUUDORVJDOORVGHSHOHDODVPXMHUHVGHPDODYLGD\ODV
HPSUHVDV GHOLUDQWHV FXDWUR FDODPLGDGHV TXH VHJ~Q SHQVDED UVXOD KDEtDQ GHWHUPLQDGR OD
GHFDGHQFLDGHVXHVWLUSH(VWHVHUiFXUDSURPHWLyVROHPQHPHQWH<VL'LRVPHGDYLGDKDGH
OOHJDUDVHU3DSD7RGRVULHURQDORtUODQRVyORHQHOGRUPLWRULRVLQRHQWRGDODFDVDGRQGH
HVWDEDQUHXQLGRVORVEXOOLFLRVRVDPLJRWHVGH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR/DJXHUUDUHOHJDGDDOGHVYiQ
GHORVPDORVUHFXHUGRVIXHPRPHQWiQHDPHQWHHYRFDGDFRQORVWDSRQD]RVGHOFKDPSDxD
$ODVDOXGGHO3DSDEULQGy$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR
/RV LQYLWDGRV EULQGDURQ D FRUR /XHJR HO GXHxR GH FDVD WRFy HO DFRUGHyQ VH UHYHQWDURQ
FRKHWHV \ VH RUGHQDURQ WDPERUHV GH M~ELOR SDUD HO SXHEOR (Q OD PDGUXJDGD ORV LQYLWDGRV
HQVRSDGRV HQ FKDPSDxD VDFULILFDURQ VHLV YDFDV \ ODV SXVLHURQ HQ OD FDOOH D GLVSRVLFLyQ GH OD
PXFKHGXPEUH 1DGLH VH HVFDQGDOL]y 'HVGH TXH $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR VH KL]R FDUJR GH OD FDVD
DTXHOODV IHVWLYLGDGHV HUDQ FRVD FRUULHQWH DXQTXH QR H[LVWLHUD XQ PRWLYR WDQ MXVWR FRPR HO
QDFLPLHQWRGHXQ3DSD(QSRFRVDxRVVLQHVIXHU]RVDSXURVJROSHVGHVXHUWHKDEtDDFXPXODGR

XQD GH ODV PiV JUDQGHV IRUWXQDV GH OD FLpQDJD JUDFLDV D OD SUROLIHUDFLyQ VREUHQDWXUDO GH VXV
DQLPDOHV 6XV \HJXDV SDUtDQ WULOOL]RV ODV JDOOLQDV SRQtDQ GRV YHFHV SRU GtD \ ORV FHUGRV
HQJRUGDEDQFRQWDOGHVHQIUHQRTXHQDGLHSRGtDH[SOLFDUVHWDQGHVRUGHQDGDIHFXQGLGDGFRPRQR
IXHUDSRUDUWHVGHPDJLD(FRQRPL]DDKRUDOHGHFtDUVXODDVXDWRORQGUDGRELVQLHWR(VWD
VXHUWHQRWHYDDGXUDUWRGDODYLGD3HUR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRQROHSRQtDDWHQFLyQ0LHQWUDVPiV
GHVWDSDEDFKDPSDxDSDUDHQVRSDUDVXVDPLJRVPiVDORFDGDPHQWHSDUtDQVXVDQLPDOHV\PiVVH
FRQYHQFtDpOGHTXHVXEXHQDHVWUHOODQRHUDFRVDGHVXFRQGXFWDVLQRLQIOXHQFLDGH3HWUD&RWHV
VXFRQFXELQDFX\RDPRUWHQtDODYLUWXGGHH[DVSHUDUDODQDWXUDOH]D7DQSHUVXDGLGRHVWDEDGH
TXHHUDHVHHORULJHQGHVXIRUWXQDTXHQXQFDWXYRD3HWUD&RWHVOHMRVGHVXVFUtDV\DXQFXDQGR
VH FDVy \ WXYR KLMRV VLJXLy YLYLHQGR FRQ HOOD FRQ HO FRQVHQWLPLHQWR GH )HUQDQGD 6yOLGR
PRQXPHQWDO FRPR VXV DEXHORV SHUR FRQ XQ JR]R YLWDO \ XQD VLPSDWtD LUUHVLVWLEOH TXH HOORV QR
WXYLHURQ$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRDSHQDVVLWHQtDWLHPSRGHYLJLODUVXVJDQDGRV/HEDVWDEDFRQOOHYDU
D3HWUD&RWHVDVXVFULDGHURV\SDVHDUODDFDEDOORSRUVXVWLHUUDVSDUDTXHWRGRDQLPDOPDUFDGR
FRQVXKLHUURVXFXPELHUDDODSHVWHLUUHPHGLDEOHGHODSUROLIHUDFLyQ
&RPRWRGDVODVFRVDVEXHQDVTXHOHVRFXUULHURQHQVXODUJDYLGDDTXHOODIRUWXQDGHVPDQGDGD
WXYRRULJHQHQODFDVXDOLGDG+DVWDHOILQDOGHODVJXHUUDV3HWUD&RWHVVHJXtDVRVWHQLpQGRVHFRQ
HOSURGXFWRGHVXVULIDV\$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHODVDUUHJODEDSDUDVDTXHDUGHYH]HQFXDQGRODV
DOFDQFtDV GH UVXOD )RUPDEDQ XQD SDUHMD IUtYROD VLQ PiV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV TXH OD GH DFRVWDUVH
WRGDV ODV QRFKHV DXQ HQ ODV IHFKDV SURKLELGDV \ UHWR]DU HQ OD FDPD KDVWD HO DPDQHFHU (VD
PXMHUKDVLGRWXSHUGLFLyQOHJULWDEDUVXODDOELVQLHWRFXDQGRORYHtDHQWUDUDODFDVDFRPRXQ
VRQiPEXOR7HWLHQHWDQHPEREDGRTXHXQGtDGHHVWRVWHYHUpUHWRUFLpQGRWHGHFyOLFRVFRQXQ
VDSRPHWLGRHQODEDUULJD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRTXHGHPRUyPXFKRWLHPSRSDUDGHVFXEULUOD
VXSODQWDFLyQQRORJUDEDHQWHQGHUODSDVLyQGHVXKHUPDQR5HFRUGDEDD3HWUD&RWHVFRPRXQD
PXMHU FRQYHQFLRQDO PiV ELHQ SHUH]RVD HQ OD FDPD \ FRPSOHWDPHQWH GHVSURYLVWD GH UHFXUVRV
SDUDHODPRU6RUGRDOFODPRUGHUVXOD\DODVEXUODVGHVXKHUPDQR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVyOR
SHQVDEDHQWRQFHVHQHQFRQWUDUXQRILFLRTXHOHSHUPLWLHUDVRVWHQHUXQDFDVDSDUD3HWUD&RWHV\
PRULUVHFRQHOODVREUHHOOD\GHEDMRGHHOODHQXQDQRFKHGHGHVDIXHURIHEULO&XDQGRHOFRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDYROYLyDDEULUHOWDOOHUVHGXFLGRDOILQSRUORVHQFDQWRVSDFtILFRVGHODYHMH]
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRSHQVyTXHVHUtDXQEXHQQHJRFLRGHGLFDUVHDODIDEULFDFLyQGHSHVFDGLWRVGH
RUR 3DVy PXFKDV KRUDV HQ HO FXDUWLWR FDOXURVR YLHQGR FyPR ODV GXUDV OiPLQDV GH PHWDO
WUDEDMDGDVSRUHOFRURQHOFRQODSDFLHQFLDLQFRQFHELEOHGHOGHVHQJDxRVHLEDQFRQYLUWLHQGRSRFR
DSRFRHQHVFDPDVGRUDGDV(ORILFLROHSDUHFLyWDQODERULRVR\HUDWDQSHUVLVWHQWH\DSUHPLDQWH
HOUHFXHUGRGH3HWUD&RWHVTXHDOFDERGHWUHVVHPDQDVGHVDSDUHFLyGHOWDOOHU)XHHQHVDpSRFD
TXHOHGLRD3HWUD&RWHVSRUULIDUFRQHMRV6HUHSURGXFtDQ\VHYROYtDQDGXOWRVFRQWDQWDUDSLGH]
TXHDSHQDVGDEDQWLHPSRSDUDYHQGHUORVQ~PHURVGHODULID$OSULQFLSLR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRQR
DGYLUWLyODVDODUPDQWHVSURSRUFLRQHVGHODSUROLIHUDFLyQ3HURXQDQRFKHFXDQGR\DQDGLHHQHO
SXHEORTXHUtDRtUKDEODUGHODVULIDVGHFRQHMRVVLQWLyXQHVWUXHQGRHQODSDUHGGHOSDWLR1RWH
DVXVWHV GLMR 3HWUD &RWHV 6RQ ORV FRQHMRV 1R SXGLHURQ GRUPLU PiV DWRUPHQWDGRV SRU HO
WUiIDJR GH ORV DQLPDOHV $O DPDQHFHU $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR DEULy OD SXHUWD \ YLR HO SDWLR

59

HPSHGUDGRGHFRQHMRVD]XOHVHQHOUHVSODQGRUGHODOED3HWUD&RWHVPXHUWDGHULVDQRUHVLVWLy
ODWHQWDFLyQGHKDFHUOHXQDEURPD
(VWRVVRQORVTXHQDFLHURQDQRFKHGLMR
4XpKRUURUGLMRpO3RUTXpQRSUXHEDVFRQYDFDV"
3RFRVGtDVGHVSXpVWUDWDQGRGHGHVDKRJDUVXSDWLR3HWUD&RWHVFDPELyORVFRQHMRVSRUXQD
YDFDTXHGRVPHVHVPiVWDUGHSDULyWULOOL]RV$VtHPSH]DURQODVFRVDV'HODQRFKHDODPDxDQD
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHKL]RGXHxRGHWLHUUDV\JDQDGRV\DSHQDVVLWHQtDWLHPSRGHHQVDQFKDUODV
FDEDOOHUL]DV\SRFLOJDVGHVERUGDGDV(UDXQDSURVSHULGDGGHGHOLULRTXHDpOPLVPROHFDXVDED
ULVD \ QR SRGtD PHQRV TXH DVXPLU DFWLWXGHV H[WUDYDJDQWHV SDUD GHVFDUJDU VX EXHQ KXPRU
$SiUWHQVHYDFDVTXHODYLGDHVFRUWDJULWDEDUVXODVHSUHJXQWDEDHQTXpHQUHGRVVHKDEtD
PHWLGRVLQRHVWDUtDUREDQGRVLQRKDEtDWHUPLQDGRSRUYROYHUVHFXDWUHUR\FDGDYH]TXHORYHtD
GHVWDSDQGR FKDPSDxD SRU HO SXUR SODFHU GH HFKDUVH OD HVSXPD SRU OD FDEH]D OH UHSURFKDED D
JULWRV HO GHVSHUGLFLR /R PROHVWy WDQWR TXH XQ GtD HQ TXH $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR DPDQHFLy FRQ HO
KXPRUUHERVDGRDSDUHFLyFRQXQFDMyQGHGLQHURXQDODWDGHHQJUXGR\XQDEURFKD\FDQWDQGRD
YR]HQFXHOORODVYLHMDVFDQFLRQHVGH)UDQFLVFRHO+RPEUHHPSDSHOyODFDVDSRUGHQWUR\SRU
IXHUD\GHDUULEDDEDMRFRQELOOHWHVGHDSHVR/DDQWLJXDPDQVLyQSLQWDGDGHEODQFRGHVGHORV
WLHPSRVHQTXHOOHYDURQODSLDQRODDGTXLULyHODVSHFWRHTXtYRFRGHXQDPH]TXLWD(QPHGLRGHO
DOERURWRGHODIDPLOLDGHOHVFiQGDORGHUVXODGHOM~ELORGHOSXHEORTXHDEDUURWyODFDOOHSDUD
SUHVHQFLDU OD JORULILFDFLyQ GHO GHVSLOIDUUR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR WHUPLQy SRU HPSDSHODU GHVGH OD
IDFKDGDKDVWDODFRFLQDLQFOXVLYHORVEDxRV\GRUPLWRULRV\DUURMyORVELOOHWHVVREUDQWHVHQHO
SDWLR
$KRUDGLMRILQDOPHQWHHVSHURTXHQDGLHHQHVWDFDVDPHYXHOYDDKDEODUGHSODWD
$VtIXHUVXODKL]RTXLWDUORVELOOHWHVDGKHULGRVDODVJUDQGHVWRUWDVGHFDO\YROYLyDSLQWDU
OD FDVD GH EODQFR 'LRV PtR VXSOLFDED +D]QRV WDQ SREUHV FRPR pUDPRV FXDQGR IXQGDPRV
HVWHSXHEORQRVHDTXHHQODRWUDYLGDQRVYD\DVDFREUDUHVWDGLODSLGDFLyQ6XVV~SOLFDVIXHURQ
HVFXFKDGDVHQVHQWLGRFRQWUDULR(QHIHFWRXQRGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVTXHGHVSUHQGtDORVELOOHWHV
WURSH]ySRUGHVFXLGRFRQXQHQRUPH6DQ-RVpGH\HVRTXHDOJXLHQKDEtDGHMDGRHQODFDVDHQORV
~OWLPRVDxRVGHODJXHUUD\ODLPDJHQKXHFDVHGHVSHGD]yFRQWUDHOVXHOR(VWDEDDWLERUUDGDGH
PRQHGDVGHRUR1DGLHUHFRUGDEDTXLpQKDEtDOOHYDGRDTXHOVDQWRGHWDPDxRQDWXUDO/RWUDMHURQ
WUHVKRPEUHVH[SOLFy$PDUDQWD0HSLGLHURQTXHORJXDUGiUDPRVPLHQWUDVSDVDEDODOOXYLD\
\ROHVGLMHTXHORSXVLHUDQDKtHQHOULQFyQGRQGHQDGLHIXHUDDWURSH]DUFRQpO\DKtORSXVLHURQ
FRQPXFKRFXLGDGR\DKtKDHVWDGRGHVGHHQWRQFHVSRUTXHQXQFDYROYLHURQDEXVFDUOR(QORV
~OWLPRVWLHPSRVUVXODOHKDEtDSXHVWRYHODV\VHKDEtDSRVWUDGRDQWHpOVLQVRVSHFKDUTXHHQ
OXJDUGHXQVDQWRHVWDEDDGRUDQGRFDVLGRVFLHQWRVNLORJUDPRVGHRUR/DWDUGtDFRPSUREDFLyQGH
VXLQYROXQWDULRSDJDQLVPRDJUDYyVXGHVFRQVXHOR(VFXSLyHOHVSHFWDFXODUPRQWyQGHPRQHGDV
ORPHWLyHQWUHVVDFRVGHORQD\ORHQWHUUyHQXQOXJDUVHFUHWRHQHVSHUDGHTXHWDUGHRWHPSUDQR
ORVWUHVGHVFRQRFLGRVIXHUDQDUHFODPDUOR0XFKRGHVSXpVHQORVDxRVGLItFLOHVGHVXGHFUHSLWXG
UVXOD VROtD LQWHUYHQLU HQ ODV FRQYHUVDFLRQHV GH ORV QXPHURVRV YLDMHURV TXH HQWRQFHV SDVDEDQ
SRUODFDVD\OHVSUHJXQWDEDVLGXUDQWHODJXHUUDQRKDEtDQGHMDGRDOOtXQ6DQ-RVpGH\HVRSDUD

TXHORJXDUGDUDQPLHQWUDVSDVDEDODOOXYLD
(VWDV FRVDV TXH WDQWR FRQVWHUQDEDQ D UVXOD HUDQ FRUULHQWHV HQ DTXHO WLHPSR 0DFRQGR
QDXIUDJDED HQ XQD SURVSHULGDG GH PLODJUR /DV FDVDV GH EDUUR \ FDxDEUDYD GH ORV IXQGDGRUHV
KDEtDQ VLGR UHHPSOD]DGDV SRU FRQVWUXFFLRQHV GH ODGULOOR FRQ SHUVLDQDV GH PDGHUD \ SLVRV GH
FHPHQWRTXHKDFtDQPiVOOHYDGHURHOFDORUVRIRFDQWHGHODVGRVGHODWDUGH'HODDQWLJXDDOGHD
GH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD VyOR TXHGDEDQ HQWRQFHV ORV DOPHQGURV SROYRULHQWRV GHVWLQDGRV D
UHVLVWLU D ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV PiV DUGXDV \ HO UtR GH DJXDV GLiIDQDV FX\DV SLHGUDV SUHKLVWyULFDV
IXHURQ SXOYHUL]DGDV SRU ODV HQORTXHFLGDV DOPiGHQDV GH -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR FXDQGR VH
HPSHxyHQGHVSHMDUHOFDXFHSDUDHVWDEOHFHUXQVHUYLFLRGHQDYHJDFLyQ)XHXQVXHxRGHOLUDQWH
FRPSDUDEOHDSHQDVDORVGHVXELVDEXHORSRUTXHHOOHFKRSHGUHJRVR\ORVQXPHURVRVWURSLH]RV
GHODFRUULHQWHLPSHGtDQHOWUiQVLWRGHVGH0DFRQGRKDVWDHOPDU3HUR-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRHQ
XQLPSUHYLVWRDUUDQTXHGHWHPHULGDGVHHPSHFLQyHQHOSUR\HFWR+DVWDHQWRQFHVQRKDEtDGDGR
QLQJXQDPXHVWUDGHLPDJLQDFLyQ6DOYRVXSUHFDULDDYHQWXUDFRQ3HWUD&RWHVQXQFDVHOHKDEtD
FRQRFLGRPXMHUUVXODORWHQtDFRPRHOHMHPSODUPiVDSDJDGRTXHKDEtDGDGRODIDPLOLDHQWRGD
VX KLVWRULD LQFDSD] GH GHVWDFDUVH QL VLTXLHUD FRPR DOERURWDGRU GH JDOOHUDV FXDQGR HO FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDOHFRQWyODKLVWRULDGHOJDOHyQHVSDxROHQFDOODGRDGRFHNLOyPHWURVGHOPDU
FX\R FRVWLOODU FDUERQL]DGR YLR pO PLVPR GXUDQWH OD JXHUUD (O UHODWR TXH D WDQWD JHQWH GXUDQWH
WDQWR WLHPSR OH SDUHFLy IDQWiVWLFR IXH XQD UHYHODFLyQ SDUD -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR 5HPDWy VXV
JDOORV DO PHMRU SRVWRU UHFOXWy KRPEUHV \ FRPSUy KHUUDPLHQWDV \ VH HPSHxy HQ OD GHVFRPXQDO
HPSUHVDGHURPSHUSLHGUDVH[FDYDUFDQDOHVGHVSHMDUHVFROORV\KDVWDHPSDUHMDUFDWDUDWDV<D
HVWR PH OR Vp GH PHPRULD JULWDED UVXOD (V FRPR VL HO WLHPSR GLHUD YXHOWDV HQ UHGRQGR \
KXELpUDPRVYXHOWRDOSULQFLSLR&XDQGRHVWLPyTXHHOUtRHUDQDYHJDEOH-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGR
KL]R D VX KHUPDQR XQD H[SRVLFLyQ SRUPHQRUL]DGD GH VXV SODQHV \ pVWH OH GLR HO GLQHUR TXH OH
KDFtDIDOWDSDUDVXHPSUHVD'HVDSDUHFLySRUPXFKRWLHPSR6HKDEtDGLFKRTXHVXSUR\HFWRGH
FRPSUDUXQEDUFRQRHUDPiVTXHXQDWULTXLxXHODSDUDDO]DUVHFRQHOGLQHURGHOKHUPDQRFXDQGR
VH GLYXOJy OD QRWLFLD GH TXH XQD H[WUDxD QDYH VH DSUR[LPDED DO SXHEOR /RV KDELWDQWHV GH
0DFRQGR TXH \D QR UHFRUGDEDQ ODV HPSUHVDV FRORVDOHV GH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD VH
SUHFLSLWDURQ D OD ULEHUD \ YLHURQ FRQ RMRV SDVPDGRV GH LQFUHGXOLGDG OD OOHJDGD GHO SULPHU \
~OWLPR EDUFR TXH DWUDFy MDPiV HQ HO SXHEOR 1R HUD PiV TXH XQD EDOVD GH WURQFRV DUUDVWUDGD
PHGLDQWH JUXHVRV FDEOHV SRU YHLQWH KRPEUHV TXH FDPLQDEDQ SRU OD ULEHUD (Q OD SURD FRQ XQ
EULOORGHVDWLVIDFFLyQHQODPLUDGD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRGLULJtDODGLVSHQGLRVDPDQLREUD-XQWR
FRQpOOOHJDEDXQJUXSRGHPDWURQDVHVSOpQGLGDVTXHVHSURWHJtDQGHOVRODEUDVDQWHFRQYLVWRVDV
VRPEULOODV\WHQtDQHQORVKRPEURVSUHFLRVRVSDxRORQHVGHVHGD\XQJHQWRVGHFRORUHVHQHO
URVWUR \ IORUHV QDWXUDOHV HQ HO FDEHOOR \ VHUSLHQWHV GH RUR HQ ORV EUD]RV \ GLDPDQWHV HQ ORV
GLHQWHV/DEDOVDGHWURQFRVIXHHO~QLFRYHKtFXORTXH-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRSXGRUHPRQWDUKDVWD
0DFRQGR\VyORSRUXQDYH]SHURQXQFDUHFRQRFLyHOIUDFDVRGHVXHPSUHVDVLQRTXHSURFODPy
VX KD]DxD FRPR XQD YLFWRULD GH OD YROXQWDG 5LQGLy FXHQWDV HVFUXSXORVDV D VX KHUPDQR \ PX\
SURQWRYROYLyDKXQGLUVHHQODUXWLQDGHORVJDOORV/R~QLFRTXHTXHGyGHDTXHOODGHVYHQWXUDGD
LQLFLDWLYD IXH HO VRSOR GH UHQRYDFLyQ TXH OOHYDURQ ODV PDWURQDV GH )UDQFLD FX\DV DUWHV

60

PDJQtILFDV FDPELDURQ ORV PpWRGRV WUDGLFLRQDOHV GHO DPRU \ FX\R VHQWLGR GHO ELHQHVWDU VRFLDO
DUUDVy FRQ OD DQWLFXDGD WLHQGD GH &DWDULQR \ WUDQVIRUPy OD FDOOH HQ XQ ED]DU GH IDUROLWRV
MDSRQHVHV \ RUJDQLOORV QRVWiOJLFRV )XHURQ HOODV ODV SURPRWRUDV GHO FDUQDYDO VDQJULHQWR TXH
GXUDQWH WUHV GtDV KXQGLy D 0DFRQGR HQ HO GHOLULR \ FX\D ~QLFD FRQVHFXHQFLD SHUGXUDEOH IXH
KDEHUOHGDGRD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRODRSRUWXQLGDGGHFRQRFHUD)HUQDQGDGHO&DUSLR
5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD IXH SURFODPDGD UHLQD UVXOD TXH VH HVWUHPHFtD DQWH OD EHOOH]D
LQTXLHWDQWHGHODELVQLHWDQRSXGRLPSHGLUODHOHFFLyQ+DVWDHQWRQFHVKDEtDFRQVHJXLGRTXHQR
VDOLHUDDODFDOOHFRPRQRIXHUDSDUDLUDPLVDFRQ$PDUDQWDSHURODREOLJDEDDFXEULUVHODFDUD
FRQXQDPDQWLOODQHJUD/RVKRPEUHVPHQRVSLDGRVRVORVTXHVHGLVIUD]DEDQGHFXUDVSDUDGHFLU
PLVDV VDFUtOHJDV HQ OD WLHQGD GH &DWDULQR DVLVWtDQ D OD LJOHVLD FRQ HO ~QLFR SURSyVLWR GH YHU
DXQTXHIXHUDXQLQVWDQWHHOURVWURGH5HPHGLRVODEHOODGHFX\DKHUPRVXUDOHJHQGDULDVHKDEODED
FRQXQIHUYRUVREUHFRJLGRHQWRGRHOiPELWRGHODFLpQDJD3DVyPXFKRWLHPSRDQWHVGHTXHOR
FRQVLJXLHUDQ \ PiV OHV KXELHUD YDOLGR TXH OD RFDVLyQ QR OOHJDUD QXQFD SRUTXH OD PD\RUtD GH
HOORVQRSXGRUHFXSHUDUMDPiVODSODFLGH]GHOVXHxR(OKRPEUHTXHORKL]RSRVLEOHXQIRUDVWHUR
SHUGLy SDUD VLHPSUH OD VHUHQLGDG VH HQUHGy HQ ORV WUHPHGDOHV GH OD DE\HFFLyQ \ OD PLVHULD \
DxRV GHVSXpV IXH GHVSHGD]DGR SRU XQ WUHQ QRFWXUQR FXDQGR VH TXHGy GRUPLGR VREUH ORV ULHOHV
'HVGH HO PRPHQWR HQ TXH VH OH YLR HQ OD LJOHVLD FRQ XQ YHVWLGR GH SDQD YHUGH \ XQ FKDOHFR
ERUGDGRQDGLHSXVRHQGXGDTXHLEDGHVGHPX\OHMRVWDOYH]GHXQDUHPRWDFLXGDGGHOH[WHULRU
DWUDtGR SRU OD IDVFLQDFLyQ PiJLFD GH 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD (UD WDQ KHUPRVR WDQ JDOODUGR \
UHSRVDGR GH XQD SUHVWDQFLD WDQ ELHQ OOHYDGD TXH 3LHWUR &UHVSL MXQWR D pO KDEUtD SDUHFLGR XQ
VLHWHPHVLQR \ PXFKDV PXMHUHV PXUPXUDURQ HQWUH VRQULVDV GH GHVSHFKR TXH HUD pO TXLHQ
YHUGDGHUDPHQWH PHUHFtD OD PDQWLOOD 1R DOWHUQy FRQ QDGLH HQ 0DFRQGR $SDUHFtD DO DPDQHFHU
GHO GRPLQJR FRPR XQ SUtQFLSH GH FXHQWR HQ XQ FDEDOOR FRQ HVWULERV GH SODWD \ JXDOGUDSDV GH
WHUFLRSHOR\DEDQGRQDEDHOSXHEORGHVSXpVGHODPLVD
(UDWDOHOSRGHUGHVXSUHVHQFLDTXHGHVGHODSULPHUDYH]TXHVHOHYLRHQODLJOHVLDWRGRHO
PXQGRGLRSRUVHQWDGRTXHHQWUHpO\5HPHGLRVODEHOODVHKDEtDHVWDEOHFLGRXQGXHORFDOODGR\
WHQVRXQSDFWRVHFUHWRXQGHVDItRLUUHYRFDEOHFX\DFXOPLQDFLyQQRSRGtDVHUVRODPHQWHHODPRU
VLQR WDPELpQ OD PXHUWH (O VH[WR GRPLQJR HO FDEDOOHUR DSDUHFLy FRQ XQD URVD DPDULOOD HQ OD
PDQR2\yODPLVDGHSLHFRPRORKDFtDVLHPSUH\DOILQDOVHLQWHUSXVRDOSDVRGH5HPHGLRVOD
EHOOD\OHRIUHFLyODURVDVROLWDULD(OODODUHFLELyFRQXQJHVWRQDWXUDOFRPRVLKXELHUDHVWDGR
SUHSDUDGDSDUDDTXHOKRPHQDMH\HQWRQFHVVHGHVFXEULyHOURVWURSRUXQLQVWDQWH\GLRODVJUDFLDV
FRQ XQD VRQULVD )XH WRGR FXDQWR KL]R 3HUR QR VyOR SDUD HO FDEDOOHUR VLQR SDUD WRGRV ORV
KRPEUHVTXHWXYLHURQHOGHVGLFKDGRSULYLOHJLRGHYLYLUORDTXHOIXHXQLQVWDQWHHWHUQR
(OFDEDOOHURLQVWDODEDGHVGHHQWRQFHVODEDQGDGHP~VLFDMXQWRDODYHQWDQDGH5HPHGLRVOD
EHOOD \ D YHFHV KDVWD HO DPDQHFHU $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR IXH HO ~QLFR TXH VLQWLy SRU pO XQD
FRPSDVLyQFRUGLDO\WUDWyGHTXHEUDQWDUVXSHUVHYHUDQFLD1RSLHUGDPiVHOWLHPSROHGLMR
XQDQRFKH/DVPXMHUHVGHHVWDFDVDVRQSHRUHVTXHODVPXODV/HRIUHFLyVXDPLVWDGORLQYLWy
DEDxDUVHHQFKDPSDxDWUDWyGHKDFHUOHHQWHQGHUTXHODVKHPEUDVGHVXIDPLOLDWHQtDQHQWUDxDVGH
SHGHUQDOSHURQRFRQVLJXLyYXOQHUDUVXREVWLQDFLyQ([DVSHUDGRSRUODVLQWHUPLQDEOHVQRFKHVGH

P~VLFDHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDORDPHQD]yFRQFXUDUOHODDIOLFFLyQDSLVWROHWD]RV1DGDOR
KL]RGHVLVWLUVDOYRVXSURSLR\ODPHQWDEOHHVWDGRGHGHVPRUDOL]DFLyQ'HDSXHVWRHLPSHFDEOHVH
KL]RYLO\KDUDSLHQWR6HUXPRUHDEDTXHKDEtDDEDQGRQDGRSRGHU\IRUWXQDHQVXOHMDQDQDFLyQ
DXQTXHHQYHUGDGQRVHFRQRFLyQXQFDVXRULJHQ6HYROYLyKRPEUHGHSOHLWRVSHQGHQFLHURGH
FDQWLQD\DPDQHFLyUHYROFDGRHQVXVSURSLDVH[FUHFHQFLDVHQODWLHQGDGH&DWDULQR/RPiVWULVWH
GHVXGUDPDHUDTXH5HPHGLRVODEHOODQRVHILMyHQpOQLVLTXLHUDFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDEDDOD
LJOHVLDYHVWLGRGHSUtQFLSH5HFLELyODURVDDPDULOODVLQODPHQRUPDOLFLDPiVELHQGLYHUWLGDSRU
ODH[WUDYDJDQFLDGHOJHVWR\VHOHYDQWyODPDQWLOODSDUDYHUOHPHMRUODFDUD\QRSDUDPRVWUDUOHOD
VX\D
(Q UHDOLGDG 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD QR HUD XQ VHU GH HVWH PXQGR +DVWD PX\ DYDQ]DGD OD
SXEHUWDG6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGWXYRTXHEDxDUOD\SRQHUOHODURSD\DXQFXDQGRSXGRYDOHUVH
SRU Vt PLVPD KDEtD TXH YLJLODUOD SDUD TXH QR SLQWDUD DQLPDOLWRV HQ ODV SDUHGHV FRQ XQD YDULWD
HPEDGXUQDGD GH VX SURSLD FDFD /OHJy D ORV YHLQWH DxRV VLQ DSUHQGHU D OHHU \ HVFULELU VLQ
VHUYLUVH GH ORV FXELHUWRV HQ OD PHVD SDVHiQGRVH GHVQXGD SRU OD FDVD SRUTXH VX QDWXUDOH]D VH
UHVLVWtD D FXDOTXLHU FODVH GH FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPRV &XDQGR HO MRYHQ FRPDQGDQWH GH OD JXDUGLD OH
GHFODUyVXDPRUORUHFKD]yVHQFLOODPHQWHSRUTXHODDVRPEUyVXIULYROLGDG)tMDWHTXpVLPSOH
HV OH GLMR D $PDUDQWD 'LFH TXH VH HVWi PXULHQGR SRU Pt FRPR VL \R IXHUD XQ FyOLFR
PLVHUHUH &XDQGR HQ HIHFWR OR HQFRQWUDURQ PXHUWR MXQWR D VX YHQWDQD 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD
FRQILUPyVXLPSUHVLyQLQLFLDO
<DYHQFRPHQWy(UDFRPSOHWDPHQWHVLPSOH
3DUHFtDFRPRVLXQDOXFLGH]SHQHWUDQWHOHSHUPLWLHUDYHUODUHDOLGDGGHODVFRVDVPiVDOOiGH
FXDOTXLHU IRUPDOLVPR (VH HUD DO PHQRV HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD SDUD
TXLHQ5HPHGLRVODEHOODQRHUDHQPRGRDOJXQRUHWUDVDGDPHQWDOFRPRVHFUHtDVLQRWRGROR
FRQWUDULR(VFRPRVLYLQLHUDGHUHJUHVRGHYHLQWHDxRVGHJXHUUDVROtDGHFLUUVXODSRUVX
SDUWH OH DJUDGHFtD D 'LRV TXH KXELHUD SUHPLDGR D OD IDPLOLD FRQ XQD FULDWXUD GH XQD SXUH]D
H[FHSFLRQDO SHUR DO PLVPR WLHPSR OD FRQWXUEDED VX KHUPRVXUD SRUTXH OH SDUHFtD XQD YLUWXG
FRQWUDGLFWRULD XQD WUDPSD GLDEyOLFD HQ HO FHQWUR GH OD FDQGLGH] )XH SRU HVR TXH GHFLGLy
DSDUWDUODGHOPXQGRSUHVHUYDUODGHWRGDWHQWDFLyQWHUUHQDOVLQVDEHUTXH5HPHGLRVODEHOOD\D
GHVGHHOYLHQWUHGHVXPDGUHHVWDEDDVDOYRGHFXDOTXLHUFRQWDJLR1XQFDOHSDVySRUODFDEH]D
ODLGHDGHTXHODHOLJLHUDQUHLQDGHODEHOOH]DHQHOSDQGHPyQLXPGHXQFDUQDYDO3HUR$XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGRHPEXOODGRFRQODYHQWROHUDGHGLVIUD]DUVHGHWLJUHOOHYyDOSDGUH$QWRQLR,VDEHODOD
FDVDSDUDTXHFRQYHQFLHUDDUVXODGHTXHHOFDUQDYDOQRHUDXQDILHVWDSDJDQDFRPRHOODGHFtD
VLQRXQDWUDGLFLyQFDWyOLFD)LQDOPHQWHFRQYHQFLGDDXQTXHDUHJDxDGLHQWHVGLRHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWR
SDUDODFRURQDFLyQ
/DQRWLFLDGHTXH5HPHGLRV%XHQGtDLEDDVHUODVREHUDQDGHOIHVWLYDOUHEDVyHQSRFDVKRUDV
ORVOtPLWHVGHODFLpQDJDOOHJyKDVWDOHMDQRVWHUULWRULRVGRQGHVHLJQRUDEDHOLQPHQVRSUHVWLJLRGH
VXEHOOH]D\VXVFLWyODLQTXLHWXGGHTXLHQHVWRGDYtDFRQVLGHUDEDQVXDSHOOLGRFRPRXQVtPEROR
GHODVXEYHUVLyQ(UDXQDLQTXLHWXGLQIXQGDGD6LDOJXLHQUHVXOWDEDLQRIHQVLYRHQDTXHOWLHPSR
HUD HO HQYHMHFLGR \ GHVHQFDQWDGR FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD TXH SRFR D SRFR KDEtD LGR

61

SHUGLHQGRWRGRFRQWDFWRFRQODUHDOLGDGGHODQDFLyQ(QFHUUDGRHQVXWDOOHUVX~QLFDUHODFLyQ
FRQHOUHVWRGHOPXQGRHUDHOFRPHUFLRGHSHVFDGLWRVGHRUR8QRGHORVDQWLJXRVVROGDGRVTXH
YLJLODURQVXFDVDHQORVSULPHURVGtDVGHODSD]LEDDYHQGHUORVDODVSREODFLRQHVGHODFLpQDJD
\UHJUHVDEDFDUJDGRGHPRQHGDV\GHQRWLFLDV4XHHOJRELHUQRFRQVHUYDGRUGHFtDFRQHODSR\R
GHORVOLEHUDOHVHVWDEDUHIRUPDQGRHOFDOHQGDULRSDUDTXHFDGDSUHVLGHQWHHVWXYLHUDFLHQDxRVHQ
HOSRGHU4XHSRUILQVHKDEtDILUPDGRHOFRQFRUGDWRFRQOD6DQWD6HGH\TXHKDEtDYHQLGRGHVGH
5RPDXQFDUGHQDOFRQXQDFRURQDGHGLDPDQWHV\HQXQWURQRGHRURPDFL]R\TXHORVPLQLVWURV
OLEHUDOHV VH KDEtDQ KHFKR UHWUDWDU GH URGLOODV HQ HO DFWR GH EHVDUOH HO DQLOOR 4XH OD FRULVWD
SULQFLSDO GH XQD FRPSDxtD HVSDxROD GH SDVR SRU OD FDSLWDO KDEtD VLGR VHFXHVWUDGD HQ VX
FDPHULQRSRUXQJUXSRGHHQPDVFDUDGRV\HOGRPLQJRVLJXLHQWHKDEtDEDLODGRGHVQXGDHQODFDVD
GH YHUDQR GHO SUHVLGHQWH GH OD UHS~EOLFD 1R PH KDEOHV GH SROtWLFD OH GHFtD HO FRURQHO
1XHVWUR DVXQWR HV YHQGHU SHVFDGLWRV (O UXPRU S~EOLFR GH TXH QR TXHUtD VDEHU QDGD GH OD
VLWXDFLyQ GHO SDtV SRUTXH VH HVWDED HQULTXHFLHQGR FRQ VX WDOOHU SURYRFy ODV ULVDV GH UVXOD
FXDQGROOHJyDVXVRtGRV&RQVXWHUULEOHVHQWLGRSUiFWLFRHOODQRSRGtDHQWHQGHUHOQHJRFLRGHO
FRURQHOTXHFDPELDEDORVSHVFDGLWRVSRUPRQHGDVGHRUR\OXHJRFRQYHUWtDODVPRQHGDVGHRUR
HQSHVFDGLWRV\DVtVXFHVLYDPHQWHGHPRGRTXHWHQtDTXHWUDEDMDUFDGDYH]PiVDPHGLGDTXH
PiVYHQGtDSDUDVDWLVIDFHUXQFtUFXORYLFLRVRH[DVSHUDQWH(QYHUGDGORTXHOHLQWHUHVDEDDpO
QR HUD HO QHJRFLR VLQR HO WUDEDMR /H KDFtD IDOWD WDQWD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ SDUD HQJDU]DU HVFDPDV
LQFUXVWDUPLQ~VFXORVUXEtHVHQORVRMRVODPLQDUDJDOODV\PRQWDUWLPRQHVTXHQROHTXHGDEDXQ
VROR YDFtR SDUD OOHQDUOR FRQ OD GHVLOXVLyQ GH OD JXHUUD 7DQ DEVRUEHQWH HUD OD DWHQFLyQ TXH OH
H[LJtDHOSUHFLRVLVPRGHVXDUWHVDQtDTXHHQSRFRWLHPSRHQYHMHFLyPiVTXHHQWRGRVORVDxRVGH
JXHUUD \ OD SRVLFLyQ OH WRUFLy OD HVSLQD GRUVDO \ OD PLOLPHWUtD OH GHVJDVWy OD YLVWD SHUR OD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQLPSODFDEOHORSUHPLyFRQODSD]GHOHVStULWX/D~OWLPDYH]TXHVHOHYLRDWHQGHU
DOJ~Q DVXQWR UHODFLRQDGR FRQ OD JXHUUD IXH FXDQGR XQ JUXSR GH YHWHUDQRV GH DPERV SDUWLGRV
VROLFLWyVXDSR\RSDUDODDSUREDFLyQGHODVSHQVLRQHVYLWDOLFLDVVLHPSUHSURPHWLGDV\VLHPSUH
HQHOSXQWRGHSDUWLGD2OYtGHQVHGHHVROHVGLMRpO<DYHQTXH\RUHFKDFpPLSHQVLyQSDUD
TXLWDUPH OD WRUWXUD GH HVWDUOD HVSHUDQGR KDVWD OD PXHUWH $O SULQFLSLR HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR
0iUTXH]ORYLVLWDEDDODWDUGHFHU\DPERVVHVHQWDEDQHQODSXHUWDGHODFDOOHDHYRFDUHOSDVDGR
3HUR $PDUDQWD QR SXGR VRSRUWDU ORV UHFXHUGRV TXH OH VXVFLWDED DTXHO KRPEUH FDQVDGR FX\D
FDOYLFLH OR SUHFLSLWDED DO DELVPR GH XQD DQFLDQLGDG SUHPDWXUD \ OR DWRUPHQWy FRQ GHVDLUHV
LQMXVWRVKDVWDTXHQRYROYLyVLQRHQRFDVLRQHVHVSHFLDOHV\GHVDSDUHFLyILQDOPHQWHDQXODGRSRU
ODSDUiOLVLV7DFLWXUQRVLOHQFLRVRLQVHQVLEOHDOQXHYRVRSORGHYLWDOLGDGTXHHVWUHPHFtDODFDVD
HOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDDSHQDVVLFRPSUHQGLyTXHHOVHFUHWRGHXQDEXHQDYHMH]QRHVRWUD
FRVD TXH XQ SDFWR KRQUDGR FRQ OD VROHGDG 6H OHYDQWDED D ODV FLQFR GHVSXpV GH XQ VXHxR
VXSHUILFLDOWRPDEDHQODFRFLQDVXHWHUQRWD]yQGHFDIpDPDUJRVHHQFHUUDEDWRGRHOGtDHQHO
WDOOHU \ D ODV FXDWUR GH OD WDUGH SDVDED SRU HO FRUUHGRU DUUDVWUDQGR XQ WDEXUHWH VLQ ILMDUVH
VLTXLHUDHQHOLQFHQGLRGHORVURVDOHVQLHQHOEULOORGHODKRUDQLHQODLPSDYLGH]GH$PDUDQWD
FX\DPHODQFROtDKDFtDXQUXLGRGHPDUPLWDSHUIHFWDPHQWHSHUFHSWLEOHDODWDUGHFHU\VHVHQWDED
HQODSXHUWDGHODFDOOHKDVWDTXHVHORSHUPLWtDQORVPRVTXLWRV$OJXLHQVHDWUHYLyDOJXQDYH]D

SHUWXUEDUVXVROHGDG
&yPRHVWiFRURQHO"OHGLMRDOSDVDU
$TXtFRQWHVWypO(VSHUDQGRTXHSDVHPLHQWLHUUR
'HPRGRTXHODLQTXLHWXGFDXVDGDSRUODUHDSDULFLyQS~EOLFDGHVXDSHOOLGRDSURSyVLWRGHO
UHLQDGRGH5HPHGLRVODEHOODFDUHFtDGHIXQGDPHQWRUHDO0XFKRVVLQHPEDUJRQRORFUH\HURQ
DVt,QRFHQWHGHODWUDJHGLDTXHORDPHQD]DEDHOSXHEORVHGHVERUGyHQODSOD]DS~EOLFDHQXQD
EXOOLFLRVD H[SORVLyQ GH DOHJUtD (O FDUQDYDO KDEtD DOFDQ]DGR VX PiV DOWR QLYHO GH ORFXUD
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRKDEtDVDWLVIHFKRSRUILQVXVXHxRGHGLVIUD]DUVHGHWLJUH\DQGDEDIHOL]HQWUH
ODPXFKHGXPEUHGHVDIRUDGDURQFRGHWDQWRURQFDUFXDQGRDSDUHFLySRUHOFDPLQRGHODFLpQDJD
XQD FRPSDUVD PXOWLWXGLQDULD OOHYDQGR HQ DQGDV GRUDGDV D OD PXMHU PiV IDVFLQDQWH TXH KXELHUD
SRGLGR FRQFHELU OD LPDJLQDFLyQ 3RU XQ PRPHQWR ORV SDFtILFRV KDELWDQWHV GH 0DFRQGR VH
TXLWDURQODVPiVFDUDVSDUDYHUPHMRUODGHVOXPEUDQWHFULDWXUDFRQFRURQDGHHVPHUDOGDV\FDSD
GHDUPLxRTXHSDUHFtDLQYHVWLGDGHXQDDXWRULGDGOHJtWLPD\QRVLPSOHPHQWHGHXQDVREHUDQtDGH
OHQWHMXHODV\SDSHOFUHVSyQ1RIDOWyTXLHQWXYLHUDODVXILFLHQWHFODULYLGHQFLDSDUDVRVSHFKDUTXH
VH WUDWDED GH XQD SURYRFDFLyQ 3HUR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR VH VREUHSXVR GH LQPHGLDWR D OD
SHUSOHMLGDG GHFODUy KXpVSHGHV GH KRQRU D ORV UHFLpQ OOHJDGRV \ VHQWy VDORPyQLFDPHQWH D
5HPHGLRVODEHOOD\DODUHLQDLQWUXVDHQHOPLVPRSHGHVWDO+DVWDODPHGLDQRFKHORVIRUDVWHURV
GLVIUD]DGRV GH EHGXLQRV SDUWLFLSDURQ GHO GHOLULR \ KDVWD OR HQULTXHFLHURQ FRQ XQD SLURWHFQLD
VXQWXRVD\XQDVYLUWXGHVDFUREiWLFDVTXHKLFLHURQSHQVDUHQODVDUWHVGHORVJLWDQRV'HSURQWRHQ
HOSDUR[LVPRGHODILHVWDDOJXLHQURPSLyHOGHOLFDGRHTXLOLEULR
9LYDHOSDUWLGROLEHUDOJULWy9LYDHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
/DV GHVFDUJDV GH IXVLOHUtD DKRJDURQ HO HVSOHQGRU GH ORV IXHJRV DUWLILFLDOHV \ ORV JULWRV GH
WHUURUDQXODURQODP~VLFD\HOM~ELORIXHDQLTXLODGRSRUHOSiQLFR0XFKRVDxRVGHVSXpVVHJXLUtD
DILUPiQGRVHTXHODJXDUGLDUHDOGHODVREHUDQDLQWUXVDHUDXQHVFXDGUyQGHOHMpUFLWRUHJXODUTXH
GHEDMRGHVXVULFDVFKLODEDVHVFRQGtDIXVLOHVGHUHJODPHQWR(OJRELHUQRUHFKD]yHOFDUJRHQXQ
EDQGR H[WUDRUGLQDULR \ SURPHWLy XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ WHUPLQDQWH GHO HSLVRGLR VDQJULHQWR 3HUR OD
YHUGDGQRVHHVFODUHFLyQXQFD\SUHYDOHFLySDUDVLHPSUHODYHUVLyQGHTXHODJXDUGLDUHDOVLQ
SURYRFDFLyQ GH QLQJXQD tQGROH WRPy SRVLFLRQHV GH FRPEDWH D XQD VHxD GH VX FRPDQGDQWH \
GLVSDUy VLQ SLHGDG FRQWUD OD PXFKHGXPEUH &XDQGR VH UHVWDEOHFLy OD FDOPD QR TXHGDED HQ HO
SXHEORXQRVRORGHORVIDOVRVEHGXLQRV\TXHGDURQWHQGLGRVHQODSOD]DHQWUHPXHUWRV\KHULGRV
QXHYHSD\DVRVFXDWURFRORPELQDVGLHFLVLHWHUH\HVGHEDUDMDXQGLDEORWUHVP~VLFRVGRV3DUHV
GH )UDQFLD \ WUHV HPSHUDWULFHV MDSRQHVDV (Q OD FRQIXVLyQ GHO SiQLFR -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR
ORJUy SRQHU D VDOYR D 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD \ $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR OOHYy HQ EUD]RV D OD FDVD D OD
VREHUDQDLQWUXVDFRQHOWUDMHGHVJDUUDGR\ODFDSDGHDUPLxRHPEDUUDGDGHVDQJUH6HOODPDED
)HUQDQGDGHO&DUSLR/DKDEtDQVHOHFFLRQDGRFRPRODPiVKHUPRVDHQWUHODVFLQFRPLOPXMHUHV
PiV KHUPRVDV GHO SDtV \ OD KDEtDQ OOHYDGR D 0DFRQGR FRQ OD SURPHVD GH QRPEUDUOD UHLQD GH
0DGDJDVFDUUVXODVHRFXSyGHHOODFRPRVLIXHUDXQDKLMD(OSXHEORHQOXJDUGHSRQHUHQGXGD
VX LQRFHQFLD VH FRPSDGHFLy GH VX FDQGLGH] 6HLV PHVHV GHVSXpV GH OD PDVDFUH FXDQGR VH
UHVWDEOHFLHURQ ORV KHULGRV \ VH PDUFKLWDURQ ODV ~OWLPDV IORUHV HQ OD IRVD FRP~Q $XUHOLDQR

62

6HJXQGR IXH D EXVFDUOD D OD GLVWDQWH FLXGDG GRQGH YLYtD FRQ VX SDGUH \ VH FDVy FRQ HOOD HQ
0DFRQGRHQXQDIUDJRURVDSDUUDQGDGHYHLQWHGtDV

(OPDWULPRQLRHVWXYRDSXQWRGHDFDEDUVHDORVGRVPHVHVSRUTXH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRWUDWDQGR
GHGHVDJUDYLDUD3HWUD&RWHVOHKL]RWRPDUXQUHWUDWRYHVWLGDGHUHLQDGH0DGDJDVFDU&XDQGR
)HUQDQGD OR VXSR YROYLy D KDFHU VXV ED~OHV GH UHFLpQ FDVDGD \ VH PDUFKy GH 0DFRQGR VLQ
GHVSHGLUVH $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR OD DOFDQ]y HQ HO FDPLQR GH OD FLpQDJD $O FDER GH PXFKDV
V~SOLFDV\SURSyVLWRVGHHQPLHQGDORJUyOOHYDUODGHUHJUHVRDODFDVD\DEDQGRQyDODFRQFXELQD
3HWUD&RWHVFRQVFLHQWHGHVXIXHU]DQRGLRPXHVWUDVGHSUHRFXSDFLyQ(OODORKDEtDKHFKR
KRPEUH6LHQGRWRGDYtDXQQLxRORVDFyGHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHVFRQODFDEH]DOOHQDGHLGHDV
IDQWiVWLFDV\VLQQLQJ~QFRQWDFWRFRQODUHDOLGDG\OHGLRXQOXJDUHQHOPXQGR/DQDWXUDOH]DOR
KDEtD KHFKR UHVHUYDGR \ HVTXLYR FRQ WHQGHQFLDV D OD PHGLWDFLyQ VROLWDULD \ HOOD OH KDEtD
PROGHDGRHOFDUiFWHURSXHVWRYLWDOH[SDQVLYRGHVDEURFKDGR\OHKDEtDLQIXQGLGRHOM~ELORGH
YLYLU\HOSODFHUGHODSDUUDQGD\HOGHVSLOIDUURKDVWDFRQYHUWLUORSRUGHQWUR\SRUIXHUDHQHO
KRPEUHFRQTXHKDEtDVRxDGRSDUDHOODGHVGHODDGROHVFHQFLD6HKDEtDFDVDGRSXHVFRPRWDUGH
RWHPSUDQRVHFDVDQORVKLMRVeOQRVHDWUHYLyDDQWLFLSDUOHODQRWLFLD$VXPLyXQDDFWLWXGWDQ
LQIDQWLOIUHQWHDODVLWXDFLyQTXHILQJtDIDOVRVUHQFRUHV\UHVHQWLPLHQWRVLPDJLQDULRVEXVFDQGRHO
PRGRGHTXHIXHUD3HWUD&RWHVTXLHQSURYRFDUDODUXSWXUD8QGtDHQTXH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGROH
KL]RXQUHSURFKHLQMXVWRHOODHOXGLyODWUDPSD\SXVRODVFRVDVHQVXSXHVWR
/RTXHSDVDGLMRHVTXHWHTXLHUHVFDVDUFRQODUHLQD
$XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR DYHUJRQ]DGR ILQJLy XQ FRODSVR GH FyOHUD VH GHFODUy LQFRPSUHQGLGR \
XOWUDMDGR\QRYROYLyDYLVLWDUOD3HWUD&RWHVVLQSHUGHUXQVRORLQVWDQWHVXPDJQtILFRGRPLQLR
GH ILHUD HQ UHSRVR R\y OD P~VLFD \ ORV FRKHWHV GH OD ERGD HO DORFDGR EXOOLFLR GH OD SDUUDQGD
S~EOLFDFRPRVLWRGRHVRQRIXHUDPiVTXHXQDQXHYDWUDYHVXUDGH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR$TXLHQHV
VHFRPSDGHFLHURQGHVXVXHUWHORVWUDQTXLOL]yFRQXQDVRQULVD1RVHSUHRFXSHQOHVGLMR$
Pt ODV UHLQDV PH KDFHQ ORV PDQGDGRV $ XQD YHFLQD TXH OH OOHYy YHODV FRPSXHVWDV SDUD TXH
DOXPEUDUDFRQHOODVHOUHWUDWRGHODPDQWHSHUGLGROHGLMRFRQXQDVHJXULGDGHQLJPiWLFD
/D~QLFDYHODTXHORKDUiYHQLUHVWiVLHPSUHHQFHQGLGD
7DOFRPRHOODORKDEtDSUHYLVWR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRYROYLyDVXFDVDWDQSURQWRFRPRSDVyOD
OXQD GH PLHO /OHYy D VXV DPLJRWHV GH VLHPSUH XQ IRWyJUDIR DPEXODQWH \ HO WUDMH \ OD FDSD GH
DUPLxRVXFLDGHVDQJUHTXH)HUQDQGDKDEtDXVDGRHQHOFDUQDYDO$OFDORUGHODSDUUDQGDTXHVH
SUHQGLyHVDWDUGHKL]RYHVWLUGHUHLQDD3HWUD&RWHVODFRURQyVREHUDQDDEVROXWD\YLWDOLFLDGH

63

0DGDJDVFDU\UHSDUWLyFRSLDVGHOUHWUDWRHQWUHVXVDPLJRV(OODQRVyORVHSUHVWyDOMXHJRVLQR
TXHVHFRPSDGHFLytQWLPDPHQWHGHpOSHQVDQGRTXHGHEtDHVWDUPX\DVXVWDGRFXDQGRFRQFLELy
DTXHOH[WUDYDJDQWHUHFXUVRGHUHFRQFLOLDFLyQ$ODVVLHWHGHODQRFKHWRGDYtDYHVWLGDGHUHLQDOR
UHFLELyHQODFDPD7HQtDDSHQDVGRVPHVHVGHFDVDGRSHURHOODVHGLRFXHQWDHQVHJXLGDGHTXH
ODVFRVDVQRDQGDEDQELHQHQHOOHFKRQXSFLDO\H[SHULPHQWyHOGHOLFLRVRSODFHUGHODYHQJDQ]D
FRQVXPDGD'RVGtDVGHVSXpVVLQHPEDUJRFXDQGRpOQRVHDWUHYLyDYROYHUVLQRTXHPDQGyXQ
LQWHUPHGLDULR SDUD TXH DUUHJODUD ORV WpUPLQRV GH OD VHSDUDFLyQ HOOD FRPSUHQGLy TXH LED D
QHFHVLWDU PiV SDFLHQFLD GH OD SUHYLVWD SRUTXH pO SDUHFtD GLVSXHVWR D VDFULILFDUVH SRU ODV
DSDULHQFLDV 7DPSRFR HQWRQFHV VH DOWHUy 9ROYLy D IDFLOLWDU ODV FRVDV FRQ XQD VXPLVLyQ TXH
FRQILUPyODFUHHQFLDJHQHUDOL]DGDGHTXHHUDXQDSREUHPXMHU\HO~QLFRUHFXHUGRTXHFRQVHUYy
GH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRIXHXQSDUGHERWLQHVGHFKDUROTXHVHJ~QpOPLVPRKDEtDGLFKRHUDQORV
TXHTXHUtDOOHYDUSXHVWRVHQHODWD~G/RVJXDUGyHQYXHOWRVHQWUDSRVHQHOIRQGRGHXQED~O\VH
SUHSDUySDUDDSDFHQWDUXQDHVSHUDVLQGHVHVSHUDFLyQ
7DUGHRWHPSUDQRWLHQHTXHYHQLUVHGLMRDXQTXHVyORVHDDSRQHUVHHVWRVERWLQHV
1RWXYRTXHHVSHUDUWDQWRFRPRVXSRQtD(QUHDOLGDG$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRFRPSUHQGLyGHVGH
ODQRFKHGHERGDVTXHYROYHUtDDFDVDGH3HWUD&RWHVPXFKRDQWHVGHTXHWXYLHUDQHFHVLGDGGH
SRQHUVH ORV ERWLQHV GH FKDURO )HUQDQGD HUD XQD PXMHU SHUGLGD SDUD HO PXQGR +DEtD QDFLGR \
FUHFLGR D PLO NLOyPHWURV GHO PDU HQ XQD FLXGDG O~JXEUH SRU FX\DV FDOOHMXHODV GH SLHGUD
WUDTXHWHDEDQ WRGDYtD HQ QRFKHV GH HVSDQWRV ODV FDUUR]DV GH ORV YLUUH\HV 7UHLQWD \ GRV
FDPSDQDULRVWRFDEDQDPXHUWRDODVVHLVGHODWDUGH(QODFDVDVHxRULDOHPEDOGRVDGDGHORVDV
VHSXOFUDOHV MDPiV VH FRQRFLy HO VRO (O DLUH KDEtD PXHUWR HQ ORV FLSUHVHV GHO SDWLR HQ ODV
SiOLGDV FROJDGXUDV GH ORV GRUPLWRULRV HQ ODV DUFDGDV UH]XPDQWHV GHO MDUGtQ GH ORV QDUGRV
)HUQDQGD QR WXYR KDVWD OD SXEHUWDG RWUD QRWLFLD GHO PXQGR TXH ORV PHODQFyOLFRV HMHUFLFLRV GH
SLDQR HMHFXWDGRV HQ DOJXQD FDVD YHFLQD SRU DOJXLHQ TXH GXUDQWH DxRV \ DxRV VH SHUPLWLy HO
DOEHGUtR GH QR KDFHU OD VLHVWD (Q HO FXDUWR GH VX PDGUH HQIHUPD YHUGH \ DPDULOOD EDMR OD
SROYRULHQWD OX] GH ORV YLWUDOHV HVFXFKDED ODV HVFDODV PHWyGLFDV WHQDFHV GHVFRUD]RQDGDV \
SHQVDED TXH HVD P~VLFD HVWDED HQ HO PXQGR PLHQWUDV HOOD VH FRQVXPtD WHMLHQGR FRURQDV GH
SDOPDV I~QHEUHV 6X PDGUH VXGDQGR OD FDOHQWXUD GH ODV FLQFR OH KDEODED GHO HVSOHQGRU GHO
SDVDGR6LHQGRPX\QLxDXQDQRFKHGHOXQD)HUQDQGDYLRXQDKHUPRVDPXMHUYHVWLGDGHEODQFR
TXHDWUDYHVyHOMDUGtQKDFLDHORUDWRULR/RTXHPiVOHLQTXLHWyGHDTXHOODYLVLyQIXJD]IXHTXHOD
VLQWLy H[DFWDPHQWH LJXDO D HOOD FRPR VL VH KXELHUD YLVWR D Vt PLVPD FRQ YHLQWH DxRV GH
DQWLFLSDFLyQ(VWXELVDEXHODODUHLQDOHGLMRVXPDGUHHQODVWUHJXDVGHODWRV6HPXULyGH
XQ PDO DLUH TXH OH GLR DO FRUWDU XQD YDUD GH QDUGRV 0XFKRV DxRV GHVSXpV FXDQGR HPSH]y D
VHQWLUVHLJXDODVXELVDEXHOD)HUQDQGDSXVRHQGXGDODYLVLyQGHODLQIDQFLDSHURODPDGUHOH
UHSURFKyVXLQFUHGXOLGDG
6RPRVLQPHQVDPHQWHULFRV\SRGHURVRVOHGLMR8QGtDVHUiVUHLQD
(OODORFUH\yDXQTXHVyORRFXSDEDQODODUJDPHVDFRQPDQWHOHVGHOLQR\VHUYLFLRVGHSODWD
SDUDWRPDUXQDWD]DGHFKRFRODWHFRQDJXD\XQSDQGHGXOFH+DVWDHOGtDGHODERGDVRxyFRQXQ
UHLQDGR GH OH\HQGD D SHVDU GH TXH VX SDGUH GRQ )HUQDQGR WXYR TXH KLSRWHFDU OD FDVD SDUD

FRPSUDUOHHODMXDU1RHUDLQJHQXLGDGQLGHOLULRGHJUDQGH]D$VtODHGXFDURQ'HVGHTXHWXYR
XVR GH UD]yQ UHFRUGDED KDEHU KHFKR VXV QHFHVLGDGHV HQ XQD EDFLQLOOD GH RUR FRQ HO HVFXGR GH
DUPDVGHODIDPLOLD6DOLyGHODFDVDSRUSULPHUDYH]DORVGRFHDxRVHQXQFRFKHGHFDEDOORV
TXHVyORWXYRTXHUHFRUUHUGRVFXDGUDVSDUDOOHYDUODDOFRQYHQWR6XVFRPSDxHUDVGHFODVHVVH
VRUSUHQGLHURQGHTXHODWXYLHUDQDSDUWDGDHQXQDVLOODGHHVSDOGDUPX\DOWR\GHTXHQLVLTXLHUD
VH PH]FODUD FRQ HOODV GXUDQWH HO UHFUHR (OOD HV GLVWLQWD H[SOLFDEDQ ODV PRQMDV 9D D VHU
UHLQD6XVFRPSDxHUDVORFUH\HURQSRUTXH\DHQWRQFHVHUDODGRQFHOODPiVKHUPRVDGLVWLQJXLGD
\ GLVFUHWD TXH KDEtDQ YLVWR MDPiV $O FDER GH RFKR DxRV KDELHQGR DSUHQGLGR D YHUVLILFDU HQ
ODWtQDWRFDUHOFODYLFRUGLRDFRQYHUVDUGHFHWUHUtDFRQORVFDEDOOHURV\GHDSRORJpWLFDFRQORV
DU]RELVSRVDGLOXFLGDUDVXQWRVGHHVWDGRFRQORVJREHUQDQWHVH[WUDQMHURV\DVXQWRVGH'LRVFRQ
HO3DSDYROYLyDFDVDGHVXVSDGUHVDWHMHUSDOPDVI~QHEUHV/DHQFRQWUyVDTXHDGD4XHGDEDQ
DSHQDV ORV PXHEOHV LQGLVSHQVDEOHV ORV FDQGHODEURV \ HO VHUYLFLR GH SODWD SRUTXH ORV ~WLOHV
GRPpVWLFRVKDEtDQVLGRYHQGLGRVXQRDXQRSDUDVXIUDJDUORVJDVWRVGHVXHGXFDFLyQ6XPDGUH
KDEtDVXFXPELGRDODFDOHQWXUDGHODVFLQFR6XSDGUHGRQ)HUQDQGRYHVWLGRGHQHJURFRQXQ
FXHOORODPLQDGR\XQDOHRQWLQDGHRURDWUDYHVDGDHQHOSHFKROHGDEDORVOXQHVXQDPRQHGDGH
SODWD SDUD ORV JDVWRV GRPpVWLFRV \ VH OOHYDED ODV FRURQDV I~QHEUHV WHUPLQDGDV OD VHPDQD
DQWHULRU3DVDEDODPD\RUSDUWHGHOGtDHQFHUUDGRHQHOGHVSDFKR\HQODVSRFDVRFDVLRQHVHQTXH
VDOtD D OD FDOOH UHJUHVDED DQWHV GH ODV VHLV SDUD DFRPSDxDUOD D UH]DU HO URVDULR 1XQFD OOHYy
DPLVWDGtQWLPDFRQQDGLH1XQFDR\yKDEODUGHODVJXHUUDVTXHGHVDQJUDURQHOSDtV1XQFDGHMy
GHRtUORVHMHUFLFLRVGHSLDQRDODVWUHVGHODWDUGH(PSH]DEDLQFOXVLYHDSHUGHUODLOXVLyQGHVHU
UHLQDFXDQGRVRQDURQGRVDOGDERQD]RVSHUHQWRULRVHQHOSRUWyQ\OHDEULyDXQPLOLWDUDSXHVWR
GHDGHPDQHVFHUHPRQLRVRVTXHWHQtDXQDFLFDWUL]HQODPHMLOOD\XQDPHGDOODGHRURHQHOSHFKR
6HHQFHUUyFRQVXSDGUHHQHOGHVSDFKR'RVKRUDVGHVSXpVVXSDGUHIXHDEXVFDUODDOFRVWXUHUR
3UHSDUH VXV FRVDV OH GLMR 7LHQH TXH KDFHU XQ ODUJR YLDMH )XH DVt FRPR OD OOHYDURQ D
0DFRQGR (Q XQ VROR GtD FRQ XQ ]DUSD]R EUXWDO OD YLGD OH HFKy HQFLPD WRGR HO SHVR GH XQD
UHDOLGDGTXHGXUDQWHDxRVOHKDEtDQHVFDPRWHDGRVXVSDGUHV'HUHJUHVRDFDVDVHHQFHUUyHQHO
FXDUWRDOORUDULQGLIHUHQWHDODVV~SOLFDV\H[SOLFDFLRQHVGHGRQ)HUQDQGRWUDWDQGRGHERUUDUOD
TXHPDGXUD GH DTXHOOD EXUOD LQDXGLWD 6H KDEtD SURPHWLGR QR DEDQGRQDU HO GRUPLWRULR KDVWD OD
PXHUWHFXDQGR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGROOHJyDEXVFDUOD)XHXQJROSHGHVXHUWHLQFRQFHELEOHSRUTXH
HQHODWXUGLPLHQWRGHODLQGLJQDFLyQHQODIXULDGHODYHUJHQ]DHOODOHKDEtDPHQWLGRSDUDTXH
QXQFD FRQRFLHUD VX YHUGDGHUD LGHQWLGDG /DV ~QLFDV SLVWDV UHDOHV GH TXH GLVSRQtD $XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGRFXDQGRVDOLyDEXVFDUODHUDQVXLQFRQIXQGLEOHGLFFLyQGHOSiUDPR\VXRILFLRGHWHMHGRUD
GHSDOPDVI~QHEUHV/DEXVFyVLQSLHGDG&RQODWHPHULGDGDWUR]FRQTXH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD
DWUDYHVy OD VLHUUD SDUD IXQGDU D 0DFRQGR FRQ HO RUJXOOR FLHJR FRQ TXH HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtD SURPRYLy VXV JXHUUDV LQ~WLOHV FRQ OD WHQDFLGDG LQVHQVDWD FRQ TXH UVXOD DVHJXUy OD
VXSHUYLYHQFLD GH OD HVWLUSH DVt EXVFy $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR D )HUQDQGD VLQ XQ VROR LQVWDQWH GH
GHVDOLHQWR &XDQGR SUHJXQWy GyQGH YHQGtDQ SDOPDV I~QHEUHV OR OOHYDURQ GH FDVD HQ FDVD SDUD
TXHHVFRJLHUDODVPHMRUHV&XDQGRSUHJXQWyGyQGHHVWDEDODPXMHUPiVEHOODTXHVHKDEtDGDGR
VREUHODWLHUUDWRGDVODVPDGUHVOHOOHYDURQDVXVKLMDV6HH[WUDYLySRUGHVILODGHURVGHQLHEOD

64

SRU WLHPSRV UHVHUYDGRV DO ROYLGR SRU ODEHULQWRV GH GHVLOXVLyQ $WUDYHVy XQ SiUDPR DPDULOOR
GRQGH HO HFR UHSHWtD ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV \ OD DQVLHGDG SURYRFDED HVSHMLVPRV SUHPRQLWRULRV $O
FDERGHVHPDQDVHVWpULOHVOOHJyDXQDFLXGDGGHVFRQRFLGDGRQGHWRGDVODVFDPSDQDVWRFDEDQD
PXHUWR$XQTXHQXQFDORVKDEtDYLVWRQLQDGLHVHORVKDEtDGHVFULWRUHFRQRFLyGHLQPHGLDWRORV
PXURVFDUFRPLGRVSRUODFDOGHORVKXHVRVORVGHFUpSLWRVEDOFRQHVGHPDGHUDVGHVWULSDGDVSRU
ORVKRQJRV\FODYDGRHQHOSRUWyQ\FDVLERUUDGRSRUODOOXYLDHOFDUWRQFLWRPiVWULVWHGHOPXQGR
6HYHQGHQSDOPDVI~QHEUHV'HVGHHQWRQFHVKDVWDODPDxDQDKHODGDHQTXH)HUQDQGDDEDQGRQyOD
FDVDDOFXLGDGRGHOD0DGUH6XSHULRUDDSHQDVVLKXERWLHPSRSDUDTXHODVPRQMDVFRVLHUDQHO
DMXDU\PHWLHUDQHQVHLVED~OHVORVFDQGHODEURVHOVHUYLFLRGHSODWD\ODEDFLQLOODGHRUR\ORV
LQFRQWDEOHV H LQVHUYLEOHV GHVWUR]RV GH XQD FDWiVWURIH IDPLOLDU TXH KDEtD WDUGDGR GRV VLJORV HQ
FRQVXPDUVH'RQ)HUQDQGRGHFOLQyODLQYLWDFLyQGHDFRPSDxDUORV3URPHWLyLUPiVWDUGHFXDQGR
DFDEDUDGHOLTXLGDUVXVFRPSURPLVRV\GHVGHHOPRPHQWRHQTXHOHHFKyODEHQGLFLyQDVXKLMD
YROYLyDHQFHUUDUVHHQHOGHVSDFKRDHVFULELUOHODVHVTXHODVFRQYLxHWDVOXFWXRVDV\HOHVFXGRGH
DUPDV GH OD IDPLOLD TXH KDEtDQ GH VHU HO SULPHU FRQWDFWR KXPDQR TXH )HUQDQGD \ VX SDGUH
WXYLHUDQ HQ WRGD OD YLGD 3DUD HOOD HVD IXH OD IHFKD UHDO GH VX QDFLPLHQWR 3DUD $XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGRIXHFDVLDOPLVPRWLHPSRHOSULQFLSLR\HOILQGHODIHOLFLGDG
)HUQDQGD OOHYDED XQ SUHFLRVR FDOHQGDULR FRQ OODYHFLWDV GRUDGDV HQ HO TXH VX GLUHFWRU
HVSLULWXDO KDEtD PDUFDGR FRQ WLQWD PRUDGD ODV IHFKDV GH DEVWLQHQFLD YHQpUHD 'HVFRQWDQGR OD
6HPDQD 6DQWD ORV GRPLQJRV ODV ILHVWDV GH JXDUGDU ORV SULPHURV YLHUQHV ORV UHWLURV ORV
VDFULILFLRV \ ORV LPSHGLPHQWRV FtFOLFRV VX DQXDULR ~WLO TXHGDED UHGXFLGR D  GtDV
GHVSHUGLJDGRV HQ XQD PDUDxD GH FUXFHV PRUDGDV $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR FRQYHQFLGR GH TXH HO
WLHPSR HFKDUtD SRU WLHUUD DTXHOOD DODPEUDGD KRVWLO SURORQJy OD ILHVWD GH OD ERGD PiV DOOi GHO
WpUPLQR SUHYLVWR $JRWDGD GH WDQWR PDQGDU DO EDVXUHUR ERWHOODV YDFtDV GH EUDQG\ \ FKDPSDxD
SDUD TXH QR FRQJHVWLRQDUDQ OD FDVD \ DO PLVPR WLHPSR LQWULJDGD GH TXH ORV UHFLpQ FDVDGRV
GXUPLHUDQ D KRUDV GLVWLQWDV \ HQ KDELWDFLRQHV VHSDUDGDV PLHQWUDV FRQWLQXDEDQ ORV FRKHWHV \ OD
P~VLFD\ORVVDFULILFLRVGHUHVHVUVXODUHFRUGyVXSURSLDH[SHULHQFLD\VHSUHJXQWyVL)HUQDQGD
QRWHQGUtDWDPELpQXQFLQWXUyQGHFDVWLGDGTXHWDUGHRWHPSUDQRSURYRFDUDODVEXUODVGHOSXHEOR
\GLHUDRULJHQDXQDWUDJHGLD3HUR)HUQDQGDOHFRQIHVyTXHVLPSOHPHQWHHVWDEDGHMDQGRSDVDU
GRV VHPDQDV DQWHV GH SHUPLWLU HO SULPHU FRQWDFWR FRQ VX HVSRVR 7UDQVFXUULGR HO WpUPLQR HQ
HIHFWRDEULyODSXHUWDGHVXGRUPLWRULRFRQODUHVLJQDFLyQDOVDFULILFLRFRQTXHORKXELHUDKHFKR
XQD YtFWLPD H[SLDWRULD \ $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR YLR D OD PXMHU PiV EHOOD GH OD WLHUUD FRQ VXV
JORULRVRV RMRV GH DQLPDO DVXVWDGR \ ORV ODUJRV FDEHOORV FRORU GH FREUH H[WHQGLGRV HQ OD
DOPRKDGD 7DQ IDVFLQDGR HVWDED FRQ OD YLVLyQ TXH WDUGy XQ LQVWDQWH HQ GDUVH FXHQWD GH TXH
)HUQDQGD VH KDEtD SXHVWR XQ FDPLVyQ EODQFR ODUJR KDVWD ORV WRELOORV \ FRQ PDQJDV KDVWD ORV
SXxRV \ FRQ XQ RMDO JUDQGH \ UHGRQGR SULPRURVDPHQWH ULEHWHDGR D OD DOWXUD GHO YLHQWUH
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRQRSXGRUHSULPLUXQDH[SORVLyQGHULVD
(VWRHVORPiVREVFHQRTXHKHYLVWRHQPLYLGDJULWyFRQXQDFDUFDMDGDTXHUHVRQyHQ
WRGDODFDVD0HFDVpFRQXQDKHUPDQLWDGHODFDULGDG
8QPHVGHVSXpVQRKDELHQGRFRQVHJXLGRTXHODHVSRVDVHTXLWDUDHOFDPLVyQVHIXHDKDFHU

HO UHWUDWR GH 3HWUD &RWHV YHVWLGD GH UHLQD 0iV WDUGH FXDQGR ORJUy TXH )HUQDQGD UHJUHVDUD D
FDVDHOODFHGLyDVXVDSUHPLRVHQODILHEUHGHODUHFRQFLOLDFLyQSHURQRVXSRSURSRUFLRQDUOHHO
UHSRVR FRQ TXH pO VRxDED FXDQGR IXH D EXVFDUOD D OD FLXGDG GH ORV WUHLQWD \ GRV FDPSDQDULRV
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVyORHQFRQWUyHQHOODXQKRQGRVHQWLPLHQWRGHGHVRODFLyQ8QDQRFKHSRFR
DQWHV GH TXH QDFLHUD HO SULPHU KLMR )HUQDQGD VH GLR FXHQWD GH TXH VX PDULGR KDEtD YXHOWR HQ
VHFUHWRDOOHFKRGH3HWUD&RWHV
$Vt HV DGPLWLy pO < H[SOLFy HQ XQ WRQR GH SRVWUDGD UHVLJQDFLyQ 7XYH TXH KDFHUOR
SDUDTXHVLJXLHUDQSDULHQGRORVDQLPDOHV
/HKL]RIDOWDXQSRFRGHWLHPSRSDUDFRQYHQFHUODGHWDQSHUHJULQRH[SHGLHQWHSHURFXDQGR
SRU ILQ OR FRQVLJXLy PHGLDQWH SUXHEDV TXH SDUHFLHURQ LUUHIXWDEOHV OD ~QLFD SURPHVD TXH OH
LPSXVR)HUQDQGDIXHTXHQRVHGHMDUDVRUSUHQGHUSRUODPXHUWHHQODFDPDGHVXFRQFXELQD$Vt
FRQWLQXDURQYLYLHQGRORVWUHVVLQHVWRUEDUVH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRSXQWXDO\FDULxRVRFRQDPEDV
3HWUD&RWHVSDYRQHiQGRVHGHODUHFRQFLOLDFLyQ\)HUQDQGDILQJLHQGRTXHLJQRUDEDODYHUGDG
(O SDFWR QR ORJUy VLQ HPEDUJR TXH )HUQDQGD VH LQFRUSRUDUD D OD IDPLOLD (Q YDQR LQVLVWLy
UVXODSDUDTXHWLUDUDODJROLOODGHODQDFRQTXHVHOHYDQWDEDFXDQGRKDEtDKHFKRHODPRU\TXH
SURYRFDED ORV FXFKLFKHRV GH ORV YHFLQRV 1R ORJUy FRQYHQFHUOD GH TXH XWLOL]DUD HO EDxR R HO
EHTXHQRFWXUQR\GHTXHOHYHQGLHUDODEDFLQLOODGHRURDOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDSDUDTXH
OD FRQYLUWLHUD HQ SHVFDGLWRV $PDUDQWD VH VLQWLy WDQ LQFyPRGD FRQ VX GLFFLyQ YLFLRVD \ FRQ VX
KiELWR GH XVDU XQ HXIHPLVPR SDUD GHVLJQDU FDGD FRVD TXH VLHPSUH KDEODED GHODQWH GH HOOD HQ
MHULJRQ]D
(VIHWDIDGHFtDHVIHGHIHODVIDTXHIHOHVIHWLILHIHQHQIHDVIDFRIRDIDVXIXSURIRSLILDID
PLILHUIHGDID
8QGtDLUULWDGDFRQODEXUOD)HUQDQGDTXLVRVDEHUTXpHUDORTXHGHFtD$PDUDQWD\HOODQR
XVyHXIHPLVPRVSDUDFRQWHVWDUOH
'LJRGLMRTXHW~HUHVGHODVTXHFRQIXQGHQHOFXORFRQODVWpPSRUDV
'HVGHDTXHOGtDQRYROYLHURQDGLULJLUVHODSDODEUD&XDQGRODVREOLJDEDQODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV
VHPDQGDEDQUHFDGRVRVHGHFtDQODVFRVDVLQGLUHFWDPHQWH$SHVDUGHODYLVLEOHKRVWLOLGDGGHOD
IDPLOLD)HUQDQGDQRUHQXQFLyDODYROXQWDGGHLPSRQHUORVKiELWRVGHVXVPD\RUHV7HUPLQyFRQ
ODFRVWXPEUHGHFRPHUHQODFRFLQD\FXDQGRFDGDTXLHQWHQtDKDPEUHHLPSXVRODREOLJDFLyQGH
KDFHUORDKRUDVH[DFWDVHQODPHVDJUDQGHGHOFRPHGRUDUUHJODGDFRQPDQWHOHVGHOLQR\FRQORV
FDQGHODEURV \ HO VHUYLFLR GH SODWD /D VROHPQLGDG GH XQ DFWR TXH UVXOD KDEtD FRQVLGHUDGR
VLHPSUH FRPR HO PiV VHQFLOOR GH OD YLGD FRWLGLDQD FUHy XQ DPELHQWH GH HVWLUDPLHQWR FRQWUD HO
FXDOVHUHEHOySULPHURTXHQDGLHHOFDOODGR-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGR3HURODFRVWXPEUHVHLPSXVR
DVtFRPRODGHUH]DUHOURVDULRDQWHVGHODFHQD\OODPyWDQWRODDWHQFLyQGHORVYHFLQRVTXHPX\
SURQWR FLUFXOy HO UXPRU GH TXH ORV %XHQGtD QR VH VHQWDEDQ D OD PHVD FRPR ORV RWURV PRUWDOHV
VLQR TXH KDEtDQ FRQYHUWLGR HO DFWR GH FRPHU HQ XQD PLVD PD\RU +DVWD ODV VXSHUVWLFLRQHV GH
UVXODVXUJLGDVPiVELHQGHODLQVSLUDFLyQPRPHQWiQHDTXHGHODWUDGLFLyQHQWUDURQHQFRQIOLFWR
FRQODVTXH)HUQDQGDKHUHGyGHVXVSDGUHV\TXHHVWDEDQSHUIHFWDPHQWHGHILQLGDV\FDWDORJDGDV
SDUD FDGD RFDVLyQ 0LHQWUDV UVXOD GLVIUXWy GHO GRPLQLR SOHQR GH VXV IDFXOWDGHV VXEVLVWLHURQ

65

DOJXQRV GH ORV DQWLJXRV KiELWRV \ OD YLGD GH OD IDPLOLD FRQVHUYy XQD FLHUWD LQIOXHQFLD GH VXV
FRUD]RQDGDVSHURFXDQGRSHUGLyODYLVWD\HOSHVRGHORVDxRVODUHOHJyDXQULQFyQHOFtUFXORGH
ULJLGH] LQLFLDGR SRU )HUQDQGD GHVGH HO PRPHQWR HQ TXH OOHJy WHUPLQy SRU FHUUDUVH
FRPSOHWDPHQWH\QDGLHPiVTXHHOODGHWHUPLQyHOGHVWLQRGHODIDPLOLD(OQHJRFLRGHUHSRVWHUtD
\ DQLPDOLWRV GH FDUDPHOR TXH 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG PDQWHQtD SRU YROXQWDG GH UVXOD HUD
FRQVLGHUDGRSRU)HUQDQGDFRPRXQDDFWLYLGDGLQGLJQD\QRWDUGyHQOLTXLGDUOR/DVSXHUWDVGHOD
FDVDDELHUWDVGHSDUHQSDUGHVGHHODPDQHFHUKDVWDODKRUDGHDFRVWDUVHIXHURQFHUUDGDVGXUDQWH
ODVLHVWDFRQHOSUHWH[WRGHTXHHOVROUHFDOHQWDEDORVGRUPLWRULRV\ILQDOPHQWHVHFHUUDURQSDUD
VLHPSUH(OUDPRGHViELOD\HOSDQTXHHVWDEDQFROJDGRVHQHOGLQWHOGHVGHORVWLHPSRVGHOD
IXQGDFLyQIXHURQUHHPSOD]DGRVSRUXQQLFKRGHO&RUD]yQGH-HV~V(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
DOFDQ]yDGDUVHFXHQWDGHDTXHOORVFDPELRV\SUHYLyVXVFRQVHFXHQFLDV1RVHVWDPRVYROYLHQGR
JHQWH ILQD SURWHVWDED $ HVWH SDVR WHUPLQDUHPRV SHOHDQGR RWUD YH] FRQWUD HO UpJLPHQ
FRQVHUYDGRUSHURDKRUDSDUDSRQHUXQUH\HQVXOXJDU)HUQDQGDFRQPX\EXHQWDFWRVHFXLGy
GHQRWURSH]DUFRQpO/HPROHVWDEDtQWLPDPHQWHVXHVStULWXLQGHSHQGLHQWHVXUHVLVWHQFLDDWRGD
IRUPDGHULJLGH]VRFLDO/DH[DVSHUDEDQVXVWD]RQHVGHFDIpDODVFLQFRHOGHVRUGHQGHVXWDOOHU
VXPDQWDGHVKLODFKDGD\VXFRVWXPEUHGHVHQWDUVHHQODSXHUWDGHODFDOOHDODWDUGHFHU3HURWXYR
TXHSHUPLWLUHVDSLH]DVXHOWDGHOPHFDQLVPRIDPLOLDUSRUTXHWHQtDODFHUWLGXPEUHGHTXHHOYLHMR
FRURQHOHUDXQDQLPDODSDFLJXDGRSRUORVDxRV\ODGHVLOXVLyQTXHHQXQDUUDQTXHGHUHEHOGtD
VHQLO SRGUtD GHVDUUDLJDU ORV FLPLHQWRV GH OD FDVD &XDQGR VX HVSRVR GHFLGLy SRQHUOH DO SULPHU
KLMRHOQRPEUHGHOELVDEXHORHOODQRVHDWUHYLyDRSRQHUVHSRUTXHVyORWHQtDXQDxRGHKDEHU
OOHJDGR 3HUR FXDQGR QDFLy OD SULPHUD KLMD H[SUHVy VLQ UHVHUYDV VX GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH TXH VH
OODPDUD5HQDWDFRPRVXPDGUHUVXODKDEtDUHVXHOWRTXHVHOODPDUD5HPHGLRV$OFDERGHXQD
WHQVD FRQWURYHUVLD HQ OD TXH $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR DFWXy FRPR PHGLDGRU GLYHUWLGR OD EDXWL]DURQ
FRQHOQRPEUHGH5HQDWD5HPHGLRVSHUR)HUQDQGDODVLJXLyOODPDQGR5HQDWDDVHFDVPLHQWUDVOD
IDPLOLDGHVXPDULGR\WRGRHOSXHEORVLJXLHURQOODPiQGROD0HPHGLPLQXWLYRGH5HPHGLRV
$OSULQFLSLR)HUQDQGDQRKDEODEDGHVXIDPLOLDSHURFRQHOWLHPSRHPSH]yDLGHDOL]DUDVX
SDGUH+DEODEDGHpOHQODPHVDFRPRXQVHUH[FHSFLRQDOTXHKDEtDUHQXQFLDGRDWRGDIRUPDGH
YDQLGDG \ VH HVWDED FRQYLUWLHQGR HQ VDQWR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR DVRPEUDGR GH OD LQWHPSHVWLYD
PDJQLILFDFLyQ GHO VXHJUR QR UHVLVWtD D OD WHQWDFLyQ GH KDFHU SHTXHxDV EXUODV D HVSDOGDV GH VX
HVSRVD(OUHVWRGHODIDPLOLDVLJXLyHOHMHPSOR/DSURSLDUVXODTXHHUDHQH[WUHPRFHORVDGH
OD DUPRQtD IDPLOLDU \ TXH VXIUtD HQ VHFUHWR FRQ ODV IULFFLRQHV GRPpVWLFDV VH SHUPLWLy GHFLU
DOJXQDYH]TXHHOSHTXHxRWDWDUDQLHWRWHQtDDVHJXUDGRVXSRUYHQLUSRQWLILFDOSRUTXHHUDQLHWRGH
VDQWR H KLMR GH UHLQD \ GH FXDWUHUR $ SHVDU GH DTXHOOD VRQULHQWH FRQVSLUDFLyQ ORV QLxRV VH
DFRVWXPEUDURQ D SHQVDU HQ HO DEXHOR FRPR HQ XQ VHU OHJHQGDULR TXH OHV WUDQVFULEtD YHUVRV
SLDGRVRVHQODVFDUWDV\OHVPDQGDEDHQFDGD1DYLGDGXQFDMyQGHUHJDORVTXHDSHQDVVLFDEtD
SRUODSXHUWDGHODFDOOH(UDQHQUHDOLGDGORV~OWLPRVGHVSHUGLFLRVGHOSDWULPRQLRVHxRULDO&RQ
HOORVVHFRQVWUX\yHQHOGRUPLWRULRGHORVQLxRVXQDOWDUFRQVDQWRVGHWDPDxRQDWXUDOFX\RVRMRV
GHYLGULROHVLPSULPtDQXQDLQTXLHWDQWHDSDULHQFLDGHYLGD\FX\DVURSDVGHSDxRDUWtVWLFDPHQWH
ERUGDGDVHUDQPHMRUHVTXHODVXVDGDVMDPiVSRUQLQJ~QKDELWDQWHGH0DFRQGR3RFRDSRFRHO

HVSOHQGRUIXQHUDULRGHODDQWLJXD\KHODGDPDQVLyQVHIXHWUDVODGDQGRDODOXPLQRVDFDVDGHORV
%XHQGtD <D QRV KDQ PDQGDGR WRGR HO FHPHQWHULR IDPLOLDU FRPHQWy $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR HQ
FLHUWDRFDVLyQ6yORIDOWDQORVVDXFHV\ODVORVDVVHSXOFUDOHV$XQTXHHQORVFDMRQHVQROOHJy
QXQFD QDGD TXH VLUYLHUD D ORV QLxRV SDUD MXJDU pVWRV SDVDEDQ HO DxR HVSHUDQGR D GLFLHPEUH
SRUTXHDOILQ\DOFDERORVDQWLFXDGRV\VLHPSUHLPSUHYLVLEOHVUHJDORVFRQVWLWXtDQXQDQRYHGDGHQ
ODFDVD(QODGpFLPD1DYLGDGFXDQGR\DHOSHTXHxR-RVp$UFDGLRVHSUHSDUDEDSDUDYLDMDUDO
VHPLQDULROOHJyFRQPiVDQWLFLSDFLyQTXHHQORVDxRVDQWHULRUHVHOHQRUPHFDMyQGHODEXHORPX\
ELHQ FODYDGR H LPSHUPHDELOL]DGR FRQ EUHD \ GLULJLGR FRQ HO KDELWXDO OHWUHUR GH FDUDFWHUHV
JyWLFRVDODPX\GLVWLQJXLGDVHxRUDGRxD)HUQDQGDGHO&DUSLRGH%XHQGtD0LHQWUDVHOODOHtDOD
FDUWDHQHOGRUPLWRULRORVQLxRVVHDSUHVXUDURQDDEULUODFDMD$\XGDGRVFRPRGHFRVWXPEUHSRU
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRUDVSDURQORVVHOORVGHEUHDGHVFODYDURQODWDSDVDFDURQHODVHUUtQSURWHFWRU
\HQFRQWUDURQGHQWURXQODUJRFRIUHGHSORPRFHUUDGRFRQSHUQRVGHFREUH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR
TXLWyORVRFKRSHUQRVDQWHODLPSDFLHQFLDGHORVQLxRV\DSHQDVWXYRWLHPSRGHODQ]DUXQJULWR\
KDFHUORVDXQODGRFXDQGROHYDQWyODSODWDIRUPDGHSORPR\YLRDGRQ)HUQDQGRYHVWLGRGHQHJUR
\FRQXQFUXFLILMRHQHOSHFKRFRQODSLHOUHYHQWDGDHQHUXFWRVSHVWLOHQWHV\FRFLQiQGRVHDIXHJR
OHQWRHQXQHVSXPRVR\ERUERULWDQWHFDOGRGHSHUODVYLYDV
3RFR GHVSXpV GHO QDFLPLHQWR GH OD QLxD VH DQXQFLy HO LQHVSHUDGR MXELOHR GHO FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDRUGHQDGRSRUHOJRELHUQRSDUDFHOHEUDUXQQXHYRDQLYHUVDULRGHOWUDWDGRGH
1HHUODQGLD )XH XQD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ WDQ LQFRQVHFXHQWH FRQ OD SROtWLFD RILFLDO TXH HO FRURQHO VH
SURQXQFLy YLROHQWDPHQWH FRQWUD HOOD \ UHFKD]y HO KRPHQDMH (V OD SULPHUD YH] TXH RLJR OD
SDODEUDMXELOHRGHFtD3HURFXDOTXLHUFRVDTXHTXLHUDGHFLUQRSXHGHVHUVLQRXQDEXUOD(O
HVWUHFKR WDOOHU GH RUIHEUHUtD VH OOHQy GH HPLVDULRV 9ROYLHURQ PXFKR PiV YLHMRV \ PXFKR PiV
VROHPQHVORVDERJDGRVGHWUDMHVRVFXURVTXHHQRWURWLHPSRUHYRORWHDURQFRPRFXHUYRVHQWRUQR
DOFRURQHO&XDQGRpVWHORVYLRDSDUHFHUFRPRHQRWURWLHPSROOHJDEDQDHPSDQWDQDUODJXHUUD
QRSXGRVRSRUWDUHOFLQLVPRGHVXVSDQHJtULFRV/HVRUGHQyTXHORGHMDUDQHQSD]LQVLVWLyTXHpO
QRHUDXQSUyFHUGHODQDFLyQFRPRHOORVGHFtDQVLQRXQDUWHVDQRVLQUHFXHUGRVFX\R~QLFRVXHxR
HUD PRULUVH GH FDQVDQFLR HQ HO ROYLGR \ OD PLVHULD GH VXV SHVFDGLWRV GH RUR /R TXH PiV OH
LQGLJQyIXHODQRWLFLDGHTXHHOSURSLRSUHVLGHQWHGHODUHS~EOLFDSHQVDEDDVLVWLUDORVDFWRVGH
0DFRQGRSDUDLPSRQHUOHOD2UGHQGHO0pULWR(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDOHPDQGyDGHFLU
SDODEUDSRUSDODEUDTXHHVSHUDEDFRQYHUGDGHUDDQVLHGDGDTXHOODWDUGtDSHURPHUHFLGDRFDVLyQ
GH GDUOH XQ WLUR QR SDUD FREUDUOH ODV DUELWUDULHGDGHV \ DQDFURQLVPRV GH VX UpJLPHQ VLQR SRU
IDOWDUOH DO UHVSHWR D XQ YLHMR TXH QR OH KDFtD PDO D QDGLH )XH WDO OD YHKHPHQFLD FRQ TXH
SURQXQFLyODDPHQD]DTXHHOSUHVLGHQWHGHODUHS~EOLFDFDQFHOyHOYLDMHD~OWLPDKRUD\OHPDQGy
OD FRQGHFRUDFLyQ FRQ XQ UHSUHVHQWDQWH SHUVRQDO (O FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] DVHGLDGR SRU
SUHVLRQHVGHWRGDtQGROHDEDQGRQyVXOHFKRGHSDUDOtWLFRSDUDSHUVXDGLUDVXDQWLJXRFRPSDxHUR
GHDUPDV&XDQGRpVWHYLRDSDUHFHUHOPHFHGRUFDUJDGRSRUFXDWURKRPEUHV\YLRVHQWDGRHQpO
HQWUHJUDQGHVDOPRKDGDVDODPLJRTXHFRPSDUWLyVXVYLFWRULDVHLQIRUWXQLRVGHVGHODMXYHQWXGQR
GXGy XQ VROR LQVWDQWH GH TXH KDFtD DTXHO HVIXHU]R SDUD H[SUHVDUOH VX VROLGDULGDG 3HUR FXDQGR
FRQRFLyHOYHUGDGHURSURSyVLWRGHVXYLVLWDORKL]RVDFDUGHOWDOOHU

66

'HPDVLDGRWDUGHPHFRQYHQ]ROHGLMRTXHWHKDEUtDKHFKRXQJUDQIDYRUVLWHKXELHUD
GHMDGRIXVLODU
'H PRGR TXH HO MXELOHR VH OOHYy D FDER VLQ DVLVWHQFLD GH QLQJXQR GH ORV PLHPEURV GH OD
IDPLOLD)XHXQDFDVXDOLGDGTXHFRLQFLGLHUDFRQODVHPDQDGHOFDUQDYDOSHURQDGLHORJUyTXLWDUOH
DOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDODHPSHFLQDGDLGHDGHTXHWDPELpQDTXHOODFRLQFLGHQFLDKDEtDVLGR
SUHYLVWDSRUHOJRELHUQRSDUDUHFDOFDUODFUXHOGDGGHODEXUOD'HVGHHOWDOOHUVROLWDULRR\yODV
P~VLFDV PDUFLDOHV OD DUWLOOHUtD GH DSDUDWR ODV FDPSDQDV GHO 7H 'HXP \ DOJXQDV IUDVHV GH ORV
GLVFXUVRVSURQXQFLDGRVIUHQWHDODFDVDFXDQGREDXWL]DURQODFDOOHFRQVXQRPEUH/RVRMRVVHOH
KXPHGHFLHURQGHLQGLJQDFLyQGHUDELRVDLPSRWHQFLD\SRUSULPHUDYH]GHVGHODGHUURWDVHGROLy
GHQRWHQHUORVDUUHVWRVGHODMXYHQWXGSDUDSURPRYHUXQDJXHUUDVDQJULHQWDTXHERUUDUDKDVWDHO
~OWLPRYHVWLJLRGHOUpJLPHQFRQVHUYDGRU1RVHKDEtDQH[WLQJXLGRORVHFRVGHOKRPHQDMHFXDQGR
UVXODOODPyDODSXHUWDGHOWDOOHU
1RPHPROHVWHQGLMRpO(VWR\RFXSDGR
$EUHLQVLVWLyUVXODFRQYR]FRWLGLDQD(VWRQRWLHQHQDGDTXHYHUFRQODILHVWD
(QWRQFHVHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDTXLWyODWUDQFD\YLRHQODSXHUWDGLHFLVLHWHKRPEUHV
GHORVPiVYDULDGRVDVSHFWRVGHWRGRVORVWLSRV\FRORUHVSHURWRGRVFRQXQDLUHVROLWDULRTXH
KDEUtDEDVWDGRSDUDLGHQWLILFDUORVHQFXDOTXLHUOXJDUGHODWLHUUD(UDQVXVKLMRV6LQSRQHUVHGH
DFXHUGR VLQ FRQRFHUVH HQWUH Vt KDEtDQ OOHJDGR GHVGH ORV PiV DSDUWDGRV ULQFRQHV GHO OLWRUDO
FDXWLYDGRV SRU HO UXLGR GHO MXELOHR 7RGRV OOHYDEDQ FRQ RUJXOOR HO QRPEUH GH $XUHOLDQR \ HO
DSHOOLGRGHVXPDGUH'XUDQWHORVWUHVGtDVTXHSHUPDQHFLHURQHQODFDVDSDUDVDWLVIDFFLyQGH
UVXOD\HVFiQGDORGH)HUQDQGDRFDVLRQDURQWUDVWRUQRVGHJXHUUD$PDUDQWDEXVFyHQWUHDQWLJXRV
SDSHOHVODOLEUHWDGHFXHQWDVGRQGHUVXODKDEtDDSXQWDGRORVQRPEUHV\ODVIHFKDVGHQDFLPLHQWR
\EDXWLVPRGHWRGRV\DJUHJyIUHQWHDOHVSDFLRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDFDGDXQRHOGRPLFLOLRDFWXDO
$TXHOODOLVWDKDEUtDSHUPLWLGRKDFHUXQDUHFDSLWXODFLyQGHYHLQWHDxRVGHJXHUUD+DEUtDQSRGLGR
UHFRQVWUXLUVHFRQHOODORVLWLQHUDULRVQRFWXUQRVGHOFRURQHOGHVGHODPDGUXJDGDHQTXHVDOLyGH
0DFRQGR DO IUHQWH GH YHLQWL~Q KRPEUHV KDFLD XQD UHEHOLyQ TXLPpULFD KDVWD TXH UHJUHVy SRU
~OWLPD YH] HQYXHOWR HQ OD PDQWD DFDUWRQDGD GH VDQJUH $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR QR GHVSHUGLFLy OD
RFDVLyQGHIHVWHMDUDORVSULPRVFRQXQDHVWUXHQGRVDSDUUDQGDGHFKDPSDxD\DFRUGHyQTXHVH
LQWHUSUHWyFRPRXQDWUDVDGRDMXVWHGHFXHQWDVFRQHOFDUQDYDOPDORJUDGRSRUHOMXELOHR+LFLHURQ
DxLFRV PHGLD YDMLOOD GHVWUR]DURQ ORV URVDOHV SHUVLJXLHQGR XQ WRUR SDUD PDQWHDUOR PDWDURQ ODV
JDOOLQDVDWLURVREOLJDURQDEDLODUD$PDUDQWDORVYDOVHVWULVWHVGH3LHWUR&UHVSLFRQVLJXLHURQ
TXH 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD VH SXVLHUD XQRV SDQWDORQHV GH KRPEUH SDUD VXELUVH D OD FXFDxD \
VROWDURQ HQ HO FRPHGRU XQ FHUGR HPEDGXUQDGR GH VHER TXH UHYROFy D )HUQDQGD SHUR QDGLH
ODPHQWyORVSHUFDQFHVSRUTXHODFDVDVHHVWUHPHFLyFRQXQWHUUHPRWRGHEXHQDVDOXG(OFRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD TXH DO SULQFLSLR ORV UHFLELy FRQ GHVFRQILDQ]D \ KDVWD SXVR HQ GXGD OD
ILOLDFLyQGHDOJXQRVVHGLYLUWLyFRQVXVORFXUDV\DQWHVGHTXHVHIXHUDQOHUHJDOyDFDGDXQRXQ
SHVFDGLWR GH RUR +DVWD HO HVTXLYR -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR OHV RIUHFLy XQD WDUGH GH JDOORV TXH
HVWXYR D SXQWR GH WHUPLQDU HQ WUDJHGLD SRUTXH YDULRV GH ORV $XUHOLDQRV HUDQ WDQ GXFKRV HQ
FRPSRQHQGDV GH JDOOHUDV TXH GHVFXEULHURQ DO SULPHU JROSH GH YLVWD ODV WULTXLxXHODV GHO SDGUH

$QWRQLR,VDEHO$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRTXHYLRODVLOLPLWDGDVSHUVSHFWLYDVGHSDUUDQGDTXHRIUHFtD
DTXHOOD GHVDIRUDGD SDUHQWHOD GHFLGLy TXH WRGRV VH TXHGDUDQ D WUDEDMDU FRQ pO (O ~QLFR TXH
DFHSWyIXH$XUHOLDQR7ULVWHXQPXODWRJUDQGHFRQORVtPSHWXV\HOHVStULWXH[SORUDGRUGHODEXHOR
TXH\DKDEtDSUREDGRIRUWXQDHQPHGLRPXQGR\OHGDEDORPLVPRTXHGDUVHHQFXDOTXLHUSDUWH
/RV RWURV DXQTXH WRGDYtD HVWDEDQ VROWHURV FRQVLGHUDEDQ UHVXHOWR VX GHVWLQR 7RGRV HUDQ
DUWHVDQRV KiELOHV KRPEUHV GH VX FDVD JHQWH GH SD] (O PLpUFROHV GH FHQL]D DQWHV GH TXH
YROYLHUDQDGLVSHUVDUVHHQHOOLWRUDO$PDUDQWDFRQVLJXLyTXHVHSXVLHUDQURSDVGRPLQLFDOHV\OD
DFRPSDxDUDQ D OD LJOHVLD 0iV GLYHUWLGRV TXH SLDGRVRV VH GHMDURQ FRQGXFLU KDVWD HO
FRPXOJDWRULRGRQGHHOSDGUH$QWRQLR,VDEHOOHVSXVRHQODIUHQWHODFUX]GHFHQL]D'HUHJUHVRD
FDVDFXDQGRHOPHQRUTXLVROLPSLDUVHODIUHQWHGHVFXEULyTXHODPDQFKDHUDLQGHOHEOH\TXHOR
HUDQWDPELpQODVGHVXVKHUPDQRV3UREDURQFRQDJXD\MDEyQFRQWLHUUD\HVWURSDMR\SRU~OWLPR
FRQSLHGUDSyPH]\OHMtD\QRFRQVLJXLHURQERUUDUVHODFUX](QFDPELR$PDUDQWD\ORVGHPiV
TXHIXHURQDPLVDVHODTXLWDURQVLQGLILFXOWDG$VtYDQPHMRUORVGHVSLGLyUVXOD'HDKRUD
HQDGHODQWHQDGLHSRGUiFRQIXQGLUORV6HIXHURQHQWURSHOSUHFHGLGRVSRUODEDQGDGHP~VLFRV\
UHYHQWDQGRFRKHWHV\GHMDURQHQHOSXHEORODLPSUHVLyQGHTXHODHVWLUSHGHORV%XHQGtDWHQtD
VHPLOODVSDUDPXFKRVVLJORV$XUHOLDQR7ULVWHFRQVXFUX]GHFHQL]DHQODIUHQWHLQVWDOyHQODV
DIXHUDV GHO SXHEOR OD IiEULFD GH KLHOR FRQ TXH VRxy -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD HQ VXV GHOLULRV GH
LQYHQWRU
0HVHVGHVSXpVGHVXOOHJDGDFXDQGR\DHUDFRQRFLGR\DSUHFLDGR$XUHOLDQR7ULVWHDQGDED
EXVFDQGRXQDFDVDSDUDOOHYDUDVXPDGUH\DXQDKHUPDQDVROWHUD TXHQRHUDKLMDGHOFRURQHO \
VHLQWHUHVySRUHOFDVHUyQGHFUpSLWRTXHSDUHFtDDEDQGRQDGRHQXQDHVTXLQDGHODSOD]D3UHJXQWy
TXLpQHUDHOGXHxR$OJXLHQOHGLMRTXHHUDXQDFDVDGHQDGLHGRQGHHQRWURWLHPSRYLYLyXQD
YLXGDVROLWDULDTXHVHDOLPHQWDEDGHWLHUUD\FDOGHODVSDUHGHV\TXHHQVXV~OWLPRVDxRVVyORVH
OD YLR GRV YHFHV HQ OD FDOOH FRQ XQ VRPEUHUR GH PLQ~VFXODV IORUHV DUWLILFLDOHV \ XQRV ]DSDWRV
FRORUGHSODWDDQWLJXDFXDQGRDWUDYHVyODSOD]DKDVWDODRILFLQDGHFRUUHRVSDUDPDQGDUOHFDUWDV
DORELVSR/HGLMHURQTXHVX~QLFDFRPSDxHUDIXHXQDVLUYLHQWDGHVDOPDGDTXHPDWDEDSHUURV\
JDWRV\FXDQWRDQLPDOSHQHWUDEDDODFDVD\HFKDEDORVFDGiYHUHVHQPLWDGGHODFDOOHSDUDIUHJDU
DO SXHEOR FRQ OD KHGHQWLQD GH OD SXWUHIDFFLyQ +DEtD SDVDGR WDQWR WLHPSR GHVGH TXH HO VRO
PRPLILFyHOSHOOHMRYDFtRGHO~OWLPRDQLPDOTXHWRGRHOPXQGRGDEDSRUVHQWDGRTXHODGXHxDGH
ODFDVD\ODVLUYLHQWDKDEtDQPXHUWRPXFKRDQWHVGHTXHWHUPLQDUDQODVJXHUUDV\TXHVLWRGDYtDOD
FDVDHVWDEDHQSLHHUDSRUTXHQRKDEtDQWHQLGRHQDxRVUHFLHQWHVXQLQYLHUQRULJXURVRRXQYLHQWR
GHPROHGRU/RVJR]QHVGHVPLJDMDGRVSRUHOy[LGRODVSXHUWDVDSHQDVVRVWHQLGDVSRUF~PXORVGH
WHODUDxDODVYHQWDQDVVROGDGDVSRUODKXPHGDG\HOSLVRURWRSRUODKLHUED\ODVIORUHVVLOYHVWUHV
HQFX\DVJULHWDVDQLGDEDQORVODJDUWRV\WRGDFODVHGHVDEDQGLMDVSDUHFtDQFRQILUPDUODYHUVLyQ
GHTXHDOOtQRKDEtDHVWDGRXQVHUKXPDQRSRUORPHQRVHQPHGLRVLJOR$OLPSXOVLYR$XUHOLDQR
7ULVWHQROHKDFtDQIDOWDWDQWDVSUXHEDVSDUDSURFHGHU(PSXMyFRQHOKRPEURODSXHUWDSULQFLSDO
\ODFDUFRPLGDDUPD]yQGHPDGHUDVHGHUUXPEyVLQHVWUpSLWRHQXQFDOODGRFDWDFOLVPRGHSROYR
\ WLHUUD GH QLGRV GH FRPHMpQ $XUHOLDQR 7ULVWH SHUPDQHFLy HQ HO XPEUDO HVSHUDQGR TXH VH
GHVYDQHFLHUDODQLHEOD\HQWRQFHVYLRHQHOFHQWURGHODVDODDODHVFXiOLGDPXMHUYHVWLGDWRGDYtD

67

FRQ URSDV GHO VLJOR DQWHULRU FRQ XQDV SRFDV KHEUDV DPDULOODV HQ HO FUiQHR SHODGR \ FRQ XQRV
RMRV JUDQGHV DXQ KHUPRVRV HQ ORV FXDOHV VH KDEtDQ DSDJDGR ODV ~OWLPDV HVWUHOODV GH OD
HVSHUDQ]D\HOSHOOHMRGHOURVWURDJULHWDGRSRUODDULGH]GHODVROHGDG(VWUHPHFLGRSRUODYLVLyQ
GHRWURPXQGR$XUHOLDQR7ULVWHDSHQDVVHGLRFXHQWDGHTXHODPXMHUORHVWDEDDSXQWDQGRFRQ
XQDDQWLFXDGDSLVWRODGHPLOLWDU
3HUGRQHPXUPXUy
(OOD SHUPDQHFLy LQPyYLO HQ HO FHQWUR GH OD VDOD DWLERUUDGD GH FDFKLYDFKHV H[DPLQDQGR
SDOPRDSDOPRDOJLJDQWHGHHVSDOGDVFXDGUDGDVFRQXQWDWXDMHGHFHQL]DHQODIUHQWH\DWUDYpV
GH OD QHEOLQD GHO SROYR OR YLR HQ OD QHEOLQD GH RWUR WLHPSR FRQ XQD HVFRSHWD GH GRV FDxRQHV
WHUFLDGDDODHVSDOGD\XQVDUWDOGHFRQHMRVHQODPDQR
3RUHODPRUGH'LRVH[FODPyHQYR]EDMDQRHVMXVWRTXHDKRUDPHYHQJDQFRQHVWH
UHFXHUGR
4XLHURDOTXLODUODFDVDGLMR$XUHOLDQR7ULVWH
/DPXMHUOHYDQWyHQWRQFHVODSLVWRODDSXQWDQGRFRQSXOVRILUPHODFUX]GHFHQL]D\PRQWyHO
JDWLOORFRQXQDGHWHUPLQDFLyQLQDSHODEOH
9i\DVHRUGHQy
$TXHOODQRFKHGXUDQWHODFHQD$XUHOLDQR7ULVWHOHFRQWyHOHSLVRGLRDODIDPLOLD\UVXOD
OORUyGHFRQVWHUQDFLyQ'LRVVDQWRH[FODPyDSUHWiQGRVHODFDEH]DFRQODVPDQRV7RGDYtD
HVWiYLYD(OWLHPSRODVJXHUUDVORVLQFRQWDEOHVGHVDVWUHVFRWLGLDQRVODKDEtDQKHFKRROYLGDUVH
GH 5HEHFD /D ~QLFD TXH QR KDEtD SHUGLGR XQ VROR LQVWDQWH OD FRQFLHQFLD GH TXH HVWDED YLYD
SXGULpQGRVHHQVXVRSDGHODUYDVHUDODLPSODFDEOH\HQYHMHFLGD$PDUDQWD3HQVDEDHQHOODDO
DPDQHFHU FXDQGR HO KLHOR GHO FRUD]yQ OD GHVSHUWDED HQ OD FDPD VROLWDULD \ SHQVDED HQ HOOD
FXDQGR VH MDERQDED ORV VHQRV PDUFKLWRV \ HO YLHQWUH PDFLOHQWR \ FXDQGR VH SRQtD ORV EODQFRV
SROOHULQHV\FRUSLxRVGHROiQGHODYHMH]\FXDQGRVHFDPELDEDHQODPDQRODYHQGDQHJUDGHOD
WHUULEOHH[SLDFLyQ6LHPSUHDWRGDKRUDGRUPLGD\GHVSLHUWDHQORVLQVWDQWHVPiVVXEOLPHV\HQ
ORV PiV DE\HFWRV $PDUDQWD SHQVDED HQ 5HEHFD SRUTXH OD VROHGDG OH KDEtD VHOHFFLRQDGR ORV
UHFXHUGRV \ KDEtD LQFLQHUDGR ORV HQWRUSHFHGRUHV PRQWRQHV GH EDVXUD QRVWiOJLFD TXH OD YLGD
KDEtDDFXPXODGRHQVXFRUD]yQ\KDEtDSXULILFDGRPDJQLILFDGR\HWHUQL]DGRORVRWURVORVPiV
DPDUJRV3RUHOODVDEtD5HPHGLRVODEHOODGHODH[LVWHQFLDGH5HEHFD&DGDYH]TXHSDVDEDQ
SRU OD FDVD GHFUpSLWD OH FRQWDED XQ LQFLGHQWH LQJUDWR XQD IiEXOD GH RSURELR WUDWDQGR HQ HVD
IRUPD GH TXH VX H[WHQXDQWH UHQFRU IXHUD FRPSDUWLGR SRU OD VREULQD \ SRU FRQVLJXLHQWH
SURORQJDGRPiVDOOiGHODPXHUWHSHURQRFRQVLJXLyVXVSURSyVLWRVSRUTXH5HPHGLRVHUDLQPXQH
D WRGD FODVH GH VHQWLPLHQWRV DSDVLRQDGRV \ PXFKR PiV D ORV DMHQRV UVXOD HQ FDPELR TXH
KDEtDVXIULGRXQSURFHVRFRQWUDULRDOGH$PDUDQWDHYRFyD5HEHFDFRQXQUHFXHUGROLPSLRGH
LPSXUH]DVSXHVODLPDJHQGHODFULDWXUDGHOiVWLPDTXHOOHYDURQDODFDVDFRQHOWDOHJRGHKXHVRV
GH VXV SDGUHV SUHYDOHFLy VREUH OD RIHQVD TXH OD KL]R LQGLJQD GH FRQWLQXDU YLQFXODGD DO WURQFR
IDPLOLDU$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRUHVROYLyTXHKDEtDTXHOOHYDUODDODFDVD\SURWHJHUODSHURVXEXHQ
SURSyVLWR IXH IUXVWUDGR SRU OD LQTXHEUDQWDEOH LQWUDQVLJHQFLD GH 5HEHFD TXH KDEtD QHFHVLWDGR
PXFKRVDxRVGHVXIULPLHQWR\PLVHULDSDUDFRQTXLVWDUORVSULYLOHJLRVGHODVROHGDG\QRHVWDED

GLVSXHVWD D UHQXQFLDU D HOORV D FDPELR GH XQD YHMH] SHUWXUEDGD SRU ORV IDOVRV HQFDQWRV GH OD
PLVHULFRUGLD
(Q IHEUHUR FXDQGR YROYLHURQ ORV GLHFLVpLV KLMRV GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD WRGDYtD
PDUFDGRVFRQODFUX]GHFHQL]D$XUHOLDQR7ULVWHOHVKDEOyGH5HEHFDHQHOIUDJRUGHODSDUUDQGD
\ HQ PHGLR GtD UHVWDXUDURQ OD DSDULHQFLD GH OD FDVD FDPELDURQ SXHUWDV \ YHQWDQDV SLQWDURQ OD
IDFKDGDGHFRORUHVDOHJUHVDSXQWDODURQODVSDUHGHV\YDFLDURQFHPHQWRQXHYRHQHOSLVRSHURQR
REWXYLHURQDXWRUL]DFLyQSDUDFRQWLQXDUODVUHIRUPDVHQHOLQWHULRU5HEHFDQLVLTXLHUDVHDVRPyD
ODSXHUWD'HMyTXHWHUPLQDUDQODDWRORQGUDGDUHVWDXUDFLyQ\OXHJRKL]RXQFiOFXORGHORVFRVWRV
\OHVPDQGyFRQ$UJpQLGDODYLHMDVLUYLHQWDTXHVHJXtDDFRPSDxiQGRODXQSXxDGRGHPRQHGDV
UHWLUDGDV GH OD FLUFXODFLyQ GHVGH OD ~OWLPD JXHUUD \ TXH 5HEHFD VHJXtD FUH\HQGR ~WLOHV )XH
HQWRQFHV FXDQGR VH VXSR KDVWD TXp SXQWR LQFRQFHELEOH KDEtD OOHJDGR VX GHVYLQFXODFLyQ FRQ HO
PXQGR \ VH FRPSUHQGLy TXH VHUtD LPSRVLEOH UHVFDWDUOD GH VX HPSHFLQDGR HQFLHUUR PLHQWUDV OH
TXHGDUDXQDOLHQWRGHYLGD
(QODVHJXQGDYLVLWDTXHKLFLHURQD0DFRQGRORVKLMRVGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDRWURGH
HOORV$XUHOLDQR&HQWHQRVHTXHGyWUDEDMDQGRFRQ$XUHOLDQR7ULVWH(UDXQRGHORVSULPHURVTXH
KDEtDQOOHJDGRDODFDVDSDUDHOEDXWLVPR\UVXOD\$PDUDQWDORUHFRUGDEDQPX\ELHQSRUTXH
KDEtDGHVWUR]DGRHQSRFDVKRUDVFXDQWRREMHWRTXHEUDGL]RSDVySRUVXVPDQRV(OWLHPSRKDEtD
PRGHUDGR VX SULPLWLYR LPSXOVR GH FUHFLPLHQWR \ HUD XQ KRPEUH GH HVWDWXUD PHGLDQD PDUFDGR
FRQ FLFDWULFHV GH YLUXHOD SHUR VX DVRPEURVR SRGHU GH GHVWUXFFLyQ PDQXDO FRQWLQXDED LQWDFWR
7DQWRV SODWRV URPSLy LQFOXVLYH VLQ WRFDUORV TXH )HUQDQGD RSWy SRU FRPSUDUOH XQ VHUYLFLR GH
SHOWUHDQWHVGHTXHOLTXLGDUDODV~OWLPDVSLH]DVGHVXFRVWRVDYDMLOOD\DXQORVUHVLVWHQWHVSODWRV
PHWiOLFRV HVWDEDQ DO SRFR WLHPSR GHVFRQFKDGRV \ WRUFLGRV 3HUR D FDPELR GH DTXHO SRGHU
LUUHPHGLDEOH H[DVSHUDQWH LQFOXVLYH SDUD pO PLVPR WHQtD XQD FRUGLDOLGDG TXH VXVFLWDED OD
FRQILDQ]D LQPHGLDWD \ XQD HVWXSHQGD FDSDFLGDG GH WUDEDMR (Q SRFR WLHPSR LQFUHPHQWy GH WDO
PRGRODSURGXFFLyQGHKLHORTXHUHEDVyHOPHUFDGRORFDO\$XUHOLDQR7ULVWHWXYRTXHSHQVDUHQ
OD SRVLELOLGDG GH H[WHQGHU HO QHJRFLR D RWUDV SREODFLRQHV GH OD FLpQDJD )XH HQWRQFHV FXDQGR
FRQFLELy HO SDVR GHFLVLYR QR VyOR SDUD OD PRGHUQL]DFLyQ GH VX LQGXVWULD VLQR SDUD YLQFXODU OD
SREODFLyQFRQHOUHVWRGHOPXQGR
+D\TXHWUDHUHOIHUURFDUULOGLMR
)XHODSULPHUDYH]TXHVHR\yHVDSDODEUDHQ0DFRQGR$QWHHOGLEXMRTXHWUD]y$XUHOLDQR
7ULVWH HQ OD PHVD \ TXH HUD XQ GHVFHQGLHQWH GLUHFWR GH ORV HVTXHPDV FRQ TXH -RVp $UFDGLR
%XHQGtD LOXVWUy HO SUR\HFWR GH OD JXHUUD VRODU UVXOD FRQILUPy VX LPSUHVLyQ GH TXH HO WLHPSR
HVWDEDGDQGRYXHOWDVHQUHGRQGR3HURDOFRQWUDULRGHVXDEXHOR$XUHOLDQR7ULVWHQRSHUGtDHO
VXHxR QL HO DSHWLWR QL DWRUPHQWDED D QDGLH FRQ FULVLV GH PDO KXPRU VLQR TXH FRQFHEtD ORV
SUR\HFWRVPiVGHVDWLQDGRVFRPRSRVLELOLGDGHVLQPHGLDWDVHODERUDEDFiOFXORVUDFLRQDOHVVREUH
FRVWRV\SOD]RV\ORVOOHYDEDDWpUPLQRVLQLQWHUPHGLRVGHH[DVSHUDFLyQ$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRTXH
VL DOJR WHQtD GHO ELVDEXHOR \ DOJR OH IDOWDED GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD HUD XQD DEVROXWD
LPSHUPHDELOLGDG SDUD HO HVFDUPLHQWR VROWy HO GLQHUR SDUD OOHYDU HO IHUURFDUULO FRQ OD PLVPD
IULYROLGDG FRQ TXH OR VROWy SDUD OD DEVXUGD FRPSDxtD GH QDYHJDFLyQ GHO KHUPDQR $XUHOLDQR

68

7ULVWHFRQVXOWyHOFDOHQGDULR\VHIXHHOPLpUFROHVVLJXLHQWHSDUDHVWDUGHYXHOWDFXDQGRSDVDUDQ
ODVOOXYLDV1RVHWXYLHURQPiVQRWLFLDV$XUHOLDQR&HQWHQRGHVERUGDGRSRUODVDEXQGDQFLDVGH
ODIiEULFDKDEtDHPSH]DGR\DDH[SHULPHQWDUODHODERUDFLyQGHKLHORFRQEDVHGHMXJRVGHIUXWDV
HQ OXJDU GH DJXD \ VLQ VDEHUOR QL SURSRQpUVHOR FRQFLELy ORV IXQGDPHQWRV HVHQFLDOHV GH OD
LQYHQFLyQGHORVKHODGRVSHQVDQGRHQHVDIRUPDGLYHUVLILFDUODSURGXFFLyQGHXQDHPSUHVDTXH
VXSRQtDVX\DSRUTXHHOKHUPDQRQRGDEDVHxDOHVGHUHJUHVRGHVSXpVGHTXHSDVDURQODVOOXYLDV\
WUDQVFXUULy WRGR XQ YHUDQR VLQ QRWLFLDV $ SULQFLSLRV GHO RWUR LQYLHUQR VLQ HPEDUJR XQD PXMHU
TXHODYDEDURSDHQHOUtRDODKRUDGHPiVFDORUDWUDYHVyODFDOOHFHQWUDOODQ]DQGRDODULGRVHQXQ
DODUPDQWHHVWDGRGHFRQPRFLyQ
$Kt YLHQH DOFDQ]y D H[SOLFDU XQ DVXQWR HVSDQWRVR FRPR XQD FRFLQD DUUDVWUDQGR XQ
SXHEOR
(QHVHPRPHQWRODSREODFLyQIXHHVWUHPHFLGDSRUXQVLOEDWRGHUHVRQDQFLDVSDYRURVDV\XQD
GHVFRPXQDO UHVSLUDFLyQ DFH]DQWH /DV VHPDQDV SUHFHGHQWHV VH KDEtD YLVWR D ODV FXDGULOODV TXH
WHQGLHURQ GXUPLHQWHV \ ULHOHV \ QDGLH OHV SUHVWy DWHQFLyQ SRUTXH SHQVDURQ TXH HUD XQ QXHYR
DUWLILFLRGHORVJLWDQRVTXHYROYtDQFRQVXFHQWHQDULR\GHVSUHVWLJLDGRGDOHTXHGDOHGHSLWRV\
VRQDMDVSUHJRQDQGRODVH[FHOHQFLDVGHTXLpQLEDDVDEHUTXpSHQGHMRPHQMXQMHGHMDUDSHOOLQRVRV
JHQLRV MHURVROLPLWDQRV 3HUR FXDQGR VH UHVWDEOHFLHURQ GHO GHVFRQFLHUWR GH ORV VLOEDWD]RV \
UHVRSOLGRVWRGRVORVKDELWDQWHVVHHFKDURQDODFDOOH\YLHURQD$XUHOLDQR7ULVWHVDOXGDQGRFRQ
ODPDQRGHVGHODORFRPRWRUD\YLHURQKHFKL]DGRVHOWUHQDGRUQDGRGHIORUHVTXHSRUSULPHUDYH]
OOHJDED FRQ RFKR PHVHV GH UHWUDVR (O LQRFHQWH WUHQ DPDULOOR TXH WDQWDV LQFHUWLGXPEUHV \
HYLGHQFLDV\WDQWRVKDODJRV\GHVYHQWXUDV\WDQWRVFDPELRVFDODPLGDGHV\QRVWDOJLDVKDEtDGH
OOHYDUD0DFRQGR

'HVOXPEUDGDSRUWDQWDV\WDQPDUDYLOORVDVLQYHQFLRQHVODJHQWHGH0DFRQGRQRVDEtDSRUGyQGH
HPSH]DU D DVRPEUDUVH 6H WUDVQRFKDEDQ FRQWHPSODQGR ODV SiOLGDV ERPELOODV HOpFWULFDV
DOLPHQWDGDV SRU OD SODQWD TXH OOHYy $XUHOLDQR 7ULVWH HQ HO VHJXQGR YLDMH GHO WUHQ \ D FX\R
REVHVLRQDQWHWXPWXPFRVWyWLHPSR\WUDEDMRDFRVWXPEUDUVH6HLQGLJQDURQFRQODVLPiJHQHVYLYDV
TXHHOSUyVSHURFRPHUFLDQWHGRQ%UXQR&UHVSLSUR\HFWDEDHQHOWHDWURFRQWDTXLOODVGHERFDVGH
OHyQ SRUTXH XQ SHUVRQDMH PXHUWR \ VHSXOWDGR HQ XQD SHOtFXOD \ SRU FX\D GHVJUDFLD VH
GHUUDPDURQOiJULPDVGHDIOLFFLyQUHDSDUHFLyYLYR\FRQYHUWLGRHQiUDEHHQODSHOtFXODVLJXLHQWH
(OS~EOLFRTXHSDJDEDGRVFHQWDYRVSDUDFRPSDUWLUODVYLFLVLWXGHVGHORVSHUVRQDMHVQRSXGR
VRSRUWDU DTXHOOD EXUOD LQDXGLWD \ URPSLy OD VLOOHWHUtD (O DOFDOGH D LQVWDQFLDV GH GRQ %UXQR
&UHVSL H[SOLFy PHGLDQWH XQ EDQGR TXH HO FLQH HUD XQD PiTXLQD GH LOXVLyQ TXH QR PHUHFtD ORV
GHVERUGDPLHQWRV SDVLRQDOHV GHO S~EOLFR $QWH OD GHVDOHQWDGRUD H[SOLFDFLyQ PXFKRV HVWLPDURQ
TXHKDEtDQVLGRYtFWLPDVGHXQQXHYR\DSDUDWRVRDVXQWRGHJLWDQRVGHPRGRTXHRSWDURQSRUQR
YROYHUDOFLQHFRQVLGHUDQGRTXH\DWHQtDQEDVWDQWHFRQVXVSURSLDVSHQDVSDUDOORUDUSRUILQJLGDV
GHVYHQWXUDV GH VHUHV LPDJLQDULRV $OJR VHPHMDQWH RFXUULy FRQ ORV JUDPyIRQRV GH FLOLQGURV TXH
OOHYDURQ ODV DOHJUHV PDWURQDV GH )UDQFLD HQ VXVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV DQWLFXDGRV RUJDQLOORV \ TXH WDQ
KRQGDPHQWH DIHFWDURQ SRU XQ WLHPSR ORV LQWHUHVHV GH OD EDQGD GH P~VLFRV $O SULQFLSLR OD
FXULRVLGDGPXOWLSOLFyODFOLHQWHODGHODFDOOHSURKLELGD\KDVWDVHVXSRGHVHxRUDVUHVSHWDEOHV
TXHVHGLVIUD]DURQGHYLOODQRVSDUDREVHUYDUGHFHUFDODQRYHGDGGHOJUDPyIRQRSHURWDQWR\GH
WDQ FHUFD OR REVHUYDURQ TXH PX\ SURQWR OOHJDURQ D OD FRQFOXVLyQ GH TXH QR HUD XQ PROLQR GH
VRUWLOHJLR FRPR WRGRV SHQVDEDQ \ FRPR ODV PDWURQDV GHFtDQ VLQR XQ WUXFR PHFiQLFR TXH QR
SRGtDFRPSDUDUVHFRQDOJRWDQFRQPRYHGRUWDQKXPDQR\WDQOOHQRGHYHUGDGFRWLGLDQDFRPRXQD
EDQGD GH P~VLFRV )XH XQD GHVLOXVLyQ WDQ JUDYH TXH FXDQGR ORV JUDPyIRQRV VH SRSXODUL]DURQ
KDVWD HO SXQWR GH TXH KXER XQR HQ FDGD FDVD WRGDYtD QR VH OHV WXYR FRPR REMHWRV SDUD
HQWUHWHQLPLHQWR GH DGXOWRV VLQR FRPR XQD FRVD EXHQD SDUD TXH OD GHVWULSDUDQ ORV QLxRV (Q
FDPELRFXDQGRDOJXLHQGHOSXHEORWXYRRSRUWXQLGDGGHFRPSUREDUODFUXGDUHDOLGDGGHOWHOpIRQR
LQVWDODGR HQ OD HVWDFLyQ GHO IHUURFDUULO TXH D FDXVD GH OD PDQLYHOD VH FRQVLGHUDED FRPR XQD
YHUVLyQ UXGLPHQWDULD GHO JUDPyIRQR KDVWD ORV PiV LQFUpGXORV VH GHVFRQFHUWDURQ (UD FRPR VL
'LRVKXELHUDUHVXHOWRSRQHUDSUXHEDWRGDFDSDFLGDGGHDVRPEUR\PDQWXYLHUDDORVKDELWDQWHV
GH0DFRQGRHQXQSHUPDQHQWHYDLYpQHQWUHHODOERUR]R\HOGHVHQFDQWRODGXGD\ODUHYHODFLyQ

69

KDVWD HO H[WUHPR GH TXH \D QDGLH SRGtD VDEHU D FLHQFLD FLHUWD GyQGH HVWDEDQ ORV OtPLWHV GH OD
UHDOLGDG(UDXQLQWULQFDGRIUDQJROORGHYHUGDGHV\HVSHMLVPRVTXHFRQYXOVLRQyGHLPSDFLHQFLD
DOHVSHFWURGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDEDMRHOFDVWDxR\ORREOLJyDFDPLQDUSRUWRGDODFDVDDXQD
SOHQRGtD'HVGHTXHHOIHUURFDUULOIXHLQDXJXUDGRRILFLDOPHQWH\HPSH]yDOOHJDUFRQUHJXODULGDG
ORV PLpUFROHV D ODV RQFH \ VH FRQVWUX\y OD SULPLWLYD HVWDFLyQ GH PDGHUD FRQ XQ HVFULWRULR HO
WHOpIRQR\XQDYHQWDQLOODSDUDYHQGHUORVSDVDMHVVHYLHURQSRUODVFDOOHVGH0DFRQGRKRPEUHV\
PXMHUHVTXHILQJtDQDFWLWXGHVFRPXQHV\FRUULHQWHVSHURTXHHQUHDOLGDGSDUHFtDQJHQWHGHFLUFR
(Q XQ SXHEOR HVFDOGDGR SRU HO HVFDUPLHQWR GH ORV JLWDQRV QR KDEtD XQ EXHQ SRUYHQLU SDUD
DTXHOORV HTXLOLEULVWDV GHO FRPHUFLR DPEXODQWH TXH FRQ LJXDO GHVSDUSDMR RIUHFtDQ XQD ROOD
SLWDGRUDTXHXQUpJLPHQGHYLGDSDUDODVDOYDFLyQGHODOPDDOVpSWLPRGtDSHURHQWUHORVTXHVH
GHMDEDQ FRQYHQFHU SRU FDQVDQFLR \ ORV LQFDXWRV GH VLHPSUH REWHQtDQ HVWXSHQGRV EHQHILFLRV
(QWUH HVDV FULDWXUDV GH IDUiQGXOD FRQ SDQWDORQHV GH PRQWDU \ SRODLQDV VRPEUHUR GH FRUFKR
HVSHMXHORV FRQ DUPDGXUDV GH DFHUR RMRV GH WRSDFLR \ SHOOHMR GH JDOOR ILQR XQR GH WDQWRV
PLpUFROHVOOHJyD0DFRQGR\DOPRU]yHQODFDVDHOUHFKRQFKR\VRQULHQWH0U+HUEHUW
1DGLHORGLVWLQJXLyHQODPHVDPLHQWUDVQRVHFRPLyHOSULPHUUDFLPRGHEDQDQRV$XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGRORKDEtDHQFRQWUDGRSRUFDVXDOLGDGSURWHVWDQGRHQHVSDxROWUDEDMRVRSRUTXHQRKDEtD
XQFXDUWROLEUHHQHO+RWHOGH-DFRE\FRPRORKDFtDFRQIUHFXHQFLDFRQPXFKRVIRUDVWHURVVHOR
OOHYy D OD FDVD 7HQtD XQ QHJRFLR GH JORERV FDXWLYRV TXH KDEtD OOHYDGR SRU PHGLR PXQGR FRQ
H[FHOHQWHVJDQDQFLDVSHURQRKDEtDFRQVHJXLGRHOHYDUDQDGLHHQ0DFRQGRSRUTXHFRQVLGHUDEDQ
HVH LQYHQWR FRPR XQ UHWURFHVR GHVSXpV GH KDEHU YLVWR \ SUREDGR ODV HVWHUDV YRODGRUDV GH ORV
JLWDQRV6HLEDSXHVHQHOSUy[LPRWUHQ&XDQGROOHYDURQDODPHVDHODWLJUDGRUDFLPRGHEDQDQR
TXH VROtDQ FROJDU HQ HO FRPHGRU GXUDQWH HO DOPXHU]R DUUDQFy OD SULPHUD IUXWD VLQ PXFKR
HQWXVLDVPR 3HUR VLJXLy FRPLHQGR PLHQWUDV KDEODED VDERUHDQGR PDVWLFDQGR PiV ELHQ FRQ
GLVWUDFFLyQGHVDELRTXHFRQGHOHLWHGHEXHQFRPHGRU\DOWHUPLQDUHOSULPHUUDFLPRVXSOLFyTXH
OH OOHYDUDQ RWUR (QWRQFHV VDFy GH OD FDMD GH KHUUDPLHQWDV TXH VLHPSUH OOHYDED FRQVLJR XQ
SHTXHxR HVWXFKH GH DSDUDWRV ySWLFRV &RQ OD LQFUpGXOD DWHQFLyQ GH XQ FRPSUDGRU GH GLDPDQWHV
H[DPLQyPHWLFXORVDPHQWHXQEDQDQRVHFFLRQDQGRVXVSDUWHVFRQXQHVWLOHWHHVSHFLDOSHViQGRODV
HQ XQ JUDQDWDULR GH IDUPDFpXWLFR \ FDOFXODQGR VX HQYHUJDGXUD FRQ XQ FDOLEUDGRU GH DUPHUR
/XHJRVDFyGHODFDMDXQDVHULHGHLQVWUXPHQWRVFRQORVFXDOHVPLGLyODWHPSHUDWXUDHOJUDGRGH
KXPHGDG GH OD DWPyVIHUD \ OD LQWHQVLGDG GH OD OX] )XH XQD FHUHPRQLD WDQ LQWULJDQWH TXH QDGLH
FRPLy WUDQTXLOR HVSHUDQGR TXH 0U +HUEHUW HPLWLHUD SRU ILQ XQ MXLFLR UHYHODGRU SHUR QR GLMR
QDGDTXHSHUPLWLHUDYLVOXPEUDUVXVLQWHQFLRQHV
(Q ORV GtDV VLJXLHQWHV VH OH YLR FRQ XQD PDOOD \ XQD FDQDVWLOOD FD]DQGR PDULSRVDV HQ ORV
DOUHGHGRUHV GHO SXHEOR (O PLpUFROHV OOHJy XQ JUXSR GH LQJHQLHURV DJUyQRPRV KLGUyORJRV
WRSyJUDIRV\DJULPHQVRUHVTXHGXUDQWHYDULDVVHPDQDVH[SORUDURQORVPLVPRVOXJDUHVGRQGH0U
+HUEHUWFD]DEDPDULSRVDV0iVWDUGHOOHJyHOVHxRU-DFN%URZQHQXQYDJyQVXSOHPHQWDULRTXH
HQJDQFKDURQ HQ OD FROD GHO WUHQ DPDULOOR \ TXH HUD WRGR ODPLQDGR GH SODWD FRQ SROWURQDV GH
WHUFLRSHOR HSLVFRSDO \ WHFKR GH YLGULRV D]XOHV (Q HO YDJyQ HVSHFLDO OOHJDURQ WDPELpQ
UHYRORWHDQGR HQ WRUQR DO VHxRU %URZQ ORV VROHPQHV DERJDGRV YHVWLGRV GH QHJUR TXH HQ RWUD

pSRFDVLJXLHURQSRUWRGDVSDUWHVDOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD\HVWRKL]RSHQVDUDODJHQWHTXH
ORV DJUyQRPRV KLGUyORJRV WRSyJUDIRV \ DJULPHQVRUHV DVt FRPR 0U +HUEHUW FRQ VXV JORERV
FDXWLYRV \ VXV PDULSRVDV GH FRORUHV \ HO VHxRU %URZQ FRQ VX PDXVROHR URGDQWH \ VXV IHURFHV
SHUURV DOHPDQHV WHQtDQ DOJR TXH YHU FRQ OD JXHUUD 1R KXER VLQ HPEDUJR PXFKR WLHPSR SDUD
SHQVDUOR SRUTXH ORV VXVSLFDFHV KDELWDQWHV GH 0DFRQGR DSHQDV HPSH]DEDQ D SUHJXQWDUVH TXp
FXHUQRVHUDORTXHHVWDEDSDVDQGRFXDQGR\DHOSXHEORVHKDEtDWUDQVIRUPDGRHQXQFDPSDPHQWR
GHFDVDVGHPDGHUDFRQWHFKRVGH]LQFSREODGRSRUIRUDVWHURVTXHOOHJDEDQGHPHGLRPXQGRHQ
HOWUHQQRVyORHQORVDVLHQWRV\SODWDIRUPDVVLQRKDVWDHQHOWHFKRGHORVYDJRQHV/RVJULQJRV
TXHGHVSXpVOOHYDURQVXVPXMHUHVOiQJXLGDVFRQWUDMHVGHPXVHOLQD\JUDQGHVVRPEUHURVGHJDVD
KLFLHURQ XQ SXHEOR DSDUWH DO RWUR ODGR GH OD OtQHD GHO WUHQ FRQ FDOOHV ERUGHDGDV GH SDOPHUDV
FDVDV FRQ YHQWDQDV GH UHGHV PHWiOLFDV PHVLWDV EODQFDV HQ ODV WHUUD]DV \ YHQWLODGRUHV GH DVSDV
FROJDGRV HQ HO FLHORUUDVR \ H[WHQVRV SUDGRV D]XOHV FRQ SDYRUUHDOHV \ FRGRUQLFHV (O VHFWRU
HVWDED FHUFDGR SRU XQD PDOOD PHWiOLFD FRPR XQ JLJDQWHVFR JDOOLQHUR HOHFWULILFDGR TXH HQ ORV
IUHVFRVPHVHVGHOYHUDQRDPDQHFtDQHJURGHJRORQGULQDVDFKLFKDUUDGDV1DGLHVDEtDD~QTXpHUD
ORTXHEXVFDEDQRVLHQYHUGDGQRHUDQPiVTXHILOiQWURSRV\\DKDEtDQRFDVLRQDGRXQWUDVWRUQR
FRORVDO PXFKR PiV SHUWXUEDGRU TXH HO GH ORV DQWLJXRV JLWDQRV SHUR PHQRV WUDQVLWRULR \
FRPSUHQVLEOH 'RWDGRV GH UHFXUVRV TXH HQ RWUD pSRFD HVWXYLHURQ UHVHUYDGRV D OD 'LYLQD
3URYLGHQFLDPRGLILFDURQHOUpJLPHQGHOOXYLDVDSUHVXUDURQHOFLFORGHODVFRVHFKDV\TXLWDURQ
HOUtRGHGRQGHHVWXYRVLHPSUH\ORSXVLHURQFRQVXVSLHGUDVEODQFDV\VXVFRUULHQWHVKHODGDVHQ
HORWURH[WUHPRGHODSREODFLyQGHWUiVGHOFHPHQWHULR)XHHQHVDRFDVLyQFXDQGRFRQVWUX\HURQ
XQD IRUWDOH]D GH KRUPLJyQ VREUH OD GHVFRORULGD WXPED GH -RVp $UFDGLR SDUD TXH HO RORU D
SyOYRUD GHO FDGiYHU QR FRQWDPLQDUD ODV DJXDV 3DUD ORV IRUDVWHURV TXH OOHJDEDQ VLQ DPRU
FRQYLUWLHURQODFDOOHGHODVFDULxRVDVPDWURQDVGH)UDQFLDHQXQSXHEORPiVH[WHQVRTXHHORWUR\
XQ PLpUFROHV GH JORULD OOHYDURQ XQ WUHQ FDUJDGR GH SXWDV LQYHURVtPLOHV KHPEUDV EDELOyQLFDV
DGLHVWUDGDVHQUHFXUVRVLQPHPRULDOHV\SURYLVWDVGHWRGDFODVHGHXQJHQWRV\GLVSRVLWLYRVSDUD
HVWLPXODUDORVLQHUPHVGHVSDELODUDORVWtPLGRVVDFLDUDORVYRUDFHVH[DOWDUDORVPRGHVWRV
HVFDUPHQWDUDORVP~OWLSOHV\FRUUHJLUDORVVROLWDULRV/D&DOOHGHORV7XUFRVHQULTXHFLGDFRQ
OXPLQRVRV DOPDFHQHV GH XOWUDPDULQRV TXH GHVSOD]DURQ ORV YLHMRV ED]DUHV GH FRORULQHV
ERUGRQHDEDODQRFKHGHOViEDGRFRQODVPXFKHGXPEUHVGHDYHQWXUHURVTXHVHDWURSHOODEDQHQWUH
ODVPHVDVGHVXHUWH\D]DUORVPRVWUDGRUHVGHWLURDOEODQFRHOFDOOHMyQGRQGHVHDGLYLQDEDHO
SRUYHQLU \ VH LQWHUSUHWDEDQ ORV VXHxRV \ ODV PHVDV GH IULWDQJDV \ EHELGDV TXH DPDQHFtDQ HO
GRPLQJRGHVSDUUDPDGDVSRUHOVXHORHQWUHFXHUSRVTXHDYHFHVHUDQGHERUUDFKRVIHOLFHV\FDVL
VLHPSUHGHFXULRVRVDEDWLGRVSRUORVGLVSDURVWURPSDGDVQDYDMLQDV\ERWHOOD]RVGHODSHORWHUD
)XH XQD LQYDVLyQ WDQ WXPXOWXRVD H LQWHPSHVWLYD TXH HQ ORV SULPHURV WLHPSRV IXH LPSRVLEOH
FDPLQDU SRU OD FDOOH FRQ HO HVWRUER GH ORV PXHEOHV \ ORV ED~OHV \ HO WUDMtQ GH FDUSLQWHUtD GH
TXLHQHVSDUDEDQVXVFDVDVHQFXDOTXLHUWHUUHQRSHODGRVLQSHUPLVRGHQDGLH\HOHVFiQGDORGHODV
SDUHMDVTXHFROJDEDQVXVKDPDFDVHQWUHORVDOPHQGURV\KDFtDQHODPRUEDMRORVWROGRVDSOHQR
GtD\DODYLVWDGHWRGRHOPXQGR(O~QLFRULQFyQGHVHUHQLGDGIXHHVWDEOHFLGRSRUORVSDFtILFRV
QHJURV DQWLOODQRV TXH FRQVWUX\HURQ XQD FDOOH PDUJLQDO FRQ FDVDV GH PDGHUD VREUH SLORWHV HQ

70

FX\RV SyUWLFRV VH VHQWDEDQ DO DWDUGHFHU FDQWDQGR KLPQRV PHODQFyOLFRV HQ VX IDUUDJRVR
SDSLDPHQWR7DQWRVFDPELRVRFXUULHURQHQWDQSRFRWLHPSRTXHRFKRPHVHVGHVSXpVGHODYLVLWD
GH0U+HUEHUWORVDQWLJXRVKDELWDQWHVGH0DFRQGRVHOHYDQWDEDQWHPSUDQRDFRQRFHUVXSURSLR
SXHEOR
0LUHQ OD YDLQD TXH QRV KHPRV EXVFDGR VROtD GHFLU HQWRQFHV HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtDQRPiVSRULQYLWDUXQJULQJRDFRPHUJXLQHR
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRHQFDPELRQRFDEtDGHFRQWHQWRFRQODDYDODQFKDGHIRUDVWHURV/DFDVD
VH OOHQy GH SURQWR GH KXpVSHGHV GHVFRQRFLGRV GH LQYHQFLEOHV SDUUDQGHURV PXQGLDOHV \ IXH
SUHFLVRDJUHJDUGRUPLWRULRVHQHOSDWLRHQVDQFKDUHOFRPHGRU\FDPELDUODDQWLJXDPHVDSRUXQD
GHGLHFLVpLVSXHVWRVFRQQXHYDVYDMLOODV\VHUYLFLRV\DXQDVtKXERTXHHVWDEOHFHUWXUQRVSDUD
DOPRU]DU)HUQDQGDWXYRTXHDWUDJDQWDUVHVXVHVFU~SXORV\DWHQGHUFRPRDUH\HVDLQYLWDGRVGHOD
PiV SHUYHUVD FRQGLFLyQ TXH HPEDUUDEDQ FRQ VXV ERWDV HO FRUUHGRU VH RULQDEDQ HQ HO MDUGtQ
H[WHQGtDQ VXV SHWDWHV HQ FXDOTXLHU SDUWH SDUD KDFHU OD VLHVWD \ KDEODEDQ VLQ ILMDUVH HQ
VXVFHSWLELOLGDGHVGHGDPDVQLUHPLOJRVGHFDEDOOHURV$PDUDQWDVHHVFDQGDOL]yGHWDOPRGRFRQ
ODLQYDVLyQGHODSOHEHTXHYROYLyDFRPHUHQODFRFLQDFRPRHQORVYLHMRVWLHPSRV(OFRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDSHUVXDGLGRGHTXHODPD\RUtDGHTXLHQHVHQWUDEDQDVDOXGDUORHQHOWDOOHUQR
ORKDFtDQSRUVLPSDWtDRHVWLPDFLyQVLQRSRUODFXULRVLGDGGHFRQRFHUXQDUHOLTXLDKLVWyULFDXQ
IyVLO GH PXVHR RSWy SRU HQFHUUDUVH FRQ WUDQFD \ QR VH OH YROYLy D YHU VLQR HQ PX\ HVFDVDV
RFDVLRQHV VHQWDGR HQ OD SXHUWD GH OD FDOOH UVXOD HQ FDPELR DXQ HQ ORV WLHPSRV HQ TXH \D
DUUDVWUDED ORV SLHV \ FDPLQDED WDQWHDQGR HQ ODV SDUHGHV H[SHULPHQWDED XQ DOERUR]R SXHULO
FXDQGR VH DSUR[LPDED OD OOHJDGD GHO WUHQ +D\ TXH KDFHU FDUQH \ SHVFDGR RUGHQDED D ODV
FXDWUR FRFLQHUDV TXH VH DIDQDEDQ SRU HVWDU D WLHPSR EDMR OD LPSHUWXUEDEOH GLUHFFLyQ GH 6DQWD
6RItDGHOD3LHGDG+D\TXHKDFHUGHWRGRLQVLVWtDSRUTXHQXQFDVHVDEHTXpTXLHUHQFRPHU
ORV IRUDVWHURV (O WUHQ OOHJDED D OD KRUD GH PiV FDORU $O DOPXHU]R OD FDVD WUHSLGDED FRQ XQ
DOERURWR GH PHUFDGR \ ORV VXGRURVRV FRPHQVDOHV TXH QL VLTXLHUD VDEtDQ TXLpQHV HUDQ VXV
DQILWULRQHV LUUXPStDQ HQ WURSHO SDUD RFXSDU ORV PHMRUHV SXHVWRV HQ OD PHVD PLHQWUDV ODV
FRFLQHUDVWURSH]DEDQHQWUHVtFRQODVHQRUPHVROODVGHVRSDORVFDOGHURVGHFDUQHVODVEDQJDxDV
GH OHJXPEUHV ODV EDWHDV GH DUUR] \ UHSDUWtDQ FRQ FXFKDURQHV LQDJRWDEOHV ORV WRQHOHV GH
OLPRQDGD (UD WDO HO GHVRUGHQ TXH )HUQDQGD VH H[DVSHUDED FRQ OD LGHD GH TXH PXFKRV FRPtDQ
GRVYHFHV\HQPiVGHXQDRFDVLyQTXLVRGHVDKRJDUVHHQLPSURSHULRVGHYHUGXOHUDSRUTXHDOJ~Q
FRPHQVDO FRQIXQGLGR OH SHGtD OD FXHQWD +DEtD SDVDGR PiV GH XQ DxR GHVGH OD YLVLWD GH 0U
+HUEHUW \ OR ~QLFR TXH VH VDEtD HUD TXH ORV JULQJRV SHQVDEDQ VHPEUDU EDQDQR HQ OD UHJLyQ
HQFDQWDGD TXH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD \ VXV KRPEUHV KDEtDQ DWUDYHVDGR EXVFDQGR OD UXWD GH ORV
JUDQGHV LQYHQWRV 2WURV GRV KLMRV GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD FRQ VX FUX] GH FHQL]D HQ OD
IUHQWHOOHJDURQDUUDVWUDGRVSRUDTXHOHUXFWRYROFiQLFR\MXVWLILFDURQVXGHWHUPLQDFLyQFRQXQD
IUDVHTXHWDOYH]H[SOLFDEDODVUD]RQHVGHWRGRV
1RVRWURVYHQLPRVGLMHURQSRUTXHWRGRHOPXQGRYLHQH
5HPHGLRVODEHOODIXHOD~QLFDTXHSHUPDQHFLyLQPXQHDODSHVWHGHOEDQDQR6HHVWDQFyHQ
XQDDGROHVFHQFLDPDJQtILFDFDGDYH]PiVLPSHUPHDEOHDORVIRUPDOLVPRVPiVLQGLIHUHQWHDOD

PDOLFLD\ODVXVSLFDFLDIHOL]HQXQPXQGRSURSLRGHUHDOLGDGHVVLPSOHV1RHQWHQGtDSRUTXpODV
PXMHUHVVHFRPSOLFDEDQODYLGDFRQFRUSLxRV\SROOHULQHVGHPRGRTXHVHFRVLyXQEDODQGUiQGH
FDxDPD]RTXHVHQFLOODPHQWHVHPHWtDSRUODFDEH]D\UHVROYtDVLQPiVWUiPLWHVHOSUREOHPDGHO
YHVWLUVLQTXLWDUOHODLPSUHVLyQGHHVWDUGHVQXGDTXHVHJ~QHOODHQWHQGtDODVFRVDVHUDOD~QLFD
IRUPDGHFHQWHGHHVWDUHQFDVD/DPROHVWDURQWDQWRSDUDTXHVHFRUWDUDHOFDEHOORGHOOXYLDTXH
\D OH GDED D ODV SDQWRUULOODV \ SDUD TXH VH KLFLHUD PRxRV FRQ SHLQHWDV \ WUHQ]DV FRQ OD]RV
FRORUDGRVTXHVLPSOHPHQWHVHUDSyODFDEH]D\OHVKL]RSHOXFDVDORVVDQWRV/RDVRPEURVRGH
VX LQVWLQWR VLPSOLILFDGRU HUD TXH PLHQWUDV PiV VH GHVHPEDUD]DED GH OD PRGD EXVFDQGR OD
FRPRGLGDG \ PLHQWUDV PiV SDVDED SRU HQFLPD GH ORV FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPRV HQ REHGLHQFLD D OD
HVSRQWDQHLGDG PiV SHUWXUEDGRUD UHVXOWDED VX EHOOH]D LQFUHtEOH \ PiV SURYRFDGRU VX
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRFRQORVKRPEUHV&XDQGRORVKLMRVGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDHVWXYLHURQSRU
SULPHUD YH] HQ 0DFRQGR UVXOD UHFRUGy TXH OOHYDEDQ HQ ODV YHQDV OD PLVPD VDQJUH GH OD
ELVQLHWD \ VH HVWUHPHFLy FRQ XQ HVSDQWR ROYLGDGR $EUH ELHQ ORV RMRV OD SUHYLQR &RQ
FXDOTXLHUD GH HOORV ORV KLMRV WH VDOGUiQ FRQ FROD GH SXHUFR (OOD KL]R WDQ SRFR FDVR GH OD
DGYHUWHQFLDTXHVHYLVWLyGHKRPEUH\VHUHYROFyHQDUHQDSDUDVXELUVHHQODFXFDxD\HVWXYRD
SXQWR GH RFDVLRQDU XQD WUDJHGLD HQWUH ORV GLHFLVLHWH SULPRV WUDVWRUQDGRV SRU HO LQVRSRUWDEOH
HVSHFWiFXOR(UDSRUHVRTXHQLQJXQRGHHOORVGRUPtDHQODFDVDFXDQGRYLVLWDEDQHOSXHEOR\ORV
FXDWUR TXH VH KDEtDQ TXHGDGR YLYtDQ SRU GLVSRVLFLyQ GH UVXOD HQ FXDUWRV GH DOTXLOHU 6LQ
HPEDUJR5HPHGLRVODEHOODVHKDEUtDPXHUWRGHULVDVLKXELHUDFRQRFLGRDTXHOODSUHFDXFLyQ
+DVWDHO~OWLPRLQVWDQWHHQTXHHVWXYRHQODWLHUUDLJQRUyTXHVXLUUHSDUDEOHGHVWLQRGHKHPEUD
SHUWXUEDGRUDHUDXQGHVDVWUHFRWLGLDQR&DGDYH]TXHDSDUHFtDHQHOFRPHGRUFRQWUDULDQGRODV
yUGHQHV GH UVXOD RFDVLRQDED XQ SiQLFR GH H[DVSHUDFLyQ HQWUH ORV IRUDVWHURV (UD GHPDVLDGR
HYLGHQWHTXHHVWDEDGHVQXGDSRUFRPSOHWREDMRHOEXUGRFDPLVyQ\QDGLHSRGtDHQWHQGHUTXHVX
FUiQHRSHODGR\SHUIHFWRQRHUDXQGHVDItR\TXHQRHUDXQDFULPLQDOSURYRFDFLyQHOGHVFDURFRQ
TXH VH GHVFXEUtD ORV PXVORV SDUD TXLWDUVH HO FDORU \ HO JXVWR FRQ TXH VH FKXSDED ORV GHGRV
GHVSXpVGHFRPHUFRQODVPDQRV/RTXHQLQJ~QPLHPEURGHODIDPLOLDVXSRQXQFDIXHTXHORV
IRUDVWHURV QR WDUGDURQ HQ GDUVH FXHQWD GH TXH 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD VROWDED XQ KiOLWR GH
SHUWXUEDFLyQXQDUiIDJDGHWRUPHQWRTXHVHJXtDVLHQGRSHUFHSWLEOHYDULDVKRUDVGHVSXpVGHTXH
HOOD KDEtD SDVDGR +RPEUHV H[SHUWRV HQ WUDVWRUQRV GH DPRU SUREDGRV HQ HO PXQGR HQWHUR
DILUPDEDQQRKDEHUSDGHFLGRMDPiVXQDDQVLHGDGVHPHMDQWHDODTXHSURGXFtDHORORUQDWXUDOGH
5HPHGLRVODEHOOD(QHOFRUUHGRUGHODVEHJRQLDVHQODVDODGHYLVLWDVHQFXDOTXLHUOXJDUGHOD
FDVDSRGtDVHxDODUVHHOOXJDUH[DFWRHQTXHHVWXYR\HOWLHPSRWUDQVFXUULGRGHVGHTXHGHMyGH
HVWDU(UDXQUDVWURGHILQLGRLQFRQIXQGLEOHTXHQDGLHGHODFDVDSRGtDGLVWLQJXLUSRUTXHHVWDED
LQFRUSRUDGR GHVGH KDFtD PXFKR WLHPSR D ORV RORUHV FRWLGLDQRV SHUR TXH ORV IRUDVWHURV
LGHQWLILFDEDQGHLQPHGLDWR3RUHVRHUDQHOORVORV~QLFRVTXHHQWHQGtDQTXHHOMRYHQFRPDQGDQWH
GHODJXDUGLDVHKXELHUDPXHUWRGHDPRU\TXHXQFDEDOOHURYHQLGRGHRWUDVWLHUUDVVHKXELHUD
HFKDGRDODGHVHVSHUDFLyQ,QFRQVFLHQWHGHOiPELWRLQTXLHWDQWHHQTXHVHPRYtDGHOLQVRSRUWDEOH
HVWDGRGHtQWLPDFDODPLGDGTXHSURYRFDEDDVXSDVR5HPHGLRVODEHOODWUDWDEDDORVKRPEUHV
VLQODPHQRUPDOLFLD\DFDEDEDGHWUDVWRUQDUORVFRQVXVLQRFHQWHVFRPSODFHQFLDV&XDQGRUVXOD

71

ORJUy LPSRQHU OD RUGHQ GH TXH FRPLHUD FRQ $PDUDQWD HQ OD FRFLQD SDUD TXH QR OD YLHUDQ ORV
IRUDVWHURVHOODVHVLQWLyPiVFyPRGDSRUTXHDOILQ\DOFDERTXHGDEDDVDOYRGHWRGDGLVFLSOLQD
(QUHDOLGDGOHGDEDORPLVPRFRPHUHQFXDOTXLHUSDUWH\QRDKRUDVILMDVVLQRGHDFXHUGRFRQ
ODVDOWHUQDWLYDVGHVXDSHWLWR$YHFHVVHOHYDQWDEDDDOPRU]DUDODVWUHVGHODPDGUXJDGDGRUPtD
WRGRHOGtD\SDVDEDYDULRVPHVHVFRQORVKRUDULRVWUDVWRFDGRVKDVWDTXHDOJ~QLQFLGHQWHFDVXDO
YROYtD D SRQHUOD HQ RUGHQ &XDQGR ODV FRVDV DQGDEDQ PHMRU VH OHYDQWDED D ODV RQFH GH OD
PDxDQD \ VH HQFHUUDED KDVWD GRV KRUDV FRPSOHWDPHQWH GHVQXGD HQ HO EDxR PDWDQGR DODFUDQHV
PLHQWUDVVHGHVSHMDEDGHOGHQVR\SURORQJDGRVXHxR/XHJRVHHFKDEDDJXDGHODDOEHUFDFRQXQD
WRWXPD (UD XQ DFWR WDQ SURORQJDGR WDQ PHWLFXORVR WDQ ULFR HQ VLWXDFLRQHV FHUHPRQLDOHV TXH
TXLHQQRODFRQRFLHUDELHQKDEUtDSRGLGRSHQVDUTXHHVWDEDHQWUHJDGDDXQDPHUHFLGDDGRUDFLyQ
GHVXSURSLRFXHUSR3DUDHOODVLQHPEDUJRDTXHOULWRVROLWDULRFDUHFtDGHWRGDVHQVXDOLGDG\
HUD VLPSOHPHQWH XQD PDQHUD GH SHUGHU HO WLHPSR PLHQWUDV OH GDED KDPEUH 8Q GtD FXDQGR
HPSH]DED D EDxDUVH XQ IRUDVWHUR OHYDQWy XQD WHMD GHO WHFKR \ VH TXHGy VLQ DOLHQWR DQWH HO
WUHPHQGRHVSHFWiFXORGHVXGHVQXGH](OODYLRORVRMRVGHVRODGRVDWUDYpVGHODVWHMDVURWDV\QR
WXYRXQDUHDFFLyQGHYHUJHQ]DVLQRGHDODUPD
&XLGDGRH[FODPy6HYDDFDHU
1DGDPiVTXLHURYHUODPXUPXUyHOIRUDVWHUR
$KEXHQRGLMRHOOD3HURWHQJDFXLGDGRTXHHVDVWHMDVHVWiQSRGULGDV
(OURVWURGHOIRUDVWHURWHQtDXQDGRORURVDH[SUHVLyQGHHVWXSRU\SDUHFtDEDWDOODUVRUGDPHQWH
FRQWUDVXVLPSXOVRVSULPDULRVSDUDQRGLVLSDUHOHVSHMLVPR5HPHGLRVODEHOODSHQVyTXHHVWDED
VXIULHQGRFRQHOWHPRUGHTXHVHURPSLHUDQODVWHMDV\VHEDxyPiVGHSULVDTXHGHFRVWXPEUH
SDUDTXHHOKRPEUHQRVLJXLHUDHQSHOLJUR0LHQWUDVVHHFKDEDDJXDGHODDOEHUFDOHGLMRTXHHUD
XQSUREOHPDTXHHOWHFKRHVWXYLHUDHQHVHHVWDGRSXHVHOODFUHtDTXHODFDPDGHKRMDVSRGULGDV
SRUODOOXYLDHUDORTXHOOHQDEDHOEDxRGHDODFUDQHV(OIRUDVWHURFRQIXQGLyDTXHOODFKiFKDUDFRQ
XQDIRUPDGHGLVLPXODUODFRPSODFHQFLDGHPRGRTXHFXDQGRHOODHPSH]yDMDERQDUVHFHGLyDOD
WHQWDFLyQGHGDUXQSDVRDGHODQWH
'pMHPHMDERQDUODPXUPXUy
/HDJUDGH]FRODEXHQDLQWHQFLyQGLMRHOODSHURPHEDVWRFRQPLVGRVPDQRV
$XQTXHVHDODHVSDOGDVXSOLFyHOIRUDVWHUR
6HUtDXQDRFLRVLGDGGLMRHOOD1XQFDVHKDYLVWRTXHODJHQWHVHMDERQHODHVSDOGD
'HVSXpVPLHQWUDVVHVHFDEDHOIRUDVWHUROHVXSOLFyFRQORVRMRVOOHQRVGHOiJULPDVTXHVH
FDVDUDFRQpO(OODOHFRQWHVWyVLQFHUDPHQWHTXHQXQFDVHFDVDUtDFRQXQKRPEUHWDQVLPSOHTXH
SHUGtDFDVLXQDKRUD\KDVWDVHTXHGDEDVLQDOPRU]DUVyORSRUYHUEDxDUVHDXQDPXMHU$OILQDO
FXDQGRVHSXVRHOEDODQGUiQHOKRPEUHQRSXGRVRSRUWDUODFRPSUREDFLyQGHTXHHQHIHFWRQRVH
SRQtD QDGD GHEDMR FRPR WRGR HO PXQGR VRVSHFKDED \ VH VLQWLy PDUFDGR SDUD VLHPSUH FRQ HO
KLHUURDUGLHQWHGHDTXHOVHFUHWR(QWRQFHVTXLWyGRVWHMDVPiVSDUDGHVFROJDUVHHQHOLQWHULRUGHO
EDxR
(VWiPX\DOWRORSUHYLQRHOODDVXVWDGD6HYDDPDWDU
/DVWHMDVSRGULGDVVHGHVSHGD]DURQHQXQHVWUpSLWRGHGHVDVWUH\HOKRPEUHDSHQDVDOFDQ]yD

ODQ]DU XQ JULWR GH WHUURU \ VH URPSLy HO FUiQHR \ PXULy VLQ DJRQtD HQ HO SLVR GH FHPHQWR /RV
IRUDVWHURV TXH R\HURQ HO HVWURSLFLR HQ HO FRPHGRU \ VH DSUHVXUDURQ D OOHYDUVH HO FDGiYHU
SHUFLELHURQHQVXSLHOHOVRIRFDQWHRORUGH5HPHGLRVODEHOOD(VWDEDWDQFRPSHQHWUDGRFRQHO
FXHUSR TXH ODV JULHWDV GHO FUiQHR QR PDQDEDQ VDQJUH VLQR XQ DFHLWH DPEDULQR LPSUHJQDGR GH
DTXHO SHUIXPH VHFUHWR \ HQWRQFHV FRPSUHQGLHURQ TXH HO RORU GH 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD VHJXtD
WRUWXUDQGRDORVKRPEUHVPiVDOOiGHODPXHUWHKDVWDHOSROYRGHVXVKXHVRV6LQHPEDUJRQR
UHODFLRQDURQ DTXHO DFFLGHQWH GH KRUURU FRQ ORV RWURV GRV KRPEUHV TXH KDEtDQ PXHUWR SRU
5HPHGLRVODEHOOD)DOWDEDWRGDYtDXQDYtFWLPDSDUDTXHORVIRUDVWHURV\PXFKRVGHORVDQWLJXRV
KDELWDQWHV GH 0DFRQGR GLHUDQ FUpGLWR D OD OH\HQGD GH TXH 5HPHGLRV %XHQGtD QR H[KDODED XQ
DOLHQWRGHDPRUVLQRXQIOXMRPRUWDO/DRFDVLyQGHFRPSUREDUORVHSUHVHQWyPHVHVGHVSXpVXQD
WDUGHHQTXH5HPHGLRVODEHOODIXHFRQXQJUXSRGHDPLJDVDFRQRFHUODVQXHYDVSODQWDFLRQHV
3DUD OD JHQWH GH 0DFRQGR HUD XQD GLVWUDFFLyQ UHFLHQWH UHFRUUHU ODV K~PHGDV H LQWHUPLQDEOHV
DYHQLGDVERUGHDGDVGHEDQDQRVGRQGHHOVLOHQFLRSDUHFtDOOHYDGRGHRWUDSDUWHWRGDYtDVLQXVDU
\HUDSRUHVRWDQWRUSHSDUDWUDQVPLWLUODYR]$YHFHVQRVHHQWHQGtDPX\ELHQORGLFKRDPHGLR
PHWUR GH GLVWDQFLD \ VLQ HPEDUJR UHVXOWDED SHUIHFWDPHQWH FRPSUHQVLEOH DO RWUR H[WUHPR GH OD
SODQWDFLyQ 3DUD ODV PXFKDFKDV GH 0DFRQGR DTXHO MXHJR QRYHGRVR HUD PRWLYR GH ULVDV \
VREUHVDOWRVGHVXVWRV\EXUODV\SRUODVQRFKHVVHKDEODEDGHOSDVHRFRPRGHXQDH[SHULHQFLD
GH VXHxR (UD WDO HO SUHVWLJLR GH DTXHO VLOHQFLR TXH UVXOD QR WXYR FRUD]yQ SDUD SULYDU GH OD
GLYHUVLyQD5HPHGLRVODEHOOD\OHSHUPLWLyLUXQDWDUGHVLHPSUHTXHVHSXVLHUDXQVRPEUHUR\
XQWUDMHDGHFXDGR'HVGHTXHHOJUXSRGHDPLJDVHQWUyHQODSODQWDFLyQHODLUHVHLPSUHJQyGH
XQDIUDJDQFLDPRUWDO/RVKRPEUHVTXHWUDEDMDEDQHQODV]DQMDVVHVLQWLHURQSRVHtGRVSRUXQDUDUD
IDVFLQDFLyQDPHQD]DGRVSRUXQSHOLJURLQYLVLEOH\PXFKRVVXFXPELHURQDORVWHUULEOHVGHVHRV
GHOORUDU5HPHGLRVODEHOOD\VXVHVSDQWDGDVDPLJDVORJUDURQUHIXJLDUVHHQXQDFDVDSUy[LPD
FXDQGRHVWDEDQDSXQWRGHVHUDVDOWDGDVSRUXQWURSHOGHPDFKRVIHURFHV3RFRGHVSXpVIXHURQ
UHVFDWDGDVSRUORVFXDWUR$XUHOLDQRVFX\DVFUXFHVGHFHQL]DLQIXQGtDQXQUHVSHWRVDJUDGRFRPR
VLIXHUDQXQDPDUFDGHFDVWDXQVHOORGHLQYXOQHUDELOLGDG5HPHGLRVODEHOODQROHFRQWyDQDGLH
TXHXQRGHORVKRPEUHVDSURYHFKDQGRHOWXPXOWROHDOFDQ]yDDJUHGLUHOYLHQWUHFRQXQDPDQR
TXHPiVELHQSDUHFtDXQDJDUUDGHiJXLODDIHUUiQGRVHDOERUGHGHXQSUHFLSLFLR(OODVHHQIUHQWy
DO DJUHVRU HQ XQD HVSHFLH GH GHVOXPEUDPLHQWR LQVWDQWiQHR \ YLR ORV RMRV GHVFRQVRODGRV TXH
TXHGDURQLPSUHVRVHQVXFRUD]yQFRPRXQDEUDVDGHOiVWLPD(VDQRFKHHOKRPEUHVHMDFWyGHVX
DXGDFLD\SUHVXPLyGHVXVXHUWHHQOD&DOOHGHORV7XUFRVPLQXWRVDQWHVGHTXHODSDWDGDGHXQ
FDEDOOROHGHVWUR]DUDHOSHFKR\XQDPXFKHGXPEUHGHIRUDVWHURVORYLHUDDJRQL]DUHQPLWDGGHOD
FDOOHDKRJiQGRVHHQYyPLWRVGHVDQJUH
/D VXSRVLFLyQ GH TXH 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD SRVHtD SRGHUHV GH PXHUWH HVWDED HQWRQFHV
VXVWHQWDGD SRU FXDWUR KHFKRV LUUHEDWLEOHV $XQTXH DOJXQRV KRPEUHV OLJHURV GH SDODEUD VH
FRPSODFtDQHQGHFLUTXHELHQYDOtDVDFULILFDUODYLGDSRUXQDQRFKHGHDPRUFRQWDQFRQWXUEDGRUD
PXMHUODYHUGDGIXHTXHQLQJXQRKL]RHVIXHU]RVSRUFRQVHJXLUOR7DOYH]QRVyORSDUDUHQGLUOD
VLQRWDPELpQSDUDFRQMXUDUVXVSHOLJURVKDEUtDEDVWDGRFRQXQVHQWLPLHQWRWDQSULPLWLYR\VLPSOH
FRPRHODPRUSHURHVRIXHOR~QLFRTXHQRVHOHRFXUULyDQDGLHUVXODQRYROYLyDRFXSDUVHGH

72

HOOD (Q RWUD pSRFD FXDQGR WRGDYtD QR UHQXQFLDED DO SURSyVLWR GH VDOYDUOD SDUD HO PXQGR
SURFXUyTXHVHLQWHUHVDUDSRUORVDVXQWRVHOHPHQWDOHVGHODFDVD/RVKRPEUHVSLGHQPiVGHOR
TXHW~FUHHVOHGHFtDHQLJPiWLFDPHQWH+D\PXFKRTXHFRFLQDUPXFKRTXHEDUUHUPXFKRTXH
VXIULUSRUSHTXHxHFHVDGHPiVGHORTXHFUHHV(QHOIRQGRVHHQJDxDEDDVtPLVPDWUDWDQGRGH
DGLHVWUDUOD SDUD OD IHOLFLGDG GRPpVWLFD SRUTXH HVWDED FRQYHQFLGD GH TXH XQD YH] VDWLVIHFKD OD
SDVLyQQRKDEtDXQKRPEUHVREUHODWLHUUDFDSD]GHVRSRUWDUDVtIXHUDSRUXQGtDXQDQHJOLJHQFLD
TXH HVWDED PiV DOOi GH WRGD FRPSUHQVLyQ (O QDFLPLHQWR GHO ~OWLPR -RVp $UFDGLR \ VX
LQTXHEUDQWDEOH YROXQWDG GH HGXFDUOR SDUD 3DSD WHUPLQDURQ SRU KDFHUOD GHVLVWLU GH VXV
SUHRFXSDFLRQHV SRU OD ELVQLHWD /D DEDQGRQy D VX VXHUWH FRQILDQGR TXH WDUGH R WHPSUDQR
RFXUULHUDXQPLODJUR\TXHHQHVWHPXQGRGRQGHKDEtDGHWRGRKXELHUDWDPELpQXQKRPEUHFRQ
VXILFLHQWHFDFKD]DSDUDFDUJDUFRQHOOD<DGHVGHPXFKRDQWHV$PDUDQWDKDEtDUHQXQFLDGRDWRGD
WHQWDWLYD GH FRQYHUWLUOD HQ XQD PXMHU ~WLO 'HVGH ODV WDUGHV ROYLGDGDV GHO FRVWXUHUR FXDQGR OD
VREULQDDSHQDVVHLQWHUHVDEDSRUGDUOHYXHOWDDODPDQLYHODGHODPiTXLQDGHFRVHUOOHJyDOD
FRQFOXVLyQ VLPSOH GH TXH HUD ERED 9DPRV D WHQHU TXH ULIDUWH OH GHFtD SHUSOHMD DQWH VX
LPSHUPHDELOLGDG D OD SDODEUD GH ORV KRPEUHV 0iV WDUGH FXDQGR UVXOD VH HPSHxy HQ TXH
5HPHGLRVODEHOODDVLVWLHUDDPLVDFRQODFDUDFXELHUWDFRQXQDPDQWLOOD$PDUDQWDSHQVyTXH
DTXHOUHFXUVRPLVWHULRVRUHVXOWDUtDWDQSURYRFDGRUTXHPX\SURQWRKDEUtDXQKRPEUHOREDVWDQWH
LQWULJDGRFRPRSDUDEXVFDUFRQSDFLHQFLDHOSXQWRGpELOGHVXFRUD]yQ3HURFXDQGRYLRODIRUPD
LQVHQVDWDHQTXHGHVSUHFLyDXQSUHWHQGLHQWHTXHSRUPXFKRVPRWLYRVHUDPiVDSHWHFLEOHTXHXQ
SUtQFLSH UHQXQFLy D WRGD HVSHUDQ]D )HUQDQGD QR KL]R VLTXLHUD OD WHQWDWLYD GH FRPSUHQGHUOD
&XDQGRYLRD5HPHGLRVODEHOODYHVWLGDGHUHLQDHQHOFDUQDYDOVDQJULHQWRSHQVyTXHHUDXQD
FULDWXUDH[WUDRUGLQDULD3HURFXDQGRODYLRFRPLHQGRFRQODVPDQRVLQFDSD]GHGDUXQDUHVSXHVWD
TXH QR IXHUD XQ SURGLJLR GH VLPSOLFLGDG OR ~QLFR TXH ODPHQWy IXH TXH ORV ERERV GH IDPLOLD
WXYLHUDQ XQD YLGD WDQ ODUJD $ SHVDU GH TXH HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD VHJXtD FUH\HQGR \
UHSLWLHQGRTXH5HPHGLRVODEHOODHUDHQUHDOLGDGHOVHUPiVO~FLGRTXHKDEtDFRQRFLGRMDPiV\
TXH OR GHPRVWUDED D FDGD PRPHQWR FRQ VX DVRPEURVD KDELOLGDG SDUD EXUODUVH GH WRGRV OD
DEDQGRQDURQ D OD EXHQD GH 'LRV 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD VH TXHGy YDJDQGR SRU HO GHVLHUWR GH OD
VROHGDG VLQ FUXFHV D FXHVWDV PDGXUiQGRVH HQ VXV VXHxRV VLQ SHVDGLOODV HQ VXV EDxRV
LQWHUPLQDEOHVHQVXVFRPLGDVVLQKRUDULRVHQVXVKRQGRV\SURORQJDGRVVLOHQFLRVVLQUHFXHUGRV
KDVWDXQDWDUGHGHPDU]RHQTXH)HUQDQGDTXLVRGREODUHQHOMDUGtQVXVViEDQDVGHEUDPDQWH\
SLGLy D\XGD D ODV PXMHUHV GH OD FDVD $SHQDV KDEtDQ HPSH]DGR FXDQGR $PDUDQWD DGYLUWLy TXH
5HPHGLRVODEHOODHVWDEDWUDQVSDUHQWDGDSRUXQDSDOLGH]LQWHQVD
7HVLHQWHVPDO"OHSUHJXQWy
5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD TXH WHQtD DJDUUDGD OD ViEDQD SRU RWUR H[WUHPR KL]R XQD VRQULVD GH
OiVWLPD
$OFRQWUDULRGLMRQXQFDPHKHVHQWLGRPHMRU
$FDEy GH GHFLUOR FXDQGR )HUQDQGD VLQWLy TXH XQ GHOLFDGR YLHQWR GH OX] OH DUUDQFy ODV
ViEDQDVGHODVPDQRV\ODVGHVSOHJyHQWRGDVXDPSOLWXG$PDUDQWDVLQWLyXQWHPEORUPLVWHULRVR
HQORVHQFDMHVGHVXVSROOHULQHV\WUDWyGHDJDUUDUVHGHODViEDQDSDUDQRFDHUHQHOLQVWDQWHHQ

TXH 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD HPSH]DED D HOHYDUVH UVXOD \D FDVL FLHJD IXH OD ~QLFD TXH WXYR
VHUHQLGDGSDUDLGHQWLILFDUODQDWXUDOH]DGHDTXHOYLHQWRLUUHSDUDEOH\GHMyODVViEDQDVDPHUFHG
GH OD OX] YLHQGR D 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD TXH OH GHFtD DGLyV FRQ OD PDQR HQWUH HO GHVOXPEUDQWH
DOHWHRGHODVViEDQDVTXHVXEtDQFRQHOODTXHDEDQGRQDEDQFRQHOODHODLUHGHORVHVFDUDEDMRV\
ODV GDOLDV \ SDVDEDQ FRQ HOOD D WUDYpV GHO DLUH GRQGH WHUPLQDEDQ ODV FXDWUR GH OD WDUGH \ VH
SHUGLHURQFRQHOODSDUDVLHPSUHHQORVDOWRVDLUHVGRQGHQRSRGtDQDOFDQ]DUODQLORVPiVDOWRV
SiMDURVGHODPHPRULD
/RVIRUDVWHURVSRUVXSXHVWRSHQVDURQTXH5HPHGLRVODEHOODKDEtDVXFXPELGRSRUILQDVX
LUUHYRFDEOHGHVWLQRGHDEHMDUHLQD\TXHVXIDPLOLDWUDWDEDGHVDOYDUODKRQUDFRQODSDWUDxDGHOD
OHYLWDFLyQ)HUQDQGDPRUGLGDSRUODHQYLGLDWHUPLQySRUDFHSWDUHOSURGLJLR\GXUDQWHPXFKR
WLHPSRVLJXLyURJDQGRD'LRVTXHOHGHYROYLHUDODVViEDQDV/DPD\RUtDFUH\yHQHOPLODJUR\
KDVWDVHHQFHQGLHURQYHODV\VHUH]DURQQRYHQDULRV7DOYH]QRVHKXELHUDYXHOWRDKDEODUGHRWUD
FRVD HQ PXFKR WLHPSR VL HO EiUEDUR H[WHUPLQLR GH ORV $XUHOLDQRV QR KXELHUD VXVWLWXLGR HO
DVRPEUR SRU HO HVSDQWR $XQTXH QXQFD OR LGHQWLILFy FRPR XQ SUHVDJLR HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtDKDEtDSUHYLVWRHQFLHUWRPRGRHOWUiJLFRILQDOGHVXVKLMRV&XDQGR$XUHOLDQR6HUUDGRU\
$XUHOLDQR $UFD\D ORV GRV TXH OOHJDURQ HQ HO WXPXOWR PDQLIHVWDURQ OD YROXQWDG GH TXHGDUVH HQ
0DFRQGR VX SDGUH WUDWy GH GLVXDGLUORV 1R HQWHQGtD TXp LEDQ D KDFHU HQ XQ SXHEOR TXH GH OD
QRFKH D OD PDxDQD VH KDEtD FRQYHUWLGR HQ XQ OXJDU GH SHOLJUR 3HUR $XUHOLDQR &HQWHQR \
$XUHOLDQR 7ULVWH DSR\DGRV SRU $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR OHV GLHURQ WUDEDMR HQ VXV HPSUHVDV (O
FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD WHQtD PRWLYRV WRGDYtD PX\ FRQIXVRV SDUD QR SDWURFLQDU DTXHOOD
GHWHUPLQDFLyQ'HVGHTXHYLRDOVHxRU%URZQHQHOSULPHUDXWRPyYLOTXHOOHJyD0DFRQGRXQ
FRQYHUWLEOHDQDUDQMDGRFRQXQDFRUQHWDTXHHVSDQWDEDDORVSHUURVFRQVXVODGULGRVHOYLHMR
JXHUUHURVHLQGLJQyFRQORVVHUYLOHVDVSDYLHQWRVGHODJHQWH\VHGLRFXHQWDGHTXHDOJRKDEtD
FDPELDGRHQODtQGROHGHORVKRPEUHVGHVGHORVWLHPSRVHQTXHDEDQGRQDEDQPXMHUHVHKLMRV\VH
HFKDEDQ XQD HVFRSHWD DO KRPEUR SDUD LUVH D OD JXHUUD /DV DXWRULGDGHV ORFDOHV GHVSXpV GHO
DUPLVWLFLR GH 1HHUODQGLD HUDQ DOFDOGHV VLQ LQLFLDWLYD MXHFHV GHFRUDWLYRV HVFRJLGRV HQWUH ORV
SDFtILFRV \ FDQVDGRV FRQVHUYDGRUHV GH 0DFRQGR (VWH HV XQ UpJLPHQ GH SREUHV GLDEORV
FRPHQWDEDHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDFXDQGRYHtDSDVDUDORVSROLFtDVGHVFDO]RVDUPDGRVGH
EROLOORV GH SDOR +LFLPRV WDQWDV JXHUUDV \ WRGR SDUD TXH QR QRV SLQWDUDQ OD FDVD GH D]XO
&XDQGROOHJyODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDVLQHPEDUJRORVIXQFLRQDULRVORFDOHVIXHURQVXVWLWXLGRVSRU
IRUDVWHURVDXWRULWDULRVTXHHOVHxRU%URZQVHOOHYyDYLYLUHQHOJDOOLQHURHOHFWULILFDGRSDUDTXH
JR]DUDQ VHJ~Q H[SOLFy GH OD GLJQLGDG TXH FRUUHVSRQGtD D VX LQYHVWLGXUD \ QR SDGHFLHUDQ HO
FDORU \ ORV PRVTXLWRV \ ODV LQFRQWDEOHV LQFRPRGLGDGHV \ SULYDFLRQHV GHO SXHEOR /RV DQWLJXRV
SROLFtDV IXHURQ UHHPSOD]DGRV SRU VLFDULRV GH PDFKHWHV (QFHUUDGR HQ HO WDOOHU HO FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDSHQVDEDHQHVWRVFDPELRV\SRUSULPHUDYH]HQVXVFDOODGRVDxRVGHVROHGDG
ORDWRUPHQWyODGHILQLGDFHUWLGXPEUHGHTXHKDEtDVLGRXQHUURUQRSURVHJXLUODJXHUUDKDVWDVXV
~OWLPDVFRQVHFXHQFLDV3RUHVRVGtDVXQKHUPDQRGHOROYLGDGRFRURQHO0DJQtILFR9LVEDOOOHYyVX
QLHWRGHVLHWHDxRVDWRPDUXQUHIUHVFRHQORVFDUULWRVGHODSOD]D\SRUTXHHOQLxRWURSH]ySRU
DFFLGHQWHFRQXQFDERGHODSROLFtD\OHGHUUDPyHOUHIUHVFRHQHOXQLIRUPHHOEiUEDURORKL]R

73

SLFDGLOORDPDFKHWD]RV\GHFDSLWyGHXQWDMRDODEXHORTXHWUDWyGHLPSHGLUOR7RGRHOSXHEORYLR
SDVDUDOGHFDSLWDGRFXDQGRXQJUXSRGHKRPEUHVOROOHYDEDDVXFDVD\ODFDEH]DDUUDVWUDGDTXH
XQDPXMHUOOHYDEDFRJLGDSRUHOSHOR\HOWDOHJRHQVDQJUHQWDGRGRQGHKDEtDQPHWLGRORVSHGD]RV
GHOQLxR
3DUD HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD IXH HO OtPLWH GH OD H[SLDFLyQ 6H HQFRQWUy GH SURQWR
SDGHFLHQGRODPLVPDLQGLJQDFLyQTXHVLQWLyHQODMXYHQWXGIUHQWHDOFDGiYHUGHODPXMHUTXHIXH
PXHUWDDSDORVSRUTXHODPRUGLyXQSHUURFRQPDOGHUDELD0LUyDORVJUXSRVGHFXULRVRVTXH
HVWDEDQIUHQWHDODFDVD\FRQVXDQWLJXDYR]HVWHQWyUHDUHVWDXUDGDSRUXQKRQGRGHVSUHFLRFRQWUD
VtPLVPROHVHFKyHQFLPDODFDUJDGHRGLRTXH\DQRSRGtDVRSRUWDUHQHOFRUD]yQ
8QGtDGHHVWRVJULWyYR\DDUPDUDPLVPXFKDFKRVSDUDTXHDFDEHQFRQHVWRVJULQJRV
GHPLHUGD
(Q HO FXUVR GH HVD VHPDQD SRU GLVWLQWRV OXJDUHV GHO OLWRUDO VXV GLHFLVLHWH KLMRV IXHURQ
FD]DGRVFRPRFRQHMRVSRUFULPLQDOHVLQYLVLEOHVTXHDSXQWDURQDOFHQWURGHVXVFUXFHVGHFHQL]D
$XUHOLDQR7ULVWHVDOtDGHODFDVDGHVXPDGUHDODVVLHWHGHODQRFKHFXDQGRXQGLVSDURGHIXVLO
VXUJLGRGHODRVFXULGDGOHSHUIRUyODIUHQWH$XUHOLDQR&HQWHQRIXHHQFRQWUDGRHQODKDPDFDTXH
VROtD FROJDU HQ OD IiEULFD FRQ XQ SXQ]yQ GH SLFDU KLHOR FODYDGR KDVWD OD HPSXxDGXUD HQWUH ODV
FHMDV$XUHOLDQR6HUUDGRUKDEtDGHMDGRDVXQRYLDHQFDVDGHVXVSDGUHVGHVSXpVGHOOHYDUODDO
FLQH\UHJUHVDEDSRUODLOXPLQDGD&DOOHGHORV7XUFRVFXDQGRDOJXLHQTXHQXQFDIXHLGHQWLILFDGR
HQWUHODPXFKHGXPEUHGLVSDUyXQWLURGHUHYyOYHUTXHORGHUULEyGHQWURGHXQFDOGHURGHPDQWHFD
KLUYLHQGR3RFRVPLQXWRVGHVSXpVDOJXLHQOODPyDODSXHUWDGHOFXDUWRGRQGH$XUHOLDQR$UFD\D
HVWDED HQFHUUDGR FRQ XQD PXMHU \ OH JULWy $S~UDWH TXH HVWiQ PDWDQGR D WXV KHUPDQRV /D
PXMHUTXHHVWDEDFRQpOFRQWyGHVSXpVTXH$XUHOLDQR$UFD\DVDOWyGHODFDPD\DEULyODSXHUWD\
IXHHVSHUDGRFRQXQDGHVFDUJDGHPiXVHUTXHOHGHVEDUDWyHOFUiQHR$TXHOODQRFKHGHPXHUWH
PLHQWUDVODFDVDVHSUHSDUDEDSDUDYHODUORVFXDWURFDGiYHUHV)HUQDQGDUHFRUULyHOSXHEORFRPR
XQDORFDEXVFDQGRD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRDTXLHQ3HWUD&RWHVHQFHUUyHQXQURSHURFUH\HQGRTXH
ODFRQVLJQDGHH[WHUPLQLRLQFOXtDDWRGRHOTXHOOHYDUDHOQRPEUHGHOFRURQHO1ROHGHMyVDOLU
KDVWDHOFXDUWRGtDFXDQGRORVWHOHJUDPDVUHFLELGRVGHGLVWLQWRVOXJDUHVGHOOLWRUDOSHUPLWLHURQ
FRPSUHQGHU TXH OD VDxD GHO HQHPLJR LQYLVLEOH HVWDED GLULJLGD VRODPHQWH FRQWUD ORV KHUPDQRV
PDUFDGRV FRQ FUXFHV GH FHQL]D $PDUDQWD EXVFy OD OLEUHWD GH FXHQWDV GRQGH KDEtD DQRWDGR ORV
GDWRVGHORVVREULQRV\DPHGLGDTXHOOHJDEDQORVWHOHJUDPDVLEDWDFKDQGRQRPEUHVKDVWDTXH
VyOR TXHGy HO GHO PD\RU /R UHFRUGDEDQ PX\ ELHQ SRU HO FRQWUDVWH GH VX SLHO RVFXUD FRQ ORV
JUDQGHVRMRVYHUGHV6HOODPDED$XUHOLDQR$PDGRUHUDFDUSLQWHUR\YLYtDHQXQSXHEORSHUGLGR
HQ ODV HVWULEDFLRQHV GH OD VLHUUD 'HVSXpV GH HVSHUDU GRV VHPDQDV HO WHOHJUDPD GH VX PXHUWH
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGROHPDQGyXQHPLVDULRSDUDSUHYHQLUORSHQVDQGRTXHLJQRUDEDODDPHQD]DTXH
SHVDEDVREUHpO(OHPLVDULRUHJUHVyFRQODQRWLFLDGHTXH$XUHOLDQR$PDGRUHVWDEDDVDOYR/D
QRFKH GHO H[WHUPLQLR KDEtDQ LGR D EXVFDUOR GRV KRPEUHV D VX FDVD \ KDEtDQ GHVFDUJDGR VXV
UHYyOYHUHV FRQWUD pO SHUR QR OH KDEtDQ DFHUWDGR D OD FUX] GH FHQL]D $XUHOLDQR $PDGRU ORJUy
VDOWDUODFHUFDGHOSDWLR\VHSHUGLyHQORVODEHULQWRVGHODVLHUUDTXHFRQRFtDSDOPRDSDOPR
JUDFLDVDODDPLVWDGGHORVLQGLRVFRQTXLHQHVFRPHUFLDEDHQPDGHUDV1RKDEtDYXHOWRDVDEHUVH

GHpO
)XHURQ GtDV QHJURV SDUD HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD (O SUHVLGHQWH GH OD UHS~EOLFD OH
GLULJLy XQ WHOHJUDPD GH SpVDPH HQ HO TXH SURPHWtD XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ H[KDXVWLYD \ UHQGtD
KRPHQDMH D ORV PXHUWRV 3RU RUGHQ VX\D HO DOFDOGH VH SUHVHQWy DO HQWLHUUR FRQ FXDWUR FRURQDV
I~QHEUHVTXHSUHWHQGLyFRORFDUVREUHORVDWD~GHVSHURHOFRURQHOORSXVRHQODFDOOH'HVSXpV
GHO HQWLHUUR UHGDFWy \ OOHYy SHUVRQDOPHQWH XQ WHOHJUDPD YLROHQWR SDUD HO SUHVLGHQWH GH OD
UHS~EOLFDTXHHOWHOHJUDILVWDVHQHJyDWUDPLWDU(QWRQFHVORHQULTXHFLyFRQWpUPLQRVGHVLQJXODU
DJUHVLYLGDGORPHWLyHQXQVREUH\ORSXVRDOFRUUHR&RPROHKDEtDRFXUULGRFRQODPXHUWHGHVX
HVSRVDFRPRWDQWDVYHFHVOHRFXUULyGXUDQWHODJXHUUDFRQODPXHUWHGHVXVPHMRUHVDPLJRVQR
H[SHULPHQWDED XQ VHQWLPLHQWR GH SHVDU VLQR XQD UDELD FLHJD \ VLQ GLUHFFLyQ XQD H[WHQXDQWH
LPSRWHQFLD/OHJyKDVWDGHQXQFLDUODFRPSOLFLGDGGHOSDGUH$QWRQLR,VDEHOSRUKDEHUPDUFDGRD
VXV KLMRV FRQ FHQL]D LQGHOHEOH SDUD TXH IXHUDQ LGHQWLILFDGRV SRU VXV HQHPLJRV (O GHFUpSLWR
VDFHUGRWHTXH\DQRKLOYDQDEDPX\ELHQODVLGHDV\HPSH]DEDDHVSDQWDUDORVIHOLJUHVHVFRQODV
GLVSDUDWDGDV LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV TXH LQWHQWDED HQ HO S~OSLWR DSDUHFLy XQD WDUGH HQ OD FDVD FRQ HO
WD]yQGRQGHSUHSDUDEDODVFHQL]DVGHOPLpUFROHV\WUDWyGHXQJLUFRQHOODVDWRGDODIDPLOLDSDUD
GHPRVWUDUTXHVHTXLWDEDQFRQDJXD3HURHOHVSDQWRGHODGHVJUDFLDKDEtDFDODGRWDQKRQGRTXH
QLODPLVPD)HUQDQGDVHSUHVWyDOH[SHULPHQWR\QXQFDPiVVHYLRXQ%XHQGtDDUURGLOODGRHQHO
FRPXOJDWRULRHOPLpUFROHVGHFHQL]D
(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDQRORJUyUHFREUDUODVHUHQLGDGHQPXFKRWLHPSR$EDQGRQyOD
IDEULFDFLyQGHSHVFDGLWRVFRPtDDGXUDVSHQDV\DQGDEDFRPRXQVRQiPEXORSRUWRGDODFDVD
DUUDVWUDQGR OD PDQWD \ PDVWLFDQGR XQD FyOHUD VRUGD $O FDER GH WUHV PHVHV WHQtD HO SHOR
FHQLFLHQWRHODQWLJXRELJRWHGHSXQWDVHQJRPDGDVFKRUUHDQGRVREUHORVODELRVVLQFRORUSHURHQ
FDPELRVXVRMRVHUDQRWUDYH]ODVGRVEUDVDVTXHDVXVWDURQDTXLHQHVORYLHURQQDFHU\TXHHQ
RWUR WLHPSR KDFtDQ URGDU ODV VLOODV FRQ VyOR PLUDUODV (Q OD IXULD GH VX WRUPHQWR WUDWDED
LQ~WLOPHQWHGHSURYRFDUORVSUHVDJLRVTXHJXLDURQVXMXYHQWXGSRUVHQGHURVGHSHOLJURKDVWDHO
GHVRODGR \HUPR GH OD JORULD (VWDED SHUGLGR H[WUDYLDGR HQ XQD FDVD DMHQD GRQGH \D QDGD QL
QDGLHOHVXVFLWDEDHOPHQRUYHVWLJLRGHDIHFWR8QDYH]DEULyHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHVEXVFDQGR
ORV UDVWURV GH XQ SDVDGR DQWHULRU D OD JXHUUD \ VyOR HQFRQWUy ORV HVFRPEURV OD EDVXUD ORV
PRQWRQHVGHSRUTXHUtDDFXPXODGRVSRUWDQWRVDxRVGHDEDQGRQR(QODVSDVWDVGHORVOLEURVTXH
QDGLHKDEtDYXHOWRDOHHUHQORVYLHMRVSHUJDPLQRVPDFHUDGRVSRUODKXPHGDGKDEtDSURVSHUDGR
XQD IORUD OtYLGD \ HQ HO DLUH TXH KDEtD VLGR HO PiV SXUR \ OXPLQRVR GH OD FDVD IORWDED XQ
LQVRSRUWDEOHRORUGHUHFXHUGRVSRGULGRV8QDPDxDQDHQFRQWUyDUVXODOORUDQGREDMRHOFDVWDxR
HQODVURGLOODVGHVXHVSRVRPXHUWR(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDHUDHO~QLFRKDELWDQWHGHOD
FDVDTXHQRVHJXtDYLHQGRDOSRWHQWHDQFLDQRDJRELDGRSRUPHGLRVLJORGHLQWHPSHULH6DOXGDD
WXSDGUHOHGLMRUVXODeOVHGHWXYRXQLQVWDQWHIUHQWHDOFDVWDxR\XQDYH]PiVFRPSUREyTXH
WDPSRFRDTXHOHVSDFLRYDFtROHVXVFLWDEDQLQJ~QDIHFWR
4XpGLFH"SUHJXQWy
(VWiPX\WULVWHFRQWHVWyUVXODSRUTXHFUHHTXHWHYDVDPRULU
'tJDOHVRQULyHOFRURQHOTXHXQRQRVHPXHUHFXDQGRGHEHVLQRFXDQGRSXHGH

74

(OSUHVDJLRGHOSDGUHPXHUWRUHPRYLyHO~OWLPRUHVFROGRGHVREHUELDTXHOHTXHGDEDHQHO
FRUD]yQSHURpOORFRQIXQGLyFRQXQUHSHQWLQRVRSORGHIXHU]D)XHSRUHVRTXHDVHGLyDUVXOD
SDUD TXH OH UHYHODUD HQ TXp OXJDU GHO SDWLR HVWDEDQ HQWHUUDGDV ODV PRQHGDV GH RUR TXH
HQFRQWUDURQ GHQWUR GHO 6DQ -RVp GH \HVR 1XQFD OR VDEUiV OH GLMR HOOD FRQ XQD ILUPH]D
LQVSLUDGDHQXQYLHMRHVFDUPLHQWR8QGtDDJUHJyKDGHDSDUHFHUHOGXHxRGHHVDIRUWXQD\
VyOR pO SRGUi GHVHQWHUUDUOD 1DGLH VDEtD SRU TXp XQ KRPEUH TXH VLHPSUH IXH WDQ GHVSUHQGLGR
KDEtDHPSH]DGRDFRGLFLDUHOGLQHURFRQVHPHMDQWHDQVLHGDG\QRODVPRGHVWDVFDQWLGDGHVTXHOH
KDEUtDQEDVWDGRSDUDUHVROYHUXQDHPHUJHQFLDVLQRXQDIRUWXQDGHPDJQLWXGHVGHVDWLQDGDVFX\D
VRODPHQFLyQGHMyVXPLGRHQXQPDUGHDVRPEURD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR/RVYLHMRVFRSDUWLGDULRVD
TXLHQHVDFXGLyHQGHPDQGDGHD\XGDVHHVFRQGLHURQSDUDQRUHFLELUOR)XHSRUHVDpSRFDTXHVH
OHR\yGHFLU/D~QLFDGLIHUHQFLDDFWXDOHQWUHOLEHUDOHV\FRQVHUYDGRUHVHVTXHORVOLEHUDOHVYDQ
DPLVDGHFLQFR\ORVFRQVHUYDGRUHVYDQDPLVDGHRFKR6LQHPEDUJRLQVLVWLyFRQWDQWRDKtQFR
VXSOLFyGHWDOPRGRTXHEUDQWyDWDOSXQWRVXVSULQFLSLRVGHGLJQLGDGTXHFRQXQSRFRGHDTXt\
RWURSRFRGHDOOiGHVOL]iQGRVHSRUWRGDVSDUWHVFRQXQDGLOLJHQFLDVLJLORVD\XQDSHUVHYHUDQFLD
GHVSLDGDGDFRQVLJXLyUHXQLUHQRFKRPHVHVPiVGLQHURGHOTXHUVXODWHQtDHQWHUUDGR(QWRQFHV
YLVLWyDOHQIHUPRFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]SDUDTXHORD\XGDUDDSURPRYHUODJXHUUDWRWDO
(Q XQ FLHUWR PRPHQWR HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] HUD HQ YHUGDG HO ~QLFR TXH KDEUtD
SRGLGR PRYHU DXQ GHVGH VX PHFHGRU GH SDUDOtWLFR ORV HQPRKHFLGRV KLORV GH OD UHEHOLyQ
'HVSXpVGHODUPLVWLFLRGH1HHUODQGLDPLHQWUDVHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDVHUHIXJLDEDHQHO
H[LOLR GH VXV SHVFDGLWRV GH RUR pO VH PDQWXYR HQ FRQWDFWR FRQ ORV RILFLDOHV UHEHOGHV TXH OH
IXHURQILHOHVKDVWDODGHUURWD+L]RFRQHOORVODJXHUUDWULVWHGHODKXPLOODFLyQFRWLGLDQDGHODV
V~SOLFDV\ORVPHPRULDOHVGHOYXHOYDPDxDQDGHO\DFDVLGHOHVWDPRVHVWXGLDQGRVXFDVRFRQOD
GHELGDDWHQFLyQODJXHUUDSHUGLGDVLQUHPHGLRFRQWUDORVPX\DWHQWRV\VHJXURVVHUYLGRUHVTXH
GHEtDQ DVLJQDU \ QR DVLJQDURQ QXQFD ODV SHQVLRQHV YLWDOLFLDV /D RWUD JXHUUD OD VDQJULHQWD GH
YHLQWH DxRV QR OHV FDXVy WDQWRV HVWUDJRV FRPR OD JXHUUD FRUURVLYD GHO HWHUQR DSOD]DPLHQWR (O
SURSLR FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] TXH HVFDSy D WUHV DWHQWDGRV VREUHYLYLy D FLQFR KHULGDV \
VDOLy LOHVR GH LQFRQWDEOHV EDWDOODV VXFXPELy DO DVHGLR DWUR] GH OD HVSHUD \ VH KXQGLy HQ OD
GHUURWD PLVHUDEOH GH OD YHMH] SHQVDQGR HQ $PDUDQWD HQWUH ORV URPERV GH OX] GH XQD FDVD
SUHVWDGD /RV ~OWLPRV YHWHUDQRV GH TXLHQHV VH WXYR QRWLFLD DSDUHFLHURQ UHWUDWDGRV HQ XQ
SHULyGLFRFRQODFDUDOHYDQWDGDGHLQGLJQLGDGMXQWRDXQDQyQLPRSUHVLGHQWHGHODUHS~EOLFDTXH
OHVUHJDOyXQRVERWRQHVFRQVXHILJLHSDUDTXHORVXVDUDQHQODVRODSD\OHVUHVWLWX\yXQDEDQGHUD
VXFLDGHVDQJUH\GHSyOYRUDSDUDTXHODSXVLHUDQVREUHVXVDWD~GHV/RVRWURVORVPiVGLJQRV
WRGDYtD HVSHUDEDQ XQD FDUWD HQ OD SHQXPEUD GH OD FDULGDG S~EOLFD PXULpQGRVH GH KDPEUH
VREUHYLYLHQGRGHUDELDSXGULpQGRVHGHYLHMRVHQODH[TXLVLWDPLHUGDGHODJORULD'HPRGRTXH
FXDQGRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDORLQYLWyDSURPRYHUXQDFRQIODJUDFLyQPRUWDOTXHDUUDVDUD
FRQ WRGR YHVWLJLR GH XQ UpJLPHQ GH FRUUXSFLyQ \ GH HVFiQGDOR VRVWHQLGR SRU HO LQYDVRU
H[WUDQMHURHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]QRSXGRUHSULPLUXQHVWUHPHFLPLHQWRGHFRPSDVLyQ
$\$XUHOLDQRVXVSLUy\DVDEtDTXHHVWDEDVYLHMRSHURDKRUDPHGR\FXHQWDTXHHVWiV
PXFKRPiVYLHMRGHORTXHSDUHFHV

(Q HO DWXUGLPLHQWR GH ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV UVXOD KDEtD GLVSXHVWR GH PX\ HVFDVDV WUHJXDV SDUD
DWHQGHUDODIRUPDFLyQSDSDOGH-RVp$UFDGLRFXDQGRpVWHWXYRTXHVHUSUHSDUDGRDODVYRODQGDV
SDUDLUVHDOVHPLQDULR0HPHVXKHUPDQDUHSDUWLGDHQWUHODULJLGH]GH)HUQDQGD\ODVDPDUJXUDV
GH $PDUDQWD OOHJy FDVL DO PLVPR WLHPSR D OD HGDG SUHYLVWD SDUD PDQGDUOD DO FROHJLR GH ODV
PRQMDV GRQGH KDUtDQ GH HOOD XQD YLUWXRVD GHO FODYLFRUGLR UVXOD VH VHQWtD DWRUPHQWDGD SRU
JUDYHV GXGDV DFHUFD GH OD HILFDFLD GH ORV PpWRGRV FRQ TXH KDEtD WHPSODGR HO HVStULWX GHO
OiQJXLGRDSUHQGL]GH6XPR3RQWtILFHSHURQROHHFKDEDODFXOSDDVXWUDVWDELOODQWHYHMH]QLDORV
QXEDUURQHV TXH DSHQDV OH SHUPLWtDQ YLVOXPEUDU HO FRQWRUQR GH ODV FRVDV VLQR D DOJR TXH HOOD
PLVPD QR ORJUDED GHILQLU SHUR TXH FRQFHEtD FRQIXVDPHQWH FRPR XQ SURJUHVLYR GHVJDVWH GHO
WLHPSR /RV DxRV GH DKRUD \D QR YLHQHQ FRPR ORV GH DQWHV VROtD GHFLU VLQWLHQGR TXH OD
UHDOLGDGFRWLGLDQDVHOHHVFDSDEDGHODVPDQRV$QWHVSHQVDEDORVQLxRVWDUGDEDQPXFKRSDUD
FUHFHU 1R KDEtD VLQR TXH UHFRUGDU WRGR HO WLHPSR TXH VH QHFHVLWy SDUD TXH -RVp $UFDGLR HO
PD\RU VH IXHUD FRQ ORV JLWDQRV \ WRGR OR TXH RFXUULy DQWHV GH TXH YROYLHUD SLQWDGR FRPR XQD
FXOHEUD \ KDEODQGR FRPR XQ DVWUyQRPR \ ODV FRVDV TXH RFXUULHURQ HQ OD FDVD DQWHV GH TXH
$PDUDQWD\$UFDGLRROYLGDUDQODOHQJXDGHORVLQGLRV\DSUHQGLHUDQHOFDVWHOODQR+DEtDTXHYHU
ODV GH VRO \ VHUHQR TXH VRSRUWy HO SREUH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD EDMR HO FDVWDxR \ WRGR OR TXH
KXERTXHOORUDUVXPXHUWHDQWHVGHTXHOOHYDUDQPRULEXQGRDXQFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDTXH
GHVSXpVGHWDQWDJXHUUD\GHVSXpVGHWDQWRVXIULUSRUpOD~QQRFXPSOtDFLQFXHQWDDxRV(QRWUD
pSRFDGHVSXpVGHSDVDUWRGRHOGtDKDFLHQGRDQLPDOLWRVGHFDUDPHORWRGDYtDOHVREUDEDWLHPSR
SDUDRFXSDUVHGHORVQLxRVSDUDYHUOHVHQHOEODQFRGHORMRTXHHVWDEDQQHFHVLWDQGRXQDSyFLPD
GHDFHLWHGHULFLQR(QFDPELRDKRUDFXDQGRQRWHQtDQDGDTXHKDFHU\DQGDEDFRQ-RVp$UFDGLR
DFDEDOODGR HQ OD FDGHUD GHVGH HO DPDQHFHU KDVWD OD QRFKH OD PDOD FODVH GHO WLHPSR OH KDEtD
REOLJDGRDGHMDUODVFRVDVDPHGLDV/DYHUGDGHUDTXHUVXODVHUHVLVWtDDHQYHMHFHUDXQFXDQGR
\DKDEtDSHUGLGRODFXHQWDGHVXHGDG\HVWRUEDEDSRUWRGRVODGRV\WUDWDEDGHPHWHUVHHQWRGR
\ IDVWLGLDED D ORV IRUDVWHURV FRQ OD SUHJXQWDGHUD GH VL QR KDEtDQ GHMDGR HQ OD FDVD SRU ORV
WLHPSRVGHODJXHUUDXQ6DQ-RVpGH\HVRSDUDTXHORJXDUGDUDQPLHQWUDVSDVDEDODOOXYLD1DGLH
VXSRDFLHQFLDFLHUWDFXiQGRHPSH]yDSHUGHUODYLVWD7RGDYtDHQVXV~OWLPRVDxRVFXDQGR\DQR
SRGtD OHYDQWDUVH GH OD FDPD SDUHFtD VLPSOHPHQWH TXH HVWDED YHQFLGD SRU OD GHFUHSLWXG SHUR
QDGLH GHVFXEULy TXH HVWXYLHUD FLHJD (OOD OR KDEtD QRWDGR GHVGH DQWHV GHO QDFLPLHQWR GH -RVp

75

$UFDGLR$OSULQFLSLRFUH\yTXHVHWUDWDEDGHXQDGHELOLGDGWUDQVLWRULD\WRPDEDDHVFRQGLGDV
MDUDEHGHWXpWDQR\VHHFKDEDPLHOGHDEHMDHQORVRMRVSHURPX\SURQWRVHIXHFRQYHQFLHQGRGH
TXHVHKXQGtDVLQUHPHGLRHQODVWLQLHEODVKDVWDHOSXQWRGHTXHQXQFDWXYRXQDQRFLyQPX\FODUD
GHO LQYHQWR GH OD OX] HOpFWULFD SRUTXH FXDQGR LQVWDODURQ ORV SULPHURV IRFRV VyOR DOFDQ]y D
SHUFLELUHOUHVSODQGRU1RVHORGLMRDQDGLHSXHVKDEUtDVLGRXQUHFRQRFLPLHQWRS~EOLFRGHVX
LQXWLOLGDG6HHPSHxyHQXQFDOODGRDSUHQGL]DMHGHODVGLVWDQFLDVGHODVFRVDV\GHODVYRFHVGH
ODJHQWHSDUDVHJXLUYLHQGRFRQODPHPRULDFXDQGR\DQRVHORSHUPLWLHUDQODVVRPEUDVGHODV
FDWDUDWDV0iVWDUGHKDEtDGHGHVFXEULUHODX[LOLRLPSUHYLVWRGHORVRORUHVTXHVHGHILQLHURQHQ
ODVWLQLHEODVFRQXQDIXHU]DPXFKRPiVFRQYLQFHQWHTXHORVYRO~PHQHV\HOFRORU\ODVDOYDURQ
GHILQLWLYDPHQWH GH OD YHUJHQ]D GH XQD UHQXQFLD (Q OD RVFXULGDG GHO FXDUWR SRGtD HQVDUWDU OD
DJXMD \ WHMHU XQ RMDO \ VDEtD FXiQGR HVWDED OD OHFKH D SXQWR GH KHUYLU &RQRFLy FRQ WDQWD
VHJXULGDGHOOXJDUHQTXHVHHQFRQWUDEDFDGDFRVDTXHHOODPLVPDVHROYLGDEDDYHFHVGHTXH
HVWDED FLHJD (Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ )HUQDQGD DOERURWy OD FDVD SRUTXH KDEtD SHUGLGR VX DQLOOR
PDWULPRQLDO \ UVXOD OR HQFRQWUy HQ XQD UHSLVD GHO GRUPLWRULR GH ORV QLxRV 6HQFLOODPHQWH
PLHQWUDV ORV RWURV DQGDEDQ GHVFXLGDGDPHQWH SRU WRGRV ODGRV HOOD ORV YLJLODED FRQ VXV FXDWUR
VHQWLGRVSDUDTXHQXQFDODWRPDUDQSRUVRUSUHVD\DOFDERGHDOJ~QWLHPSRGHVFXEULyTXHFDGD
PLHPEURGHODIDPLOLDUHSHWtDWRGRVORVGtDVVLQGDUVHFXHQWDORVPLVPRVUHFRUULGRVORVPLVPRV
DFWRV \ TXH FDVL UHSHWtD ODV PLVPDV SDODEUDV D OD PLVPD KRUD 6yOR FXDQGR VH VDOtDQ GH HVD
PHWLFXORVD UXWLQD FRUUtDQ HO ULHVJR GH SHUGHU DOJR 'H PRGR TXH FXDQGR R\y D )HUQDQGD
FRQVWHUQDGDSRUTXHKDEtDSHUGLGRHODQLOORUVXODUHFRUGyTXHOR~QLFRGLVWLQWRTXHKDEtDKHFKR
DTXHO GtD HUD DVROHDU ODV HVWHUDV GH ORV QLxRV SRUTXH 0HPH KDEtD GHVFXELHUWR XQD FKLQFKH OD
QRFKHDQWHULRU&RPRORVQLxRVDVLVWLHURQDODOLPSLH]DUVXODSHQVyTXH)HUQDQGDKDEtDSXHVWR
HODQLOORHQHO~QLFROXJDUHQTXHHOORVQRSRGtDQDOFDQ]DUORODUHSLVD)HUQDQGDHQFDPELROR
EXVFy ~QLFDPHQWH HQ ORV WUD\HFWRV GH VX LWLQHUDULR FRWLGLDQR VLQ VDEHU TXH OD E~VTXHGD GH ODV
FRVDVSHUGLGDVHVWiHQWRUSHFLGDSRUORVKiELWRVUXWLQDULRV\HVSRUHVRTXHFXHVWDWDQWRWUDEDMR
HQFRQWUDUODV
/DFULDQ]DGH-RVp$UFDGLRD\XGyDUVXODHQODWDUHDDJRWDGRUDGHPDQWHQHUVHDOFRUULHQWH
GHORVPtQLPRVFDPELRVGHODFDVD&XDQGRVHGDEDFXHQWDGHTXH$PDUDQWDHVWDEDYLVWLHQGRD
ORVVDQWRVGHOGRUPLWRULRILQJtDTXHOHHQVHxDEDDOQLxRODVGLIHUHQFLDVGHORVFRORUHV
9DPRVDYHUOHGHFtDFXpQWDPHGHTXpFRORUHVWiYHVWLGR6DQ5DIDHO$UFiQJHO
(QHVDIRUPDHOQLxROHGDEDODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHOHQHJDEDQVXVRMRV\PXFKRDQWHVGHTXHpO
VHIXHUDDOVHPLQDULR\DSRGtDUVXODGLVWLQJXLUSRUODWH[WXUDORVGLVWLQWRVFRORUHVGHODURSDGH
ORVVDQWRV$YHFHVRFXUUtDQDFFLGHQWHVLPSUHYLVWRV8QDWDUGHHVWDED$PDUDQWDERUGDQGRHQHO
FRUUHGRUGHODVEHJRQLDV\UVXODWURSH]yFRQHOOD
3RUHODPRUGH'LRVSURWHVWy$PDUDQWDItMHVHSRUGyQGHFDPLQD
(UHVW~GLMRUVXODODTXHHVWiVVHQWDGDGRQGHQRGHEHVHU
3DUD HOOD HUD FLHUWR 3HUR DTXHO GtD HPSH]y D GDUVH FXHQWD GH DOJR TXH QDGLH KDEtD
GHVFXELHUWR \ HUD TXH HQ HO WUDQVFXUVR GHO DxR HO VRO LED FDPELDQGR LPSHUFHSWLEOHPHQWH GH
SRVLFLyQ\TXLHQHVVHVHQWDEDQHQHOFRUUHGRUWHQtDQTXHLUFDPELDQGRGHOXJDUSRFRDSRFR\VLQ

DGYHUWLUOR$SDUWLUGHHQWRQFHVUVXODQRWHQtDVLQRTXHUHFRUGDUODIHFKDSDUDFRQRFHUHOOXJDU
H[DFWR HQ TXH HVWDED VHQWDGD $PDUDQWD $XQTXH HO WHPEORU GH ODV PDQRV HUD FDGD YH] PiV
SHUFHSWLEOH\QRSRGtDFRQHOSHVRGHORVSLHVQXQFDVHYLRVXPHQXGLWDILJXUDHQWDQWRVOXJDUHV
DOPLVPRWLHPSR(UDFDVLWDQGLOLJHQWHFRPRFXDQGROOHYDEDHQFLPDWRGRHOSHVRGHODFDVD6LQ
HPEDUJRHQODLPSHQHWUDEOHVROHGDGGHODGHFUHSLWXGGLVSXVRGHWDOFODULYLGHQFLDSDUDH[DPLQDU
KDVWDORVPiVLQVLJQLILFDQWHVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVGHODIDPLOLDTXHSRUSULPHUDYH]YLRFRQFODULGDG
ODV YHUGDGHV TXH VXV RFXSDFLRQHV GH RWUR WLHPSR OH KDEtDQ LPSHGLGR YHU 3RU OD pSRFD HQ TXH
SUHSDUDEDQD-RVp$UFDGLRSDUDHOVHPLQDULR\DKDEtDKHFKRXQDUHFDSLWXODFLyQLQILQLWHVLPDOGH
ODYLGDGHODFDVDGHVGHODIXQGDFLyQGH0DFRQGR\KDEtDFDPELDGRSRUFRPSOHWRODRSLQLyQTXH
VLHPSUH WXYR GH VXV GHVFHQGLHQWHV 6H GLR FXHQWD GH TXH HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD QR OH
KDEtD SHUGLGR HO FDULxR D OD IDPLOLD D FDXVD GHO HQGXUHFLPLHQWR GH OD JXHUUD FRPR HOOD FUHtD
DQWHVVLQRTXHQXQFDKDEtDTXHULGRDQDGLHQLVLTXLHUDDVXHVSRVD5HPHGLRVRDODVLQFRQWDEOHV
PXMHUHV GH XQD QRFKH TXH SDVDURQ SRU VX YLGD \ PXFKR PHQRV D VXV KLMRV 9LVOXPEUy TXH QR
KDEtD KHFKR WDQWDV JXHUUDV SRU LGHDOLVPR FRPR WRGR HO PXQGR FUHtD QL KDEtD UHQXQFLDGR SRU
FDQVDQFLR D OD YLFWRULD LQPLQHQWH FRPR WRGR HO PXQGR FUHtD VLQR TXH KDEtD JDQDGR \ SHUGLGR
SRUHOPLVPRPRWLYRSRUSXUD\SHFDPLQRVDVREHUELD/OHJyDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXHDTXHOKLMR
SRU TXLHQ HOOD KDEUtD GDGR OD YLGD HUD VLPSOHPHQWH XQ KRPEUH LQFDSDFLWDGR SDUD HO DPRU 8QD
QRFKHFXDQGRORWHQtDHQHOYLHQWUHORR\yOORUDU)XHXQODPHQWRWDQGHILQLGRTXH-RVp$UFDGLR
%XHQGtD GHVSHUWy D VX ODGR \ VH DOHJUy FRQ OD LGHD GH TXH HO QLxR LED D VHU YHQWUtORFXR 2WUDV
SHUVRQDVSURQRVWLFDURQTXHVHUtDDGLYLQR(OODHQFDPELRVHHVWUHPHFLyFRQODFHUWLGXPEUHGH
TXHDTXHOEUDPLGRSURIXQGRHUDXQSULPHULQGLFLRGHODWHPLEOHFRODGHFHUGR\URJyD'LRVTXH
OHGHMDUDPRULUODFULDWXUDHQHOYLHQWUH3HURODOXFLGH]GHODGHFUHSLWXGOHSHUPLWLyYHU\DVtOR
UHSLWLy PXFKDV YHFHV TXH HO OODQWR GH ORV QLxRV HQ HO YLHQWUH GH OD PDGUH QR HV XQ DQXQFLR GH
YHQWULORTXtDQLGHIDFXOWDGDGLYLQDWRULDVLQRXQDVHxDOLQHTXtYRFDGHLQFDSDFLGDGSDUDHODPRU
$TXHOODGHVYDORUL]DFLyQGHODLPDJHQGHOKLMROHVXVFLWyGHXQJROSHWRGDODFRPSDVLyQTXHOH
HVWDED GHELHQGR $PDUDQWD HQ FDPELR FX\D GXUH]D GH FRUD]yQ OD HVSDQWDED FX\D FRQFHQWUDGD
DPDUJXUDODDPDUJDEDVHOHHVFODUHFLyHQHO~OWLPRH[DPHQFRPRODPXMHUPiVWLHUQDTXHKDEtD
H[LVWLGR MDPiV \ FRPSUHQGLy FRQ XQD ODVWLPRVD FODULYLGHQFLD TXH ODV LQMXVWDV WRUWXUDV D TXH
KDEtD VRPHWLGR D 3LHWUR &UHVSL QR HUDQ GLFWDGDV SRU XQD YROXQWDG GH YHQJDQ]D FRPR WRGR HO
PXQGR FUHtD QL HO OHQWR PDUWLULR FRQ TXH IUXVWUy OD YLGD GHO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] KDEtD
VLGR GHWHUPLQDGR SRU OD PDOD KLHO GH VX DPDUJXUD FRPR WRGR HO PXQGR FUHtD VLQR TXH DPEDV
DFFLRQHVKDEtDQVLGRXQDOXFKDDPXHUWHHQWUHXQDPRUVLQPHGLGDV\XQDFREDUGtDLQYHQFLEOH\
KDEtD WULXQIDGR ILQDOPHQWH HO PLHGR LUUDFLRQDO TXH $PDUDQWD OH WXYR VLHPSUH D VX SURSLR \
DWRUPHQWDGRFRUD]yQ)XHSRUHVDpSRFDTXHUVXODHPSH]yDQRPEUDUD5HEHFDDHYRFDUODFRQ
XQ YLHMR FDULxR H[DOWDGR SRU HO DUUHSHQWLPLHQWR WDUGtR \ OD DGPLUDFLyQ UHSHQWLQD KDELHQGR
FRPSUHQGLGRTXHVRODPHQWHHOOD5HEHFDODTXHQXQFDVHDOLPHQWyGHVXOHFKHVLQRGHODWLHUUD
GHODWLHUUD\ODFDOGHODVSDUHGHVODTXHQROOHYyHQODVYHQDVVDQJUHGHVXVYHQDVVLQRODVDQJUH
GHVFRQRFLGDGHORVGHVFRQRFLGRVFX\RVKXHVRVVHJXtDQFORTXHDQGRHQODWXPED5HEHFDODGHO
FRUD]yQ LPSDFLHQWH OD GHO YLHQWUH GHVDIRUDGR HUD OD ~QLFD TXH WXYR OD YDOHQWtD VLQ IUHQRV TXH

76

UVXODKDEtDGHVHDGRSDUDVXHVWLUSH
5HEHFDGHFtDWDQWHDQGRODVSDUHGHVTXpLQMXVWRVKHPRVVLGRFRQWLJR
(QODFDVDVHQFLOODPHQWHFUHtDQTXHGHVYDULDEDVREUHWRGRGHVGHTXHOHGLRSRUDQGDUFRQ
HOEUD]RGHUHFKROHYDQWDGRFRPRHODUFiQJHO*DEULHO)HUQDQGDVHGLRFXHQWDVLQHPEDUJRGH
TXH KDEtD XQ VRO GH FODULYLGHQFLD HQ ODV VRPEUDV GH HVH GHVYDUtR SXHV UVXOD SRGtD GHFLU VLQ
WLWXEHRVFXiQWRGLQHURVHKDEtDJDVWDGRHQODFDVDGXUDQWHHO~OWLPRDxR$PDUDQWDWXYRXQDLGHD
VHPHMDQWHFLHUWRGtDHQTXHVXPDGUHPHQHDEDHQODFRFLQDXQDROODGHVRSD\GLMRGHSURQWRVLQ
VDEHUTXHODHVWDEDQR\HQGRTXHHOPROLQRGHPDt]TXHOHFRPSUDURQDORVSULPHURVJLWDQRV\
TXHKDEtDGHVDSDUHFLGRGHVGHDQWHVGHTXH-RVp$UFDGLROHGLHUDVHVHQWD\FLQFRYHFHVODYXHOWD
DOPXQGRHVWDEDWRGDYtDHQFDVDGH3LODU7HUQHUD7DPELpQFDVLFHQWHQDULDSHURHQWHUD\iJLOD
SHVDU GH OD LQFRQFHELEOH JRUGXUD TXH HVSDQWDED D ORV QLxRV FRPR HQ RWUR WLHPSR VX ULVD
HVSDQWDEDDODVSDORPDV3LODU7HUQHUDQRVHVRUSUHQGLyGHODFLHUWRGHUVXODSRUTXHVXSURSLD
H[SHULHQFLD HPSH]DED D LQGLFDUOH TXH XQD YHMH] DOHUWD SXHGH VHU PiV DWLQDGD TXH ODV
DYHULJXDFLRQHVGHEDUDMDV
6LQ HPEDUJR FXDQGR UVXOD VH GLR FXHQWD GH TXH QR OH KDEtD DOFDQ]DGR HO WLHPSR SDUD
FRQVROLGDUODYRFDFLyQGH-RVp$UFDGLRVHGHMyDWXUGLUSRUODFRQVWHUQDFLyQ(PSH]yDFRPHWHU
HUURUHV WUDWDQGR GH YHU FRQ ORV RMRV ODV FRVDV TXH OD LQWXLFLyQ OH SHUPLWtD YHU FRQ PD\RU
FODULGDG8QDPDxDQDOHHFKyDOQLxRHQODFDEH]DHOFRQWHQLGRGHXQWLQWHURFUH\HQGRTXHHUD
DJXDGHIORULGD2FDVLRQyWDQWRVWURSLH]RVFRQODWHUTXHGDGGHLQWHUYHQLUHQWRGRTXHVHVLQWLy
WUDVWRUQDGD SRU UiIDJDV GH PDO KXPRU \ WUDWDED GH TXLWDUVH ODV WLQLHEODV TXH SRU ILQ OD HVWDEDQ
HQUHGDQGRFRPRXQFDPLVyQGHWHODUDxD)XHHQWRQFHVFXDQGRVHOHRFXUULyTXHVXWRUSH]DQRHUD
ODSULPHUDYLFWRULDGHODGHFUHSLWXG\ODRVFXULGDGVLQRXQDIDOODGHOWLHPSR3HQVDEDTXHDQWHV
FXDQGR'LRVQRKDFtDFRQORVPHVHV\ORVDxRVODVPLVPDVWUDPSDVTXHKDFtDQORVWXUFRVDOPHGLU
XQD\DUGDGHSHUFDOODVFRVDVHUDQGLIHUHQWHV$KRUDQRVyORFUHFtDQORVQLxRVPiVGHSULVDVLQR
TXH KDVWD ORV VHQWLPLHQWRV HYROXFLRQDEDQ GH RWUR PRGR 1R ELHQ 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD KDEtD
VXELGRDOFLHORHQFXHUSR\DOPD\\DODGHVFRQVLGHUDGD)HUQDQGDDQGDEDUHIXQIXxDQGRHQORV
ULQFRQHV SRUTXH VH KDEtD OOHYDGR ODV ViEDQDV 1R ELHQ VH KDEtDQ HQIULDGR ORV FXHUSRV GH ORV
$XUHOLDQRV HQ VXV WXPEDV \ \D $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR WHQtD RWUD YH] OD FDVD SUHQGLGD OOHQD GH
ERUUDFKRV TXH WRFDEDQ HO DFRUGHyQ \ VH HQVRSDEDQ HQ FKDPSDxD FRPR VL QR KXELHUDQ PXHUWR
FULVWLDQRV VLQR SHUURV \ FRPR VL DTXHOOD FDVD GH ORFRV TXH WDQWRV GRORUHV GH FDEH]D \ WDQWRV
DQLPDOLWRV GH FDUDPHOR KDEtD FRVWDGR HVWXYLHUD SUHGHVWLQDGD D FRQYHUWLUVH HQ XQ EDVXUHUR GH
SHUGLFLyQ 5HFRUGDQGR HVWDV FRVDV PLHQWUDV DOLVWDEDQ HO ED~O GH -RVp $UFDGLR UVXOD VH
SUHJXQWDED VL QR HUD SUHIHULEOH DFRVWDUVH GH XQD YH] HQ OD VHSXOWXUD \ TXH OH HFKDUDQ OD WLHUUD
HQFLPD\OHSUHJXQWDEDD'LRVVLQPLHGRVLGHYHUGDGFUHtDTXHODJHQWHHVWDEDKHFKDGHILHUUR
SDUDVRSRUWDUWDQWDVSHQDV\PRUWLILFDFLRQHV\SUHJXQWDQGR\SUHJXQWDQGRLEDDWL]DQGRVXSURSLD
RIXVFDFLyQ\VHQWtDXQRVLUUHSULPLEOHVGHVHRVGHVROWDUVHDGHVSRWULFDUFRPRXQIRUDVWHUR\GH
SHUPLWLUVH SRU ILQ XQ LQVWDQWH GH UHEHOGtD HO LQVWDQWH WDQWDV YHFHV DQKHODGR \ WDQWDV YHFHV
DSOD]DGRGHPHWHUVHODUHVLJQDFLyQSRUHOIXQGDPHQWR\FDJDUVHGHXQDYH]HQWRGR\VDFDUVHGHO
FRUD]yQ ORV LQILQLWRV PRQWRQHV GH PDODV SDODEUDV TXH KDEtD WHQLGR TXH DWUDJDQWDUVH HQ WRGR XQ

VLJORGHFRQIRUPLGDG
&DUDMRJULWy
$PDUDQWDTXHHPSH]DEDDPHWHUODURSDHQHOED~OFUH\yTXHODKDEtDSLFDGRXQDODFUiQ
'yQGHHVWi"SUHJXQWyDODUPDGD
4Xp"
(ODQLPDODFODUy$PDUDQWD
UVXODVHSXVRXQGHGRHQHOFRUD]yQ
$TXtGLMR
8QMXHYHVDODVGRVGHODWDUGH-RVp$UFDGLRVHIXHDOVHPLQDULRUVXODKDEtDGHHYRFDUOR
VLHPSUHFRPRORLPDJLQyDOGHVSHGLUOROiQJXLGR\VHULR\VLQGHUUDPDUXQDOiJULPDFRPRHOODOH
KDEtDHQVHxDGRDKRJiQGRVHGHFDORUGHQWURGHOYHVWLGRGHSDQDYHUGHFRQERWRQHVGHFREUH\XQ
OD]RDOPLGRQDGRHQHOFXHOOR'HMyHOFRPHGRULPSUHJQDGRGHODSHQHWUDQWHIUDJDQFLDGHDJXDGH
IORULGDTXHHOODOHHFKDEDHQODFDEH]DSDUDSRGHUVHJXLUVXUDVWURHQODFDVD0LHQWUDVGXUyHO
DOPXHU]RGHGHVSHGLGDODIDPLOLDGLVLPXOyHOQHUYLRVLVPRFRQH[SUHVLRQHVGHM~ELOR\FHOHEUy
FRQH[DJHUDGRHQWXVLDVPRODVRFXUUHQFLDVGHOSDGUH$QWRQLR,VDEHO3HURFXDQGRVHOOHYDURQHO
ED~O IRUUDGR GH WHUFLRSHOR FRQ HVTXLQDV GH SODWD IXH FRPR VL KXELHUDQ VDFDGR GH OD FDVD XQ
DWD~G(O~QLFRTXHVHQHJyDSDUWLFLSDUHQODGHVSHGLGDIXHHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
(VWDHUDOD~OWLPDYDLQDTXHQRVIDOWDEDUHIXQIXxyXQ3DSD
7UHVPHVHVGHVSXpV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR\)HUQDQGDOOHYDURQD0HPHDOFROHJLR\UHJUHVDURQ
FRQXQFODYLFRUGLRTXHRFXSyHOOXJDUGHODSLDQROD)XHSRUHVDpSRFDTXH$PDUDQWDHPSH]yD
WHMHU VX SURSLD PRUWDMD /D ILHEUH GHO EDQDQR VH KDEtD DSDFLJXDGR /RV DQWLJXRV KDELWDQWHV GH
0DFRQGR VH HQFRQWUDEDQ DUULQFRQDGRV SRU ORV DGYHQHGL]RV WUDEDMRVDPHQWH DVLGRV D VXV
SUHFDULRV UHFXUVRV GH DQWDxR SHUR UHFRQIRUWDGRV HQ WRGR FDVR SRU OD LPSUHVLyQ GH KDEHU
VREUHYLYLGRDXQQDXIUDJLR(QODFDVDVLJXLHURQUHFLELHQGRLQYLWDGRVDDOPRU]DU\HQUHDOLGDG
QRVHUHVWDEOHFLyODDQWLJXDUXWLQDPLHQWUDVQRVHIXHDxRVGHVSXpVODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD6LQ
HPEDUJRKXERFDPELRVUDGLFDOHVHQHOWUDGLFLRQDOVHQWLGRGHKRVSLWDOLGDGSRUTXHHQWRQFHVHUD
)HUQDQGDTXLHQLPSRQtDVXVOH\HV&RQUVXODUHOHJDGDDODVWLQLHEODV\FRQ$PDUDQWDDEVWUDtGD
HQ OD ODERU GHO VXGDULR OD DQWLJXD DSUHQGL]D GH UHLQD WXYR OLEHUWDG SDUD VHOHFFLRQDU D ORV
FRPHQVDOHVHLPSRQHUOHVODVUtJLGDVQRUPDVTXHOHLQFXOFDUDQVXVSDGUHV6XVHYHULGDGKL]RGHOD
FDVDXQUHGXFWRGHFRVWXPEUHVUHYHQLGDVHQXQSXHEORFRQYXOVLRQDGRSRUODYXOJDULGDGFRQTXH
ORVIRUDVWHURVGHVSLOIDUUDEDQVXVIiFLOHVIRUWXQDV3DUDHOODVLQPiVYXHOWDVODJHQWHGHELHQHUD
ODTXHQRWHQtDQDGDTXHYHUFRQODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD+DVWD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRVXFXxDGR
IXHYtFWLPDGHVXFHORGLVFULPLQDWRULRSRUTXHHQHOHPEXOODPLHQWRGHODSULPHUDKRUDYROYLyD
UHPDWDUVXVHVWXSHQGRVJDOORVGHSHOHD\VHHPSOHyGHFDSDWD]HQODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD
4XH QR YXHOYD D SLVDU HVWH KRJDU GLMR )HUQDQGD PLHQWUDV WHQJD OD VDUQD GH ORV
IRUDVWHURV
)XHWDOODHVWUHFKH]LPSXHVWDHQODFDVDTXH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHVLQWLyGHILQLWLYDPHQWHPiV
FyPRGRGRQGH3HWUD&RWHV3ULPHURFRQHOSUHWH[WRGHDOLYLDUOHODFDUJDDODHVSRVDWUDVODGy
ODVSDUUDQGDV/XHJRFRQHOSUHWH[WRGHTXHORVDQLPDOHVHVWDEDQSHUGLHQGRIHFXQGLGDGWUDVODGy

77

ORV HVWDEORV \ FDEDOOHUL]DV 3RU ~OWLPR FRQ HO SUHWH[WR GH TXH HQ FDVD GH OD FRQFXELQD KDFtD
PHQRV FDORU WUDVODGy OD SHTXHxD RILFLQD GRQGH DWHQGtD VXV QHJRFLRV &XDQGR )HUQDQGD VH GLR
FXHQWDGHTXHHUDXQDYLXGDDTXLHQWRGDYtDQRVHOHKDEtDPXHUWRHOPDULGR\DHUDGHPDVLDGR
WDUGHSDUDTXHODVFRVDVYROYLHUDQDVXHVWDGRDQWHULRU$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRDSHQDVVLFRPtDHQOD
FDVD \ ODV ~QLFDV DSDULHQFLDV TXH VHJXtD JXDUGDQGR FRPR ODV GH GRUPLU FRQ OD HVSRVD QR
EDVWDEDQSDUDFRQYHQFHUDQDGLH8QDQRFKHSRUGHVFXLGRORVRUSUHQGLyODPDxDQDHQODFDPD
GH 3HWUD &RWHV )HUQDQGD DO FRQWUDULR GH OR TXH pO HVSHUDED QR OH KL]R HO PHQRU UHSURFKH QL
VROWyHOPiVOHYHVXVSLURGHUHVHQWLPLHQWRSHURHVHPLVPRGtDOHPDQGyDFDVDGHODFRQFXELQD
VXVGRVED~OHVGHURSD/RVPDQGyDSOHQRVRO\FRQLQVWUXFFLRQHVGHOOHYDUORVSRUODPLWDGGHOD
FDOOHSDUDTXHWRGRHOPXQGRORVYLHUDFUH\HQGRTXHHOPDULGRGHVFDUULDGRQRSRGUtDVRSRUWDU
ODYHUJHQ]D\YROYHUtDDOUHGLOFRQODFDEH]DKXPLOODGD3HURDTXHOJHVWRKHURLFRIXHDSHQDVXQD
SUXHEDPiVGHORPDOTXHFRQRFtD)HUQDQGDQRVyORHOFDUiFWHUGHVXPDULGRVLQRODtQGROHGH
XQD FRPXQLGDG TXH QDGD WHQtD TXH YHU FRQ OD GH VXV SDGUHV SRUTXH WRGR HO TXH YLR SDVDU ORV
ED~OHV VH GLMR TXH DO ILQ \ DO FDER HVD HUD OD FXOPLQDFLyQ QDWXUDO GH XQD KLVWRULD FX\DV
LQWLPLGDGHV QR LJQRUDED QDGLH \ $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR FHOHEUy OD OLEHUWDG UHJDODGD FRQ XQD
SDUUDQGDGHWUHVGtDV3DUDPD\RUGHVYHQWDMDGHODHVSRVDPLHQWUDVHOODHPSH]DEDDKDFHUXQD
PDODPDGXUH]FRQVXVVRPEUtDVYHVWLGXUDVWDODUHVVXVPHGDOORQHVDQDFUyQLFRV\VXRUJXOORIXHUD
GHOXJDUODFRQFXELQDSDUHFtDUHYHQWDUHQXQDVHJXQGDMXYHQWXGHPEXWLGDHQYLVWRVRVWUDMHVGH
VHGD QDWXUDO \ FRQ ORV RMRV DWLJUDGRV SRU OD FDQGHOD GH OD UHLYLQGLFDFLyQ $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR
YROYLyDHQWUHJDUVHDHOODFRQODIRJRVLGDGGHODDGROHVFHQFLDFRPRDQWHVFXDQGR3HWUD&RWHV
QR OR TXHUtD SRU VHU pO VLQR SRUTXH OR FRQIXQGtD FRQ VX KHUPDQR JHPHOR \ DFRVWiQGRVH FRQ
DPERVDOPLVPRWLHPSRSHQVDEDTXH'LRVOHKDEtDGHSDUDGRODIRUWXQDGHWHQHUXQKRPEUHTXH
KDFtD HO DPRU FRPR VL IXHUDQ GRV (UD WDQ DSUHPLDQWH OD SDVLyQ UHVWDXUDGD TXH HQ PiV GH XQD
RFDVLyQVHPLUDURQDORVRMRVFXDQGRVHGLVSRQtDQDFRPHU\VLQGHFLUVHQDGDWDSDURQORVSODWRV
\ VH IXHURQ D PRULUVH GH KDPEUH \ GH DPRU HQ HO GRUPLWRULR ,QVSLUDGR HQ ODV FRVDV TXH KDEtD
YLVWRHQVXVIXUWLYDVYLVLWDVDODVPDWURQDVIUDQFHVDV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGROHFRPSUyD3HWUD&RWHV
XQD FDPD FRQ EDOGDTXtQ DU]RELVSDO \ SXVR FRUWLQDV GH WHUFLRSHOR HQ ODV YHQWDQDV \ FXEULy HO
FLHORUUDVR\ODVSDUHGHVGHOGRUPLWRULRFRQJUDQGHVHVSHMRVGHFULVWDOGHURFD6HOHYLRHQWRQFHV
PiVSDUUDQGHUR\ERWDUDWHTXHQXQFD(QHOWUHQTXHOOHJDEDWRGRVORVGtDVDODVRQFHUHFLEtD
FDMDV\PiVFDMDVGHFKDPSDxD\GHEUDQG\$OUHJUHVRGHODHVWDFLyQDUUDVWUDEDDODFXPELDPED
LPSURYLVDGD D FXDQWR VHU KXPDQR HQFRQWUDED D VX SDVR QDWLYR R IRUDVWHUR FRQRFLGR R SRU
FRQRFHUVLQGLVWLQFLRQHVGHQLQJXQDFODVH+DVWDHOHVFXUULGL]RVHxRU%URZQTXHVyORDOWHUQDED
HQ OHQJXD H[WUDxD VH GHMy VHGXFLU SRU ODV WHQWDGRUDV VHxDV TXH OH KDFtD $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR \
YDULDVYHFHVVHHPERUUDFKyDPXHUWHHQFDVDGH3HWUD&RWHV\KDVWDKL]RTXHORVIHURFHVSHUURV
DOHPDQHVTXHORDFRPSDxDEDQDWRGDVSDUWHVEDLODUDQFDQFLRQHVWH[DQDVTXHpOPLVPRPDVWLFDED
GHFXDOTXLHUPRGRDOFRPSiVGHODFRUGHyQ
$SiUWHQVH YDFDV JULWDED $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR HQ HO SDUR[LVPR GH OD ILHVWD $SiUWHQVH
TXHODYLGDHVFRUWD
1XQFDWXYRPHMRUVHPEODQWHQLORTXLVLHURQPiVQLIXHPiVGHVDIRUDGRHOSDULWRULRGHVXV

DQLPDOHV 6H VDFULILFDEDQ WDQWDV UHVHV WDQWRV FHUGRV \ JDOOLQDV HQ ODV LQWHUPLQDEOHV SDUUDQGDV
TXHODWLHUUDGHOSDWLRVHYROYLyQHJUD\ORGRVDGHWDQWDVDQJUH$TXHOORHUDXQHWHUQRWLUDGHURGH
KXHVRV\WULSDVXQPXODGDUGHVREUDV\KDEtDTXHHVWDUTXHPDQGRUHFiPDUDVGHGLQDPLWDDWRGDV
KRUDV SDUD TXH ORV JDOOLQD]RV QR OHV VDFDUDQ ORV RMRV D ORV LQYLWDGRV $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR VH
YROYLyJRUGRYLROiFHRDWRUWXJDGRDFRQVHFXHQFLDGHXQDSHWLWRDSHQDVFRPSDUDEOHDOGH-RVp
$UFDGLRFXDQGRUHJUHVyGHODYXHOWDDOPXQGR(OSUHVWLJLRGHVXGHVPDQGDGDYRUDFLGDGGHVX
LQPHQVD FDSDFLGDG GH GHVSLOIDUUR GH VX KRVSLWDOLGDG VLQ SUHFHGHQWH UHEDVy ORV OtPLWHV GH OD
FLpQDJD\DWUDMRDORVJORWRQHVPHMRUFDOLILFDGRVGHOOLWRUDO'HWRGDVSDUWHVOOHJDEDQWUDJDOGDEDV
IDEXORVRV SDUD WRPDU SDUWH HQ ORV LUUDFLRQDOHV WRUQHRV GH FDSDFLGDG \ UHVLVWHQFLD TXH VH
RUJDQL]DEDQHQFDVDGH3HWUD&RWHV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRIXHHOFRPHGRULQYLFWRKDVWDHOViEDGR
GHLQIRUWXQLRHQTXHDSDUHFLy&DPLOD6DJDVWXPHXQDKHPEUDWRWpPLFDFRQRFLGDHQHOSDtVHQWHUR
FRQHOEXHQQRPEUHGH/D(OHIDQWD(OGXHORVHSURORQJyKDVWDHODPDQHFHUGHOPDUWHV(QODV
SULPHUDVYHLQWLFXDWURKRUDVKDELHQGRGHVSDFKDGRXQDWHUQHUDFRQ\XFDxDPH\SOiWDQRVDVDGRV
\DGHPiVXQDFDMD\PHGLDGHFKDPSDxD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRWHQtDODVHJXULGDGGHODYLFWRULD6H
YHtD PiV HQWXVLDVWD PiV YLWDO TXH OD LPSHUWXUEDEOH DGYHUVDULD SRVHHGRUD GH XQ HVWLOR
HYLGHQWHPHQWH PiV SURIHVLRQDO SHUR SRU OR PLVPR PHQRV HPRFLRQDQWH SDUD HO DELJDUUDGR
S~EOLFRTXHGHVERUGyODFDVD0LHQWUDV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRFRPtDDGHQWHOODGDVGHVERFDGRSRU
ODDQVLHGDGGHOWULXQIR/D(OHIDQWDVHFFLRQDEDODFDUQHFRQODVDUWHVGHXQFLUXMDQR\ODFRPtD
VLQSULVD\KDVWDFRQXQFLHUWRSODFHU(UDJLJDQWHVFD\PDFL]DSHURFRQWUDODFRUSXOHQFLDFRORVDO
SUHYDOHFtDODWHUQXUDGHODIHPLQHLGDG\WHQtDXQURVWURWDQKHUPRVRXQDVPDQRVWDQILQDV\ELHQ
FXLGDGDV\XQHQFDQWRSHUVRQDOWDQLUUHVLVWLEOHTXHFXDQGR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRODYLRHQWUDUDOD
FDVDFRPHQWyHQYR]EDMDTXHKXELHUDSUHIHULGRQRKDFHUHOWRUQHRHQODPHVDVLQRHQODFDPD
0iVWDUGHFXDQGRODYLRFRQVXPLUHOFXDGULOGHODWHUQHUDVLQYLRODUXQDVRODUHJODGHODPHMRU
XUEDQLGDG FRPHQWy VHULDPHQWH TXH DTXHO GHOLFDGR IDVFLQDQWH H LQVDFLDEOH SURERVFLGLR HUD HQ
FLHUWRPRGRODPXMHULGHDO1RHVWDEDHTXLYRFDGR/DIDPDGHTXHEUDQWDKXHVRVTXHSUHFHGLyD
/D(OHIDQWDFDUHFtDGHIXQGDPHQWR1RHUDWULWXUDGRUDGHEXH\HVQLPXMHUEDUEDGDHQXQFLUFR
JULHJRFRPRVHGHFtDVLQRGLUHFWRUDGHXQDDFDGHPLDGHFDQWR+DEtDDSUHQGLGRDFRPHUVLHQGR
\DXQDUHVSHWDEOHPDGUHGHIDPLOLDEXVFDQGRXQPpWRGRSDUDTXHVXVKLMRVVHDOLPHQWDUDQPHMRU
\ QR PHGLDQWH HVWtPXORV DUWLILFLDOHV GHO DSHWLWR VLQR PHGLDQWH OD DEVROXWD WUDQTXLOLGDG GHO
HVStULWX6XWHRUtDGHPRVWUDGDHQODSUiFWLFDVHIXQGDEDHQHOSULQFLSLRGHTXHXQDSHUVRQDTXH
WXYLHUDSHUIHFWDPHQWHDUUHJODGRVWRGRVORVDVXQWRVGHVXFRQFLHQFLDSRGtDFRPHUVLQWUHJXDKDVWD
TXHODYHQFLHUDHOFDQVDQFLR'HPRGRTXHIXHSRUUD]RQHVPRUDOHV\QRSRULQWHUpVGHSRUWLYR
TXHGHVDWHQGLyODDFDGHPLD\HOKRJDUSDUDFRPSHWLUFRQXQKRPEUHFX\DIDPDGHJUDQFRPHGRU
VLQSULQFLSLRVOHKDEtDGDGRODYXHOWDDOSDtV'HVGHODSULPHUDYH]TXHORYLRVHGLRFXHQWDGH
TXHD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRQRORSHUGHUtDHOHVWyPDJRVLQRHOFDUiFWHU$OWpUPLQRGHODSULPHUD
QRFKHPLHQWUDV/D(OHIDQWDFRQWLQXDEDLPSiYLGD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHHVWDEDDJRWDQGRGHWDQWR
KDEODU \ UHtU 'XUPLHURQ FXDWUR KRUDV $O GHVSHUWDU VH EHELy FDGD XQR HO MXJR GH FLQFXHQWD
QDUDQMDVRFKROLWURVGHFDIp\WUHLQWDKXHYRVFUXGRV$OVHJXQGRDPDQHFHUGHVSXpVGHPXFKDV
KRUDV VLQ GRUPLU \ KDELHQGR GHVSDFKDGR GRV FHUGRV XQ UDFLPR GH SOiWDQRV \ FXDWUR FDMDV GH

78

FKDPSDxD/D(OHIDQWDVRVSHFKyTXH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVLQVDEHUORKDEtDGHVFXELHUWRHOPLVPR
PpWRGR TXH HOOD SHUR SRU HO FDPLQR DEVXUGR GH OD LUUHVSRQVDELOLGDG WRWDO (UD SXHV PiV
SHOLJURVR GH OR TXH HOOD SHQVDED 6LQ HPEDUJR FXDQGR 3HWUD &RWHV OOHYy D OD PHVD GRV SDYRV
DVDGRV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRHVWDEDDXQSDVRGHODFRQJHVWLyQ
6LQRSXHGHQRFRPDPiVGLMR/D(OHIDQWD4XHGDPRVHPSDWDGRV
/R GLMR GH FRUD]yQ FRPSUHQGLHQGR TXH WDPSRFR HOOD SRGtD FRPHU XQ ERFDGR PiV SRU HO
UHPRUGLPLHQWR GH HVWDU SURSLFLDQGR OD PXHUWH GHO DGYHUVDULR 3HUR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR OR
LQWHUSUHWy FRPR XQ QXHYR GHVDItR \ VH DWUDJDQWy GH SDYR KDVWD PiV DOOi GH VX LQFUHtEOH
FDSDFLGDG3HUGLyHOFRQRFLPLHQWR&D\yGHEUXFHVHQHOSODWRGHKXHVRVHFKDQGRHVSXPDUDMRV
GHSHUURSRUODERFD\DKRJiQGRVHHQURQTXLGRVGHDJRQtD6LQWLyHQPHGLRGHODVWLQLHEODVTXH
ORDUURMDEDQGHVGHORPiVDOWRGHXQDWRUUHKDFLDXQSUHFLSLFLRVLQIRQGR\HQXQ~OWLPRIRJRQD]R
GH OXFLGH] VH GLR FXHQWD GH TXH DO WpUPLQR GH DTXHOOD LQDFDEDEOH FDtGD OR HVWDED HVSHUDQGR OD
PXHUWH
/OpYHQPHFRQ)HUQDQGDDOFDQ]yDGHFLU
/RVDPLJRVTXHORGHMDURQHQODFDVDFUH\HURQTXHOHKDEtDFXPSOLGRDODHVSRVDODSURPHVD
GHQRPRULUHQODFDPDGHODFRQFXELQD3HWUD&RWHVKDEtDHPEHWXQDGRORVERWLQHVGHFKDUROTXH
pOTXHUtDWHQHUSXHVWRVHQHODWD~G\\DDQGDEDEXVFDQGRDDOJXLHQTXHORVOOHYDUDFXDQGRIXHURQ
DGHFLUOHTXH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRHVWDEDIXHUDGHSHOLJUR6HUHVWDEOHFLyHQHIHFWRHQPHQRVGH
XQD VHPDQD \ TXLQFH GtDV GHVSXpV HVWDED FHOHEUDQGR FRQ XQD SDUUDQGD VLQ SUHFHGHQWHV HO
DFRQWHFLPLHQWR GH OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD 6LJXLy YLYLHQGR HQ FDVD GH 3HWUD &RWHV SHUR YLVLWDED D
)HUQDQGD WRGRV ORV GtDV \ D YHFHV VH TXHGDED D FRPHU HQ IDPLOLD FRPR VL HO GHVWLQR KXELHUD
LQYHUWLGRODVLWXDFLyQ\ORKXELHUDGHMDGRGHHVSRVRGHODFRQFXELQD\GHDPDQWHGHODHVSRVD
)XHXQGHVFDQVRSDUD)HUQDQGD(QORVWHGLRVGHODEDQGRQRVXV~QLFDVGLVWUDFFLRQHVHUDQORV
HMHUFLFLRV GH FODYLFRUGLR D OD KRUD GH OD VLHVWD \ ODV FDUWDV GH VXV KLMRV (Q ODV GHWDOODGDV
HVTXHODVTXHOHVPDQGDEDFDGDTXLQFHGtDVQRKDEtDXQDVRODOtQHDGHYHUGDG/HVRFXOWDEDVXV
SHQDV/HVHVFDPRWHDEDODWULVWH]DGHXQDFDVDTXHDSHVDUGHODOX]VREUHODVEHJRQLDVDSHVDU
GHODVRIRFDFLyQGHODVGRVGHODWDUGHDSHVDUGHODVIUHFXHQWHVUiIDJDVGHILHVWDTXHOOHJDEDQGH
ODFDOOHHUDFDGDYH]PiVSDUHFLGDDODPDQVLyQFRORQLDOGHVXVSDGUHV)HUQDQGDYDJDEDVROD
HQWUH WUHV IDQWDVPDV YLYRV \ HO IDQWDVPD PXHUWR GH -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD TXH D YHFHV LED D
VHQWDUVH FRQ XQD DWHQFLyQ LQTXLVLWLYD HQ OD SHQXPEUD GH OD VDOD PLHQWUDV HOOD WRFDED HO
FODYLFRUGLR (O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD HUD XQD VRPEUD 'HVGH OD ~OWLPD YH] TXH VDOLy D OD
FDOOHDSURSRQHUOHXQDJXHUUDVLQSRUYHQLUDOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]DSHQDVVLDEDQGRQDED
HO WDOOHU SDUD RULQDU EDMR HO FDVWDxR 1R UHFLEtD PiV YLVLWDV TXH ODV GHO SHOXTXHUR FDGD WUHV
VHPDQDV6HDOLPHQWDEDGHFXDOTXLHUFRVDTXHOHOOHYDEDUVXODXQDYH]DOGtD\DXQTXHVHJXtD
IDEULFDQGRSHVFDGLWRVGHRURFRQODPLVPDSDVLyQGHDQWHVGHMyGHYHQGHUORVFXDQGRVHHQWHUy
GHTXHODJHQWHQRORVFRPSUDEDFRPRMR\DVVLQRFRPRUHOLTXLDVKLVWyULFDV+DEtDKHFKRHQHO
SDWLRXQDKRJXHUDFRQODVPXxHFDVGH5HPHGLRVTXHGHFRUDEDQVXGRUPLWRULRGHVGHHOGtDGHVX
PDWULPRQLR /D YLJLODQWH UVXOD VH GLR FXHQWD GH OR TXH HVWDED KDFLHQGR VX KLMR SHUR QR SXGR
LPSHGLUOR

7LHQHVXQFRUD]yQGHSLHGUDOHGLMR
(VWRQRHVDVXQWRGHOFRUD]yQGLMRpO(OFXDUWRVHHVWiOOHQDQGRGHSROLOODV
$PDUDQWD WHMtD VX PRUWDMD )HUQDQGD QR HQWHQGtD SRU TXp OH HVFULEtD FDUWDV RFDVLRQDOHV D
0HPH\KDVWDOHPDQGDEDUHJDORV\HQFDPELRQLVLTXLHUDTXHUtDKDEODUGH-RVp$UFDGLR6H
PRULUiQVLQVDEHUSRUTXpFRQWHVWy$PDUDQWDFXDQGRHOODOHKL]RODSUHJXQWDDWUDYpVGHUVXOD
\DTXHOODUHVSXHVWDVHPEUyHQVXFRUD]yQXQHQLJPDTXHQXQFDSXGRHVFODUHFHU$OWDHVSDGDGD
DOWLYD VLHPSUH YHVWLGD FRQ DEXQGDQWHV SROOHULQHV GH HVSXPD \ FRQ XQ DLUH GH GLVWLQFLyQ TXH
UHVLVWtDDORVDxRV\DORVPDORVUHFXHUGRV$PDUDQWDSDUHFtDOOHYDUHQODIUHQWHODFUX]GHFHQL]D
GHODYLUJLQLGDG(QUHDOLGDGODOOHYDEDHQODPDQRHQODYHQGDQHJUDTXHQRVHTXLWDEDQLSDUD
GRUPLU\TXHHOODPLVPDODYDED\SODQFKDED/DYLGDVHOHLEDHQERUGDUHOVXGDULR6HKXELHUD
GLFKRTXHERUGDEDGXUDQWHHOGtD\GHVERUGDEDHQODQRFKH\QRFRQODHVSHUDQ]DGHGHUURWDUHQ
HVDIRUPDODVROHGDGVLQRWRGRORFRQWUDULRSDUDVXVWHQWDUOD
/DPD\RUSUHRFXSDFLyQTXHWHQtD)HUQDQGDHQVXVDxRVGHDEDQGRQRHUDTXH0HPHIXHUDD
SDVDU ODV SULPHUDV YDFDFLRQHV \ QR HQFRQWUDUD D $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR HQ OD FDVD /D FRQJHVWLyQ
SXVR WpUPLQR D DTXHO WHPRU &XDQGR 0HPH YROYLy VXV SDGUHV VH KDEtDQ SXHVWR GH DFXHUGR QR
VyORSDUDTXHODQLxDFUH\HUDTXH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHJXtDVLHQGRXQHVSRVRGRPHVWLFDGRVLQR
WDPELpQSDUDTXHQRQRWDUDODWULVWH]DGHODFDVD7RGRVORVDxRVGXUDQWHGRVPHVHV$XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGRUHSUHVHQWDEDVXSDSHOGHPDULGRHMHPSODU\SURPRYtDILHVWDVFRQKHODGRV\JDOOHWLWDV
TXHODDOHJUH\YLYD]HVWXGLDQWHDPHQL]DEDFRQHOFODYLFRUGLR(UDHYLGHQWHGHVGHHQWRQFHVTXH
KDEtD KHUHGDGR PX\ SRFR GHO FDUiFWHU GH OD PDGUH 3DUHFtD PiV ELHQ XQD VHJXQGD YHUVLyQ GH
$PDUDQWD FXDQGR pVWD QR FRQRFtD OD DPDUJXUD \ DQGDED DOERURWDQGR OD FDVD FRQ VXV SDVRV GH
EDLOH D ORV GRFH D ORV FDWRUFH DxRV DQWHV GH TXH OD SDVLyQ VHFUHWD SRU 3LHWUR &UHVSL WRUFLHUD
GHILQLWLYDPHQWH HO UXPER GH VX FRUD]yQ 3HUR DO FRQWUDULR GH $PDUDQWD DO FRQWUDULR GH WRGRV
0HPHQRUHYHODEDWRGDYtDHOVLQRVROLWDULRGHODIDPLOLD\SDUHFtDHQWHUDPHQWHFRQIRUPHFRQHO
PXQGRDXQFXDQGRVHHQFHUUDEDHQODVDODDODVGRVGHODWDUGHDSUDFWLFDUHOFODYLFRUGLRFRQXQD
GLVFLSOLQDLQIOH[LEOH(UDHYLGHQWHTXHOHJXVWDEDODFDVDTXHSDVDEDWRGRHODxRVRxDQGRFRQHO
DOERURWRGHDGROHVFHQWHVTXHSURYRFDEDVXOOHJDGD\TXHQRDQGDEDPX\OHMRVGHODYRFDFLyQ
IHVWLYD\ORVGHVDIXHURVKRVSLWDODULRVGHVXSDGUH(OSULPHUVLJQRGHHVDKHUHQFLDFDODPLWRVDVH
UHYHOyHQODVWHUFHUDVYDFDFLRQHVFXDQGR0HPHDSDUHFLyHQODFDVDFRQFXDWURPRQMDV\VHVHQWD
\RFKRFRPSDxHUDVGHFODVHDTXLHQHVLQYLWyDSDVDUXQDVHPDQDHQIDPLOLDSRUSURSLDLQLFLDWLYD
\VLQQLQJ~QDQXQFLR
4XpGHVJUDFLDVHODPHQWy)HUQDQGD(VWDFULDWXUDHVWDQEiUEDUDFRPRVXSDGUH
)XHSUHFLVRSHGLUFDPDV\KDPDFDVDORVYHFLQRVHVWDEOHFHUQXHYHWXUQRVHQODPHVDILMDU
KRUDULRVSDUDHOEDxR\FRQVHJXLUFXDUHQWDWDEXUHWHVSUHVWDGRVSDUDTXHODVQLxDVGHXQLIRUPHV
D]XOHV \ ERWLQHV GH KRPEUH QR DQGXYLHUDQ WRGR HO GtD UHYRORWHDQGR GH XQ ODGR D RWUR /D
LQYLWDFLyQIXHXQIUDFDVRSRUTXHODVUXLGRVDVFROHJLDODVDSHQDVDFDEDEDQGHGHVD\XQDUFXDQGR
\DWHQtDQTXHHPSH]DUORVWXUQRVSDUDHODOPXHU]R\OXHJRSDUDODFHQD\HQWRGDODVHPDQDVyOR
SXGLHURQ KDFHU XQ SDVHR D ODV SODQWDFLRQHV $O DQRFKHFHU ODV PRQMDV HVWDEDQ DJRWDGDV
LQFDSDFLWDGDV SDUD PRYHUVH SDUD LPSDUWLU XQD RUGHQ PiV \ WRGDYtD HO WURSHO GH DGROHVFHQWHV

79

LQFDQVDEOHVHVWDEDHQHOSDWLRFDQWDQGRGHVDEULGRVKLPQRVHVFRODUHV8QGtDHVWXYLHURQDSXQWR
GHDWURSHOODUDUVXODTXHVHHPSHxDEDHQVHU~WLOSUHFLVDPHQWHGRQGHPiVHVWRUEDED2WURGtD
ODVPRQMDVDUPDURQXQDOERURWRSRUTXHHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDRULQyEDMRHOFDVWDxRVLQ
SUHRFXSDUVHGHTXHODVFROHJLDODVHVWXYLHUDQHQHOSDWLR$PDUDQWDHVWXYRDSXQWRGHVHPEUDUHO
SiQLFRSRUTXHXQDGHODVPRQMDVHQWUyDODFRFLQDFXDQGRHOODHVWDEDVDODQGRODVRSD\OR~QLFR
TXHVHOHRFXUULyIXHSUHJXQWDUTXpHUDQDTXHOORVSXxDGRVGHSROYREODQFR
$UVpQLFRGLMR$PDUDQWD
/DQRFKHGHVXOOHJDGDODVHVWXGLDQWHVVHHPEUROODURQGHWDOPRGRWUDWDQGRGHLUDOH[FXVDGR
DQWHVGHDFRVWDUVHTXHDODXQDGHODPDGUXJDGDWRGDYtDHVWDEDQHQWUDQGRODV~OWLPDV)HUQDQGD
FRPSUyHQWRQFHVVHWHQWD\GRVEDFLQLOODVSHURVyORFRQVLJXLyFRQYHUWLUHQXQSUREOHPDPDWLQDO
HO SUREOHPD QRFWXUQR SRUTXH GHVGH HO DPDQHFHU KDEtD IUHQWH DO H[FXVDGR XQD ODUJD ILOD GH
PXFKDFKDVFDGDXQDFRQVXEDFLQLOODHQODPDQRHVSHUDQGRWXUQRSDUDODYDUOD$XQTXHDOJXQDV
VXIULHURQ FDOHQWXUDV \ D YDULDV VH OHV LQIHFWDURQ ODV SLFDGXUDV GH ORV PRVTXLWRV OD PD\RUtD
GHPRVWUyXQDUHVLVWHQFLDLQTXHEUDQWDEOHIUHQWHDODVGLILFXOWDGHVPiVSHQRVDV\DXQDODKRUDGH
PiVFDORUFRUUHWHDEDQHQHOMDUGtQ&XDQGRSRUILQVHIXHURQODVIORUHVHVWDEDQGHVWUR]DGDVORV
PXHEOHV SDUWLGRV \ ODV SDUHGHV FXELHUWDV GH GLEXMRV \ OHWUHURV SHUR )HUQDQGD OHV SHUGRQy ORV
HVWUDJRVHQHODOLYLRGHODSDUWLGD'HYROYLyODVFDPDV\WDEXUHWHVSUHVWDGRV\JXDUGyODVVHWHQWD
\GRVEDFLQLOODVHQHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHV/DFODXVXUDGDKDELWDFLyQHQWRUQRDODFXDOJLUyHQ
RWUR WLHPSR OD YLGD HVSLULWXDO GH OD FDVD IXH FRQRFLGD GHVGH HQWRQFHV FRPR HO FXDUWR GH ODV
EDFLQLOODV 3DUD HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD HVH HUD HO QRPEUH PiV DSURSLDGR SRUTXH
PLHQWUDVHOUHVWRGHODIDPLOLDVHJXtDDVRPEUiQGRVHGHTXHODSLH]DGH0HOTXtDGHVIXHUDLQPXQH
DO SROYR \ OD GHVWUXFFLyQ pO OD YHtD FRQYHUWLGD HQ XQ PXODGDU 'H WRGRV PRGRV QR SDUHFtD
LPSRUWDUOHTXLpQWHQtDODUD]yQ\VLVHHQWHUyGHOGHVWLQRGHOFXDUWRIXHSRUTXH)HUQDQGDHVWXYR
SDVDQGR\SHUWXUEDQGRVXWUDEDMRXQDWDUGHHQWHUDSDUDJXDUGDUODVEDFLQLOODV
3RUHVRVGtDVUHDSDUHFLy-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRHQODFDVD3DVDEDGHODUJRSRUHOFRUUHGRU
VLQ VDOXGDU D QDGLH \ VH HQFHUUDED HQ HO WDOOHU D FRQYHUVDU FRQ HO FRURQHO $ SHVDU GH TXH QR
SRGtDYHUORUVXODDQDOL]DEDHOWDFRQHRGHVXVERWDVGHFDSDWD]\VHVRUSUHQGtDGHODGLVWDQFLD
LQVDOYDEOHTXHORVHSDUDEDGHODIDPLOLDLQFOXVLYHGHOKHUPDQRJHPHORFRQTXLHQMXJDEDHQOD
LQIDQFLDLQJHQLRVRVMXHJRVGHFRQIXVLyQ\FRQHOFXDOQRWHQtD\DQLQJ~QUDVJRFRP~Q(UDOLQHDO
VROHPQH \ WHQtD XQ HVWDU SHQVDWLYR \ XQD WULVWH]D GH VDUUDFHQR \ XQ UHVSODQGRU O~JXEUH HQ HO
URVWURFRORUGHRWRxR(UDHOTXHPiVVHSDUHFtDDVXPDGUH6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGUVXODVH
UHSURFKDEDODWHQGHQFLDDROYLGDUVHGHpODOKDEODUGHODIDPLOLDSHURFXDQGRORVLQWLyGHQXHYR
HQODFDVD\DGYLUWLyTXHHOFRURQHOORDGPLWtDHQHOWDOOHUGXUDQWHODVKRUDVGHWUDEDMRYROYLyD
H[DPLQDUVXVYLHMRVUHFXHUGRV\FRQILUPyODFUHHQFLDGHTXHHQDOJ~QPRPHQWRGHODLQIDQFLDVH
KDEtD FDPELDGR FRQ VX KHUPDQR JHPHOR SRUTXH HUD pO \ QR HO RWUR TXLHQ GHEtD OODPDUVH
$XUHOLDQR 1DGLH FRQRFtD ORV SRUPHQRUHV GH VX YLGD (Q XQ WLHPSR VH VXSR TXH QR WHQtD XQD
UHVLGHQFLDILMDTXHFULDEDJDOORVHQFDVDGH3LODU7HUQHUD\TXHDYHFHVVHTXHGDEDDGRUPLU
DOOtSHURTXHFDVLVLHPSUHSDVDEDODQRFKHHQORVFXDUWRVGHODVPDWURQDVIUDQFHVDV$QGDEDDO
JDUHWHVLQDIHFWRVVLQDPELFLRQHVFRPRXQDHVWUHOODHUUDQWHHQHOVLVWHPDSODQHWDULRGHUVXOD

(QUHDOLGDG-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRQRHUDPLHPEURGHODIDPLOLDQLORVHUtDMDPiVGHRWUD
GHVGHODPDGUXJDGDGLVWDQWHHQTXHHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]OROOHYyDOFXDUWHOQRSDUDTXH
YLHUDXQIXVLODPLHQWRVLQRSDUDTXHQRROYLGDUDHQHOUHVWRGHVXYLGDODVRQULVDWULVWH\XQSRFR
EXUORQD GHO IXVLODGR $TXHO QR HUD VyOR VX UHFXHUGR PiV DQWLJXR VLQR HO ~QLFR GH VX QLxH] (O
RWURHOGHXQDQFLDQRFRQXQFKDOHFRDQDFUyQLFR\XQVRPEUHURGHDODVGHFXHUYRTXHFRQWDED
PDUDYLOODV IUHQWH D XQD YHQWDQD GHVOXPEUDQWH QR ORJUDED VLWXDUOR HQ QLQJXQD pSRFD (UD XQ
UHFXHUGRLQFLHUWRHQWHUDPHQWHGHVSURYLVWRGHHQVHxDQ]DVRQRVWDOJLDDOFRQWUDULRGHOUHFXHUGR
GHOIXVLODGRTXHHQUHDOLGDGKDEtDGHILQLGRHOUXPERGHVXYLGD\UHJUHVDEDDVXPHPRULDFDGD
YH] PiV QtWLGR D PHGLGD TXH HQYHMHFtD FRPR VL HO WUDQVFXUVR GHO WLHPSR OR KXELHUD LGR
DSUR[LPDQGRUVXODWUDWyGHDSURYHFKDUD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRSDUDTXHHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtD DEDQGRQDUD VX HQFLHUUR &RQYpQFHOR GH TXH YD\D DO FLQH OH GHFtD $XQTXH QR OH
JXVWHQ ODV SHOtFXODV WHQGUi SRU OR PHQRV XQD RFDVLyQ GH UHVSLUDU DLUH SXUR 3HUR QR WDUGy HQ
GDUVHFXHQWDGHTXHpOHUDWDQLQVHQVLEOHDVXVV~SOLFDVFRPRKXELHUDSRGLGRVHUORHOFRURQHO\
TXHHVWDEDQDFRUD]DGRVSRUODPLVPDLPSHUPHDELOLGDGDORVDIHFWRV$XQTXHQXQFDVXSRQLOR
VXSRQDGLHGHTXpKDEODEDQHQORVSURORQJDGRVHQFLHUURVGHOWDOOHUHQWHQGLyTXHIXHUDQHOORVORV
~QLFRVPLHPEURVGHODIDPLOLDTXHSDUHFtDQYLQFXODGRVSRUODVDILQLGDGHV
/DYHUGDGHVTXHQL-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRKXELHUDSRGLGRVDFDUDOFRURQHOGHVXHQFLHUUR/D
LQYDVLyQHVFRODUKDEtDUHEDVDGRORVOtPLWHVGHVXSDFLHQFLD&RQHOSUHWH[WRGHTXHHOGRUPLWRULR
QXSFLDOHVWDEDDPHUFHGGHODVSROLOODVDSHVDUGHODGHVWUXFFLyQGHODVDSHWLWRVDVPXxHFDVGH
5HPHGLRV FROJy XQD KDPDFD HQ HO WDOOHU \ HQWRQFHV OR DEDQGRQy VRODPHQWH SDUD LU DO SDWLR D
KDFHUVXVQHFHVLGDGHVUVXODQRFRQVHJXtDKLOYDQDUFRQpOXQDFRQYHUVDFLyQWULYLDO6DEtDTXH
QRPLUDEDORVSODWRVGHFRPLGDVLQRTXHORVSRQtDHQXQH[WUHPRGHOPHVyQPLHQWUDVWHUPLQDED
HOSHVFDGLWR\QROHLPSRUWDEDVLODVRSDVHOOHQDEDGHQDWD\VHHQIULDEDODFDUQH6HHQGXUHFLy
FDGDYH]PiVGHVGHTXHHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]VHQHJyDVHFXQGDUORHQXQDJXHUUDVHQLO
6HHQFHUUyFRQWUDQFDGHQWURGHVtPLVPR\ODIDPLOLDWHUPLQySRUSHQVDUHQpOFRPRVLKXELHUD
PXHUWR1RVHOHYROYLyDYHUXQDUHDFFLyQKXPDQDKDVWDXQRQFHGHRFWXEUHHQTXHVDOLyDOD
SXHUWDGHODFDOOHSDUDYHUHOGHVILOHGHXQFLUFR$TXHOODKDEtDVLGRSDUDHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtD XQD MRUQDGD LJXDO D WRGDV ODV GH VXV ~OWLPRV DxRV $ ODV FLQFR GH OD PDGUXJDGD OR
GHVSHUWyHODOERURWRGHORVVDSRV\ORVJULOORVHQHOH[WHULRUGHOPXUR/DOORYL]QDSHUVLVWtDGHVGH
HOViEDGR\pOQRKXELHUDWHQLGRQHFHVLGDGGHRtUVXPLQXFLRVRFXFKLFKHRHQODVKRMDVGHOMDUGtQ
SRUTXH GH WRGRV PRGRV OR KXELHUD VHQWLGR HQ HO IUtR GH ORV KXHVRV (VWDED FRPR VLHPSUH
DUURSDGRFRQODPDQWDGHODQD\FRQORVODUJRVFDO]RQFLOORVGHDOJRGyQFUXGRTXHVHJXtDXVDQGR
SRU FRPRGLGDG DXQTXH D FDXVD GH VX SROYRULHQWR DQDFURQLVPR pO PLVPR ORV OODPDED
FDO]RQFLOORV GH JRGR 6H SXVR ORV SDQWDORQHV HVWUHFKRV SHUR QR VH FHUUy ODV SUHVLOODV QL VH
SXVRHQHOFXHOORGHODFDPLVDHOERWyQGHRURTXHXVDEDVLHPSUHSRUTXHWHQtDHOSURSyVLWRGH
GDUVHXQEDxR/XHJRVHSXVRODPDQWDHQODFDEH]DFRPRXQFDSLURWHVHSHLQyFRQORVGHGRVHO
ELJRWH FKRUUHDGR \ IXH D RULQDU HQ HO SDWLR )DOWDED WDQWR SDUD TXH VDOLHUD HO VRO TXH -RVp
$UFDGLR%XHQGtDGRUPLWDEDWRGDYtDEDMRHOFREHUWL]RGHSDOPDVSRGULGDVSRUODOORYL]QDeOQR
ORYLRFRPRQRORKDEtDYLVWRQXQFDQLR\yODIUDVHLQFRPSUHQVLEOHTXHOHGLULJLyHOHVSHFWURGH

80

VX SDGUH FXDQGR GHVSHUWy VREUHVDOWDGR SRU HO FKRUUR GH RUtQ FDOLHQWH TXH OH VDOSLFDED ORV
]DSDWRV'HMyHOEDxRSDUDPiVWDUGHQRSRUHOIUtR\ODKXPHGDGVLQRSRUODQLHEODRSUHVLYDGH
RFWXEUH'HUHJUHVRDOWDOOHUSHUFLELyHORORUGHSDELORGHORVIRJRQHVTXHHVWDEDHQFHQGLHQGR
6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDG\HVSHUyHQODFRFLQDDTXHKLUYLHUDHOFDIpSDUDOOHYDUVHVXWD]yQVLQ
D]~FDU6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGOHSUHJXQWyFRPRWRGDVODVPDxDQDVHQTXpGtDGHODVHPDQD
HVWDEDQ\pOFRQWHVWyTXHHUDPDUWHVRQFHGHRFWXEUH9LHQGRDODLPSiYLGDPXMHUGRUDGDSRUHO
UHVSODQGRU GHO IXHJR TXH QL HQ HVH QL HQ QLQJ~Q RWUR LQVWDQWH GH VX YLGD SDUHFtD H[LVWLU SRU
FRPSOHWRUHFRUGyGHSURQWRTXHXQRQFHGHRFWXEUHHQSOHQDJXHUUDORGHVSHUWyODFHUWLGXPEUH
EUXWDO GH TXH OD PXMHU FRQ TXLHQ KDEtD GRUPLGR HVWDED PXHUWD /R HVWDED HQ UHDOLGDG \ QR
ROYLGDEDODIHFKDSRUTXHWDPELpQHOODOHKDEtDSUHJXQWDGRXQDKRUDDQWHVHQTXpGtDHVWDEDQ$
SHVDU GH OD HYRFDFLyQ WDPSRFR HVWD YH] WXYR FRQFLHQFLD GH KDVWD TXp SXQWR OR KDEtDQ
DEDQGRQDGRORVSUHVDJLRV\PLHQWUDVKHUYtDHOFDIpVLJXLySHQVDQGRSRUSXUDFXULRVLGDGSHUR
VLQHOPiVLQVLJQLILFDQWHULHVJRGHQRVWDOJLDHQODPXMHUFX\RQRPEUHQRFRQRFLyQXQFD\FX\R
URVWUR QR YLR FRQ YLGD SRUTXH KDEtD OOHJDGR KDVWD VX KDPDFD WURSH]DQGR HQ OD RVFXULGDG 6LQ
HPEDUJRHQHOYDFtRGHWDQWDVPXMHUHVFRPROOHJDURQDVXYLGDHQLJXDOIRUPDQRUHFRUGyTXH
IXH HOOD OD TXH HQ HO GHOLULR GHO SULPHU HQFXHQWUR HVWDED D SXQWR GH QDXIUDJDU HQ VXV SURSLDV
OiJULPDV \ DSHQDV XQD KRUD DQWHV GH PRULU KDEtD MXUDGR DPDUOR KDVWD OD PXHUWH 1R YROYLy D
SHQVDUHQHOODQLHQQLQJXQDRWUDGHVSXpVGHTXHHQWUyDOWDOOHUFRQODWD]DKXPHDQWH\HQFHQGLy
ODOX]SDUDFRQWDUORVSHVFDGLWRVGHRURTXHJXDUGDEDHQXQWDUURGHODWD+DEtDGLHFLVLHWH'HVGH
TXH GHFLGLy QR YHQGHUORV VHJXtD IDEULFDQGR GRV SHVFDGLWRV DO GtD \ FXDQGR FRPSOHWDED
YHLQWLFLQFR YROYtD D IXQGLUORV HQ HO FULVRO SDUD HPSH]DU D KDFHUORV GH QXHYR 7UDEDMy WRGD OD
PDxDQDDEVRUWRVLQSHQVDUHQQDGDVLQGDUVHFXHQWDGHTXHDODVGLH]DUUHFLyODOOXYLD\DOJXLHQ
SDVyIUHQWHDOWDOOHUJULWDQGRTXHFHUUDUDQODVSXHUWDVSDUDTXHQRVHLQXQGDUDODFDVD\VLQGDUVH
FXHQWDQLVLTXLHUDGHVtPLVPRKDVWDTXHUVXODHQWUyFRQHODOPXHU]R\DSDJyODOX]
4XpOOXYLDGLMRUVXOD
2FWXEUHGLMRpO
$O GHFLUOR QR OHYDQWy OD YLVWD GHO SULPHU SHVFDGLWR GHO GtD SRUTXH HVWDED HQJDVWDQGR ORV
UXEtHVGHORVRMRV6yORFXDQGRORWHUPLQy\ORSXVRFRQORVRWURVHQHOWDUURHPSH]yDWRPDUOD
VRSD/XHJRVHFRPLyPX\GHVSDFLRHOSHGD]RGHFDUQHJXLVDGDFRQFHEROODHODUUR]EODQFR\
ODV WDMDGDV GH SOiWDQR IULWDV WRGR MXQWR HQ HO PLVPR SODWR 6X DSHWLWR QR VH DOWHUDED QL HQ ODV
PHMRUHVQLHQODVPiVGXUDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV$OWpUPLQRGHODOPXHU]RH[SHULPHQWyOD]R]REUDGHOD
RFLRVLGDG 3RU XQD HVSHFLH GH VXSHUVWLFLyQ FLHQWtILFD QXQFD WUDEDMDED QL OHtD QL VH EDxDED QL
KDFtDHODPRUDQWHVGHTXHWUDQVFXUULHUDQGRVKRUDVGHGLJHVWLyQ\HUDXQDFUHHQFLDWDQDUUDLJDGD
TXH YDULDV YHFHV UHWUDVy RSHUDFLRQHV GH JXHUUD SDUD QR VRPHWHU OD WURSD D ORV ULHVJRV GH XQD
FRQJHVWLyQ 'H PRGR TXH VH DFRVWy HQ OD KDPDFD VDFiQGRVH OD FHUD GH ORV RtGRV FRQ XQ
FRUWDSOXPDV\DORVSRFRVPLQXWRVVHTXHGyGRUPLGR6RxyTXHHQWUDEDHQXQDFDVDYDFtDGH
SDUHGHVEODQFDV\TXHORLQTXLHWDEDODSHVDGXPEUHGHVHUHOSULPHUVHUKXPDQRTXHHQWUDEDHQ
HOOD(QHOVXHxRUHFRUGyTXHKDEtDVRxDGRORPLVPRODQRFKHDQWHULRU\HQPXFKDVQRFKHVGHORV
~OWLPRVDxRV\VXSRTXHODLPDJHQVHKDEUtDERUUDGRGHVXPHPRULDDOGHVSHUWDUSRUTXHDTXHO

VXHxRUHFXUUHQWHWHQtDODYLUWXGGHQRVHUUHFRUGDGRVLQRGHQWURGHOPLVPRVXHxR8QPRPHQWR
GHVSXpVHQHIHFWRFXDQGRHOSHOXTXHUROODPyDODSXHUWDGHOWDOOHUHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
GHVSHUWy FRQ OD LPSUHVLyQ GH TXH LQYROXQWDULDPHQWH VH KDEtD TXHGDGR GRUPLGR SRU EUHYHV
VHJXQGRV\TXHQRKDEtDWHQLGRWLHPSRGHVRxDUQDGD
+R\QROHGLMRDOSHOXTXHUR1RVYHPRVHOYLHUQHV
7HQtDXQDEDUEDGHWUHVGtDVPRWHDGDGHSHOXVDVEODQFDVSHURQRFUHtDQHFHVDULRDIHLWDUVHVL
HOYLHUQHVVHLEDDFRUWDUHOSHOR\SRGtDKDFHUORWRGRDOPLVPRWLHPSR(OVXGRUSHJDMRVRGHOD
VLHVWDLQGHVHDEOHUHYLYLyHQVXVD[LODVODVFLFDWULFHVGHORVJRORQGULQRV+DEtDHVFDPSDGRSHUR
D~Q QR VDOtD HO VRO (O FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD HPLWLy XQ HUXFWR VRQRUR TXH OH GHYROYLy DO
SDODGDU OD DFLGH] GH OD VRSD \ TXH IXH FRPR XQD RUGHQ GHO RUJDQLVPR SDUD TXH VH HFKDUD OD
PDQWDHQORVKRPEURV\IXHUDDOH[FXVDGR$OOtSHUPDQHFLyPiVGHOWLHPSRQHFHVDULRDFXFOLOODGR
VREUHODGHQVDIHUPHQWDFLyQTXHVXEtDGHOFDMyQGHPDGHUDKDVWDTXHODFRVWXPEUHOHLQGLFyTXH
HUDKRUDGHUHDQXGDUHOWUDEDMR'XUDQWHHOWLHPSRTXHGXUyODHVSHUDYROYLyDUHFRUGDUTXHHUD
PDUWHV\TXH-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRQRKDEtDHVWDGRHQHOWDOOHUSRUTXHHUDGtDGHSDJRHQODV
ILQFDVGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD(VHUHFXHUGRFRPRWRGRVORVGHORV~OWLPRVDxRVOROOHYyVLQ
TXHYLQLHUDDFXHQWRDSHQVDUHQODJXHUUD5HFRUGyTXHHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]OHKDEtD
SURPHWLGRDOJXQDYH]FRQVHJXLUOHXQFDEDOORFRQXQDHVWUHOODEODQFDHQODIUHQWH\TXHQXQFDVH
KDEtD YXHOWR D KDEODU GH HVR /XHJR GHULYy KDFLD HSLVRGLRV GLVSHUVRV SHUR ORV HYRFy VLQ
FDOLILFDUORVSRUTXHDIXHU]DGHQRSRGHUSHQVDUHQRWUDFRVDKDEtDDSUHQGLGRDSHQVDUHQIUtR
SDUD TXH ORV UHFXHUGRV LQHOXGLEOHV QR OH ODVWLPDUDQ QLQJ~Q VHQWLPLHQWR 'H UHJUHVR DO WDOOHU
YLHQGR TXH HO DLUH HPSH]DED D VHFDU GHFLGLy TXH HUD XQ EXHQ PRPHQWR SDUD EDxDUVH SHUR
$PDUDQWD VH OH KDEtD DQWLFLSDGR $Vt TXH HPSH]y HO VHJXQGR SHVFDGLWR GHO GtD (VWDED
HQJDU]DQGRODFRODFXDQGRHOVROVDOLyFRQWDQWDIXHU]DTXHODFODULGDGFUXMLyFRPRXQEDODQGUR
(ODLUHODYDGRSRUODOORYL]QDGHWUHVGtDVVHOOHQyGHKRUPLJDVYRODGRUDV(QWRQFHVFD\yHQOD
FXHQWD GH TXH WHQtD GHVHRV GH RULQDU \ ORV HVWDED DSOD]DQGR KDVWD TXH DFDEDUD GH DUPDU HO
SHVFDGLWR,EDSDUDHOSDWLRDODVFXDWUR\GLH]FXDQGRR\yORVFREUHVOHMDQRVORVUHWXPERVGHO
ERPER \ HO M~ELOR GH ORV QLxRV \ SRU SULPHUD YH] GHVGH VX MXYHQWXG SLVy FRQVFLHQWHPHQWH XQD
WUDPSD GH OD QRVWDOJLD \ UHYLYLy OD SURGLJLRVD WDUGH GH JLWDQRV HQ TXH VX SDGUH OR OOHYy D
FRQRFHUHOKLHOR6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGDEDQGRQyORTXHHVWDEDKDFLHQGRHQODFRFLQD\FRUULy
KDFLDODSXHUWD
(VHOFLUFRJULWy
(QYH]GHLUDOFDVWDxRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDIXHWDPELpQDODSXHUWDGHODFDOOH\VH
PH]FOyFRQORVFXULRVRVTXHFRQWHPSODEDQHOGHVILOH9LRXQDPXMHUYHVWLGDGHRURHQHOFRJRWH
GHXQHOHIDQWH9LRXQGURPHGDULRWULVWH9LRXQRVRYHVWLGRGHKRODQGHVDTXHPDUFDEDHOFRPSiV
GHODP~VLFDFRQXQFXFKDUyQ\XQDFDFHUROD9LRORVSD\DVRVKDFLHQGRPDURPDVHQODFRODGHO
GHVILOH\OHYLRRWUDYH]ODFDUDDVXVROHGDGPLVHUDEOHFXDQGRWRGRDFDEyGHSDVDU\QRTXHGy
VLQR HO OXPLQRVR HVSDFLR HQ OD FDOOH \ HO DLUH OOHQR GH KRUPLJDV YRODGRUDV \ XQRV FXDQWRV
FXULRVRV DVRPDGRV DO SUHFLSLFLR GH OD LQFHUWLGXPEUH (QWRQFHV IXH DO FDVWDxR SHQVDQGR HQ HO
FLUFR\PLHQWUDVRULQDEDWUDWyGHVHJXLUSHQVDQGRHQHOFLUFRSHUR\DQRHQFRQWUyHOUHFXHUGR

81

0HWLyODFDEH]DHQWUHORVKRPEURVFRPRXQSROOLWR\VHTXHGyLQPyYLOFRQODIUHQWHDSR\DGDHQ
HO WURQFR GHO FDVWDxR /D IDPLOLD QR VH HQWHUy KDVWD HO GtD VLJXLHQWH D ODV RQFH GH OD PDxDQD
FXDQGR6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGIXHDWLUDUODEDVXUDHQHOWUDVSDWLR\OHOODPyODDWHQFLyQTXH
HVWXYLHUDQEDMDQGRORVJDOOLQD]RV

/DV ~OWLPDV YDFDFLRQHV GH 0HPH FRLQFLGLHURQ FRQ HO OXWR SRU OD PXHUWH GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR
%XHQGtD (Q OD FDVD FHUUDGD QR KDEtD OXJDU SDUD ILHVWDV 6H KDEODED HQ VXVXUURV VH FRPtD HQ
VLOHQFLRVHUH]DEDHOURVDULRWUHVYHFHVDOGtD\KDVWDORVHMHUFLFLRVGHFODYLFRUGLRHQHOFDORU
GHODVLHVWDWHQtDQXQDUHVRQDQFLDI~QHEUH$SHVDUGHVXVHFUHWDKRVWLOLGDGFRQWUDHOFRURQHOIXH
)HUQDQGD TXLHQ LPSXVR HO ULJRU GH DTXHO GXHOR LPSUHVLRQDGD SRU OD VROHPQLGDG FRQ TXH HO
JRELHUQRH[DOWyODPHPRULDGHOHQHPLJRPXHUWR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRYROYLyFRPRGHFRVWXPEUHD
GRUPLUHQODFDVDPLHQWUDVSDVDEDQODVYDFDFLRQHVGHVXKLMD\DOJRGHELyKDFHU)HUQDQGDSDUD
UHFXSHUDU VXV SULYLOHJLRV GH HVSRVD OHJtWLPD SRUTXH HO DxR VLJXLHQWH HQFRQWUy 0HPH XQD
KHUPDQLWD UHFLpQ QDFLGD D TXLHQ EDXWL]DURQ FRQWUD OD YROXQWDG GH OD PDGUH FRQ HO QRPEUH GH
$PDUDQWDUVXOD
0HPH KDEtD WHUPLQDGR VXV HVWXGLRV (O GLSORPD TXH OD DFUHGLWDED FRPR FRQFHUWLVWD GH
FODYLFRUGLRIXHUDWLILFDGRSRUHOYLUWXRVLVPRFRQTXHHMHFXWyWHPDVSRSXODUHVGHOVLJOR;9,, HQ
ODILHVWDRUJDQL]DGDSDUDFHOHEUDUODFXOPLQDFLyQGHVXVHVWXGLRV\FRQODFXDOVHSXVRWpUPLQRDO
GXHOR/RVLQYLWDGRVDGPLUDURQPiVTXHVXDUWHVXUDUDGXDOLGDG6XFDUiFWHUIUtYROR\KDVWDXQ
SRFR LQIDQWLO QR SDUHFtD DGHFXDGR SDUD QLQJXQD DFWLYLGDG VHULD SHUR FXDQGR VH VHQWDED DO
FODYLFRUGLRVHWUDQVIRUPDEDHQXQDPXFKDFKDGLIHUHQWHFX\DPDGXUH]LPSUHYLVWDOHGDEDXQDLUH
GHDGXOWR$VtIXHVLHPSUH(QYHUGDGQRWHQtDXQDYRFDFLyQGHILQLGDSHURKDEtDORJUDGRODVPiV
DOWDV FDOLILFDFLRQHV PHGLDQWH XQD GLVFLSOLQD LQIOH[LEOH SDUD QR FRQWUDULDU D VX PDGUH +DEUtDQ
SRGLGR LPSRQHUOH HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH FXDOTXLHU RWUR RILFLR \ ORV UHVXOWDGRV KXELHUDQ VLGR ORV
PLVPRV 'HVGH PX\ QLxD OH PROHVWDED HO ULJRU GH )HUQDQGD VX FRVWXPEUH GH GHFLGLU SRU ORV
GHPiV \ KDEUtD VLGR FDSD] GH XQ VDFULILFLR PXFKR PiV GXUR TXH ODV OHFFLRQHV GH FODYLFRUGLR
VyORSRUQRWURSH]DUFRQVXLQWUDQVLJHQFLD(QHODFWRGHFODXVXUDWXYRODLPSUHVLyQGHTXHHO
SHUJDPLQRFRQOHWUDVJyWLFDV\PD\~VFXODVKLVWRULDGDVODOLEHUDEDGHXQFRPSURPLVRTXHKDEtD
DFHSWDGR QR WDQWR SRU REHGLHQFLD FRPR SRU FRPRGLGDG \ FUH\y TXH D SDUWLU GH HQWRQFHV QL OD
SRUILDGD)HUQDQGDYROYHUtDDSUHRFXSDUVHSRUXQLQVWUXPHQWRTXHKDVWDODVPRQMDVFRQVLGHUDEDQ
FRPR XQ IyVLO GH PXVHR (Q ORV SULPHURV DxRV FUH\y TXH VXV FiOFXORV HUDQ HUUDGRV SRUTXH
GHVSXpVGHKDEHUGRUPLGRDPHGLDFLXGDGQRVyORHQODVDODGHYLVLWDVVLQRHQFXDQWDVYHODGDV
EHQpILFDV VHVLRQHV HVFRODUHV \ FRQPHPRUDFLRQHV SDWULyWLFDV VH FHOHEUDEDQ HQ 0DFRQGR VX
PDGUH VLJXLy LQYLWDQGR D WRGR UHFLpQ OOHJDGR TXH VXSRQtD FDSD] GH DSUHFLDU ODV YLUWXGHV GH OD

82

KLMD6yORGHVSXpVGHODPXHUWHGH$PDUDQWDFXDQGRODIDPLOLDYROYLyDHQFHUUDUVHSRUXQWLHPSR
HQ HO OXWR SXGR 0HPH FODXVXUDU HO FODYLFRUGLR \ ROYLGDU OD OODYH HQ FXDOTXLHU URSHUR VLQ TXH
)HUQDQGDVHPROHVWDUDHQDYHULJXDUHQTXpPRPHQWRQLSRUFXOSDGHTXLpQVHKDEtDH[WUDYLDGR
0HPHUHVLVWLyODVH[KLELFLRQHVFRQHOPLVPRHVWRLFLVPRFRQTXHVHFRQVDJUyDODSUHQGL]DMH(UD
HOSUHFLRGHVXOLEHUWDG)HUQDQGDHVWDEDWDQFRPSODFLGDFRQVXGRFLOLGDG\WDQRUJXOORVDGHOD
DGPLUDFLyQTXHGHVSHUWDEDVXDUWHTXHQXQFDVHRSXVRDTXHWXYLHUDODFDVDOOHQDGHDPLJDV\
SDVDUD OD WDUGH HQ ODV SODQWDFLRQHV \ IXHUD DO FLQH FRQ $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR R FRQ VHxRUDV GH
FRQILDQ]D VLHPSUH TXH OD SHOtFXOD KXELHUD VLGR DXWRUL]DGD HQ HO S~OSLWR SRU HO SDGUH $QWRQLR
,VDEHO (Q DTXHOORV UDWRV GH HVSDUFLPLHQWR VH UHYHODEDQ ORV YHUGDGHURV JXVWRV GH 0HPH 6X
IHOLFLGDGHVWDEDHQHORWURH[WUHPRGHODGLVFLSOLQDHQODVILHVWDVUXLGRVDVHQORVFRPDGUHRVGH
HQDPRUDGRV HQ ORV SURORQJDGRV HQFLHUURV FRQ VXV DPLJDV GRQGH DSUHQGtDQ D IXPDU \
FRQYHUVDEDQGHDVXQWRVGHKRPEUHV\GRQGHXQDYH]VHOHVSDVyODPDQRFRQWUHVERWHOODVGHURQ
GH FDxD \ WHUPLQDURQ GHVQXGDV PLGLpQGRVH \ FRPSDUDQGR ODV SDUWHV GH VXV FXHUSRV 0HPH QR
ROYLGDUtD MDPiV OD QRFKH HQ TXH HQWUy HQ OD FDVD PDVWLFDQGR UL]RPDV GH UHJDOL] \ VLQ TXH
DGYLUWLHUDQVXWUDVWRUQRVHVHQWyDODPHVDHQTXH)HUQDQGD\$PDUDQWDFHQDEDQVLQGLULJLUVHOD
SDODEUD+DEtDSDVDGRGRVKRUDVWUHPHQGDVHQHOGRUPLWRULRGHXQDDPLJDOORUDQGRGHULVD\GH
PLHGR\HQHORWURODGRGHODFULVLVKDEtDHQFRQWUDGRHOUDURVHQWLPLHQWRGHYDOHQWtDTXHOHKL]R
IDOWDSDUDIXJDUVHGHOFROHJLR\GHFLUOHDVXPDGUHFRQHVDVRFRQRWUDVSDODEUDVTXHELHQSRGtD
SRQHUVH XQD ODYDWLYD GH FODYLFRUGLR 6HQWDGD HQ OD FDEHFHUD GH OD PHVD WRPDQGR XQ FDOGR GH
SROORTXHOHFDtDHQHOHVWyPDJRFRPRXQHOL[LUGHUHVXUUHFFLyQ0HPHYLRHQWRQFHVD)HUQDQGD\
$PDUDQWDHQYXHOWDVHQHOKDORDFXVDGRUGHODUHDOLGDG7XYRTXHKDFHUXQJUDQGHHVIXHU]RSDUD
QR HFKDUOHV HQ FDUD VXV UHPLOJRV VX SREUH]D GH HVStULWX VXV GHOLULRV GH JUDQGH]D 'HVGH ODV
VHJXQGDV YDFDFLRQHV VH KDEtD HQWHUDGR GH TXH VX SDGUH VyOR YLYtD HQ OD FDVD SRU JXDUGDU ODV
DSDULHQFLDV\FRQRFLHQGRD)HUQDQGDFRPRODFRQRFtD\KDELpQGRVHODVDUUHJODGRPiVWDUGHSDUD
FRQRFHUD3HWUD&RWHVOHFRQFHGLyODUD]yQDVXSDGUH7DPELpQHOODKXELHUDSUHIHULGRVHUODKLMD
GHODFRQFXELQD(QHOHPERWDPLHQWRGHODOFRKRO0HPHSHQVDEDFRQGHOHLWHHQHOHVFiQGDORTXH
VHKDEUtDVXVFLWDGRVLHQDTXHOPRPHQWRKXELHUDH[SUHVDGRVXVSHQVDPLHQWRV\IXHWDQLQWHQVDOD
tQWLPDVDWLVIDFFLyQGHODSLFDUGtDTXH)HUQDQGDODDGYLUWLy
4XpWHSDVD"SUHJXQWy
1DGDFRQWHVWy0HPH4XHDSHQDVDKRUDGHVFXEURFXiQWRODVTXLHUR
$PDUDQWDVHDVXVWyFRQODHYLGHQWHFDUJDGHRGLRTXHOOHYDEDODGHFODUDFLyQ3HUR)HUQDQGD
VH VLQWLy WDQ FRQPRYLGD TXH FUH\y YROYHUVH ORFD FXDQGR 0HPH GHVSHUWy D PHGLDQRFKH FRQ OD
FDEH]D FXDUWHDGD SRU HO GRORU \ DKRJiQGRVH HQ YyPLWRV GH KLHO /H GLR XQ IUDVFR GH DFHLWH GH
FDVWRUOHSXVRFDWDSODVPDVHQHOYLHQWUH\EROVDVGHKLHORHQODFDEH]D\ODREOLJyDFXPSOLUOD
GLHWD \ HO HQFLHUUR GH FLQFR GtDV RUGHQDGRV SRU HO QXHYR \ H[WUDYDJDQWH PpGLFR IUDQFpV TXH
GHVSXpVGHH[DPLQDUODPiVGHGRVKRUDVOOHJyDODFRQFOXVLyQQHEXORVDGHTXHWHQtDXQWUDVWRUQR
SURSLR GH PXMHU $EDQGRQDGD SRU OD YDOHQWtD HQ XQ PLVHUDEOH HVWDGR GH GHVPRUDOL]DFLyQ D
0HPH QR OH TXHGy RWUR UHFXUVR TXH DJXDQWDU UVXOD \D FRPSOHWDPHQWH FLHJD SHUR WRGDYtD
DFWLYD\O~FLGDIXHOD~QLFDTXHLQWX\yHOGLDJQyVWLFRH[DFWR3DUDPtSHQVyHVWDVVRQODV

PLVPDVFRVDVTXHOHVGDQDORVERUUDFKRV3HURQRVyORUHFKD]yODLGHDVLQRTXHVHUHSURFKyOD
OLJHUH]D GH SHQVDPLHQWR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR VLQWLy XQ UHWRUWLMyQ GH FRQFLHQFLD FXDQGR YLR HO
HVWDGRGHSRVWUDFLyQGH0HPH\VHSURPHWLyRFXSDUVHPiVGHHOODHQHOIXWXUR)XHDVtFRPR
QDFLyODUHODFLyQGHDOHJUHFDPDUDGHUtDHQWUHHOSDGUH\ODKLMDTXHOROLEHUyDpOSRUXQWLHPSR
GHODDPDUJDVROHGDGGHODVSDUUDQGDV\ODOLEHUyDHOODGHODWXWHODGH)HUQDQGDVLQWHQHUTXH
SURYRFDU OD FULVLV GRPpVWLFD TXH \D SDUHFtD LQHYLWDEOH $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR DSOD]DED HQWRQFHV
FXDOTXLHU FRPSURPLVR SDUD HVWDU FRQ 0HPH SRU OOHYDUOD DO FLQH R DO FLUFR \ OH GHGLFDED OD
PD\RUSDUWHGHVXRFLR(QORV~OWLPRVWLHPSRVHOHVWRUERGHODREHVLGDGDEVXUGDTXH\DQROH
SHUPLWtD DPDUUDUVH ORV FRUGRQHV GH ORV ]DSDWRV \ OD VDWLVIDFFLyQ DEXVLYD GH WRGD FODVH GH
DSHWLWRV KDEtDQ HPSH]DGR D DJULDUOH HO FDUiFWHU (O GHVFXEULPLHQWR GH OD KLMD OH UHVWLWX\y OD
DQWLJXD MRYLDOLGDG \ HO JXVWR GH HVWDU FRQ HOOD OR LED DSDUWDQGR SRFR D SRFR GH OD GLVLSDFLyQ
0HPHGHVSXQWDEDHQXQDHGDGIUXWDO1RHUDEHOODFRPRQXQFDORIXH$PDUDQWDSHURHQFDPELR
HUDVLPSiWLFDGHVFRPSOLFDGD\WHQtDODYLUWXGGHFDHUELHQGHVGHHOSULPHUPRPHQWR7HQtDXQ
HVStULWXPRGHUQRTXHODVWLPDEDODDQWLFXDGDVREULHGDG\HOPDOGLVLPXODGRFRUD]yQFLFDWHURGH
)HUQDQGD\TXHHQFDPELR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHFRPSODFtDHQSDWURFLQDU)XHpOTXLHQUHVROYLy
VDFDUODGHOGRUPLWRULRTXHRFXSDEDGHVGHQLxD\GRQGHORVSiYLGRVRMRVGHORVVDQWRVVHJXtDQ
DOLPHQWDQGRVXVWHUURUHVGHDGROHVFHQWH\OHDPXHEOyXQFXDUWRFRQXQDFDPDWURQDOXQWRFDGRU
DPSOLR\FRUWLQDVGHWHUFLRSHORVLQFDHUHQODFXHQWDGHTXHHVWDEDKDFLHQGRXQDVHJXQGDYHUVLyQ
GHODSRVHQWRGH3HWUD&RWHV(UDWDQSUyGLJRFRQ0HPHTXHQLVLTXLHUDVDEtDFXiQWRGLQHUROH
SURSRUFLRQDEDSRUTXHHOODPLVPDVHORVDFDEDGHORVEROVLOORV\ODPDQWHQtDDOWDQWRGHFXDQWD
QRYHGDGHPEHOOHFHGRUDOOHJDEDDORVFRPLVDULDWRVGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD(OFXDUWRGH0HPH
VH OOHQy GH DOPRKDGLOODV GH SLHGUD SyPH] SDUD SXOLUVH ODV XxDV UL]DGRUHV GH FDEHOORV
EULOODGRUHVGHGLHQWHVFROLULRVSDUDODQJXLGHFHUODPLUDGD\WDQWRV\WDQQRYHGRVRVFRVPpWLFRV\
DUWHIDFWRVGHEHOOH]DTXHFDGDYH]TXH)HUQDQGDHQWUDEDHQHOGRUPLWRULRVHHVFDQGDOL]DEDFRQOD
LGHD GH TXH HO WRFDGRU GH OD KLMD GHEtD VHU LJXDO DO GH ODV PDWURQDV IUDQFHVDV 6LQ HPEDUJR
)HUQDQGDDQGDEDHQHVDpSRFDFRQHOWLHPSRGLYLGLGRHQWUHODSHTXHxD$PDUDQWDUVXODTXHHUD
FDSULFKRVD\HQIHUPL]D\XQDHPRFLRQDQWHFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDFRQORVPpGLFRVLQYLVLEOHV'HPRGR
TXH FXDQGR DGYLUWLy OD FRPSOLFLGDG GHO SDGUH FRQ OD KLMD OD ~QLFD SURPHVD TXH OH DUUDQFy D
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRIXHTXHQXQFDOOHYDUtDD0HPHDFDVDGH3HWUD&RWHV(UDXQDDGYHUWHQFLDVLQ
VHQWLGRSRUTXHODFRQFXELQDHVWDEDWDQPROHVWDFRQODFDPDUDGHUtDGHVXDPDQWHFRQODKLMDTXH
QR TXHUtD VDEHU QDGD GH HOOD /D DWRUPHQWDED XQ WHPRU GHVFRQRFLGR FRPR VL HO LQVWLQWR OH
LQGLFDUD TXH 0HPH FRQ VyOR GHVHDUOR SRGUtD FRQVHJXLU OR TXH QR SXGR FRQVHJXLU )HUQDQGD
SULYDUOD GH XQ DPRU TXH \D FRQVLGHUDED DVHJXUDGR KDVWD OD PXHUWH 3RU SULPHUD YH] WXYR TXH
VRSRUWDU$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRODVFDUDVGXUDV\ODVYLUXOHQWDVFDQWDOHWDVGHODFRQFXELQD\KDVWD
WHPLyTXHVXVWUDtGRV\OOHYDGRVED~OHVKLFLHUDQHOFDPLQRGHUHJUHVRDODFDVDGHODHVSRVD(VWR
QRRFXUULy1DGLHFRQRFtDPHMRUDXQKRPEUHTXH3HWUD&RWHVDVXDPDQWH\VDEtDTXHORVED~OHV
VHTXHGDUtDQGRQGHORVPDQGDUDQSRUTXHVLDOJRGHWHVWDED$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRHUDFRPSOLFDUVH
OD YLGD FRQ UHFWLILFDFLRQHV \ PXGDQ]DV 'H PRGR TXH ORV ED~OHV VH TXHGDURQ GRQGH HVWDEDQ \
3HWUD &RWHV VH HPSHxy HQ UHFRQTXLVWDU DO PDULGR DILODQGR ODV ~QLFDV DUPDV FRQ TXH QR SRGtD

83

GLVSXWiUVHOR OD KLMD )XH WDPELpQ XQ HVIXHU]R LQQHFHVDULR SRUTXH 0HPH QR WXYR QXQFD HO
SURSyVLWRGHLQWHUYHQLUHQORVDVXQWRVGHVXSDGUH\VHJXUDPHQWHVLORKXELHUDKHFKRKDEUtDVLGR
HQ IDYRU GH OD FRQFXELQD 1R OH VREUDED WLHPSR SDUD PROHVWDU D QDGLH (OOD PLVPD EDUUtD HO
GRUPLWRULR\DUUHJODEDODFDPDFRPROHHQVHxDURQODVPRQMDV(QODPDxDQDVHRFXSDEDGHVX
URSD ERUGDQGR HQ HO FRUUHGRU R FRVLHQGR HQ OD YLHMD PiTXLQD GH PDQLYHOD GH $PDUDQWD
0LHQWUDV ORV RWURV KDFtDQ OD VLHVWD SUDFWLFDED GRV KRUDV HO FODYLFRUGLR VDELHQGR TXH HO
VDFULILFLR GLDULR PDQWHQGUtD FDOPDGD D )HUQDQGD 3RU HO PLVPR PRWLYR VHJXtD RIUHFLHQGR
FRQFLHUWRV HQ ED]DUHV HFOHVLiVWLFRV \ YHODGDV HVFRODUHV DXQTXH ODV VROLFLWXGHV HUDQ FDGD YH]
PHQRVIUHFXHQWHV$ODWDUGHFHUVHDUUHJODEDVHSRQtDVXVWUDMHVVHQFLOORV\VXVGXURVERUFHJXtHV
\VLQRWHQtDDOJRTXHKDFHUFRQVXSDGUHLEDDFDVDVGHDPLJDVGRQGHSHUPDQHFtDKDVWDODKRUD
GHODFHQD(UDH[FHSFLRQDOTXH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRQRIXHUDDEXVFDUODHQWRQFHVSDUDOOHYDUODDO
FLQH
(QWUH ODV DPLJDV GH 0HPH KDEtD WUHV MyYHQHV QRUWHDPHULFDQDV TXH URPSLHURQ HO FHUFR GHO
JDOOLQHUR HOHFWULILFDGR \ HVWDEOHFLHURQ DPLVWDG FRQ PXFKDFKDV GH 0DFRQGR 8QD GH HOODV HUD
3DWULFLD%URZQ$JUDGHFLGRFRQODKRVSLWDOLGDGGH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRHOVHxRU%URZQOHDEULy
D0HPHODVSXHUWDVGHVXFDVD\ODLQYLWyDORVEDLOHVGHORVViEDGRVTXHHUDQORV~QLFRVHQTXH
ORVJULQJRVDOWHUQDEDQFRQORVQDWLYRV&XDQGR)HUQDQGDORVXSRVHROYLGySRUXQPRPHQWRGH
$PDUDQWD UVXOD \ ORV PpGLFRV LQYLVLEOHV \ DUPy WRGR XQ PHORGUDPD ,PDJtQDWH OH GLMR D
0HPHORTXHYDDSHQVDUHOFRURQHOHQVXWXPED(VWDEDEXVFDQGRSRUVXSXHVWRHODSR\RGH
UVXOD 3HUR OD DQFLDQD FLHJD DO FRQWUDULR GH OR TXH WRGRV HVSHUDEDQ FRQVLGHUy TXH QR KDEtD
QDGDUHSURFKDEOHHQTXH0HPHDVLVWLHUDDORVEDLOHV\FXOWLYDUDDPLVWDGFRQODVQRUWHDPHULFDQDV
GHVXHGDGVLHPSUHTXHFRQVHUYDUDVXILUPH]DGHFULWHULR\QRVHGHMDUDFRQYHUWLUDODUHOLJLyQ
SURWHVWDQWH 0HPH FDSWy PX\ ELHQ HO SHQVDPLHQWR GH OD WDWDUDEXHOD \ DO GtD VLJXLHQWH GH ORV
EDLOHV VH OHYDQWDED PiV WHPSUDQR TXH GH FRVWXPEUH SDUD LU D PLVD /D RSRVLFLyQ GH )HUQDQGD
UHVLVWLyKDVWDHOGtDHQTXH0HPHODGHVDUPyFRQODQRWLFLDGHTXHORVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVTXHUtDQ
RtUODWRFDUHOFODYLFRUGLR(OLQVWUXPHQWRIXHVDFDGRXQDYH]PiVGHODFDVD\OOHYDGRDODGHO
VHxRU %URZQ GRQGH HQ HIHFWR OD MRYHQ FRQFHUWLVWD UHFLELy ORV DSODXVRV PiV VLQFHURV \ ODV
IHOLFLWDFLRQHVPiVHQWXVLDVWDV'HVGHHQWRQFHVQRVyORODLQYLWDURQDORVEDLOHVVLQRWDPELpQD
ORVEDxRVGRPLQLFDOHVHQODSLVFLQD\DDOPRU]DUXQDYH]SRUVHPDQD0HPHDSUHQGLyDQDGDU
FRPRXQDSURIHVLRQDODMXJDUDOWHQLV\DFRPHUMDPyQGH9LUJLQLDFRQUHEDQDGDVGHSLxD(QWUH
EDLOHV SLVFLQD \ WHQLV VH HQFRQWUy GH SURQWR GHVHQUHGiQGRVH HQ LQJOpV $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR VH
HQWXVLDVPy WDQWR FRQ ORV SURJUHVRV GH OD KLMD TXH OH FRPSUy D XQ YHQGHGRU YLDMHUR XQD
HQFLFORSHGLDLQJOHVDHQVHLVYRO~PHQHV\FRQQXPHURVDVOiPLQDVGHFRORUHVTXH0HPHOHtDHQ
VXV KRUDV OLEUHV /D OHFWXUD RFXSy OD DWHQFLyQ TXH DQWHV GHVWLQDED D ORV FRPDGUHRV GH
HQDPRUDGRVRDORVHQFLHUURVH[SHULPHQWDOHVFRQVXVDPLJDVQRSRUTXHVHORKXELHUDLPSXHVWR
FRPRGLVFLSOLQDVLQRSRUTXH\DKDEtDSHUGLGRWRGRLQWHUpVHQFRPHQWDUPLVWHULRVTXHHUDQGHO
GRPLQLRS~EOLFR5HFRUGDEDODERUUDFKHUDFRPRXQDDYHQWXUDLQIDQWLO\OHSDUHFtDWDQGLYHUWLGD
TXHVHODFRQWyD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR\DpVWHOHSDUHFLyPiVGLYHUWLGDTXHDHOOD6LWXPDGUHOR
VXSLHUDOHGLMRDKRJiQGRVHGHULVDFRPROHGHFtDVLHPSUHTXHHOODOHKDFtDXQDFRQILGHQFLDeO

OH KDEtD KHFKR SURPHWHU TXH FRQ OD PLVPD FRQILDQ]D OR SRQGUtD DO FRUULHQWH GH VX SULPHU
QRYLD]JR\0HPHOHKDEtDFRQWDGRTXHVLPSDWL]DEDFRQXQSHOLUURMRQRUWHDPHULFDQRTXHIXHD
SDVDU YDFDFLRQHV FRQ VXV SDGUHV 4Xp EDUEDULGDG ULy $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR 6L WX PDGUH OR
VXSLHUD 3HUR 0HPH OH FRQWy WDPELpQ TXH HO PXFKDFKR KDEtD UHJUHVDGR D VX SDtV \ QR KDEtD
YXHOWRDGDUVHxDOHVGHYLGD6XPDGXUH]GHFULWHULRDILDQ]yODSD]GRPpVWLFD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR
GHGLFDED HQWRQFHV PiV KRUDV D 3HWUD &RWHV \ DXQTXH \D HO FXHUSR \ HO DOPD QR OH GDEDQ SDUD
SDUUDQGDV FRPR ODV GH DQWHV QR SHUGtD RFDVLyQ GH SURPRYHUODV \ GH GHVHQIXQGDU HO DFRUGHyQ
TXH\DWHQtDDOJXQDVWHFODVDPDUUDGDVFRQFRUGRQHVGH]DSDWRV(QODFDVD$PDUDQWDERUGDEDVX
LQWHUPLQDEOH PRUWDMD \ UVXOD VH GHMDED DUUDVWUDU SRU OD GHFUHSLWXG KDFLD HO IRQGR GH ODV
WLQLHEODVGRQGHOR~QLFRTXHVHJXtDVLHQGRYLVLEOHHUDHOHVSHFWURGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDEDMR
HO FDVWDxR )HUQDQGD FRQVROLGy VX DXWRULGDG /DV FDUWDV PHQVXDOHV D VX KLMR -RVp $UFDGLR QR
OOHYDEDQ HQWRQFHV XQD OtQHD GH PHQWLUD \ VRODPHQWH OH RFXOWDED VX FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD FRQ ORV
PpGLFRVLQYLVLEOHVTXHOHKDEtDQGLDJQRVWLFDGRXQWXPRUEHQLJQRHQHOLQWHVWLQRJUXHVR\HVWDEDQ
SUHSDUiQGRODSDUDSUDFWLFDUOHXQDLQWHUYHQFLyQWHOHSiWLFD
6H KXELHUD GLFKR TXH HQ OD FDQVDGD PDQVLyQ GH ORV %XHQGtD KDEtD SD] \ IHOLFLGDG UXWLQDULD
SDUD PXFKR WLHPSR VL OD LQWHPSHVWLYD PXHUWH GH $PDUDQWD QR KXELHUD SURPRYLGR XQ QXHYR
HVFiQGDOR)XHXQDFRQWHFLPLHQWRLQHVSHUDGR$XQTXHHVWDEDYLHMD\DSDUWDGDGHWRGRVWRGDYtD
VHQRWDEDILUPH\UHFWD\FRQODVDOXGGHSLHGUDTXHWXYRVLHPSUH1DGLHFRQRFLyVXSHQVDPLHQWR
GHVGH OD WDUGH HQ TXH UHFKD]y GHILQLWLYDPHQWH DO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] \ VH HQFHUUy D
OORUDU&XDQGRVDOLyKDEtDDJRWDGRWRGDVVXVOiJULPDV1RVHOHYLROORUDUFRQODVXELGDDOFLHOR
GH 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD QL FRQ HO H[WHUPLQLR GH ORV $XUHOLDQRV QL FRQ OD PXHUWH GHO FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD TXH HUD OD SHUVRQD TXH PiV TXLVR HQ HVWH PXQGR DXQTXH VyOR SXGR
GHPRVWUiUVHORFXDQGRHQFRQWUDURQVXFDGiYHUEDMRHOFDVWDxR(OODD\XGyDOHYDQWDUHOFXHUSR
/RYLVWLyFRQVXVDUUHRVGHJXHUUHURORDIHLWyORSHLQy\OHHQJRPyHOELJRWHPHMRUTXHpOPLVPR
QRORKDFtDHQVXVDxRVGHJORULD1DGLHSHQVyTXHKXELHUDDPRUHQDTXHODFWRSRUTXHHVWDEDQ
DFRVWXPEUDGRV D OD IDPLOLDULGDG GH $PDUDQWD FRQ ORV ULWRV GH OD PXHUWH )HUQDQGD VH
HVFDQGDOL]DEDGHTXHQRHQWHQGLHUDODVUHODFLRQHVGHOFDWROLFLVPRFRQODYLGDVLQR~QLFDPHQWH
VXV UHODFLRQHV FRQ OD PXHUWH FRPR VL QR IXHUD XQD UHOLJLyQ VLQR XQ SURVSHFWR GH
FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPRV IXQHUDULRV $PDUDQWD HVWDED GHPDVLDGR HQUHGDGD HQ HO EHUHQMHQDO GH VXV
UHFXHUGRVSDUDHQWHQGHUDTXHOODVVXWLOH]DVDSRORJpWLFDV+DEtDOOHJDGRDODYHMH]FRQWRGDVVXV
QRVWDOJLDV YLYDV &XDQGR HVFXFKDED ORV YDOVHV GH 3LHWUR &UHVSL VHQWtD ORV PLVPRV GHVHRV GH
OORUDUTXHWXYRHQODDGROHVFHQFLDFRPRVLHOWLHPSR\ORVHVFDUPLHQWRVQRVLUYLHUDQGHQDGD
/RVUROORVGHP~VLFDTXHHOODPLVPDKDEtDHFKDGRDODEDVXUDFRQHOSUHWH[WRGHTXHVHHVWDEDQ
SXGULHQGRFRQODKXPHGDGVHJXtDQJLUDQGR\JROSHDQGRPDUWLQHWHVHQVXPHPRULD+DEtDWUDWDGR
GH KXQGLUORV HQ OD SDVLyQ SDQWDQRVD TXH VH SHUPLWLy FRQ VX VREULQR $XUHOLDQR -RVp \ KDEtD
WUDWDGR GH UHIXJLDUVH HQ OD SURWHFFLyQ VHUHQD \ YLULO GHO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] SHUR QR
KDEtD FRQVHJXLGR GHUURWDUORV QL FRQ HO DFWR PiV GHVHVSHUDGR GH VX YHMH] FXDQGR EDxDED DO
SHTXHxR-RVp$UFDGLRWUHVDxRVDQWHVGHTXHORPDQGDUDQDOVHPLQDULR\ORDFDULFLDEDQRFRPR
SRGtD KDFHUOR XQD DEXHOD FRQ XQ QLHWR VLQR FRPR OR KXELHUD KHFKR XQD PXMHU FRQ XQ KRPEUH

84

FRPR VH FRQWDED TXH OR KDFtDQ ODV PDWURQDV IUDQFHVDV \ FRPR HOOD TXLVR KDFHUOR FRQ 3LHWUR
&UHVSLDORVGRFHORVFDWRUFHDxRVFXDQGRORYLRFRQVXVSDQWDORQHVGHEDLOH\ODYDULWDPiJLFD
FRQTXHOOHYDEDHOFRPSiVGHOPHWUyQRPR$YHFHVOHGROtDKDEHUGHMDGRDVXSDVRDTXHOUHJXHUR
GHPLVHULD\DYHFHVOHGDEDWDQWDUDELDTXHVHSLQFKDEDORVGHGRVFRQODVDJXMDVSHURPiVOH
GROtD\PiVUDELDOHGDED\PiVODDPDUJDEDHOIUDJDQWH\DJXVDQDGRJXD\DEDOGHDPRUTXHLED
DUUDVWUDQGRKDFLDODPXHUWH&RPRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDSHQVDEDHQODJXHUUDVLQSRGHU
HYLWDUOR $PDUDQWD SHQVDED HQ 5HEHFD 3HUR PLHQWUDV VX KHUPDQR KDEtD FRQVHJXLGR HVWHULOL]DU
ORV UHFXHUGRV HOOD VyOR KDEtD FRQVHJXLGR HVFDOGDUORV /R ~QLFR TXH OH URJy D 'LRV GXUDQWH
PXFKRVDxRVIXHTXHQROHPDQGDUDHOFDVWLJRGHPRULUDQWHVTXH5HEHFD&DGDYH]TXHSDVDED
SRUVXFDVD\DGYHUWtDORVSURJUHVRVGHODGHVWUXFFLyQVHFRPSODFtDFRQODLGHDGHTXH'LRVOD
HVWDED R\HQGR 8QD WDUGH FXDQGR FRVtD HQ HO FRUUHGRU OD DVDOWy OD FHUWLGXPEUH GH TXH HOOD
HVWDUtDVHQWDGDHQHVHOXJDUHQHVDPLVPDSRVLFLyQ\EDMRHVDPLVPDOX]FXDQGROHOOHYDUDQOD
QRWLFLDGHODPXHUWHGH5HEHFD6HVHQWyDHVSHUDUODFRPRTXLHQHVSHUDXQDFDUWD\HUDFLHUWR
TXHHQXQDpSRFDDUUDQFDEDERWRQHVSDUDYROYHUDSHJDUORVGHPRGRTXHODRFLRVLGDGQRKLFLHUD
PiVODUJD\DQJXVWLRVDODHVSHUD1DGLHVHGLRFXHQWDHQODFDVDGHTXH$PDUDQWDWHMLyHQWRQFHV
XQDSUHFLRVDPRUWDMDSDUD5HEHFD0iVWDUGHFXDQGR$XUHOLDQR7ULVWHFRQWyTXHODKDEtDYLVWR
FRQYHUWLGDHQXQDLPDJHQGHDSDULFLyQFRQODSLHOFXDUWHDGD\XQDVSRFDVKHEUDVDPDULOOHQWDVHQ
HOFUiQHR$PDUDQWDQRVHVRUSUHQGLySRUTXHHOHVSHFWURGHVFULWRHUDLJXDODOTXHHOODLPDJLQDED
GHVGH KDFtD PXFKR WLHPSR +DEtD GHFLGLGR UHVWDXUDU HO FDGiYHU GH 5HEHFD GLVLPXODU FRQ
SDUDILQDORVHVWUDJRVGHOURVWUR\KDFHUOHXQDSHOXFDFRQHOFDEHOORGHORVVDQWRV)DEULFDUtDXQ
FDGiYHUKHUPRVRFRQODPRUWDMDGHOLQR\XQDWD~GIRUUDGRGHSHOXFKHFRQYXHOWDVGHS~USXUD\
ORSRQGUtDDGLVSRVLFLyQGHORVJXVDQRVHQXQRVIXQHUDOHVHVSOpQGLGRV(ODERUyHOSODQFRQWDQWR
RGLRTXHODHVWUHPHFLyODLGHDGHTXHORKDEUtDKHFKRGHLJXDOPRGRVLKXELHUDVLGRFRQDPRU
SHUR QR VH GHMy DWXUGLU SRU OD FRQIXVLyQ VLQR TXH VLJXLy SHUIHFFLRQDQGR ORV GHWDOOHV WDQ
PLQXFLRVDPHQWHTXHOOHJyDVHUPiVTXHXQDHVSHFLDOLVWDXQDYLUWXRVDHQORVULWRVGHODPXHUWH
/R~QLFRTXHQRWXYRHQFXHQWDHQVXSODQWUHPHQGLVWDIXHTXHDSHVDUGHVXVV~SOLFDVD'LRV
HOODSRGtDPRULUVHSULPHURTXH5HEHFD$VtRFXUULyHQHIHFWR3HURHQHOLQVWDQWHILQDO$PDUDQWD
QRVHVLQWLyIUXVWUDGDVLQRSRUHOFRQWUDULROLEHUDGDGHWRGDDPDUJXUDSRUTXHODPXHUWHOHGHSDUy
HO SULYLOHJLR GH DQXQFLDUVH FRQ YDULRV DxRV GH DQWLFLSDFLyQ /D YLR XQ PHGLRGtD DUGLHQWH
FRVLHQGRFRQHOODHQHOFRUUHGRUSRFRGHVSXpVGHTXH0HPHVHIXHDOFROHJLR/DUHFRQRFLyHQ
HO DFWR \ QR KDEtD QDGD SDYRURVR HQ OD PXHUWH SRUTXH HUD XQD PXMHU YHVWLGD GH D]XO FRQ HO
FDEHOORODUJRGHDVSHFWRXQSRFRDQWLFXDGR\FRQXQFLHUWRSDUHFLGRD3LODU7HUQHUDHQODpSRFD
HQTXHODVD\XGDEDHQORVRILFLRVGHFRFLQD9DULDVYHFHV)HUQDQGDHVWXYRSUHVHQWH\QRODYLRD
SHVDUGHTXHHUDWDQUHDOWDQKXPDQDTXHHQDOJXQDRFDVLyQOHSLGLyD$PDUDQWDHOIDYRUGHTXH
OHHQVDUWDUDXQDDJXMD/DPXHUWHQROHGLMRFXiQGRVHLEDDPRULUQLVLVXKRUDHVWDEDVHxDODGD
DQWHVTXHODGH5HEHFDVLQRTXHOHRUGHQyHPSH]DUDWHMHUVXSURSLDPRUWDMDHOSUy[LPRVHLVGH
DEULO /D DXWRUL]y SDUD TXH OD KLFLHUD WDQ FRPSOLFDGD \ SULPRURVD FRPR HOOD TXLVLHUD SHUR WDQ
KRQUDGDPHQWHFRPRKL]RODGH5HEHFD\OHDGYLUWLyTXHKDEtDGHPRULUVLQGRORUQLPLHGRQL
DPDUJXUDDODQRFKHFHUGHOGtDHQTXHODWHUPLQDUD7UDWDQGRGHSHUGHUODPD\RUFDQWLGDGSRVLEOH

GHWLHPSR$PDUDQWDHQFDUJyODVKLOD]DVGHOLQRED\DO\HOODPLVPDIDEULFyHOOLHQ]R/RKL]RFRQ
WDQWRFXLGDGRTXHVRODPHQWHHVDODERUOHOOHYyFXDWURDxRV/XHJRLQLFLyHOERUGDGR$PHGLGD
TXH VH DSUR[LPDED HO WpUPLQR LQHOXGLEOH LED FRPSUHQGLHQGR TXH VyOR XQ PLODJUR OH SHUPLWLUtD
SURORQJDU HO WUDEDMR PiV DOOi GH OD PXHUWH GH 5HEHFD SHUR OD PLVPD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ OH
SURSRUFLRQy OD FDOPD TXH OH KDFtD IDOWD SDUD DFHSWDU OD LGHD GH XQD IUXVWUDFLyQ )XH HQWRQFHV
FXDQGRHQWHQGLyHOFtUFXORYLFLRVRGHORVSHVFDGLWRVGHRURGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD(O
PXQGRVHUHGXMRDODVXSHUILFLHGHVXSLHO\HOLQWHULRUTXHGyDVDOYRGHWRGDDPDUJXUD/HGROLy
QR KDEHU WHQLGR DTXHOOD UHYHODFLyQ PXFKRV DxRV DQWHV FXDQGR D~Q IXHUD SRVLEOH SXULILFDU ORV
UHFXHUGRV \ UHFRQVWUXLU HO XQLYHUVR EDMR XQD OX] QXHYD \ HYRFDU VLQ HVWUHPHFHUVH HO RORU GH
HVSOLHJRGH3LHWUR&UHVSLDODWDUGHFHU\UHVFDWDUD5HEHFDGHVXVDOVDGHPLVHULDQRSRURGLRQL
SRUDPRUVLQRSRUODFRPSUHQVLyQVLQPHGLGDVGHODVROHGDG(ORGLRTXHDGYLUWLyXQDQRFKHHQ
ODVSDODEUDVGH0HPHQRODFRQPRYLySRUTXHODDIHFWDUDVLQRSRUTXHVHVLQWLyUHSHWLGDHQRWUD
DGROHVFHQFLDTXHSDUHFtDWDQOLPSLDFRPRGHELySDUHFHUODVX\D\TXHVLQHPEDUJRHVWDED\D
YLFLDGDSRUHOUHQFRU3HURHQWRQFHVHUDWDQKRQGDODFRQIRUPLGDGFRQVXGHVWLQRTXHQLVLTXLHUD
OD LQTXLHWy OD FHUWLGXPEUH GH TXH HVWDEDQ FHUUDGDV WRGDV ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH UHFWLILFDFLyQ 6X
~QLFRREMHWLYRIXHWHUPLQDUODPRUWDMD(QYH]GHUHWDUGDUODFRQSUHFLRVLVPRVLQ~WLOHVFRPROR
KL]RDOSULQFLSLRDSUHVXUyODODERU8QDVHPDQDDQWHVFDOFXOyTXHGDUtDOD~OWLPDSXQWDGDHQOD
QRFKH GHO FXDWUR GH IHEUHUR \ VLQ UHYHODUOH HO PRWLYR OH VXJLULy D 0HPH TXH DQWLFLSDUD XQ
FRQFLHUWR GH FODYLFRUGLR TXH WHQtD SUHYLVWR SDUD HO GtD VLJXLHQWH SHUR HOOD QR OH KL]R FDVR
$PDUDQWD EXVFy HQWRQFHV OD PDQHUD GH UHWUDVDUVH FXDUHQWD \ RFKR KRUDV \ KDVWD SHQVy TXH OD
PXHUWH OD HVWDED FRPSODFLHQGR SRUTXH HQ OD QRFKH GHO FXDWUR GH IHEUHUR XQD WHPSHVWDG
GHVFRPSXVR OD SODQWD HOpFWULFD 3HUR DO GtD VLJXLHQWH D ODV RFKR GH OD PDxDQD GLR OD ~OWLPD
SXQWDGD HQ OD ODERU PiV SULPRURVD TXH PXMHU DOJXQD KDEtD WHUPLQDGR MDPiV \ DQXQFLy VLQ HO
PHQRU GUDPDWLVPR TXH PRULUtD DO DWDUGHFHU 1R VyOR SUHYLQR D OD IDPLOLD VLQR D WRGD OD
SREODFLyQ SRUTXH $PDUDQWD VH KDEtD KHFKR D OD LGHD GH TXH VH SRGtD UHSDUDU XQD YLGD GH
PH]TXLQGDGFRQXQ~OWLPRIDYRUDOPXQGR\SHQVyTXHQLQJXQRHUDPHMRUTXHOOHYDUOHVFDUWDVD
ORVPXHUWRV
/DQRWLFLDGHTXH$PDUDQWD%XHQGtD]DUSDEDDOFUHS~VFXOROOHYDQGRHOFRUUHRGHODPXHUWHVH
GLYXOJyHQ0DFRQGRDQWHVGHOPHGLRGtD\DODVWUHVGHODWDUGHKDEtDHQODVDODXQFDMyQOOHQRGH
FDUWDV 4XLHQHV QR TXLVLHURQ HVFULELU OH GLHURQ D $PDUDQWD UHFDGRV YHUEDOHV TXH HOOD DQRWy HQ
XQDOLEUHWDFRQHOQRPEUH\ODIHFKDGHPXHUWHGHOGHVWLQDWDULR1RVHSUHRFXSHWUDQTXLOL]DED
D ORV UHPLWHQWHV /R SULPHUR TXH KDUp DO OOHJDU VHUi SUHJXQWDU SRU pO \ OH GDUp VX UHFDGR
3DUHFtDXQDIDUVD$PDUDQWDQRUHYHODEDWUDVWRUQRDOJXQRQLHOPiVOHYHVLJQRGHGRORU\KDVWD
VH QRWDED XQ SRFR UHMXYHQHFLGD SRU HO GHEHU FXPSOLGR (VWDED WDQ GHUHFKD \ HVEHOWD FRPR
VLHPSUH 'H QR KDEHU VLGR SRU ORV SyPXORV HQGXUHFLGRV \ OD IDOWD GH DOJXQRV GLHQWHV KDEUtD
SDUHFLGRPXFKRPHQRVYLHMDGHORTXHHUDHQUHDOLGDG(OODPLVPDGLVSXVRTXHVHPHWLHUDQODV
FDUWDV HQ XQD FDMD HPEUHDGD H LQGLFy OD PDQHUD FRPR GHEtD FRORFDUVH HQ OD WXPED SDUD
SUHVHUYDUODPHMRUGHODKXPHGDG(QODPDxDQDKDEtDOODPDGRDXQFDUSLQWHURTXHOHWRPyODV
PHGLGDV SDUD HO DWD~G GH SLH HQ OD VDOD FRPR VL IXHUDQ SDUD XQ YHVWLGR 6H OH GHVSHUWy WDO

85

GLQDPLVPRHQODV~OWLPDVKRUDVTXH)HUQDQGDFUH\yTXHVHHVWDEDEXUODQGRGHWRGRVUVXODFRQ
OD H[SHULHQFLD GH TXH ORV %XHQGtD VH PRUtDQ VLQ HQIHUPHGDG QR SXVR HQ GXGD TXH $PDUDQWD
KDEtDWHQLGRHOSUHVDJLRGHODPXHUWHSHURHQWRGRFDVRODDWRUPHQWyHOWHPRUGHTXHHQHOWUDMtQ
GHODVFDUWDV\ODDQVLHGDGGHTXHOOHJDUDQSURQWRORVRIXVFDGRVUHPLWHQWHVODIXHUDQDHQWHUUDU
YLYD$VtTXHVHHPSHxyHQGHVSHMDUODFDVDGLVSXWiQGRVHDJULWRVFRQORVLQWUXVRV\DODVFXDWUR
GH OD WDUGH OR KDEtD FRQVHJXLGR $ HVD KRUD $PDUDQWD DFDEDED GH UHSDUWLU VXV FRVDV HQWUH ORV
SREUHV \ VyOR KDEtD GHMDGR VREUH HO VHYHUR DWD~G GH WDEODV VLQ SXOLU OD PXGD GH URSD \ ODV
VHQFLOODVEDEXFKDVGHSDQDTXHKDEtDGHOOHYDUHQODPXHUWH1RSDVySRUDOWRHVDSUHFDXFLyQDO
UHFRUGDUTXHFXDQGRPXULyHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDKXERTXHFRPSUDUOHXQSDUGH]DSDWRV
QXHYRVSRUTXH\DVyOROHTXHGDEDQODVSDQWXIODVTXHXVDEDHQHOWDOOHU3RFRDQWHVGHODVFLQFR
$XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR IXH D EXVFDU D 0HPH SDUD HO FRQFLHUWR \ VH VRUSUHQGLy GH TXH OD FDVD
HVWXYLHUDSUHSDUDGDSDUDHOIXQHUDO6LDOJXLHQSDUHFtDYLYRDHVDKRUDHUDODVHUHQD$PDUDQWDD
TXLHQHOWLHPSROHKDEtDDOFDQ]DGRKDVWDSDUDUHEDQDUVHORVFDOORV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR\0HPH
VHGHVSLGLHURQGHHOODFRQDGLRVHVGHEXUOD\OHSURPHWLHURQTXHHOViEDGRVLJXLHQWHKDUtDQOD
SDUUDQGD GH OD UHVXUUHFFLyQ $WUDtGR SRU ODV YRFHV S~EOLFDV GH TXH $PDUDQWD %XHQGtD HVWDED
UHFLELHQGR FDUWDV SDUD ORV PXHUWRV HO SDGUH $QWRQLR ,VDEHO OOHJy D ODV FLQFR FRQ HO YLiWLFR \
WXYR TXH HVSHUDU PiV GH TXLQFH PLQXWRV D TXH OD PRULEXQGD VDOLHUD GHO EDxR &XDQGR OD YLR
DSDUHFHU FRQ XQ FDPLVyQ GH PDGDSROiQ \ HO FDEHOOR VXHOWR HQ OD HVSDOGD HO GHFUpSLWR SiUURFR
FUH\yTXHHUDXQDEXUOD\GHVSDFKyDOPRQDJXLOOR3HQVyVLQHPEDUJRDSURYHFKDU ODRFDVLyQ
SDUD FRQIHVDU D $PDUDQWD GHVSXpV GH FDVL YHLQWH DxRV GH UHWLFHQFLD $PDUDQWD UHSOLFy
VHQFLOODPHQWHTXHQRQHFHVLWDEDDVLVWHQFLDHVSLULWXDOGHQLQJXQDFODVHSRUTXHWHQtDODFRQFLHQFLD
OLPSLD)HUQDQGDVHHVFDQGDOL]y6LQFXLGDUVHGHTXHQRODR\HUDQVHSUHJXQWyHQYR]DOWDTXp
HVSDQWRVRSHFDGRKDEUtDFRPHWLGR$PDUDQWDFXDQGRSUHIHUtDXQDPXHUWHVDFUtOHJDDODYHUJHQ]D
GHXQDFRQIHVLyQ(QWRQFHV$PDUDQWDVHDFRVWy\REOLJyDUVXODDGDUWHVWLPRQLRS~EOLFRGHVX
YLUJLQLGDG
4XHQDGLHVHKDJDLOXVLRQHVJULWySDUDTXHODR\HUD)HUQDQGD$PDUDQWD%XHQGtDVH
YDGHHVWHPXQGRFRPRYLQR
1R VH YROYLy D OHYDQWDU 5HFRVWDGD HQ DOPRKDGRQHV FRPR VL GH YHUDV HVWXYLHUD HQIHUPD
WHMLyVXVODUJDVWUHQ]DV\VHODVHQUROOyVREUHODVRUHMDVFRPRODPXHUWHOHKDEtDGLFKRTXHGHEtD
HVWDUHQHODWD~G/XHJROHSLGLyDUVXODXQHVSHMR\SRUSULPHUDYH]HQPiVGHFXDUHQWDDxRV
YLR VX URVWUR GHYDVWDGR SRU OD HGDG \ HO PDUWLULR \ VH VRUSUHQGLy GH FXiQWR VH SDUHFtD D OD
LPDJHQPHQWDOTXHWHQtDGHVtPLVPDUVXODFRPSUHQGLySRUHOVLOHQFLRGHODDOFREDTXHKDEtD
HPSH]DGRDRVFXUHFHU
'HVStGHWHGH)HUQDQGDOHVXSOLFy8QPLQXWRGHUHFRQFLOLDFLyQWLHQHPiVPpULWRTXH
WRGDXQDYLGDGHDPLVWDG
<DQRYDOHODSHQDUHSOLFy$PDUDQWD
0HPHQRSXGRQRSHQVDUHQHOODFXDQGRHQFHQGLHURQODVOXFHVGHOLPSURYLVDGRHVFHQDULR\
HPSH]yODVHJXQGDSDUWHGHOSURJUDPD$PLWDGGHODSLH]DDOJXLHQOHGLRODQRWLFLDDORtGR\HO
DFWRVHVXVSHQGLy&XDQGROOHJyDODFDVD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRWXYRTXHDEULUVHSDVRDHPSXMRQHV

SRUHQWUHODPXFKHGXPEUHSDUDYHUHOFDGiYHUGHODDQFLDQDGRQFHOODIHD\GHPDOFRORUFRQOD
YHQGDQHJUDHQODPDQR\HQYXHOWDHQODPRUWDMDSULPRURVD(VWDEDH[SXHVWRHQODVDODMXQWRDO
FDMyQGHOFRUUHR
UVXOD QR YROYLy D OHYDQWDUVH GHVSXpV GH ODV QXHYH QRFKHV GH $PDUDQWD 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD
3LHGDGVHKL]RFDUJRGHHOOD/HOOHYDEDDOGRUPLWRULRODFRPLGD\HODJXDGHELMDSDUDTXHVH
ODYDUD\ODPDQWHQtDDOFRUULHQWHGHFXDQWRSDVDEDHQ0DFRQGR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRODYLVLWDED
FRQ IUHFXHQFLD \ OOHYDED URSDV TXH HOOD SRQtD FHUFD GH OD FDPD MXQWR FRQ ODV FRVDV PiV
LQGLVSHQVDEOHVSDUDHOYLYLUGLDULRGHPRGRTXHHQSRFRWLHPSRVHKDEtDFRQVWUXLGRXQPXQGRDO
DOFDQFH GH OD PDQR /RJUy GHVSHUWDU XQ JUDQ DIHFWR HQ OD SHTXHxD $PDUDQWD UVXOD TXH HUD
LGpQWLFDDHOOD\DTXLHQHQVHxyDOHHU6XOXFLGH]ODKDELOLGDGSDUDEDVWDUVHDVtPLVPDKDFtDQ
SHQVDUTXHHVWDEDQDWXUDOPHQWHYHQFLGDSRUHOSHVRGHORVFLHQDxRVSHURDXQTXHHUDHYLGHQWH
TXHDQGDEDPDOGHODYLVWDQDGLHVRVSHFKyTXHHVWDEDFRPSOHWDPHQWHFLHJD'LVSRQtDHQWRQFHV
GHWDQWRWLHPSR\GHWDQWRVLOHQFLRLQWHULRUSDUDYLJLODUODYLGDGHODFDVDTXHIXHHOODODSULPHUD
HQGDUVHFXHQWDGHODFDOODGDWULEXODFLyQGH0HPH
9HQDFiOHGLMR$KRUDTXHHVWDPRVVRODVFRQILpVDOHDHVWDSREUHYLHMDORTXHWHSDVD
0HPH HOXGLy OD FRQYHUVDFLyQ FRQ XQD ULVD HQWUHFRUWDGD UVXOD QR LQVLVWLy SHUR DFDEy GH
FRQILUPDU VXV VRVSHFKDV FXDQGR 0HPH QR YROYLy D YLVLWDUOD 6DEtD TXH VH DUUHJODED PiV
WHPSUDQRTXHGHFRVWXPEUHTXHQRWHQtDXQLQVWDQWHGHVRVLHJRPLHQWUDVHVSHUDEDODKRUDGHVDOLU
DODFDOOHTXHSDVDEDQRFKHVHQWHUDVGDQGRYXHOWDVHQODFDPDHQHOGRUPLWRULRFRQWLJXR\TXHOD
DWRUPHQWDED HO UHYRORWHR GH XQD PDULSRVD (Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ OH R\y GHFLU TXH LED D YHUVH FRQ
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR\UVXODVHVRUSUHQGLyGHTXH)HUQDQGDIXHUDWDQFRUWDGHLPDJLQDFLyQTXH
QRVRVSHFKyQDGDFXDQGRVXPDULGRIXHDODFDVDDSUHJXQWDUSRUODKLMD(UDGHPDVLDGRHYLGHQWH
TXH 0HPH DQGDED HQ DVXQWRV VLJLORVRV HQ FRPSURPLVRV XUJHQWHV HQ DQVLHGDGHV UHSULPLGDV
GHVGHPXFKRDQWHVGHODQRFKHHQTXH)HUQDQGDDOERURWyODFDVDSRUTXHODHQFRQWUyEHViQGRVH
FRQXQKRPEUHHQHOFLQH
/DSURSLD0HPHDQGDEDHQWRQFHVWDQHQVLPLVPDGDTXHDFXVyDUVXODGHKDEHUODGHQXQFLDGR
(QUHDOLGDGVHGHQXQFLyDVtPLVPD'HVGHKDFtDWLHPSRGHMDEDDVXSDVRXQUHJXHURGHSLVWDV
TXH KDEUtDQ GHVSHUWDGR DO PiV GRUPLGR \ VL )HUQDQGD WDUGy WDQWR HQ GHVFXEULUODV IXH SRUTXH
WDPELpQHOODHVWDEDREQXELODGDSRUVXVUHODFLRQHVVHFUHWDVFRQORVPpGLFRVLQYLVLEOHV$XQDVt
WHUPLQy SRU DGYHUWLU ORV KRQGRV VLOHQFLRV ORV VREUHVDOWRV LQWHPSHVWLYRV ODV DOWHUQDWLYDV GHO
KXPRU\ODVFRQWUDGLFFLRQHVGHODKLMD6HHPSHxyHQXQDYLJLODQFLDGLVLPXODGDSHURLPSODFDEOH
/DGHMyLUFRQVXVDPLJDVGHVLHPSUHODD\XGyDYHVWLUVHSDUDODVILHVWDVGHOViEDGR\MDPiVOH
KL]R XQD SUHJXQWD LPSHUWLQHQWH TXH SXGLHUD DOHUWDUOD 7HQtD \D PXFKDV SUXHEDV GH TXH 0HPH
KDFtDFRVDVGLVWLQWDVGHODVTXHDQXQFLDED\WRGDYtDQRGHMyYLVOXPEUDUVXVVRVSHFKDVHQHVSHUD
GHODRFDVLyQGHFLVLYD8QDQRFKH0HPHOHDQXQFLyTXHLEDDOFLQHFRQVXSDGUH3RFRGHVSXpV
)HUQDQGDR\yORVFRKHWHVGHODSDUUDQGD\HOLQFRQIXQGLEOHDFRUGHyQGH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRSRU
HO UXPER GH 3HWUD &RWHV (QWRQFHV VH YLVWLy HQWUy DO FLQH \ HQ OD SHQXPEUD GH ODV OXQHWDV
UHFRQRFLy D VX KLMD /D DWXUGLGRUD HPRFLyQ GHO DFLHUWR OH LPSLGLy YHU DO KRPEUH FRQ TXLHQ VH
HVWDED EHVDQGR SHUR DOFDQ]y D SHUFLELU VX YR] WUpPXOD HQ PHGLR GH OD UHFKLIOD \ ODV ULVRWDGDV

86

HQVRUGHFHGRUDVGHOS~EOLFR/RVLHQWRDPRUOHR\yGHFLU\VDFyD0HPHGHOVDOyQVLQGHFLUOH
XQDSDODEUD\ODVRPHWLyDODYHUJHQ]DGHOOHYDUODSRUODEXOOLFLRVD&DOOHGHORV7XUFRV\OD
HQFHUUyFRQOODYHHQHOGRUPLWRULR
$O GtD VLJXLHQWH D ODV VHLV GH OD WDUGH )HUQDQGD UHFRQRFLy OD YR] GHO KRPEUH TXH IXH D
YLVLWDUOD(UDMRYHQFHWULQRFRQXQRVRMRVRVFXURV\PHODQFyOLFRVTXHQROHKDEUtDQVRUSUHQGLGR
WDQWRVLKXELHUDFRQRFLGRDORVJLWDQRV\XQDLUHGHHQVXHxRTXHDFXDOTXLHUPXMHUGHFRUD]yQ
PHQRVUtJLGROHKDEUtDEDVWDGRSDUDHQWHQGHUORVPRWLYRVGHVXKLMD9HVWtDGHOLQRPX\XVDGR
FRQ]DSDWRVGHIHQGLGRVGHVHVSHUDGDPHQWHFRQFRUWH]DVVXSHUSXHVWDVGHEODQFRGH]LQF\OOHYDED
HQODPDQRXQFDQRWLHUFRPSUDGRHO~OWLPRViEDGR(QVXYLGDQRHVWXYRQLHVWDUtDPiVDVXVWDGR
TXH HQ DTXHO PRPHQWR SHUR WHQtD XQD GLJQLGDG \ XQ GRPLQLR TXH OR SRQtDQ D VDOYR GH OD
KXPLOODFLyQ \ XQD SUHVWDQFLD OHJtWLPD TXH VyOR IUDFDVDED HQ ODV PDQRV SHUFXGLGDV \ ODV XxDV
DVWLOODGDVSRUHOWUDEDMRUXGR$)HUQDQGDVLQHPEDUJROHEDVWyHOYHUORXQDYH]SDUDLQWXLUVX
FRQGLFLyQGHPHQHVWUDO6HGLRFXHQWDGHTXHOOHYDEDSXHVWDVX~QLFDPXGDGHORVGRPLQJRV\
TXH GHEDMR GH OD FDPLVD WHQtD OD SLHO FDUFRPLGD SRU OD VDUQD GH OD FRPSDxtD EDQDQHUD 1R OH
SHUPLWLy KDEODU 1R OH SHUPLWLy VLTXLHUD SDVDU GH OD SXHUWD TXH XQ PRPHQWR GHVSXpV WXYR TXH
FHUUDUSRUTXHODFDVDHVWDEDOOHQDGHPDULSRVDVDPDULOODV
/iUJXHVHOHGLMR1DGDWLHQHTXHYHQLUDEXVFDUHQWUHODJHQWHGHFHQWH
6H OODPDED 0DXULFLR %DELORQLD +DEtD QDFLGR \ FUHFLGR HQ 0DFRQGR \ HUD DSUHQGL] GH
PHFiQLFRHQORVWDOOHUHVGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD0HPHORKDEtDFRQRFLGRSRUFDVXDOLGDGXQD
WDUGH HQ TXH IXH FRQ 3DWULFLD %URZQ D EXVFDU HO DXWRPyYLO SDUD GDU XQ SDVHR SRU ODV
SODQWDFLRQHV&RPRHOFKRIHUHVWDEDHQIHUPRORHQFDUJDURQDpOGHFRQGXFLUODV\0HPHSXGRDO
ILQVDWLVIDFHUVXGHVHRGHVHQWDUVHMXQWRDOYRODQWHSDUDREVHUYDUGHFHUFDHOVLVWHPDGHPDQHMR
$OFRQWUDULRGHOFKRIHUWLWXODU0DXULFLR%DELORQLDOHKL]RXQDGHPRVWUDFLyQSUiFWLFD(VRIXHSRU
ODpSRFDHQTXH0HPHHPSH]yDIUHFXHQWDUODFDVDGHOVHxRU%URZQ\WRGDYtDVHFRQVLGHUDED
LQGLJQRGHGDPDVHOFRQGXFLUXQDXWRPyYLO$VtTXHVHFRQIRUPyFRQODLQIRUPDFLyQWHyULFD\QR
YROYLyDYHUD0DXULFLR%DELORQLDHQYDULRVPHVHV0iVWDUGHKDEtDGHUHFRUGDUTXHGXUDQWHHO
SDVHROHOODPyODDWHQFLyQVXEHOOH]DYDURQLOVDOYRODEUXWDOLGDGGHODVPDQRVSHURTXHGHVSXpV
KDEtDFRPHQWDGRFRQ3DWULFLD%URZQODPROHVWLDTXHOHSURGXMRVXVHJXULGDGXQSRFRDOWDQHUD(O
SULPHUViEDGRHQTXHIXHDOFLQHFRQVXSDGUHYROYLyDYHUD0DXULFLR%DELORQLDFRQVXPXGDGH
OLQR VHQWDGR D SRFD GLVWDQFLD GH HOORV \ DGYLUWLy TXH pO VH GHVLQWHUHVDED GH OD SHOtFXOD SRU
YROYHUVHDPLUDUODQRWDQWRSRUYHUODFRPRSDUDTXHHOODQRWDUDTXHODHVWDEDPLUDQGR$0HPH
OH PROHVWy OD YXOJDULGDG GH DTXHO VLVWHPD $O ILQDO 0DXULFLR %DELORQLD VH DFHUFy D VDOXGDU D
$XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR \ VyOR HQWRQFHV VH HQWHUy 0HPH GH TXH VH FRQRFtDQ SRUTXH pO KDEtD
WUDEDMDGRHQODSULPLWLYDSODQWDHOpFWULFDGH$XUHOLDQR7ULVWH\WUDWDEDDVXSDGUHFRQXQDDFWLWXG
GHVXEDOWHUQR(VDFRPSUREDFLyQODDOLYLyGHOGLVJXVWRTXHOHFDXVDEDVXDOWDQHUtD1RVHKDEtDQ
YLVWRDVRODVQLVHKDEtDQFUX]DGRXQDSDODEUDGLVWLQWDGHOVDOXGRODQRFKHHQTXHVRxyTXHpOOD
VDOYDED GH XQ QDXIUDJLR \ HOOD QR H[SHULPHQWDED XQ VHQWLPLHQWR GH JUDWLWXG VLQR GH UDELD (UD
FRPRKDEHUOHGDGRXQDRSRUWXQLGDGTXHpOGHVHDEDVLHQGRTXH0HPHDQKHODEDORFRQWUDULRQR
VyORFRQ0DXULFLR%DELORQLDVLQRFRQFXDOTXLHURWURKRPEUHTXHVHLQWHUHVDUDHQHOOD3RUHVROH

LQGLJQy WDQWR TXH GHVSXpV GHO VXHxR HQ YH] GH GHWHVWDUOR KXELHUD H[SHULPHQWDGR XQD XUJHQFLD
LUUHVLVWLEOHGHYHUOR/DDQVLHGDGVHKL]RPiVLQWHQVDHQHOFXUVRGHODVHPDQD\HOViEDGRHUD
WDQDSUHPLDQWHTXHWXYRTXHKDFHUXQJUDQGHHVIXHU]RSDUDTXH0DXULFLR%DELORQLDQRQRWDUDDO
VDOXGDUODHQHOFLQHTXHVHOHHVWDEDVDOLHQGRHOFRUD]yQSRUODERFD2IXVFDGDSRUXQDFRQIXVD
VHQVDFLyQ GH SODFHU \ UDELD OH WHQGLy OD PDQR SRU SULPHUD YH] \ VyOR HQWRQFHV 0DXULFLR
%DELORQLDVHSHUPLWLyHVWUHFKiUVHOD0HPHDOFDQ]yHQXQDIUDFFLyQGHVHJXQGRDDUUHSHQWLUVHGH
VX LPSXOVR SHUR HO DUUHSHQWLPLHQWR VH WUDQVIRUPy GH LQPHGLDWR HQ XQD VDWLVIDFFLyQ FUXHO DO
FRPSUREDUTXHWDPELpQODPDQRGHpOHVWDEDVXGRURVD\KHODGD(VDQRFKHFRPSUHQGLyTXHQR
WHQGUtDXQLQVWDQWHGHVRVLHJRPLHQWUDVQROHGHPRVWUDUDD0DXULFLR%DELORQLDODYDQLGDGGHVX
DVSLUDFLyQ \ SDVy OD VHPDQD UHYRORWHDQGR HQ WRUQR GH HVD DQVLHGDG 5HFXUULy D WRGD FODVH GH
DUWLPDxDVLQ~WLOHVSDUDTXH3DWULFLD%URZQODOOHYDUDDEXVFDUHODXWRPyYLO3RU~OWLPRVHYDOLy
GHO SHOLUURMR QRUWHDPHULFDQR TXH SRU HVD pSRFD IXH D SDVDU YDFDFLRQHV HQ 0DFRQGR \ FRQ HO
SUHWH[WR GH FRQRFHU ORV QXHYRV PRGHORV GH DXWRPyYLOHV VH KL]R OOHYDU D ORV WDOOHUHV 'HVGH HO
PRPHQWRHQTXHORYLR0HPHGHMyGHHQJDxDUVHDVtPLVPD\FRPSUHQGLyTXHORTXHSDVDEDHQ
UHDOLGDG HUD TXH QR SRGtD VRSRUWDU ORV GHVHRV GH HVWDU D VRODV FRQ 0DXULFLR %DELORQLD \ OD
LQGLJQyODFHUWLGXPEUHGHTXHpVWHORKDEtDFRPSUHQGLGRDOYHUODOOHJDU
9LQHDYHUORVQXHYRVPRGHORVGLMR0HPH
(VXQEXHQSUHWH[WRGLMRpO
0HPH VH GLR FXHQWD GH TXH VH HVWDED DFKLFKDUUDQGR HQ OD OXPEUH GH VX DOWLYH] \ EXVFy
GHVHVSHUDGDPHQWHXQDPDQHUDGHKXPLOODUOR3HURpOQROHGLRWLHPSR1RVHDVXVWHOHGLMRHQ
YR] EDMD 1R HV OD SULPHUD YH] TXH XQD PXMHU VH YXHOYH ORFD SRU XQ KRPEUH 6H VLQWLy WDQ
GHVDPSDUDGDTXHDEDQGRQyHOWDOOHUVLQYHUORVQXHYRVPRGHORV\SDVyODQRFKHGHH[WUHPRD
H[WUHPRGDQGRYXHOWDVHQODFDPD\OORUDQGRGHLQGLJQDFLyQ(OSHOLUURMRQRUWHDPHULFDQRTXHHQ
UHDOLGDGHPSH]DEDDLQWHUHVDUOHOHSDUHFLyXQDFULDWXUDHQSDxDOHV)XHHQWRQFHVFXDQGRFD\yHQ
ODFXHQWDGHODVPDULSRVDVDPDULOODVTXHSUHFHGtDQODVDSDULFLRQHVGH0DXULFLR%DELORQLD/DV
KDEtD YLVWR DQWHV VREUH WRGR HQ HO WDOOHU GH PHFiQLFD \ KDEtD SHQVDGR TXH HVWDEDQ IDVFLQDGDV
SRU HO RORU GH OD SLQWXUD $OJXQD YH] ODV KDEtD VHQWLGR UHYRORWHDQGR VREUH VX FDEH]D HQ OD
SHQXPEUDGHOFLQH3HURFXDQGR0DXULFLR%DELORQLDHPSH]yDSHUVHJXLUODFRPRXQHVSHFWURTXH
VyORHOODLGHQWLILFDEDHQODPXOWLWXGFRPSUHQGLyTXHODVPDULSRVDVDPDULOODVWHQtDQDOJRTXHYHU
FRQpO0DXULFLR%DELORQLDHVWDEDVLHPSUHHQHOS~EOLFRGHORVFRQFLHUWRVHQHOFLQHHQODPLVD
PD\RU \ HOOD QR QHFHVLWDED YHUOR SDUD GHVFXEULUOR SRUTXH VH OR LQGLFDEDQ ODV PDULSRVDV 8QD
YH]$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHLPSDFLHQWyWDQWRFRQHOVRIRFDQWHDOHWHRTXHHOODVLQWLyHOLPSXOVRGH
FRQILDUOHVXVHFUHWRFRPRVHORKDEtDSURPHWLGRSHURHOLQVWLQWROHLQGLFyTXHHVWDYH]pOQRLED
DUHtUFRPRGHFRVWXPEUH4XpGLUtDWXPDGUHVLORVXSLHUD8QDPDxDQDPLHQWUDVSRGDEDQODV
URVDV)HUQDQGDODQ]yXQJULWRGHHVSDQWRHKL]RTXLWDUD0HPHGHOOXJDUHQTXHHVWDED\TXHHUD
HOPLVPRGHOMDUGtQGRQGHVXELyDORVFLHORV5HPHGLRVODEHOOD+DEtDWHQLGRSRUXQLQVWDQWHOD
LPSUHVLyQGHTXHHOPLODJURLEDDUHSHWLUVHHQVXKLMDSRUTXHODKDEtDSHUWXUEDGRXQUHSHQWLQR
DOHWHR (UDQ ODV PDULSRVDV 0HPH ODV YLR FRPR VL KXELHUDQ QDFLGR GH SURQWR HQ OD OX] \ HO
FRUD]yQOHGLRXQYXHOFR(QHVHPRPHQWRHQWUDED0DXULFLR%DELORQLDFRQXQSDTXHWHTXHVHJ~Q

87

GLMRHUDXQUHJDORGH3DWULFLD%URZQ0HPHVHDWUDJDQWyHOUXERUDVLPLOyODWULEXODFLyQ\KDVWD
FRQVLJXLy XQD VRQULVD QDWXUDO SDUD SHGLUOH HO IDYRU GH TXH OR SXVLHUD HQ HO SDVDPDQRV SRUTXH
WHQtD ORV GHGRV VXFLRV GH WLHUUD /R ~QLFR TXH QRWy )HUQDQGD HQ HO KRPEUH TXH SRFRV PHVHV
GHVSXpVKDEtDGHH[SXOVDUGHODFDVDVLQUHFRUGDUTXHORKXELHUDYLVWRDOJXQDYH]IXHODWH[WXUD
ELOLRVDGHVXSLHO
(VXQKRPEUHPX\UDURGLMR)HUQDQGD6HOHYHHQODFDUDTXHVHYDDPRULU
0HPHSHQVyTXHVXPDGUHKDEtDTXHGDGRLPSUHVLRQDGDSRUODVPDULSRVDV&XDQGRDFDEDURQ
GH SRGDU HO URVDO VH ODYy ODV PDQRV \ OOHYy HO SDTXHWH DO GRUPLWRULR SDUD DEULUOR (UD XQD
HVSHFLH GH MXJXHWH FKLQR FRPSXHVWR SRU FLQFR FDMDV FRQFpQWULFDV \ HQ OD ~OWLPD XQD WDUMHWD
ODERULRVDPHQWHGLEXMDGDSRUDOJXLHQTXHDSHQDVVDEtDHVFULELU1RVYHPRVHOViEDGRHQHOFLQH
0HPH VLQWLy HO HVWXSRU WDUGtR GH TXH OD FDMD KXELHUD HVWDGR WDQWR WLHPSR HQ HO SDVDPDQRV DO
DOFDQFHGHODFXULRVLGDGGH)HUQDQGD\DXQTXHODKDODJDEDODDXGDFLD\HOLQJHQLRGH0DXULFLR
%DELORQLDODFRQPRYLyVXLQJHQXLGDGGHHVSHUDUTXHHOODOHFXPSOLHUDODFLWD0HPHVDEtDGHVGH
HQWRQFHV TXH $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR WHQtD XQ FRPSURPLVR HO ViEDGR HQ OD QRFKH 6LQ HPEDUJR HO
IXHJRGHODDQVLHGDGODDEUDVyGHWDOPRGRHQHOFXUVRGHODVHPDQDTXHHOViEDGRFRQYHQFLyD
VX SDGUH GH TXH OD GHMDUD VROD HQ HO WHDWUR \ YROYLHUD SRU HOOD DO WHUPLQDU OD IXQFLyQ 8QD
PDULSRVD QRFWXUQD UHYRORWHy VREUH VX FDEH]D PLHQWUDV ODV OXFHV HVWXYLHURQ HQFHQGLGDV <
HQWRQFHVRFXUULy&XDQGRODVOXFHVVHDSDJDURQ0DXULFLR%DELORQLDVHVHQWyDVXODGR0HPHVH
VLQWLy FKDSDOHDQGR HQ XQ WUHPHGDO GH ]R]REUD GHO FXDO VyOR SRGtD UHVFDWDUOD FRPR KDEtD
RFXUULGR HQ HO VXHxR DTXHO KRPEUH RORURVR D DFHLWH GH PRWRU TXH DSHQDV GLVWLQJXtD HQ OD
SHQXPEUD
6LQRKXELHUDYHQLGRGLMRpOQRPHKXELHUDYLVWRPiVQXQFD
0HPHVLQWLyHOSHVRGHVXPDQRHQODURGLOOD\VXSRTXHDPERVOOHJDEDQHQDTXHOLQVWDQWHDO
RWURODGRGHOGHVDPSDUR
/RTXHPHFKRFDGHWLVRQULyHVTXHVLHPSUHGLFHVSUHFLVDPHQWHORTXHQRVHGHEH
6H YROYLy ORFD SRU pO 3HUGLy HO VXHxR \ HO DSHWLWR \ VH KXQGLy WDQ SURIXQGDPHQWH HQ OD
VROHGDG TXH KDVWD VX SDGUH VH OH FRQYLUWLy HQ XQ HVWRUER (ODERUy XQ LQWULQFDGR HQUHGR GH
FRPSURPLVRVIDOVRVSDUDGHVRULHQWDUD)HUQDQGDSHUGLyGHYLVWDDVXVDPLJDVVDOWySRUHQFLPD
GH ORV FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPRV SDUD YHUVH FRQ 0DXULFLR %DELORQLD D FXDOTXLHU KRUD \ HQ FXDOTXLHU
SDUWH$OSULQFLSLROHPROHVWDEDVXUXGH]D/DSULPHUDYH]TXHVHYLHURQDVRODVHQORVSUDGRV
GHVLHUWRVGHWUiVGHOWDOOHUGHPHFiQLFDpOODDUUDVWUyVLQPLVHULFRUGLDDXQHVWDGRDQLPDOTXHOD
GHMyH[WHQXDGD7DUGyDOJ~QWLHPSRHQGDUVHFXHQWDGHTXHWDPELpQDTXHOODHUDXQDIRUPDGHOD
WHUQXUD \ IXH HQWRQFHV FXDQGR SHUGLy HO VRVLHJR \ QR YLYtD VLQR SDUD pO WUDVWRUQDGD SRU OD
DQVLHGDGGHKXQGLUVHHQVXHQWRUSHFHGRUDOLHQWRGHDFHLWHUHIUHJDGRFRQOHMtD3RFRDQWHVGHOD
PXHUWHGH$PDUDQWDWURSH]yGHSURQWRFRQXQHVSDFLRGHOXFLGH]GHQWURGHODORFXUD\WHPEOy
DQWHODLQFHUWLGXPEUHGHOSRUYHQLU(QWRQFHVR\yKDEODUGHXQDPXMHUTXHKDFtDSURQyVWLFRVGH
EDUDMDV\IXHDYLVLWDUODHQVHFUHWR(UD3LODU7HUQHUD'HVGHTXHpVWDODYLRHQWUDUFRQRFLyORV
UHFyQGLWRV PRWLYRV GH 0HPH 6LpQWDWH OH GLMR 1R QHFHVLWR GH EDUDMDV SDUD DYHULJXDU HO
SRUYHQLUGHXQ%XHQGtD0HPHLJQRUDED\ORLJQRUyVLHPSUHTXHDTXHOODSLWRQLVDFHQWHQDULD

HUD VX ELVDEXHOD 7DPSRFR OR KXELHUD FUHtGR GHVSXpV GHO DJUHVLYR UHDOLVPR FRQ TXH HOOD OH
UHYHOyTXHODDQVLHGDGGHOHQDPRUDPLHQWRQRHQFRQWUDEDUHSRVRVLQRHQODFDPD(UDHOPLVPR
SXQWRGHYLVWDGH0DXULFLR%DELORQLDSHUR0HPHVHUHVLVWtDDGDUOHFUpGLWRSXHVHQHOIRQGR
VXSRQtDTXHHVWDEDLQVSLUDGRHQXQPDOFULWHULRGHPHQHVWUDO(OODSHQVDEDHQWRQFHVTXHHODPRU
GHXQPRGRGHUURWDEDDODPRUGHRWURPRGRSRUTXHHVWDEDHQODtQGROHGHORVKRPEUHVUHSXGLDU
HOKDPEUHXQDYH]VDWLVIHFKRHODSHWLWR3LODU7HUQHUDQRVyORGLVLSyHOHUURUVLQRTXHOHRIUHFLy
OD YLHMD FDPD GH OLHQ]R GRQGH HOOD FRQFLELy D $UFDGLR HO DEXHOR GH 0HPH \ GRQGH FRQFLELy
GHVSXpVD$XUHOLDQR-RVp/HHQVHxyDGHPiVFyPRSUHYHQLUODFRQFHSFLyQLQGHVHDEOHPHGLDQWH
OD YDSRUL]DFLyQ GH FDWDSODVPDV GH PRVWD]D \ OH GLR UHFHWDV GH EHEHGL]RV TXH HQ FDVRV GH
SHUFDQFHV KDFtDQ H[SXOVDU KDVWD ORV UHPRUGLPLHQWRV GH FRQFLHQFLD $TXHOOD HQWUHYLVWD OH
LQIXQGLyD0HPHHOPLVPRVHQWLPLHQWRGHYDOHQWtDTXHH[SHULPHQWyODWDUGHGHODERUUDFKHUD/D
PXHUWH GH $PDUDQWD VLQ HPEDUJR OD REOLJy D DSOD]DU OD GHFLVLyQ 0LHQWUDV GXUDURQ ODV QXHYH
QRFKHV HOOD QR VH DSDUWy XQ LQVWDQWH GH 0DXULFLR %DELORQLD TXH DQGDED FRQIXQGLGR FRQ OD
PXFKHGXPEUHTXHLQYDGLyODFDVD9LQLHURQOXHJRHOOXWRSURORQJDGR\HOHQFLHUURREOLJDWRULR\
VHVHSDUDURQSRUXQWLHPSR)XHURQGtDVGHWDQWDDJLWDFLyQLQWHULRUGHWDQWDDQVLHGDGLUUHSULPLEOH
\WDQWRVDQKHORVUHSULPLGRVTXHODSULPHUDWDUGHHQTXH0HPHORJUyVDOLUIXHGLUHFWDPHQWHDOD
FDVD GH 3LODU 7HUQHUD 6H HQWUHJy D 0DXULFLR %DELORQLD VLQ UHVLVWHQFLD VLQ SXGRU VLQ
IRUPDOLVPRV\FRQXQDYRFDFLyQWDQIOXLGD\XQDLQWXLFLyQWDQVDELDTXHXQKRPEUHPiVVXVSLFD]
TXH HO VX\R KXELHUD SRGLGR FRQIXQGLUODV FRQ XQD DFHQGUDGD H[SHULHQFLD 6H DPDURQ GRV YHFHV
SRU VHPDQD GXUDQWH PiV GH WUHV PHVHV SURWHJLGRV SRU OD FRPSOLFLGDG LQRFHQWH GH $XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGRTXHDFUHGLWDEDVLQPDOLFLDODVFRDUWDGDVGHODKLMDVyORSRUYHUODOLEHUDGDGHODULJLGH]
GHVXPDGUH
/DQRFKHHQTXH)HUQDQGDORVVRUSUHQGLyHQHOFLQH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHVLQWLyDJRELDGR
SRU HO SHVR GH OD FRQFLHQFLD \ YLVLWy D 0HPH HQ HO GRUPLWRULR GRQGH OD HQFHUUy )HUQDQGD
FRQILDQGR HQ TXH HOOD VH GHVDKRJDUtD FRQ pO GH ODV FRQILGHQFLDV TXH OH HVWDED GHELHQGR 3HUR
0HPH OR QHJy WRGR (VWDED WDQ VHJXUD GH Vt PLVPD WDQ DIHUUDGD D VX VROHGDG TXH $XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGRWXYRODLPSUHVLyQGHTXH\DQRH[LVWtDQLQJ~QYtQFXORHQWUHHOORVTXHODFDPDUDGHUtD\
OD FRPSOLFLGDG QR HUDQ PiV TXH XQD LOXVLyQ GHO SDVDGR 3HQVy KDEODU FRQ 0DXULFLR %DELORQLD
FUH\HQGRTXHVXDXWRULGDGGHDQWLJXRSDWUyQORKDUtDGHVLVWLUGHVXVSURSyVLWRVSHUR3HWUD&RWHV
OR FRQYHQFLy GH TXH DTXHOORV HUDQ DVXQWRV GH PXMHUHV DVt TXH TXHGy IORWDQGR HQ XQ OLPER GH
LQGHFLVLyQ\DSHQDVVRVWHQLGRSRUODHVSHUDQ]DGHTXHHOHQFLHUURWHUPLQDUDFRQODVWULEXODFLRQHV
GHODKLMD
0HPHQRGLRPXHVWUDDOJXQDGHDIOLFFLyQ$OFRQWUDULRGHVGHHOGRUPLWRULRFRQWLJXRSHUFLELy
UVXODHOULWPRVRVHJDGRGHVXVXHxRODVHUHQLGDGGHVXVTXHKDFHUHVHORUGHQGHVXVFRPLGDV\
OD EXHQD VDOXG GH VX GLJHVWLyQ /R ~QLFR TXH LQWULJy D UVXOD GHVSXpV GH FDVL GRV PHVHV GH
FDVWLJRIXHTXH0HPHQRVHEDxDUDHQODPDxDQDFRPRORKDFtDQWRGRVVLQRDODVVLHWHGHOD
QRFKH$OJXQDYH]SHQVySUHYHQLUODFRQWUDORVDODFUDQHVSHUR0HPHHUDWDQHVTXLYDFRQHOODSRU
OD FRQYLFFLyQ GH TXH OD KDEtD GHQXQFLDGR TXH SUHILULy QR SHUWXUEDUOD FRQ LPSHUWLQHQFLDV GH
WDWDUDEXHOD /DV PDULSRVDV DPDULOODV LQYDGtDQ OD FDVD GHVGH HO DWDUGHFHU 7RGDV ODV QRFKHV DO

88

UHJUHVDUGHOEDxR0HPHHQFRQWUDEDD)HUQDQGDGHVHVSHUDGDPDWDQGRPDULSRVDVFRQODERPED
GH LQVHFWLFLGD (VWR HV XQD GHVJUDFLD GHFtD 7RGD OD YLGD PH FRQWDURQ TXH ODV PDULSRVDV
QRFWXUQDVOODPDQODPDODVXHUWH8QDQRFKHPLHQWUDV0HPHHVWDEDHQHOEDxR)HUQDQGDHQWUy
HQVXGRUPLWRULRSRUFDVXDOLGDG\KDEtDWDQWDVPDULSRVDVTXHDSHQDVVHSRGtDUHVSLUDU$JDUUy
FXDOTXLHU WUDSR SDUD HVSDQWDUODV \ HO FRUD]yQ VH OH KHOy GH SDYRU DO UHODFLRQDU ORV EDxRV
QRFWXUQRV GH VX KLMD FRQ ODV FDWDSODVPDV GH PRVWD]D TXH URGDURQ SRU HO VXHOR 1R HVSHUy XQ
PRPHQWR RSRUWXQR FRPR OR KL]R OD SULPHUD YH] $O GtD VLJXLHQWH LQYLWy D DOPRU]DU DO QXHYR
DOFDOGH TXH FRPR HOOD KDEtD EDMDGR GH ORV SiUDPRV \ OH SLGLy TXH HVWDEOHFLHUD XQD JXDUGLD
QRFWXUQDHQHOWUDVSDWLRSRUTXHWHQtDODLPSUHVLyQGHTXHVHHVWDEDQUREDQGRODVJDOOLQDV(VD
QRFKHODJXDUGLDGHUULEyD0DXULFLR%DELORQLDFXDQGROHYDQWDEDODVWHMDVSDUDHQWUDUHQHOEDxR
GRQGH 0HPH OR HVSHUDED GHVQXGD \ WHPEODQGR GH DPRU HQWUH ORV DODFUDQHV \ ODV PDULSRVDV
FRPRORKDEtDKHFKRFDVLWRGDVODVQRFKHVGHORV~OWLPRVPHVHV8QSUR\HFWLOLQFUXVWDGRHQOD
FROXPQDYHUWHEUDOORUHGXMRDFDPDSRUHOUHVWRGHVXYLGD0XULyGHYLHMRHQODVROHGDGVLQXQ
TXHMLGR VLQ XQD SURWHVWD VLQ XQD VROD WHQWDWLYD GH LQILGHQFLD DWRUPHQWDGR SRU ORV UHFXHUGRV \
SRUODVPDULSRVDVDPDULOODVTXHQROHFRQFHGLHURQXQLQVWDQWHGHSD]\S~EOLFDPHQWHUHSXGLDGR
FRPRODGUyQGHJDOOLQDV

/RVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVTXHKDEtDQGHGDUOHHOJROSHPRUWDOD0DFRQGRHPSH]DEDQDYLVOXPEUDUVH
FXDQGR OOHYDURQ D OD FDVD DO KLMR GH 0HPH %XHQGtD /D VLWXDFLyQ S~EOLFD HUD HQWRQFHV WDQ
LQFLHUWDTXHQDGLHWHQtDHOHVStULWXGLVSXHVWRSDUDRFXSDUVHGHHVFiQGDORVSULYDGRVGHPRGRTXH
)HUQDQGD FRQWy FRQ XQ DPELHQWH SURSLFLR SDUD PDQWHQHU DO QLxR HVFRQGLGR FRPR VL QR KXELHUD
H[LVWLGR QXQFD 7XYR TXH UHFLELUOR SRUTXH ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV HQ TXH VH OR OOHYDURQ QR KDFtDQ
SRVLEOHHOUHFKD]R7XYRTXHVRSRUWDUORFRQWUDVXYROXQWDGSRUHOUHVWRGHVXYLGDSRUTXHDOD
KRUDGHODYHUGDGOHIDOWyYDORUSDUDFXPSOLUODtQWLPDGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHDKRJDUORHQODDOEHUFD
GHO EDxR /R HQFHUUy HQ HO DQWLJXR WDOOHU GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD $ 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD
3LHGDGORJUyFRQYHQFHUODGHTXHORKDEtDHQFRQWUDGRIORWDQGRHQXQDFDQDVWLOODUVXODKDEtDGH
PRULU VLQ FRQRFHU VX RULJHQ /D SHTXHxD $PDUDQWD UVXOD TXH HQWUy XQD YH] DO WDOOHU FXDQGR
)HUQDQGD HVWDED DOLPHQWDQGR DO QLxR WDPELpQ FUH\y HQ OD YHUVLyQ GH OD FDQDVWLOOD IORWDQWH
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRGHILQLWLYDPHQWHGLVWDQFLDGRGHODHVSRVDSRUODIRUPDLUUDFLRQDOHQTXHpVWD
PDQHMyODWUDJHGLDGH0HPHQRVXSRGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHOQLHWRVLQRWUHVDxRVGHVSXpVGHTXHOR
OOHYDURQDODFDVDFXDQGRHOQLxRHVFDSyDOFDXWLYHULRSRUXQGHVFXLGRGH)HUQDQGD\VHDVRPy
DO FRUUHGRU SRU XQD IUDFFLyQ GH VHJXQGR GHVQXGR \ FRQ ORV SHORV HQPDUDxDGRV \ FRQ XQ
LPSUHVLRQDQWH VH[R GH PRFR GH SDYR FRPR VL QR IXHUD XQD FULDWXUD KXPDQD VLQR OD GHILQLFLyQ
HQFLFORSpGLFDGHXQDQWURSyIDJR
)HUQDQGD QR FRQWDED FRQ DTXHOOD WUDVWDGD GH VX LQFRUUHJLEOH GHVWLQR (O QLxR IXH FRPR HO
UHJUHVR GH XQD YHUJHQ]D TXH HOOD FUHtD KDEHU GHVWHUUDGR SDUD VLHPSUH GH OD FDVD $SHQDV VH
KDEtDQ OOHYDGR D 0DXULFLR %DELORQLD FRQ OD HVSLQD GRUVDO IUDFWXUDGD \ \D KDEtD FRQFHELGR
)HUQDQGDKDVWDHOGHWDOOHPiVtQILPRGHXQSODQGHVWLQDGRDHOLPLQDUWRGRYHVWLJLRGHORSURELR
6LQ FRQVXOWDUOR FRQ VX PDULGR KL]R DO GtD VLJXLHQWH VX HTXLSDMH PHWLy HQ XQD PDOHWLWD ODV WUHV
PXGDVTXHVXKLMDSRGtDQHFHVLWDU\IXHDEXVFDUODDOGRUPLWRULRPHGLDKRUDDQWHVGHODOOHJDGD
GHOWUHQ
9DPRV5HQDWDOHGLMR
1R OH GLR QLQJXQD H[SOLFDFLyQ 0HPH SRU VX SDUWH QR OD HVSHUDED QL OD TXHUtD 1R VyOR
LJQRUDEDSDUDGyQGHLEDQVLQRTXHOHKDEUtDGDGRLJXDOVLODKXELHUDQOOHYDGRDOPDWDGHUR1R
KDEtDYXHOWRDKDEODUQLORKDUtDHQHOUHVWRGHVXYLGDGHVGHTXHR\yHOGLVSDURHQHOWUDVSDWLR\
HO VLPXOWiQHR DXOOLGR GH GRORU GH 0DXULFLR %DELORQLD &XDQGR VX PDGUH OH RUGHQy VDOLU GHO

89

GRUPLWRULR QR VH SHLQy QL VH ODYy OD FDUD \ VXELy DO WUHQ FRPR XQ VRQiPEXOR VLQ DGYHUWLU
VLTXLHUDODVPDULSRVDVDPDULOODVTXHVHJXtDQDFRPSDxiQGROD)HUQDQGDQRVXSRQXQFDQLVHWRPy
HOWUDEDMRGHDYHULJXDUORVLVXVLOHQFLRSpWUHRHUDXQDGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHVXYROXQWDGRVLVHKDEtD
TXHGDGRPXGDSRUHOLPSDFWRGHODWUDJHGLD0HPHDSHQDVVHGLRFXHQWDGHOYLDMHDWUDYpVGHOD
DQWLJXDUHJLyQHQFDQWDGD1RYLRODVXPEURVDVHLQWHUPLQDEOHVSODQWDFLRQHVGHEDQDQRDDPERV
ODGRV GH ODV OtQHDV 1R YLR ODV FDVDV EODQFDV GH ORV JULQJRV QL VXV MDUGLQHV DULGHFLGRV SRU HO
SROYR \ HO FDORU QL ODV PXMHUHV FRQ SDQWDORQHV FRUWRV \ FDPLVDV GH UD\DV D]XOHV TXH MXJDEDQ
EDUDMDV HQ ORV SyUWLFRV 1R YLR ODV FDUUHWDV GH EXH\HV FDUJDGDV GH UDFLPRV HQ ORV FDPLQRV
SROYRULHQWRV 1R YLR ODV GRQFHOODV TXH VDOWDEDQ FRPR ViEDORV HQ ORV UtRV WUDQVSDUHQWHV SDUD
GHMDUOHV D ORV SDVDMHURV GHO WUHQ OD DPDUJXUD GH VXV VHQRV HVSOpQGLGRV QL ODV EDUUDFDV
DELJDUUDGDV \ PLVHUDEOHV GH ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV GRQGH UHYRORWHDEDQ ODV PDULSRVDV DPDULOODV GH
0DXULFLR %DELORQLD \ HQ FX\RV SRUWDOHV KDEtD QLxRV YHUGHV \ HVFXiOLGRV VHQWDGRV HQ VXV
EDFLQLOODV \ PXMHUHV HPEDUD]DGDV TXH JULWDEDQ LPSURSHULRV DO SDVR GHO WUHQ $TXHOOD YLVLyQ
IXJD]TXHSDUDHOODHUDXQDILHVWDFXDQGRUHJUHVDEDGHOFROHJLRSDVySRUHOFRUD]yQGH0HPH
VLQ GHVSDELODUOR 1R PLUy D WUDYpV GH OD YHQWDQLOOD QL VLTXLHUD FXDQGR VH DFDEy OD KXPHGDG
DUGLHQWHGHODVSODQWDFLRQHV\HOWUHQSDVySRUODOODQXUDGHDPDSRODVGRQGHHVWDEDWRGDYtDHO
FRVWLOODU FDUERQL]DGR GHO JDOHyQ HVSDxRO \ VDOLy OXHJR DO PLVPR DLUH GLiIDQR \ DO PLVPR PDU
HVSXPRVR\VXFLRGRQGHFDVLXQVLJORDQWHVIUDFDVDURQODVLOXVLRQHVGH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD
$ODVFLQFRGHODWDUGHFXDQGROOHJDURQDODHVWDFLyQILQDOGHODFLpQDJDGHVFHQGLyGHOWUHQ
SRUTXH)HUQDQGDORKL]R6XELHURQDXQFRFKHFLWRTXHSDUHFtDXQPXUFLpODJRHQRUPHWLUDGRSRU
XQFDEDOORDVPiWLFR\DWUDYHVDURQODFLXGDGGHVRODGDHQFX\DVFDOOHVLQWHUPLQDEOHV\FXDUWHDGDV
SRUHOVDOLWUHUHVRQDEDXQHMHUFLFLRGHSLDQRLJXDODOTXHHVFXFKy)HUQDQGDHQODVVLHVWDVGHVX
DGROHVFHQFLD 6H HPEDUFDURQ HQ XQ EXTXH IOXYLDO FX\D UXHGD GH PDGHUD KDFtD XQ UXLGR GH
FRQIODJUDFLyQ\FX\DVOiPLQDVGHKLHUURFDUFRPLGDVSRUHOy[LGRUHYHUEHUDEDQFRPRODERFDGH
XQKRUQR0HPHVHHQFHUUyHQHOFDPDURWH'RVYHFHVDOGtDGHMDED)HUQDQGDXQSODWRGHFRPLGD
MXQWR D OD FDPD \ GRV YHFHV DO GtD VH OR OOHYDED LQWDFWR QR SRUTXH 0HPH KXELHUD UHVXHOWR
PRULUVH GH KDPEUH VLQR SRUTXH OH UHSXJQDED HO VROR RORU GH ORV DOLPHQWRV \ VX HVWyPDJR
H[SXOVDED KDVWD HO DJXD 1L HOOD PLVPD VDEtD HQWRQFHV TXH VX IHUWLOLGDG KDEtD EXUODGR D ORV
YDSRUHVGHPRVWD]DDVtFRPR)HUQDQGDQRORVXSRKDVWDFDVLXQDxRGHVSXpVFXDQGROHOOHYDURQ
DOQLxR(QHOFDPDURWHVRIRFDQWHWUDVWRUQDGDSRUODYLEUDFLyQGHODVSDUHGHVGHKLHUUR\SRUHO
WXIRLQVRSRUWDEOHGHOFLHQRUHPRYLGRSRUODUXHGDGHOEXTXH0HPHSHUGLyODFXHQWDGHORVGtDV
+DEtDSDVDGRPXFKRWLHPSRFXDQGRYLROD~OWLPDPDULSRVDDPDULOODGHVWUR]iQGRVHHQODVDVSDV
GHO YHQWLODGRU \ DGPLWLy FRPR XQD YHUGDG LUUHPHGLDEOH TXH 0DXULFLR %DELORQLD KDEtD PXHUWR
6LQ HPEDUJR QR VH GHMy YHQFHU SRU OD UHVLJQDFLyQ 6HJXtD SHQVDQGR HQ pO GXUDQWH OD SHQRVD
WUDYHVtD D ORPR GH PXOD SRU HO SiUDPR DOXFLQDQWH GRQGH VH SHUGLy $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR FXDQGR
EXVFDED D OD PXMHU PiV KHUPRVD TXH VH KDEtD GDGR VREUH OD WLHUUD \ FXDQGR UHPRQWDURQ OD
FRUGLOOHUD SRU FDPLQRV GH LQGLRV \ HQWUDURQ D OD FLXGDG O~JXEUH HQ FX\RV YHULFXHWRV GH SLHGUD
UHVRQDEDQORVEURQFHVIXQHUDULRVGHWUHLQWD\GRVLJOHVLDV(VDQRFKHGXUPLHURQHQODDEDQGRQDGD
PDQVLyQFRORQLDOVREUHORVWDEORQHVTXH)HUQDQGDSXVRHQHOVXHORGHXQDSRVHQWRLQYDGLGRSRU

OD PDOH]D \ DUURSDGDV FRQ SLOWUDIDV GH FRUWLQDV TXH DUUDQFDURQ GH ODV YHQWDQDV \ TXH VH
GHVPLJDEDQ D FDGD YXHOWD GHO FXHUSR 0HPH VXSR GyQGH HVWDEDQ SRUTXH HQ HO HVSDQWR GHO
LQVRPQLR YLR SDVDU DO FDEDOOHUR YHVWLGR GH QHJUR TXH HQ XQD GLVWDQWH YtVSHUD GH 1DYLGDG
OOHYDURQDODFDVDGHQWURGHXQFRIUHGHSORPR$OGtDVLJXLHQWHGHVSXpVGHPLVD)HUQDQGDOD
FRQGXMR D XQ HGLILFLR VRPEUtR TXH 0HPH UHFRQRFLy GH LQPHGLDWR SRU ODV HYRFDFLRQHV TXH VX
PDGUHVROtDKDFHUGHOFRQYHQWRGRQGHODHGXFDURQSDUDUHLQD\HQWRQFHVFRPSUHQGLyTXHKDEtD
OOHJDGR DO WpUPLQR GHO YLDMH 0LHQWUDV )HUQDQGD KDEODED FRQ DOJXLHQ HQ HO GHVSDFKR FRQWLJXR
HOODVHTXHGyHQXQVDOyQDMHGUH]DGRFRQJUDQGHVyOHRVGHDU]RELVSRVFRORQLDOHVWHPEODQGRGH
IUtR SRUTXH OOHYDED WRGDYtD XQ WUDMH GH HWDPLQD FRQ IORUHFLWDV QHJUDV \ ORV GXURV ERUFHJXtHV
KLQFKDGRVSRUHOKLHORGHOSiUDPR(VWDEDGHSLHHQHOFHQWURGHOVDOyQSHQVDQGRHQ0DXULFLR
%DELORQLD EDMR HO FKRUUR DPDULOOR GH ORV YLWUDOHV FXDQGR VDOLy GHO GHVSDFKR XQD QRYLFLD PX\
EHOOD TXH OOHYDED VX PDOHWLWD FRQ ODV WUHV PXGDV GH URSD $O SDVDU MXQWR D 0HPH OH WHQGLy OD
PDQRVLQGHWHQHUVH
9DPRV5HQDWDOHGLMR
0HPH OH WRPy OD PDQR \ VH GHMy OOHYDU /D ~OWLPD YH] TXH )HUQDQGD OD YLR WUDWDQGR GH
LJXDODUVXSDVRFRQHOGHODQRYLFLDDFDEDEDGHFHUUDUVHGHWUiVGHHOODHOUDVWULOORGHKLHUURGHOD
FODXVXUD7RGDYtDSHQVDEDHQ0DXULFLR%DELORQLDHQVXRORUGHDFHLWH\VXiPELWRGHPDULSRVDV
\VHJXLUtDSHQVDQGRHQpOWRGRVORVGtDVGHVXYLGDKDVWDODUHPRWDPDGUXJDGDGHRWRxRHQTXH
PXULHUD GH YHMH] FRQ VXV QRPEUHV FDPELDGRV \ VLQ KDEHU GLFKR QXQFD XQD SDODEUD HQ XQ
WHQHEURVRKRVSLWDOGH&UDFRYLD
)HUQDQGD UHJUHVy D 0DFRQGR HQ XQ WUHQ SURWHJLGR SRU SROLFtDV DUPDGRV 'XUDQWH HO YLDMH
DGYLUWLy OD WHQVLyQ GH ORV SDVDMHURV ORV DSUHVWRV PLOLWDUHV HQ ORV SXHEORV GH OD OtQHD \ HO DLUH
HQUDUHFLGR SRU OD FHUWLGXPEUH GH TXH DOJR JUDYH LED D VXFHGHU SHUR FDUHFLy GH LQIRUPDFLyQ
PLHQWUDV QR OOHJy D 0DFRQGR \ OH FRQWDURQ TXH -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR HVWDED LQFLWDQGR D OD
KXHOJDDORVWUDEDMDGRUHVGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD(VWRHVOR~OWLPRTXHQRVIDOWDEDVHGLMR
)HUQDQGD 8Q DQDUTXLVWD HQ OD IDPLOLD /D KXHOJD HVWDOOy GRV VHPDQDV GHVSXpV \ QR WXYR ODV
FRQVHFXHQFLDVGUDPiWLFDVTXHVHWHPtDQ/RVREUHURVDVSLUDEDQDTXHQRVHOHVREOLJDUDDFRUWDU
\HPEDUFDUEDQDQRORVGRPLQJRV\ODSHWLFLyQSDUHFLyWDQMXVWDTXHKDVWDHOSDGUH$QWRQLR,VDEHO
LQWHUFHGLy HQ IDYRU GH HOOD SRUTXH OD HQFRQWUy GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD OH\ GH 'LRV (O WULXQIR GH OD
DFFLyQ DVt FRPR GH RWUDV TXH VH SURPRYLHURQ HQ ORV PHVHV VLJXLHQWHV VDFy GHO DQRQLPDWR DO
GHVFRORULGR-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRGHTXLHQVROtDGHFLUVHTXHVyORKDEtDVHUYLGRSDUDOOHQDUHO
SXHEORGHSXWDVIUDQFHVDV&RQODPLVPDGHFLVLyQLPSXOVLYDFRQTXHUHPDWyVXVJDOORVGHSHOHD
SDUDHVWDEOHFHUXQDHPSUHVDGHQDYHJDFLyQGHVDWLQDGDKDEtDUHQXQFLDGRDOFDUJRGHFDSDWD]GH
FXDGULOODGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD\WRPyHOSDUWLGRGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHV0X\SURQWRVHOHVHxDOy
FRPRDJHQWHGHXQDFRQVSLUDFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOFRQWUDHORUGHQS~EOLFR8QDQRFKHHQHOFXUVRGH
XQDVHPDQDRVFXUHFLGDSRUUXPRUHVVRPEUtRVHVFDSyGHPLODJURDFXDWURWLURVGHUHYyOYHUTXH
OH KL]R XQ GHVFRQRFLGR FXDQGR VDOtD GH XQD UHXQLyQ VHFUHWD )XH WDQ WHQVD OD DWPyVIHUD GH ORV
PHVHVVLJXLHQWHVTXHKDVWDUVXODODSHUFLELyHQVXULQFyQGHWLQLHEODV\WXYRODLPSUHVLyQGH
HVWDUYLYLHQGRGHQXHYRORVWLHPSRVD]DURVRVHQTXHVXKLMR$XUHOLDQRFDUJDEDHQHOEROVLOORORV

90

JOyEXORV KRPHRSiWLFRV GH OD VXEYHUVLyQ 7UDWy GH KDEODU FRQ -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR SDUD
HQWHUDUORGHHVHSUHFHGHQWHSHUR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGROHLQIRUPyTXHGHVGHODQRFKHGHODWHQWDGR
VHLJQRUDEDVXSDUDGHUR
/R PLVPR TXH $XUHOLDQR H[FODPy UVXOD (V FRPR VL HO PXQGR HVWXYLHUD GDQGR
YXHOWDV
)HUQDQGD SHUPDQHFLy LQPXQH D OD LQFHUWLGXPEUH GH HVRV GtDV &DUHFtD GH FRQWDFWRV FRQ HO
PXQGR H[WHULRU GHVGH HO YLROHQWR DOWHUFDGR TXH WXYR FRQ VX PDULGR SRU KDEHU GHWHUPLQDGR OD
VXHUWHGH0HPHVLQVXFRQVHQWLPLHQWR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRHVWDEDGLVSXHVWRDUHVFDWDUDVXKLMD
FRQODSROLFtDVLHUDQHFHVDULRSHUR)HUQDQGDOHKL]RYHUSDSHOHVHQORVTXHVHGHPRVWUDEDTXH
KDEtDLQJUHVDGRDODFODXVXUDSRUSURSLDYROXQWDG(QHIHFWR0HPHORVKDEtDILUPDGRFXDQGR\D
HVWDED GHO RWUR ODGR GHO UDVWULOOR GH KLHUUR \ OR KL]R FRQ HO PLVPR GHVGpQ FRQ TXH VH GHMy
FRQGXFLU (Q HO IRQGR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR QR FUH\y HQ OD OHJLWLPLGDG GH ODV SUXHEDV FRPR QR
FUH\yQXQFDTXH0DXULFLR%DELORQLDVHKXELHUDPHWLGRDOSDWLRSDUDUREDUJDOOLQDVSHURDPERV
H[SHGLHQWHV OH VLUYLHURQ SDUD WUDQTXLOL]DU OD FRQFLHQFLD \ SXGR HQWRQFHV YROYHU VLQ
UHPRUGLPLHQWRV D OD VRPEUD GH 3HWUD &RWHV GRQGH UHDQXGy ODV SDUUDQGDV UXLGRVDV \ ODV
FRPLORQDV GHVDIRUDGDV $MHQD D OD LQTXLHWXG GHO SXHEOR VRUGD D ORV WUHPHQGRV SURQyVWLFRV GH
UVXOD )HUQDQGD OH GLR OD ~OWLPD YXHOWD D ODV WXHUFDV GH VX SODQ FRQVXPDGR /H HVFULELy XQD
H[WHQVD FDUWD D VX KLMR -RVp $UFDGLR TXH \D LED D UHFLELU ODV yUGHQHV PHQRUHV \ HQ HOOD OH
FRPXQLFyTXHVXKHUPDQD5HQDWDKDEtDH[SLUDGRHQODSD]GHO6HxRUDFRQVHFXHQFLDGHOYyPLWR
QHJUR /XHJR SXVR D $PDUDQWD UVXOD DO FXLGDGR GH 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG \ VH GHGLFy D
RUJDQL]DUVXFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDFRQORVPpGLFRVLQYLVLEOHVWUDVWRUQDGDSRUHOSHUFDQFHGH0HPH
/RSULPHURTXHKL]RIXHILMDUIHFKDGHILQLWLYDSDUDODDSOD]DGDLQWHUYHQFLyQWHOHSiWLFD3HURORV
PpGLFRVLQYLVLEOHVOHFRQWHVWDURQTXHQRHUDSUXGHQWHPLHQWUDVSHUVLVWLHUDHOHVWDGRGHDJLWDFLyQ
VRFLDOHQ0DFRQGR(OODHVWDEDWDQXUJLGD\WDQPDOLQIRUPDGDTXHOHVH[SOLFyHQRWUDFDUWDTXH
QR KDEtD WDO HVWDGR GH DJLWDFLyQ \ TXH WRGR HUD IUXWR GH ODV ORFXUDV GH XQ FXxDGR VX\R TXH
DQGDEDSRUHVRVGtDVFRQODYHQWROHUDVLQGLFDOFRPRSDGHFLyHQRWURWLHPSRODVGHODJDOOHUD\OD
QDYHJDFLyQ$~QQRHVWDEDQGHDFXHUGRHOFDOXURVRPLpUFROHVHQTXHOODPyDODSXHUWDGHODFDVD
XQD PRQMD DQFLDQD TXH OOHYDED XQD FDQDVWLOOD FROJDGD GHO EUD]R $O DEULUOH 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD
3LHGDGSHQVyTXHHUDXQUHJDOR\WUDWyGHTXLWDUOHODFDQDVWLOODFXELHUWDFRQXQSULPRURVRWDSHWH
GHHQFDMH3HURODPRQMDORLPSLGLySRUTXHWHQtDLQVWUXFFLRQHVGHHQWUHJiUVHODSHUVRQDOPHQWH\
EDMRODUHVHUYDPiVHVWULFWDDGRxD)HUQDQGDGHO&DUSLRGH%XHQGtD(UDHOKLMRGH0HPH(O
DQWLJXR GLUHFWRU HVSLULWXDO GH )HUQDQGD OH H[SOLFDED HQ XQD FDUWD TXH KDEtD QDFLGR GRV PHVHV
DQWHV\TXHVHKDEtDQSHUPLWLGREDXWL]DUORFRQHOQRPEUHGH$XUHOLDQRFRPRVXDEXHORSRUTXH
OD PDGUH QR GHVSHJy ORV ODELRV SDUD H[SUHVDU VX YROXQWDG )HUQDQGD VH VXEOHYy tQWLPDPHQWH
FRQWUDDTXHOODEXUODGHOGHVWLQRSHURWXYRIXHU]DVSDUDGLVLPXODUORGHODQWHGHODPRQMD
'LUHPRVTXHORHQFRQWUDPRVIORWDQGRHQODFDQDVWLOODVRQULy
1RVHORFUHHUiQDGLHGLMRODPRQMD
6LVHORFUH\HURQDODV6DJUDGDV(VFULWXUDVUHSOLFy)HUQDQGDQRYHRSRUTXpQRKDQ
GHFUHpUPHORDPt

/DPRQMDDOPRU]yHQFDVDPLHQWUDVSDVDEDHOWUHQGHUHJUHVR\GHDFXHUGRFRQODGLVFUHFLyQ
TXH OH KDEtDQ H[LJLGR QR YROYLy D PHQFLRQDU DO QLxR SHUR )HUQDQGD OD VHxDOy FRPR XQ WHVWLJR
LQGHVHDEOH GH VX YHUJHQ]D \ ODPHQWy TXH VH KXELHUD GHVHFKDGR OD FRVWXPEUH PHGLHYDO GH
DKRUFDUDOPHQVDMHURGHPDODVQRWLFLDV)XHHQWRQFHVFXDQGRGHFLGLyDKRJDUDODFULDWXUDHQOD
DOEHUFDWDQSURQWRFRPRVHIXHUDODPRQMDSHURHOFRUD]yQQROHGLRSDUDWDQWR\SUHILULyHVSHUDU
FRQSDFLHQFLDDTXHODLQILQLWDERQGDGGH'LRVODOLEHUDUDGHOHVWRUER
(O QXHYR $XUHOLDQR KDEtD FXPSOLGR XQ DxR FXDQGR OD WHQVLyQ S~EOLFD HVWDOOy VLQ QLQJ~Q
DQXQFLR -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR \ RWURV GLULJHQWHV VLQGLFDOHV TXH KDEtDQ SHUPDQHFLGR KDVWD
HQWRQFHV HQ OD FODQGHVWLQLGDG DSDUHFLHURQ LQWHPSHVWLYDPHQWH XQ ILQ GH VHPDQD \ SURPRYLHURQ
PDQLIHVWDFLRQHVHQORVSXHEORVGHOD]RQDEDQDQHUD/DSROLFtDVHFRQIRUPyFRQYLJLODUHORUGHQ
3HURHQODQRFKHGHOOXQHVORVGLULJHQWHVIXHURQVDFDGRVGHVXVFDVDV\PDQGDGRVFRQJULOORVGH
FLQFRNLORVHQORVSLHVDODFiUFHOGHODFDSLWDOSURYLQFLDO(QWUHHOORVVHOOHYDURQD-RVp$UFDGLR
6HJXQGR\D/RUHQ]R*DYLOiQXQFRURQHOGHODUHYROXFLyQPH[LFDQDH[LOLDGRHQ0DFRQGRTXH
GHFtDKDEHUVLGRWHVWLJRGHOKHURtVPRGHVXFRPSDGUH$UWHPLR&UX]6LQHPEDUJRDQWHVGHWUHV
PHVHV HVWDEDQ HQ OLEHUWDG SRUTXH HO JRELHUQR \ OD FRPSDxtD EDQDQHUD QR SXGLHURQ SRQHUVH GH
DFXHUGR VREUH TXLpQ GHEtD DOLPHQWDUORV HQ OD FiUFHO /D LQFRQIRUPLGDG GH ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV VH
IXQGDED HVWD YH] HQ OD LQVDOXEULGDG GH ODV YLYLHQGDV HO HQJDxR GH ORV VHUYLFLRV PpGLFRV \ OD
LQLTXLGDG GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH WUDEDMR $ILUPDEDQ DGHPiV TXH QR VH OHV SDJDED FRQ GLQHUR
HIHFWLYRVLQRFRQYDOHVTXHVyORVHUYtDQSDUDFRPSUDUMDPyQGH9LUJLQLDHQORVFRPLVDULDWRVGH
ODFRPSDxtD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRIXHHQFDUFHODGRSRUTXHUHYHOyTXHHOVLVWHPDGHORVYDOHV
HUD XQ UHFXUVR GH OD FRPSDxtD SDUD ILQDQFLDU VXV EDUFRV IUXWHURV TXH GH QR KDEHU VLGR SRU OD
PHUFDQFtD GH ORV FRPLVDULDWRV KXELHUDQ WHQLGR TXH UHJUHVDU YDFtRV GHVGH 1XHYD 2UOHDQV KDVWD
ORVSXHUWRVGHHPEDUTXHGHOEDQDQR/RVRWURVFDUJRVHUDQGHOGRPLQLRS~EOLFR/RVPpGLFRVGH
ODFRPSDxtDQRH[DPLQDEDQDORVHQIHUPRVVLQRTXHORVKDFtDQSDUDUVHHQILODLQGLDIUHQWHDORV
GLVSHQVDULRV \ XQD HQIHUPHUD OHV SRQtD HQ OD OHQJXD XQD StOGRUD GHO FRORU GHO SLHGUDOLSH DVt
WXYLHUDQ SDOXGLVPR EOHQRUUDJLD R HVWUHxLPLHQWR (UD XQD WHUDSpXWLFD WDQ JHQHUDOL]DGD TXH ORV
QLxRV VH SRQtDQ HQ OD ILOD YDULDV YHFHV \ HQ YH] GH WUDJDUVH ODV StOGRUDV VH ODV OOHYDEDQ D VXV
FDVDV SDUD VHxDODU FRQ HOODV ORV QXPHURV FDQWDGRV HQ HO MXHJR GH ORWHUtD /RV REUHURV GH OD
FRPSDxtDHVWDEDQKDFLQDGRVHQWDPERVPLVHUDEOHV/RVLQJHQLHURVHQYH]GHFRQVWUXLUOHWULQDV
OOHYDEDQDORVFDPSDPHQWRVSRU1DYLGDGXQH[FXVDGRSRUWiWLOSDUDFDGDFLQFXHQWDSHUVRQDV\
KDFtDQ GHPRVWUDFLRQHV S~EOLFDV GH FyPR XWLOL]DUORV SDUD TXH GXUDUDQ PiV /RV GHFUpSLWRV
DERJDGRV YHVWLGRV GH QHJUR TXH HQ RWUR WLHPSR DVHGLDURQ DO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD \ TXH
HQWRQFHVHUDQDSRGHUDGRVGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDGHVYLUWXDEDQHVWRVFDUJRVFRQDUELWULRVTXH
SDUHFtDQ FRVD GH PDJLD &XDQGR ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV UHGDFWDURQ XQ SOLHJR GH SHWLFLRQHV XQiQLPH
SDVyPXFKRWLHPSRVLQTXHSXGLHUDQQRWLILFDURILFLDOPHQWHDODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD7DQSURQWR
FRPR FRQRFLy HO DFXHUGR HO VHxRU %URZQ HQJDQFKy HQ HO WUHQ VX VXQWXRVR YDJyQ GH YLGULR \
GHVDSDUHFLy GH 0DFRQGR MXQWR FRQ ORV UHSUHVHQWDQWHV PiV FRQRFLGRV GH VX HPSUHVD 6LQ
HPEDUJR YDULRV REUHURV HQFRQWUDURQ D XQR GH HOORV HO ViEDGR VLJXLHQWH HQ XQ EXUGHO \ OH
KLFLHURQ ILUPDU XQD FRSLD GHO SOLHJR GH SHWLFLRQHV FXDQGR HVWDED GHVQXGR FRQ OD PXMHU TXH VH

91

SUHVWy SDUD OOHYDUOR D OD WUDPSD /RV OXFWXRVRV DERJDGRV GHPRVWUDURQ HQ HO MX]JDGR TXH DTXHO
KRPEUHQRWHQtDQDGDTXHYHUFRQODFRPSDxtD\SDUDTXHQDGLHSXVLHUDHQGXGDVXVDUJXPHQWRV
OR KLFLHURQ HQFDUFHODU SRU XVXUSDGRU 0iV WDUGH HO VHxRU %URZQ IXH VRUSUHQGLGR YLDMDQGR GH
LQFyJQLWRHQXQYDJyQGHWHUFHUDFODVH\OHKLFLHURQILUPDURWUDFRSLDGHOSOLHJRGHSHWLFLRQHV
$O GtD VLJXLHQWH FRPSDUHFLy DQWH ORV MXHFHV FRQ HO SHOR SLQWDGR GH QHJUR \ KDEODQGR XQ
FDVWHOODQR VLQ WURSLH]RV /RV DERJDGRV GHPRVWUDURQ TXH QR HUD HO VHxRU -DFN %URZQ
VXSHULQWHQGHQWH GH OD FRPSDxtD EDQDQHUD \ QDFLGR HQ 3UDWWYLOOH $ODEDPD VLQR XQ LQRIHQVLYR
YHQGHGRUGHSODQWDVPHGLFLQDOHVQDFLGRHQ0DFRQGR\DOOtPLVPREDXWL]DGRFRQHOQRPEUHGH
'DJREHUWR)RQVHFD3RFRGHVSXpVIUHQWHDXQDQXHYDWHQWDWLYDGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVORVDERJDGRV
H[KLELHURQ HQ OXJDUHV S~EOLFRV HO FHUWLILFDGR GH GHIXQFLyQ GHO VHxRU %URZQ DXWHQWLFDGR SRU
FyQVXOHV \ FDQFLOOHUHV \ HQ HO FXDO VH GDED IH GH TXH HO SDVDGR QXHYH GH MXQLR KDEtD VLGR
DWURSHOODGRHQ&KLFDJRSRUXQFDUURGHERPEHURV&DQVDGRVGHDTXHOGHOLULRKHUPHQpXWLFRORV
WUDEDMDGRUHVUHSXGLDURQDODVDXWRULGDGHVGH0DFRQGR\VXELHURQFRQVXVTXHMDVDORVWULEXQDOHV
VXSUHPRV )XH DOOt GRQGH ORV LOXVLRQLVWDV GHO GHUHFKR GHPRVWUDURQ TXH ODV UHFODPDFLRQHV
FDUHFtDQ GH WRGD YDOLGH] VLPSOHPHQWH SRUTXH OD FRPSDxtD EDQDQHUD QR WHQtD QL KDEtD WHQLGR
QXQFD QL WHQGUtD MDPiV WUDEDMDGRUHV D VX VHUYLFLR VLQR TXH ORV UHFOXWDED RFDVLRQDOPHQWH \ FRQ
FDUiFWHU WHPSRUDO 'H PRGR TXH VH GHVEDUDWy OD SDWUDxD GHO MDPyQ GH 9LUJLQLD ODV StOGRUDV
PLODJURVDV \ ORV H[FXVDGRV SDVFXDOHV \ VH HVWDEOHFLy SRU IDOOR GH WULEXQDO \ VH SURFODPy HQ
EDQGRVVROHPQHVODLQH[LVWHQFLDGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHV
/DKXHOJDJUDQGHHVWDOOy/RVFXOWLYRVVHTXHGDURQDPHGLDVODIUXWDVHSDVyHQODVFHSDV\
ORVWUHQHVGHFLHQWRYHLQWHYDJRQHVVHSDUDURQHQORVUDPDOHV/RVREUHURVRFLRVRVGHVERUGDURQ
ORV SXHEORV /D &DOOH GH ORV 7XUFRV UHYHUEHUy HQ XQ ViEDGR GH PXFKRV GtDV \ HQ HO VDOyQ GH
ELOODUHV GHO +RWHO GH -DFRE KXER TXH HVWDEOHFHU WXUQRV GH YHLQWLFXDWUR KRUDV $OOt HVWDED -RVp
$UFDGLR6HJXQGRHOGtDHQTXHVHDQXQFLyTXHHOHMpUFLWRKDEtDVLGRHQFDUJDGRGHUHVWDEOHFHUHO
RUGHQS~EOLFR$XQTXHQRHUDKRPEUHGHSUHVDJLRVODQRWLFLDIXHSDUDpOFRPRXQDQXQFLRGHOD
PXHUWH TXH KDEtD HVSHUDGR GHVGH OD PDxDQD GLVWDQWH HQ TXH HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH] OH
SHUPLWLy YHU XQ IXVLODPLHQWR 6LQ HPEDUJR HO PDO DXJXULR QR DOWHUy VX VROHPQLGDG +L]R OD
MXJDGDTXHWHQtDSUHYLVWD\QRHUUyODFDUDPEROD3RFRGHVSXpVODVGHVFDUJDVGHUHGREODQWHORV
ODGULGRVGHOFODUtQORVJULWRV\HOWURSHOGHODJHQWHOHLQGLFDURQTXHQRVyORODSDUWLGDGHELOODU
VLQRODFDOODGD\VROLWDULDSDUWLGDTXHMXJDEDFRQVLJRPLVPRGHVGHODPDGUXJDGDGHODHMHFXFLyQ
KDEtDQ SRU ILQ WHUPLQDGR (QWRQFHV VH DVRPy D OD FDOOH \ ORV YLR (UDQ WUHV UHJLPLHQWRV FX\D
PDUFKDSDXWDGDSRUWDPERUGHJDOHRWHVKDFtDWUHSLGDUODWLHUUD6XUHVXHOORGHGUDJyQPXOWLFpIDOR
LPSUHJQy GH XQ YDSRU SHVWLOHQWH OD FODULGDG GHO PHGLRGtD (UDQ SHTXHxRV PDFL]RV EUXWRV
6XGDEDQFRQVXGRUGHFDEDOOR\WHQtDQXQRORUGHFDUQD]DPDFHUDGDSRUHOVRO\ODLPSDYLGH]
WDFLWXUQDHLPSHQHWUDEOHGHORVKRPEUHVGHOSiUDPR$XQTXHWDUGDURQPiVGHXQDKRUDHQSDVDU
KXELHUDSRGLGRSHQVDUVHTXHHUDQXQDVSRFDVHVFXDGUDVJLUDQGRHQUHGRQGRSRUTXHWRGRVHUDQ
LGpQWLFRV KLMRV GH OD PLVPD PDGUH \ WRGRV VRSRUWDEDQ FRQ LJXDO HVWROLGH] HO SHVR GH ORV
PRUUDOHV\ODVFDQWLPSORUDV\ODYHUJHQ]DGHORVIXVLOHVFRQODVED\RQHWDVFDODGDV\HOLQFRUGLR
GHODREHGLHQFLDFLHJD\HOVHQWLGRGHOKRQRUUVXODORVR\ySDVDUGHVGHVXOHFKRGHWLQLHEODV\

OHYDQWyODPDQRFRQORVGHGRVHQFUX]6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGH[LVWLySRUXQLQVWDQWHLQFOLQDGD
VREUHHOPDQWHOERUGDGRTXHDFDEDEDGHSODQFKDU\SHQVyHQVXKLMR-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRTXH
YLRSDVDUVLQLQPXWDUVHORV~OWLPRVVROGDGRVSRUODSXHUWDGHO+RWHOGH-DFRE
/DOH\PDUFLDOIDFXOWDEDDOHMpUFLWRSDUDDVXPLUIXQFLRQHVGHiUELWURGHODFRQWURYHUVLDSHUR
QR VH KL]R QLQJXQD WHQWDWLYD GH FRQFLOLDFLyQ 7DQ SURQWR FRPR VH H[KLELHURQ HQ 0DFRQGR ORV
VROGDGRV SXVLHURQ D XQ ODGR ORV IXVLOHV FRUWDURQ \ HPEDUFDURQ HO EDQDQR \ PRYLOL]DURQ ORV
WUHQHV /RV WUDEDMDGRUHV TXH KDVWD HQWRQFHV VH KDEtDQ FRQIRUPDGR FRQ HVSHUDU VH HFKDURQ DO
PRQWHVLQPiVDUPDVTXHVXVPDFKHWHVGHODERU\HPSH]DURQDVDERWHDUHOVDERWDMH,QFHQGLDURQ
ILQFDV\FRPLVDULDWRVGHVWUX\HURQORVULHOHVSDUDLPSHGLUHOWUiQVLWRGHORVWUHQHVTXHHPSH]DEDQ
DDEULUVHSDVRFRQIXHJRGHDPHWUDOODGRUDV\FRUWDURQORVDODPEUHVGHOWHOpJUDIR\HOWHOpIRQR
/DVDFHTXLDVVHWLxHURQGHVDQJUH(OVHxRU%URZQTXHHVWDEDYLYRHQHOJDOOLQHURHOHFWULILFDGR
IXH VDFDGR GH 0DFRQGR FRQ VX IDPLOLD \ ODV GH RWURV FRPSDWULRWDV VX\RV \ FRQGXFLGRV D
WHUULWRULRVHJXUREDMRODSURWHFFLyQGHOHMpUFLWR/DVLWXDFLyQDPHQD]DEDFRQHYROXFLRQDUKDFLD
XQD JXHUUD FLYLO GHVLJXDO \ VDQJULHQWD FXDQGR ODV DXWRULGDGHV KLFLHURQ XQ OODPDGR D ORV
WUDEDMDGRUHV SDUD TXH VH FRQFHQWUDUDQ HQ 0DFRQGR (O OODPDGR DQXQFLDED TXH HO -HIH &LYLO \
0LOLWDUGHODSURYLQFLDOOHJDUtDHOYLHUQHVVLJXLHQWHGLVSXHVWRDLQWHUFHGHUHQHOFRQIOLFWR
-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRHVWDEDHQWUHODPXFKHGXPEUHTXHVHFRQFHQWUyHQODHVWDFLyQGHVGHOD
PDxDQDGHOYLHUQHV+DEtDSDUWLFLSDGRHQXQDUHXQLyQGHORVGLULJHQWHVVLQGLFDOHV\KDEtDVLGR
FRPLVLRQDGRMXQWRFRQHOFRURQHO*DYLOiQSDUDFRQIXQGLUVHFRQODPXOWLWXG\RULHQWDUODVHJ~QODV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV1RVHVHQWtDELHQ\DPDVDEDXQDSDVWDVDOLWURVDHQHOSDODGDUGHVGHTXHDGYLUWLy
TXH HO HMpUFLWR KDEtD HPSOD]DGR QLGRV GH DPHWUDOODGRUDV DOUHGHGRU GH OD SOD]ROHWD \ TXH OD
FLXGDGDODPEUDGDGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDHVWDEDSURWHJLGDFRQSLH]DVGHDUWLOOHUtD+DFLDODV
GRFHHVSHUDQGRXQWUHQTXHQROOHJDEDPiVGHWUHVPLOSHUVRQDVHQWUHWUDEDMDGRUHVPXMHUHV\
QLxRV KDEtDQ GHVERUGDGR HO HVSDFLR GHVFXELHUWR IUHQWH D OD HVWDFLyQ \ VH DSUHWXMDEDQ HQ ODV
FDOOHV DG\DFHQWHV TXH HO HMpUFLWR FHUUy FRQ ILODV GH DPHWUDOODGRUDV $TXHOOR SDUHFtD HQWRQFHV
PiV TXH XQD UHFHSFLyQ XQD IHULD MXELORVD +DEtDQ WUDVODGDGR ORV SXHVWRV GH IULWDQJDV \ ODV
WLHQGDVGHEHELGDVGHOD&DOOHGHORV7XUFRV\ODJHQWHVRSRUWDEDFRQPX\EXHQiQLPRHOIDVWLGLR
GHODHVSHUD\HOVRODEUDVDQWH8QSRFRDQWHVGHODVWUHVFRUULyHOUXPRUGHTXHHOWUHQRILFLDOQR
OOHJDUtD KDVWD HO GtD VLJXLHQWH /D PXFKHGXPEUH FDQVDGD H[KDOy XQ VXVSLUR GH GHVDOLHQWR 8Q
WHQLHQWH GHO HMpUFLWR VH VXELy HQWRQFHV HQ HO WHFKR GH OD HVWDFLyQ GRQGH KDEtD FXDWUR QLGRV GH
DPHWUDOODGRUDVHQILODGDVKDFLDODPXOWLWXG\VHGLRXQWRTXHGHVLOHQFLR$OODGRGH-RVp$UFDGLR
6HJXQGRHVWDEDXQDPXMHUGHVFDO]DPX\JRUGDFRQGRVQLxRVGHXQRVFXDWUR\VLHWHDxRV&DUJy
DOPHQRU\OHSLGLyD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRVLQFRQRFHUORTXHOHYDQWDUDDORWURSDUDTXHR\HUD
PHMRU OR TXH LEDQ D GHFLU -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR VH DFDEDOOy DO QLxR HQ OD QXFD 0XFKRV DxRV
GHVSXpV HVH QLxR KDEtD GH VHJXLU FRQWDQGR VLQ TXH QDGLH VH OR FUH\HUD TXH KDEtD YLVWR DO
WHQLHQWHOH\HQGRFRQXQDERFLQDGHJUDPyIRQRHO'HFUHWR1~PHURGHO-HIH&LYLO\0LOLWDUGHOD
SURYLQFLD (VWDED ILUPDGR SRU HO JHQHUDO &DUORV &RUWHV 9DUJDV \ SRU VX VHFUHWDULR HO PD\RU
(QULTXH *DUFtD ,VD]D \ HQ WUHV DUWtFXORV GH RFKHQWD SDODEUDV GHFODUDED D ORV KXHOJXLVWDV
FXDGULOODGHPDOKHFKRUHV\IDFXOWDEDDOHMpUFLWRSDUDPDWDUORVDEDOD

92

/HtGRHOGHFUHWRHQPHGLRGHXQDHQVRUGHFHGRUDUHFKLIODGHSURWHVWDXQFDSLWiQVXVWLWX\yDO
WHQLHQWHHQHOWHFKRGHODHVWDFLyQ\FRQODERFLQDGHJUDPyIRQRKL]RVHxDVGHTXHTXHUtDKDEODU
/DPXFKHGXPEUHYROYLyDJXDUGDUVLOHQFLR
6HxRUDV \ VHxRUHV GLMR HO FDSLWiQ FRQ XQD YR] EDMD OHQWD XQ SRFR FDQVDGD WLHQHQ
FLQFRPLQXWRVSDUDUHWLUDUVH
/DUHFKLIOD\ORVJULWRVUHGREODGRVDKRJDURQHOWRTXHGHFODUtQTXHDQXQFLyHOSULQFLSLRGHO
SOD]R1DGLHVHPRYLy
+DQSDVDGRFLQFRPLQXWRVGLMRHOFDSLWiQHQHOPLVPRWRQR8QPLQXWRPiV\VHKDUi
IXHJR
-RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR VXGDQGR KLHOR VH EDMy DO QLxR GH ORV KRPEURV \ VH OR HQWUHJy D OD
PXMHU(VWRVFDEURQHVVRQFDSDFHVGHGLVSDUDUPXUPXUyHOOD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRQRWXYR
WLHPSRGHKDEODUSRUTXHDOLQVWDQWHUHFRQRFLyODYR]URQFDGHOFRURQHO*DYLOiQKDFLpQGROHVHFR
FRQ XQ JULWR D ODV SDODEUDV GH OD PXMHU (PEULDJDGR SRU OD WHQVLyQ SRU OD PDUDYLOORVD
SURIXQGLGDGGHOVLOHQFLR\DGHPiVFRQYHQFLGRGHTXHQDGDKDUtDPRYHUDDTXHOODPXFKHGXPEUH
SDVPDGD SRU OD IDVFLQDFLyQ GH OD PXHUWH -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR VH HPSLQy SRU HQFLPD GH ODV
FDEH]DVTXHWHQtDHQIUHQWH\SRUSULPHUDYH]HQVXYLGDOHYDQWyODYR]
&DEURQHVJULWy/HVUHJDODPRVHOPLQXWRTXHIDOWD
$OILQDOGHVXJULWRRFXUULyDOJRTXHQROHSURGXMRHVSDQWRVLQRXQDHVSHFLHGHDOXFLQDFLyQ
(O FDSLWiQ GLR OD RUGHQ GH IXHJR \ FDWRUFH QLGRV GH DPHWUDOODGRUDV OH UHVSRQGLHURQ HQ HO DFWR
3HUR WRGR SDUHFtD XQD IDUVD (UD FRPR VL ODV DPHWUDOODGRUDV KXELHUDQ HVWDGR FDUJDGDV FRQ
HQJDxLIDV GH SLURWHFQLD SRUTXH VH HVFXFKDED VX DQKHODQWH WDEOHWHR \ VH YHtDQ VXV HVFXSLWDMRV
LQFDQGHVFHQWHVSHURQRVHSHUFLEtDODPiVOHYHUHDFFLyQQLXQDYR]QLVLTXLHUDXQVXVSLURHQWUH
OD PXFKHGXPEUH FRPSDFWD TXH SDUHFtD SHWULILFDGD SRU XQD LQYXOQHUDELOLGDG LQVWDQWiQHD 'H
SURQWR D XQ ODGR GH OD HVWDFLyQ XQ JULWR GH PXHUWH GHVJDUUy HO HQFDQWDPLHQWR $DDD\ PL
PDGUH8QDIXHU]DVtVPLFDXQDOLHQWRYROFiQLFRXQUXJLGRGHFDWDFOLVPRHVWDOODURQHQHOFHQWUR
GHODPXFKHGXPEUHFRQXQDGHVFRPXQDOSRWHQFLDH[SDQVLYD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRDSHQDVWXYR
WLHPSR GH OHYDQWDU DO QLxR PLHQWUDV OD PDGUH FRQ HO RWUR HUD DEVRUELGD SRU OD PXFKHGXPEUH
FHQWULIXJDGDSRUHOSiQLFR
0XFKRV DxRV GHVSXpV HO QLxR KDEtD GH FRQWDU WRGDYtD D SHVDU GH TXH ORV YHFLQRV VHJXtDQ
FUH\pQGRORXQYLHMRFKLIODGRTXH-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGROROHYDQWySRUHQFLPDGHVXFDEH]D\VH
GHMy DUUDVWUDU FDVL HQ HO DLUH FRPR IORWDQGR HQ HO WHUURU GH OD PXFKHGXPEUH KDFLD XQD FDOOH
DG\DFHQWH /D SRVLFLyQ SULYLOHJLDGD GHO QLxR OH SHUPLWLy YHU TXH HQ HVH PRPHQWR OD PDVD
GHVERFDGDHPSH]DEDDOOHJDUDODHVTXLQD\ODILODGHDPHWUDOODGRUDVDEULyIXHJR9DULDVYRFHV
JULWDURQDOPLVPRWLHPSR
7tUHQVHDOVXHOR7tUHQVHDOVXHOR
<D ORV GH ODV SULPHUDV OtQHDV OR KDEtDQ KHFKR EDUULGRV SRU ODV UiIDJDV GH PHWUDOOD /RV
VREUHYLYLHQWHV HQ YH] GH WLUDUVH DO VXHOR WUDWDURQ GH YROYHU D OD SOD]ROHWD \ HO SiQLFR GLR
HQWRQFHV XQ FROHWD]R GH GUDJyQ \ ORV PDQGy HQ XQD ROHDGD FRPSDFWD FRQWUD OD RWUD ROHDGD
FRPSDFWDTXHVHPRYtDHQVHQWLGRFRQWUDULRGHVSHGLGDSRUHORWURFROHWD]RGHGUDJyQGHODFDOOH

RSXHVWD GRQGH WDPELpQ ODV DPHWUDOODGRUDV GLVSDUDEDQ VLQ WUHJXD (VWDEDQ DFRUUDODGRV JLUDQGR
HQ XQ WRUEHOOLQR JLJDQWHVFR TXH SRFR D SRFR VH UHGXFtD D VX HSLFHQWUR SRUTXH VXV ERUGHV LEDQ
VLHQGR VLVWHPiWLFDPHQWH UHFRUWDGRV HQ UHGRQGR FRPR SHODQGR XQD FHEROOD SRU ODV WLMHUDV
LQVDFLDEOHV\PHWyGLFDVGHODPHWUDOOD(OQLxRYLRXQDPXMHUDUURGLOODGDFRQORVEUD]RVHQFUX]
HQ XQ HVSDFLR OLPSLR PLVWHULRVDPHQWH YHGDGR D OD HVWDPSLGD $OOt OR SXVR -RVp $UFDGLR
6HJXQGR HQ HO LQVWDQWH GH GHUUXPEDUVH FRQ OD FDUD EDxDGD HQ VDQJUH DQWHV GH TXH HO WURSHO
FRORVDO DUUDVDUD FRQ HO HVSDFLR YDFtR FRQ OD PXMHU DUURGLOODGD FRQ OD OX] GHO DOWR FLHOR GH
VHTXtD\FRQHOSXWRPXQGRGRQGHUVXOD,JXDUiQKDEtDYHQGLGRWDQWRVDQLPDOLWRVGHFDUDPHOR
&XDQGR -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR GHVSHUWy HVWDED ERFDUULED HQ ODV WLQLHEODV 6H GLR FXHQWD GH
TXHLEDHQXQWUHQLQWHUPLQDEOH\VLOHQFLRVR\GHTXHWHQtDHOFDEHOORDSHOPD]DGRSRUODVDQJUH
VHFD\OHGROtDQWRGRVORVKXHVRV6LQWLyXQVXHxRLQVRSRUWDEOH'LVSXHVWRDGRUPLUPXFKDVKRUDV
DVDOYRGHOWHUURU\HOKRUURUVHDFRPRGyGHOODGRTXHPHQRVOHGROtD\VyORHQWRQFHVGHVFXEULy
TXHHVWDEDDFRVWDGRVREUHORVPXHUWRV1RKDEtDXQHVSDFLROLEUHHQHOYDJyQVDOYRHOFRUUHGRU
FHQWUDO'HEtDQGHKDEHUSDVDGRYDULDVKRUDVGHVSXpVGHODPDVDFUHSRUTXHORVFDGiYHUHVWHQtDQ
OD PLVPD WHPSHUDWXUD GHO \HVR HQ RWRxR \ VX PLVPD FRQVLVWHQFLD GH HVSXPD SHWULILFDGD \
TXLHQHVORVKDEtDQSXHVWRHQHOYDJyQWXYLHURQWLHPSRGHDUUXPDUORVHQHORUGHQ\HOVHQWLGRHQ
TXHVHWUDQVSRUWDEDQORVUDFLPRVGHEDQDQR7UDWDQGRGHIXJDUVHGHODSHVDGLOOD-RVp$UFDGLR
6HJXQGR VH DUUDVWUy GH XQ YDJyQ D RWUR HQ OD GLUHFFLyQ HQ TXH DYDQ]DED HO WUHQ \ HQ ORV
UHOiPSDJRV TXH HVWDOODEDQ SRU HQWUH ORV OLVWRQHV GH PDGHUD DO SDVDU SRU ORV SXHEORV GRUPLGRV
YHtD ORV PXHUWRV KRPEUHV ORV PXHUWRV PXMHUHV ORV PXHUWRV QLxRV TXH LEDQ D VHU DUURMDGRV DO
PDU FRPR HO EDQDQR GH UHFKD]R 6RODPHQWH UHFRQRFLy D XQD PXMHU TXH YHQGtD UHIUHVFRV HQ OD
SOD]D\DOFRURQHO*DYLOiQTXHWRGDYtDOOHYDEDHQUROODGRHQODPDQRHOFLQWXUyQFRQODKHELOODGH
SODWD PRUHOLDQD FRQ TXH WUDWy GH DEULUVH FDPLQR D WUDYpV GHO SiQLFR &XDQGR OOHJy DO SULPHU
YDJyQ GLR XQ VDOWR HQ OD RVFXULGDG \ VH TXHGy WHQGLGR HQ OD ]DQMD KDVWD TXH HO WUHQ DFDEy GH
SDVDU (UD HO PiV ODUJR TXH KDEtD YLVWR QXQFD FRQ FDVL GRVFLHQWRV YDJRQHV GH FDUJD \ XQD
ORFRPRWRUD HQ FDGD H[WUHPR \ XQD WHUFHUD HQ HO FHQWUR 1R OOHYDED QLQJXQD OX] QL VLTXLHUD ODV
URMDV\YHUGHVOiPSDUDVGHSRVLFLyQ\VHGHVOL]DEDDXQDYHORFLGDGQRFWXUQD\VLJLORVD(QFLPD
GHORVYDJRQHVVHYHtDQORVEXOWRVRVFXURVGHORVVROGDGRVFRQODVDPHWUDOODGRUDVHPSOD]DGDV
'HVSXpVGHPHGLDQRFKHVHSUHFLSLWyXQDJXDFHURWRUUHQFLDO-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRLJQRUDED
GyQGH KDEtD VDOWDGR SHUR VDEtD TXH FDPLQDQGR HQ VHQWLGR FRQWUDULR DO GHO WUHQ OOHJDUtD D
0DFRQGR$OFDERGHPiVGHWUHVKRUDVGHPDUFKDHPSDSDGRKDVWDORVKXHVRVFRQXQGRORUGH
FDEH]D WHUULEOH GLYLVy ODV SULPHUDV FDVDV D OD OX] GHO DPDQHFHU $WUDtGR SRU HO RORU GHO FDIp
HQWUyHQXQDFRFLQDGRQGHXQDPXMHUFRQXQQLxRHQEUD]RVHVWDEDLQFOLQDGDVREUHHOIRJyQ
%XHQRVGLMRH[KDXVWR6R\-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGR%XHQGtD
3URQXQFLy HO QRPEUH FRPSOHWR OHWUD SRU OHWUD SDUD FRQYHQFHUVH GH TXH HVWDED YLYR +L]R
ELHQSRUTXHODPXMHUKDEtDSHQVDGRTXHHUDXQDDSDULFLyQDOYHUHQODSXHUWDODILJXUDHVFXiOLGD
VRPEUtDFRQODFDEH]D\ODURSDVXFLDVGHVDQJUH\WRFDGDSRUODVROHPQLGDGGHODPXHUWH/R
FRQRFtD/OHYyXQDPDQWDSDUDTXHVHDUURSDUDPLHQWUDVVHVHFDEDODURSDHQHOIRJyQOHFDOHQWy
DJXDSDUDTXHVHODYDUDODKHULGDTXHHUDVyORXQGHVJDUUDPLHQWRGHODSLHO\OHGLRXQSDxDO

93

OLPSLR SDUD TXH VH YHQGDUD OD FDEH]D /XHJR OH VLUYLy XQ SRFLOOR GH FDIp VLQ D]~FDU FRPR OH
KDEtDQGLFKRTXHORWRPDEDQORV%XHQGtD\DEULyODURSDFHUFDGHOIXHJR
-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRQRKDEOyPLHQWUDVQRWHUPLQyGHWRPDUHOFDIp
'HEtDQVHUFRPRWUHVPLOPXUPXUy
4Xp"
/RVPXHUWRVDFODUypO'HEtDQVHUWRGRVORVTXHHVWDEDQHQODHVWDFLyQ
/DPXMHUORPLGLyFRQXQDPLUDGDGHOiVWLPD$TXtQRKDKDELGRPXHUWRVGLMR'HVGHORV
WLHPSRVGHWXWtRHOFRURQHOQRKDSDVDGRQDGDHQ0DFRQGR(QWUHVFRFLQDVGRQGHVHGHWXYR
-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRDQWHVGHOOHJDUDODFDVDOHGLMHURQORPLVPR1RKXERPXHUWRV3DVy
SRUODSOD]ROHWDGHODHVWDFLyQ\YLRODVPHVDVGHIULWDQJDVDPRQWRQDGDVXQDHQFLPDGHRWUD\
WDPSRFR DOOt HQFRQWUy UDVWUR DOJXQR GH OD PDVDFUH /DV FDOOHV HVWDEDQ GHVLHUWDV EDMR OD OOXYLD
WHQD]\ODVFDVDVFHUUDGDVVLQYHVWLJLRVGHYLGDLQWHULRU/D~QLFDQRWLFLDKXPDQDHUDHOSULPHU
WRTXHSDUDPLVD/ODPyHQODSXHUWDGHODFDVDGHOFRURQHO*DYLOiQ8QDPXMHUHQFLQWDDTXLHQ
KDEtD YLVWR PXFKDV YHFHV OH FHUUy OD SXHUWD HQ OD FDUD 6H IXH GLMR DVXVWDGD 9ROYLy D VX
WLHUUD/DHQWUDGDSULQFLSDOGHOJDOOLQHURDODPEUDGRHVWDEDFXVWRGLDGDFRPRVLHPSUHSRUGRV
SROLFtDVORFDOHVTXHSDUHFtDQGHSLHGUDEDMRODOOXYLDFRQLPSHUPHDEOHV\FDVFRVGHKXOH(QVX
FDOOHFLWD PDUJLQDO ORV QHJURV DQWLOODQRV FDQWDEDQ D FRUR ORV VDOPRV GHO ViEDGR -RVp $UFDGLR
6HJXQGRVDOWyODFHUFDGHOSDWLR\HQWUyHQODFDVDSRUODFRFLQD6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGDSHQDV
OHYDQWyODYR]4XHQRWHYHD)HUQDQGDGLMR+DFHXQUDWRVHHVWDEDOHYDQWDQGR&RPRVL
FXPSOLHUDXQSDFWRLPSOtFLWROOHYyDOKLMRDOFXDUWRGHODVEDFLQLOODVOHDUUHJOyHOGHVYHQFLMDGR
FDWUH GH 0HOTXtDGHV \ D ODV GRV GH OD WDUGH PLHQWUDV )HUQDQGD KDFtD OD VLHVWD OH SDVy SRU OD
YHQWDQDXQSODWRGHFRPLGD
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRKDEtDGRUPLGRHQFDVDSRUTXHDOOtORVRUSUHQGLyODOOXYLD\DODVWUHVGH
OD WDUGH WRGDYtD VHJXtD HVSHUDQGR TXH HVFDPSDUD ,QIRUPDGR HQ VHFUHWR SRU 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD
3LHGDGDHVDKRUDYLVLWyDVXKHUPDQRHQHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHV7DPSRFRpOFUH\yODYHUVLyQ
GH OD PDVDFUH QL OD SHVDGLOOD GHO WUHQ FDUJDGR GH PXHUWRV TXH YLDMDED KDFLD HO PDU /D QRFKH
DQWHULRU KDEtDQ OHtGR XQ EDQGR QDFLRQDO H[WUDRUGLQDULR SDUD LQIRUPDU TXH ORV REUHURV KDEtDQ
REHGHFLGRODRUGHQGHHYDFXDUODHVWDFLyQ\VHGLULJtDQDVXVFDVDVHQFDUDYDQDVSDFtILFDV(O
EDQGRLQIRUPDEDWDPELpQTXHORVGLULJHQWHVVLQGLFDOHVFRQXQHOHYDGRHVStULWXSDWULyWLFRKDEtDQ
UHGXFLGRVXVSHWLFLRQHVDGRVSXQWRVUHIRUPDGHORVVHUYLFLRVPpGLFRV\FRQVWUXFFLyQGHOHWULQDV
HQ ODV YLYLHQGDV 6H LQIRUPy PiV WDUGH TXH FXDQGR ODV DXWRULGDGHV PLOLWDUHV REWXYLHURQ HO
DFXHUGRGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVVHDSUHVXUDURQDFRPXQLFiUVHORDOVHxRU%URZQ\TXHpVWHQRVyOR
KDEtD DFHSWDGR ODV QXHYDV FRQGLFLRQHV VLQR TXH RIUHFLy SDJDU WUHV GtDV GH MROJRULRV S~EOLFRV
SDUD FHOHEUDU HO WpUPLQR GHO FRQIOLFWR 6yOR TXH FXDQGR ORV PLOLWDUHV OH SUHJXQWDURQ SDUD TXp
IHFKD SRGtD DQXQFLDUVH OD ILUPD GHO DFXHUGR pO PLUy D WUDYpV GH OD YHQWDQD HO FLHOR UD\DGR GH
UHOiPSDJRVHKL]RXQSURIXQGRJHVWRGHLQFHUWLGXPEUH
6HUi FXDQGR HVFDPSH GLMR 0LHQWUDV GXUH OD OOXYLD VXVSHQGHPRV WRGD FODVH GH
DFWLYLGDGHV
1R OORYtD GHVGH KDFtD WUHV PHVHV \ HUD WLHPSR GH VHTXtD 3HUR FXDQGR HO VHxRU %URZQ

DQXQFLyVXGHFLVLyQVHSUHFLSLWyHQWRGDOD]RQDEDQDQHUDHODJXDFHURWRUUHQFLDOTXHVRUSUHQGLyD
-RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR HQ HO FDPLQR GH 0DFRQGR 8QD VHPDQD GHVSXpV VHJXtD OORYLHQGR /D
YHUVLyQRILFLDOPLOYHFHVUHSHWLGD\PDFKDFDGDHQWRGRHOSDtVSRUFXDQWRPHGLRGHGLYXOJDFLyQ
HQFRQWUy HO JRELHUQR D VX DOFDQFH WHUPLQy SRU LPSRQHUVH QR KXER PXHUWRV ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV
VDWLVIHFKRV KDEtDQ YXHOWR FRQ VXV IDPLOLDV \ OD FRPSDxtD EDQDQHUD VXVSHQGtD DFWLYLGDGHV
PLHQWUDVSDVDEDODOOXYLD/DOH\PDUFLDOFRQWLQXDEDHQSUHYLVLyQGHTXHIXHUDQHFHVDULRDSOLFDU
PHGLGDV GH HPHUJHQFLD SDUD OD FDODPLGDG S~EOLFD GHO DJXDFHUR LQWHUPLQDEOH SHUR OD WURSD
HVWDEDDFXDUWHODGD'XUDQWHHOGtDORVPLOLWDUHVDQGDEDQSRUORVWRUUHQWHVGHODVFDOOHVFRQORV
SDQWDORQHV HQUROODGRV D PHGLD SLHUQD MXJDQGR D ORV QDXIUDJLRV FRQ ORV QLxRV (Q OD QRFKH
GHVSXpV GHO WRTXH GH TXHGD GHUULEDEDQ SXHUWDV D FXODWD]RV VDFDEDQ D ORV VRVSHFKRVRV GH VXV
FDPDV\VHORVOOHYDEDQDXQYLDMHVLQUHJUHVR(UDWRGDYtDODE~VTXHGD\HOH[WHUPLQLRGHORV
PDOKHFKRUHVDVHVLQRVLQFHQGLDULRV\UHYROWRVRVGHO'HFUHWR1~PHUR&XDWURSHURORVPLOLWDUHV
OR QHJDEDQ D ORV SURSLRV SDULHQWHV GH VXV YtFWLPDV TXH GHVERUGDEDQ OD RILFLQD GH ORV
FRPDQGDQWHV HQ EXVFD GH QRWLFLDV 6HJXUR TXH IXH XQ VXHxR LQVLVWtDQ ORV RILFLDOHV (Q
0DFRQGR QR KD SDVDGR QDGD QL HVWi SDVDQGR QL SDVDUi QXQFD (VWH HV XQ SXHEOR IHOL] $Vt
FRQVXPDURQHOH[WHUPLQLRGHORVMHIHVVLQGLFDOHV
(O ~QLFR VREUHYLYLHQWH IXH -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR 8QD QRFKH GH IHEUHUR VH R\HURQ HQ OD
SXHUWD ORV JROSHV LQFRQIXQGLEOHV GH ODV FXODWDV $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR TXH VHJXtD HVSHUDQGR TXH
HVFDPSDUDSDUDVDOLUOHVDEULyDVHLVVROGDGRVDOPDQGRGHXQRILFLDO(PSDSDGRVGHOOXYLDVLQ
SURQXQFLDU XQD SDODEUD UHJLVWUDURQ OD FDVD FXDUWR SRU FXDUWR DUPDULR SRU DUPDULR GHVGH ODV
VDODVKDVWDHOJUDQHURUVXODGHVSHUWyFXDQGRHQFHQGLHURQODOX]GHODSRVHQWR\QRH[KDOyXQ
VXVSLURPLHQWUDVGXUyODUHTXLVDSHURPDQWXYRORVGHGRVHQFUX]PRYLpQGRORVKDFLDGRQGHORV
VROGDGRV VH PRYtDQ 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG DOFDQ]y D SUHYHQLU D -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR TXH
GRUPtDHQHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHVSHURpOFRPSUHQGLyTXHHUDGHPDVLDGRWDUGHSDUDLQWHQWDUOD
IXJD'HPRGRTXH6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGYROYLyDFHUUDUODSXHUWD\pOVHSXVRODFDPLVD\ORV
]DSDWRV \ VH VHQWy HQ HO FDWUH D HVSHUDU TXH OOHJDUDQ (Q HVH PRPHQWR HVWDEDQ UHTXLVDQGR HO
WDOOHU GH RUIHEUHUtD (O RILFLDO KDEtD KHFKR DEULU HO FDQGDGR \ FRQ XQD UiSLGD EDUULGD GH OD
OLQWHUQDKDEtDYLVWRHOPHVyQGHWUDEDMR\ODYLGULHUDFRQORVIUDVFRVGHiFLGRV\ORVLQVWUXPHQWRV
TXH VHJXtDQ HQ HO PLVPR OXJDU HQ TXH ORV GHMy VX GXHxR \ SDUHFLy FRPSUHQGHU TXH HQ DTXHO
FXDUWRQRYLYtDQDGLH6LQHPEDUJROHSUHJXQWyDVWXWDPHQWHD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVLHUDSODWHUR\
pOOHH[SOLFyTXHDTXHOKDEtDVLGRHOWDOOHUGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD$MiKL]RHORILFLDO
\ HQFHQGLy OD OX] \ RUGHQy XQD UHTXLVD WDQ PLQXFLRVD TXH QR VH OHV HVFDSDURQ ORV GLHFLRFKR
SHVFDGLWRV GH RUR TXH VH KDEtDQ TXHGDGR VLQ IXQGLU \ TXH HVWDEDQ HVFRQGLGRV GHWUiV GH ORV
IUDVFRVHQHOWDUURGHODWD(ORILFLDOORVH[DPLQyXQRSRUXQRHQHOPHVyQGHWUDEDMR\HQWRQFHV
VHKXPDQL]ySRUFRPSOHWR4XLVLHUDOOHYDUPHXQRVLXVWHGPHORSHUPLWHGLMR(QXQWLHPSR
IXHURQXQDFODYHGHVXEYHUVLyQSHURDKRUDVRQXQDUHOLTXLD(UDMRYHQFDVLXQDGROHVFHQWHVLQ
QLQJ~Q VLJQR GH WLPLGH] \ FRQ XQD VLPSDWtD QDWXUDO TXH QR VH OH KDEtD QRWDGR KDVWD HQWRQFHV
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGROHUHJDOyHOSHVFDGLWR(ORILFLDOVHORJXDUGyHQHOEROVLOORGHODFDPLVDFRQ
XQEULOORLQIDQWLOHQORVRMRV\HFKyORVRWURVHQHOWDUURSDUDSRQHUORVGRQGHHVWDEDQ

94

(VXQUHFXHUGRLQYDOXDEOHGLMR(OFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDIXHXQRGHQXHVWURVPiV
JUDQGHVKRPEUHV
6LQHPEDUJRHOJROSHGHKXPDQL]DFLyQQRPRGLILFyVXFRQGXFWDSURIHVLRQDO)UHQWHDOFXDUWR
GH0HOTXtDGHVTXHHVWDEDRWUDYH]FRQFDQGDGR6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGDFXGLyDXQD~OWLPD
HVSHUDQ]D+DFHFRPRXQVLJORTXHQRYLYHQDGLHHQHVHDSRVHQWRGLMR(ORILFLDOORKL]RDEULU
ORUHFRUULyFRQHOKD]GHODOLQWHUQD\$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR\6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGYLHURQORV
RMRViUDEHVGH-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRHQHOPRPHQWRHQTXHSDVySRUVXFDUDODUiIDJDGHOX]\
FRPSUHQGLHURQTXHDTXHOHUDHOILQGHXQDDQVLHGDG\HOSULQFLSLRGHRWUDTXHVyORHQFRQWUDUtDXQ
DOLYLRHQODUHVLJQDFLyQ3HURHORILFLDOVLJXLyH[DPLQDQGRODKDELWDFLyQFRQODOLQWHUQD\QRGLR
QLQJXQDVHxDOGHLQWHUpVPLHQWUDVQRGHVFXEULyODVVHWHQWD\GRVEDFLQLOODVDSHORWRQDGDVHQORV
DUPDULRV(QWRQFHVHQFHQGLyODOX]-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRHVWDEDVHQWDGRHQHOERUGHGHOFDWUH
OLVWR SDUD VDOLU PiV VROHPQH \ SHQVDWLYR TXH QXQFD $O IRQGR HVWDEDQ ORV DQDTXHOHV FRQ ORV
OLEURVGHVFRVLGRVORVUROORVGHSHUJDPLQRV\ODPHVDGHWUDEDMROLPSLD\RUGHQDGD\WRGDYtD
IUHVFDODWLQWDHQORVWLQWHURV+DEtDODPLVPDSXUH]DHQHODLUHODPLVPDGLDIDQLGDGHOPLVPR
SULYLOHJLRFRQWUDHOSROYR\ODGHVWUXFFLyQTXHFRQRFLy$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRHQODLQIDQFLD\TXH
VyOR HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD QR SXGR SHUFLELU 3HUR HO RILFLDO QR VH LQWHUHVy VLQR HQ ODV
EDFLQLOODV
&XiQWDVSHUVRQDVYLYHQHQHVWDFDVD"SUHJXQWy
&LQFR
(O RILFLDO HYLGHQWHPHQWH QR HQWHQGLy 'HWXYR OD PLUDGD HQ HO HVSDFLR GRQGH $XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGR\6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGVHJXtDQYLHQGRD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGR\WDPELpQpVWHVH
GLRFXHQWDGHTXHHOPLOLWDUORHVWDEDPLUDQGRVLQYHUOR/XHJRDSDJyODOX]\DMXVWyODSXHUWD
&XDQGROHVKDEOyDORVVROGDGRVHQWHQGLy$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRTXHHOMRYHQPLOLWDUKDEtDYLVWRHO
FXDUWRFRQORVPLVPRVRMRVFRQTXHORYLRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
(VYHUGDGTXHQDGLHKDHVWDGRHQHVHFXDUWRSRUORPHQRVHQXQVLJORGLMRHORILFLDOD
ORVVROGDGRV$KtGHEHKDEHUKDVWDFXOHEUDV
$O FHUUDUVH OD SXHUWD -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR WXYR OD FHUWLGXPEUH GH TXH VX JXHUUD KDEtD
WHUPLQDGR $xRV DQWHV HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD OH KDEtD KDEODGR GH OD IDVFLQDFLyQ GH OD
JXHUUD \ KDEtD WUDWDGR GH GHPRVWUDUOD FRQ HMHPSORV LQFRQWDEOHV VDFDGRV GH VX SURSLD
H[SHULHQFLDeOOHKDEtDFUHtGR3HURODQRFKHHQTXHORVPLOLWDUHVORPLUDURQVLQYHUORPLHQWUDV
SHQVDEDHQODWHQVLyQGHORV~OWLPRVPHVHVHQODPLVHULDGHODFiUFHOHQHOSiQLFRGHODHVWDFLyQ
\HQHOWUHQFDUJDGRGHPXHUWRV-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGROOHJyDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXHHOFRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDQRIXHPiVTXHXQIDUVDQWHRXQLPEpFLO1RHQWHQGtDTXHKXELHUDQHFHVLWDGR
WDQWDVSDODEUDVSDUDH[SOLFDUORTXHVHVHQWtDHQODJXHUUDVLFRQXQDVRODEDVWDEDPLHGR(QHO
FXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHVHQFDPELRSURWHJLGRSRUODOX]VREUHQDWXUDOSRUHOUXLGRGHODOOXYLDSRU
ODVHQVDFLyQGHVHULQYLVLEOHHQFRQWUyHOUHSRVRTXHQRWXYRXQVRORLQVWDQWHGHVXYLGDDQWHULRU
\HO~QLFRPLHGRTXHSHUVLVWtDHUDHOGHTXHORHQWHUUDUDQYLYR6HORFRQWyD6DQWD6RItDGHOD
3LHGDGTXHOHOOHYDEDODVFRPLGDVGLDULDV\HOODOHSURPHWLyOXFKDUSRUHVWDUYLYDKDVWDPiVDOOi
GHVXVIXHU]DVSDUDDVHJXUDUVHGHTXHORHQWHUUDUDQPXHUWR$VDOYRGHWRGRWHPRU-RVp$UFDGLR

6HJXQGRVHGHGLFyHQWRQFHVDUHSDVDUPXFKDVYHFHVORVSHUJDPLQRVGH0HOTXtDGHV\WDQWRPiVD
JXVWR FXDQWR PHQRV ORV HQWHQGtD $FRVWXPEUDGR DO UXLGR GH OD OOXYLD TXH D ORV GRV PHVHV VH
FRQYLUWLyHQXQDIRUPDQXHYDGHOVLOHQFLROR~QLFRTXHSHUWXUEDEDVXVROHGDGHUDQODVHQWUDGDV\
VDOLGDVGH6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDG3RUHVROHVXSOLFyTXHOHGHMDUDODFRPLGDHQHODOIpL]DUGH
ODYHQWDQD\OHHFKDUDFDQGDGRDODSXHUWD(OUHVWRGHODIDPLOLDORROYLGyLQFOXVLYH)HUQDQGD
TXH QR WXYR LQFRQYHQLHQWH HQ GHMDUOR DOOt FXDQGR VXSR TXH ORV PLOLWDUHV OR KDEtDQ YLVWR VLQ
FRQRFHUOR$ORVVHLVPHVHVGHHQFLHUURHQYLVWDGHTXHORVPLOLWDUHVVHKDEtDQLGRGH0DFRQGR
$XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR TXLWy HO FDQGDGR EXVFDQGR DOJXLHQ FRQ TXLHQ FRQYHUVDU PLHQWUDV SDVDED OD
OOXYLD 'HVGH TXH DEULy OD SXHUWD VH VLQWLy DJUHGLGR SRU OD SHVWLOHQFLD GH ODV EDFLQLOODV TXH
HVWDEDQ SXHVWDV HQ HO VXHOR \ WRGDV PXFKDV YHFHV RFXSDGDV -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR GHYRUDGR
SRUODSHODPEUHLQGLIHUHQWHDODLUHHQUDUHFLGRSRUORVYDSRUHVQDXVHDEXQGRVVHJXtDOH\HQGR\
UHOH\HQGR ORV SHUJDPLQRV LQLQWHOLJLEOHV (VWDED LOXPLQDGR SRU XQ UHVSODQGRU VHUiILFR $SHQDV
OHYDQWyODYLVWDFXDQGRVLQWLyDEULUVHODSXHUWDSHURDVXKHUPDQROHEDVWyDTXHOODPLUDGDSDUD
YHUUHSHWLGRHQHOODHOGHVWLQRLUUHSDUDEOHGHOELVDEXHOR
(UDQPiVGHWUHVPLOIXHWRGRFXDQWRGLMR-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGR$KRUDHVWR\VHJXUR
TXHHUDQWRGRVORVTXHHVWDEDQHQODHVWDFLyQ

95

/ORYLy FXDWUR DxRV RQFH PHVHV \ GRV GtDV +XER pSRFDV GH OORYL]QD HQ TXH WRGR HO PXQGR VH
SXVRVXVURSDVGHSRQWLILFDO\VHFRPSXVRXQDFDUDGHFRQYDOHFLHQWHSDUDFHOHEUDUODHVFDPSDGD
SHUR SURQWR VH DFRVWXPEUDURQ D LQWHUSUHWDU ODV SDXVDV FRPR DQXQFLRV GH UHFUXGHFLPLHQWR 6H
GHVHPSHGUDEDHOFLHORHQXQDVWHPSHVWDGHVGHHVWURSLFLR\HOQRUWHPDQGDEDXQRVKXUDFDQHVTXH
GHVSRUWLOODURQ WHFKRV \ GHUULEDURQ SDUHGHV \ GHVHQWHUUDURQ GH UDt] ODV ~OWLPDV FHSDV GH ODV
SODQWDFLRQHV &RPR RFXUULy GXUDQWH OD SHVWH GHO LQVRPQLR TXH UVXOD VH GLR D UHFRUGDU SRU
DTXHOORV GtDV OD SURSLD FDODPLGDG LED LQVSLUDQGR GHIHQVDV FRQWUD HO WHGLR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR
IXHXQRGHORVTXHPiVKLFLHURQSDUDQRGHMDUVHYHQFHUSRUODRFLRVLGDG+DEtDLGRDODFDVDSRU
DOJ~Q DVXQWR FDVXDO OD QRFKH HQ TXH HO VHxRU %URZQ FRQYRFy OD WRUPHQWD \ )HUQDQGD WUDWy GH
DX[LOLDUORFRQXQSDUDJXDVPHGLRGHVYDULOODGRTXHHQFRQWUyHQXQDUPDULR1RKDFHIDOWDGLMR
pO0HTXHGRDTXtKDVWDTXHHVFDPSH1RHUDSRUVXSXHVWRXQFRPSURPLVRLQHOXGLEOHSHUR
HVWXYRDSXQWRGHFXPSOLUORDOSLHGHODOHWUD&RPRVXURSDHVWDEDHQFDVDGH3HWUD&RWHVVH
TXLWDEDFDGDWUHVGtDVODTXHOOHYDEDSXHVWD\HVSHUDEDHQFDO]RQFLOORVPLHQWUDVODODYDEDQ3DUD
QR DEXUULUVH VH HQWUHJy D OD WDUHD GH FRPSRQHU ORV QXPHURVRV GHVSHUIHFWRV GH OD FDVD $MXVWy
ELVDJUDVDFHLWyFHUUDGXUDVDWRUQLOOyDOGDEDV\QLYHOyIDOOHEDV'XUDQWHYDULRVPHVHVVHOHYLR
YDJDU FRQ XQD FDMD GH KHUUDPLHQWDV TXH GHELHURQ ROYLGDU ORV JLWDQRV HQ ORV WLHPSRV GH -RVp
$UFDGLR%XHQGtD\QDGLHVXSRVLIXHSRUODJLPQDVLDLQYROXQWDULDSRUHOWHGLRLQYHUQDORSRUOD
DEVWLQHQFLDREOLJDGDTXHODSDQ]DVHOHIXHGHVLQIODQGRSRFRDSRFRFRPRXQSHOOHMR\ODFDUD
GHWRUWXJDEHDWtILFDVHOHKL]RPHQRVVDQJXtQHD\PHQRVSURWXEHUDQWHODSDSDGDKDVWDTXHWRGRpO
WHUPLQy SRU VHU PHQRV SDTXLGpUPLFR \ SXGR DPDUUDUVH RWUD YH] ORV FRUGRQHV GH ORV ]DSDWRV
9LpQGRORPRQWDUSLFDSRUWHV\GHVFRQHFWDUUHORMHV)HUQDQGDVHSUHJXQWyVLQRHVWDUtDLQFXUULHQGR
WDPELpQ HQ HO YLFLR GH KDFHU SDUD GHVKDFHU FRPR HO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD FRQ ORV
SHVFDGLWRV GH RUR $PDUDQWD FRQ ORV ERWRQHV \ OD PRUWDMD -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR FRQ ORV
SHUJDPLQRV \ UVXOD FRQ ORV UHFXHUGRV 3HUR QR HUD FLHUWR /R PDOR HUD TXH OD OOXYLD OR
WUDVWRUQDEDWRGR\ODVPiTXLQDVPiViULGDVHFKDEDQIORUHVSRUHQWUHORVHQJUDQDMHVVLQRVHOHV
DFHLWDEDFDGDWUHVGtDV\VHR[LGDEDQORVKLORVGHORVEURFDGRV\OHQDFtDQDOJDVGHD]DIUiQDOD
URSDPRMDGD/DDWPyVIHUDHUDWDQK~PHGDTXHORVSHFHVKXELHUDQSRGLGRHQWUDUSRUODVSXHUWDV\
VDOLU SRU ODV YHQWDQDV QDYHJDQGR HQ HO DLUH GH ORV DSRVHQWRV 8QD PDxDQD GHVSHUWy UVXOD
VLQWLHQGRTXHVHDFDEDEDHQXQVRSRQFLRGHSODFLGH]\\DKDEtDSHGLGRTXHOHOOHYDUDQDOSDGUH

$QWRQLR,VDEHODXQTXHIXHUDHQDQGDVFXDQGR6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGGHVFXEULyTXHWHQtDOD
HVSDOGD DGRTXLQDGD GH VDQJXLMXHODV 6H ODV GHVSUHQGLHURQ XQD SRU XQD DFKLFKDUUiQGRODV FRQ
WL]RQHVDQWHVGHTXHWHUPLQDUDQGHGHVDQJUDUOD)XHQHFHVDULRH[FDYDUFDQDOHVSDUDGHVDJXDUOD
FDVD\GHVHPEDUD]DUODGHVDSRV\FDUDFROHVGHPRGRTXHSXGLHUDQVHFDUVHORVSLVRVTXLWDUORV
ODGULOORVGHODVSDWDVGHODVFDPDV\FDPLQDURWUDYH]FRQ]DSDWRV(QWUHWHQLGRFRQODVP~OWLSOHV
PLQXFLDV TXH UHFODPDEDQ VX DWHQFLyQ $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR QR VH GLR FXHQWD GH TXH VH HVWDED
YROYLHQGRYLHMRKDVWDXQDWDUGHHQTXHVHHQFRQWUyFRQWHPSODQGRHODWDUGHFHUSUHPDWXURGHVGH
XQPHFHGRU\SHQVDQGRHQ3HWUD&RWHVVLQHVWUHPHFHUVH1RKDEUtDWHQLGRQLQJ~QLQFRQYHQLHQWH
HQUHJUHVDUDODPRULQVtSLGRGH)HUQDQGDFX\DEHOOH]DVHKDEtDUHSRVDGRFRQODPDGXUH]SHUROD
OOXYLD OR KDEtD SXHVWR D VDOYR GH WRGD HPHUJHQFLD SDVLRQDO \ OH KDEtD LQIXQGLGR OD VHUHQLGDG
HVSRQMRVDGHODLQDSHWHQFLD6HGLYLUWLySHQVDQGRHQODVFRVDVTXHKXELHUDSRGLGRKDFHUHQRWUR
WLHPSRFRQDTXHOODOOXYLDTXH\DLEDSDUDXQDxR+DEtDVLGRXQRGHORVSULPHURVTXHOOHYDURQ
OiPLQDVGH]LQFD0DFRQGRPXFKRDQWHVGHTXHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDODVSXVLHUDGHPRGDVyOR
SRU WHFKDU FRQ HOODV HO GRUPLWRULR GH 3HWUD &RWHV \ VROD]DUVH FRQ OD LPSUHVLyQ GH LQWLPLGDG
SURIXQGDTXHHQDTXHOODpSRFDOHSURGXFtDODFUHSLWDFLyQGHODOOXYLD3HURKDVWDHVRVUHFXHUGRV
ORFRV GH VX MXYHQWXG HVWUDIDODULD OR GHMDEDQ LPSiYLGR FRPR VL HQ OD ~OWLPD SDUUDQGD KXELHUD
DJRWDGR VXV FXRWDV GH VDODFLGDG \ VyOR OH KXELHUD TXHGDGR HO SUHPLR PDUDYLOORVR GH SRGHU
HYRFDUODV VLQ DPDUJXUD QL DUUHSHQWLPLHQWRV +XELHUD SRGLGR SHQVDUVH TXH HO GLOXYLR OH KDEtD
GDGRODRSRUWXQLGDGGHVHQWDUVHDUHIOH[LRQDU\TXHHOWUDMtQGHORVDOLFDWHV\ODVDOFX]DVOHKDEtD
GHVSHUWDGRODDxRUDQ]DWDUGtDGHWDQWRVRILFLRV~WLOHVFRPRKXELHUDSRGLGRKDFHU\QRKL]RHQOD
YLGDSHURQLORXQRQLORRWURHUDFLHUWRSRUTXHODWHQWDFLyQGHVHGHQWDULVPR\GRPHVWLFLGDGTXH
ORDQGDEDURQGDQGRQRHUDIUXWRGHODUHFDSDFLWDFLyQQLHOHVFDUPLHQWR/HOOHJDEDGHPXFKRPiV
OHMRV GHVHQWHUUDGD SRU HO WULQFKH GH OD OOXYLD GH ORV WLHPSRV HQ TXH OHtD HQ HO FXDUWR GH
0HOTXtDGHVODVSURGLJLRVDVIiEXODVGHORVWDSLFHVYRODQWHV\ODVEDOOHQDVTXHVHDOLPHQWDEDQGH
EDUFRV FRQ WULSXODFLRQHV )XH SRU HVRV GtDV TXH HQ XQ GHVFXLGR GH )HUQDQGD DSDUHFLy HQ HO
FRUUHGRUHOSHTXHxR$XUHOLDQR\VXDEXHORFRQRFLyHOVHFUHWRGHVXLGHQWLGDG/HFRUWyHOSHOR
OR YLVWLy OH HQVHxy D SHUGHUOH HO PLHGR D OD JHQWH \ PX\ SURQWR VH YLR TXH HUD XQ OHJtWLPR
$XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD FRQ VXV SyPXORV DOWRV VX PLUDGD GH DVRPEUR \ VX DLUH VROLWDULR 3DUD
)HUQDQGDIXHXQGHVFDQVR+DFtDWLHPSRTXHKDEtDPHGLGRODPDJQLWXGGHVXVREHUELDSHURQR
HQFRQWUDEDFyPRUHPHGLDUODSRUTXHPLHQWUDVPiVSHQVDEDHQODVVROXFLRQHVPHQRVUDFLRQDOHV
OHSDUHFtDQ'HKDEHUVDELGRTXH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRLEDDWRPDUODVFRVDVFRPRODVWRPyFRQ
XQD EXHQD FRPSODFHQFLD GH DEXHOR QR OH KDEUtD GDGR WDQWDV YXHOWDV QL WDQWRV SOD]RV VLQR TXH
GHVGHHODxRDQWHULRUVHKXELHUDOLEHUDGRGHODPRUWLILFDFLyQ3DUD$PDUDQWDUVXODTXH\DKDEtD
PXGDGR ORV GLHQWHV HO VREULQR IXH FRPR XQ MXJXHWH HVFXUULGL]R TXH OD FRQVROy GHO WHGLR GH OD
OOXYLD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHDFRUGyHQWRQFHVGHODHQFLFORSHGLDLQJOHVDTXHQDGLHKDEtDYXHOWRD
WRFDU HQ HO DQWLJXR GRUPLWRULR GH 0HPH (PSH]y SRU PRVWUDUOHV ODV OiPLQDV D ORV QLxRV HQ
HVSHFLDOODVGHDQLPDOHV\PiVWDUGHORVPDSDV\ODVIRWRJUDItDVGHSDtVHVUHPRWRV\SHUVRQDMHV
FpOHEUHV&RPRQRVDEtDLQJOpV\FRPRDSHQDVSRGtDGLVWLQJXLUODVFLXGDGHVPiVFRQRFLGDV\ODV
SHUVRQDOLGDGHVPiVFRUULHQWHVVHGLRDLQYHQWDUQRPEUHV\OH\HQGDVSDUDVDWLVIDFHUODFXULRVLGDG

96

LQVDFLDEOHGHORVQLxRV
)HUQDQGDFUHtDGHYHUDVTXHVXHVSRVRHVWDEDHVSHUDQGRDTXHHVFDPSDUDSDUDYROYHUFRQOD
FRQFXELQD (Q ORV SULPHURV PHVHV GH OD OOXYLD WHPLy TXH pO LQWHQWDUD GHVOL]DUVH KDVWD VX
GRUPLWRULR\TXHHOODLEDDSDVDUSRUODYHUJHQ]DGHUHYHODUOHTXHHVWDEDLQFDSDFLWDGDSDUDOD
UHFRQFLOLDFLyQ GHVGH HO QDFLPLHQWR GH $PDUDQWD UVXOD (VD HUD OD FDXVD GH VX DQVLRVD
FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD FRQ ORV PpGLFRV LQYLVLEOHV LQWHUUXPSLGD SRU ORV IUHFXHQWHV GHVDVWUHV GHO
FRUUHR 'XUDQWH ORV SULPHURV PHVHV FXDQGR VH VXSR TXH ORV WUHQHV VH GHVFDUULODEDQ HQ OD
WRUPHQWDXQDFDUWDGHORVPpGLFRVLQYLVLEOHVOHLQGLFyTXHVHHVWDEDQSHUGLHQGRODVVX\DV0iV
WDUGH FXDQGR VH LQWHUUXPSLHURQ ORV FRQWDFWRV FRQ VXV FRUUHVSRQVDOHV LJQRWRV KDEtD SHQVDGR
VHULDPHQWH HQ SRQHUVH OD PiVFDUD GH WLJUH TXH XVy VX PDULGR HQ HO FDUQDYDO VDQJULHQWR SDUD
KDFHUVHH[DPLQDUFRQXQQRPEUHILFWLFLRSRUORVPpGLFRVGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD3HURXQDGH
ODVWDQWDVSHUVRQDVTXHSDVDEDQDPHQXGRSRUODFDVDOOHYDQGRODVQRWLFLDVLQJUDWDVGHOGLOXYLROH
KDEtDGLFKRTXHODFRPSDxtDHVWDEDGHVPDQWHODQGRVXVGLVSHQVDULRVSDUDOOHYiUVHORVDWLHUUDVGH
HVFDPSDGD (QWRQFHV SHUGLy OD HVSHUDQ]D 6H UHVLJQy D DJXDUGDU TXH SDVDUD OD OOXYLD \ VH
QRUPDOL]DUD HO FRUUHR \ PLHQWUDV WDQWR VH DOLYLDED GH VXV GROHQFLDV VHFUHWDV FRQ UHFXUVRV GH
LQVSLUDFLyQSRUTXHKXELHUDSUHIHULGRPRULUVHDSRQHUVHHQPDQRVGHO~QLFRPpGLFRTXHTXHGDED
HQ 0DFRQGR HO IUDQFpV H[WUDYDJDQWH TXH VH DOLPHQWDED FRQ KLHUED SDUD EXUURV 6H KDEtD
DSUR[LPDGRDUVXODFRQILDQGRHQTXHHOODFRQRFLHUDDOJ~QSDOLDWLYRSDUDVXVTXHEUDQWRV3HUR
OD WRUWXRVD FRVWXPEUH GH QR OODPDU ODV FRVDV SRU VX QRPEUH OD OOHYy D SRQHU OR DQWHULRU HQ OR
SRVWHULRU\DVXVWLWXLUORSDULGRSRUORH[SXOVDGR\DFDPELDUIOXMRVSRUDUGRUHVSDUDTXHWRGR
IXHUD PHQRV YHUJRQ]RVR GH PDQHUD TXH UVXOD FRQFOX\y UD]RQDEOHPHQWH TXH ORV WUDVWRUQRV QR
HUDQXWHULQRVVLQRLQWHVWLQDOHV\OHDFRQVHMyTXHWRPDUDHQD\XQDVXQDSDSHOHWDGHFDORPHO'H
QR KDEHU VLGR SRU HVH SDGHFLPLHQWR TXH QDGD KXELHUD WHQLGR GH SXGHQGR SDUD DOJXLHQ TXH QR
HVWXYLHUD WDPELpQ HQIHUPR GH SXGLEXQGH] \ GH QR KDEHU VLGR SRU OD SpUGLGD GH ODV FDUWDV D
)HUQDQGDQROHKDEUtDLPSRUWDGRODOOXYLDSRUTXHDOILQGHFXHQWDVWRGDODYLGDKDEtDVLGRSDUD
HOODFRPRVLHVWXYLHUDOORYLHQGR1RPRGLILFyORVKRUDULRVQLSHUGRQyORVULWRV&XDQGRWRGDYtD
HVWDEDODPHVDDO]DGDVREUHODGULOORV\SXHVWDVODVVLOODVVREUHWDEORQHVSDUDTXHORVFRPHQVDOHV
QRVHPRMDUDQORVSLHVHOODVHJXtDVLUYLHQGRFRQPDQWHOHVGHOLQR\YDMLOODVFKLQDV\SUHQGLHQGR
ORV FDQGHODEURV HQ OD FHQD SRUTXH FRQVLGHUDED TXH ODV FDODPLGDGHV QR SRGtDQ WRPDUVH GH
SUHWH[WRSDUDHOUHODMDPLHQWRGHODVFRVWXPEUHV1DGLHKDEtDYXHOWRDDVRPDUVHDODFDOOH6LGH
)HUQDQGD KXELHUD GHSHQGLGR QR KDEUtDQ YXHOWR D KDFHUOR MDPiV QR VyOR GHVGH TXH HPSH]y D
OORYHUVLQRGHVGHPXFKRDQWHVSXHVWRTXHHOODFRQVLGHUDEDTXHODVSXHUWDVVHKDEtDQLQYHQWDGR
SDUD FHUUDUODV \ TXH OD FXULRVLGDG SRU OR TXH RFXUUtD HQ OD FDOOH HUD FRVD GH UDPHUDV 6LQ
HPEDUJR HOOD IXH OD SULPHUD HQ DVRPDUVH FXDQGR DYLVDURQ TXH HVWDED SDVDQGR HO HQWLHUUR GHO
FRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]DXQTXHORTXHYLRHQWRQFHVSRUODYHQWDQDHQWUHDELHUWDODGHMyHQWDO
HVWDGRGHDIOLFFLyQTXHGXUDQWHPXFKRWLHPSRHVWXYRDUUHSLQWLpQGRVHGHVXGHELOLGDG
1RKDEUtDSRGLGRFRQFHELUVHXQFRUWHMRPiVGHVRODGR+DEtDQSXHVWRHODWD~GHQXQDFDUUHWD
GH EXH\HV VREUH OD FXDO FRQVWUX\HURQ XQ FREHUWL]R GH KRMDV GH EDQDQR SHUR OD SUHVLyQ GH OD
OOXYLD HUD WDQ LQWHQVD \ ODV FDOOHV HVWDEDQ WDQ HPSDQWDQDGDV TXH D FDGD SDVR VH DWROODEDQ ODV

UXHGDV\HOFREHUWL]RHVWDEDDSXQWRGHGHVEDUDWDUVH/RVFKRUURVGHDJXDWULVWHTXHFDtDQVREUH
HODWD~GLEDQHQVRSDQGRODEDQGHUDTXHOHKDEtDQSXHVWRHQFLPD\TXHHUDHQUHDOLGDGODEDQGHUD
VXFLD GH VDQJUH \ GH SyOYRUD UHSXGLDGD SRU ORV YHWHUDQRV PiV GLJQRV 6REUH HO DWD~G KDEtDQ
SXHVWRWDPELpQHOVDEOHFRQERUODVGHFREUH\VHGDHOPLVPRTXHHOFRURQHO*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]
FROJDEDHQODSHUFKDGHODVDODSDUDHQWUDULQHUPHDOFRVWXUHURGH$PDUDQWD'HWUiVGHODFDUUHWD
DOJXQRVGHVFDO]RV\WRGRVFRQORVSDQWDORQHVDPHGLDSLHUQDFKDSDOHDEDQHQHOIDQJRORV~OWLPRV
VREUHYLYLHQWHVGHODFDSLWXODFLyQGH1HHUODQGLDOOHYDQGRHQXQDPDQRHOEDVWyQGHFDUUHWR\HQ
ODRWUDXQDFRURQDGHIORUHVGHSDSHOGHVFRORULGDVSRUODOOXYLD$SDUHFLHURQFRPRXQDYLVLyQ
LUUHDOHQODFDOOHTXHWRGDYtDOOHYDEDHOQRPEUHGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD\WRGRVPLUDURQ
ODFDVDDOSDVDU\GREODURQSRUODHVTXLQDGHODSOD]DGRQGHWXYLHURQTXHSHGLUD\XGDSDUDVDFDU
ODFDUUHWDDWDVFDGDUVXODVHKDEtDKHFKROOHYDUDODSXHUWDSRU6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDG6LJXLy
FRQWDQWDDWHQFLyQODVSHULSHFLDVGHOHQWLHUURTXHQDGLHGXGyGHTXHORHVWDEDYLHQGRVREUHWRGR
SRUTXHVXDO]DGDPDQRGHDUFiQJHODQXQFLDGRUVHPRYtDFRQORVFDEHFHRVGHODFDUUHWD
$GLyV*HULQHOGRKLMRPtRJULWy6DO~GDPHDPLJHQWH\GLOHTXHQRVYHPRVFXDQGR
HVFDPSH
$XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR OD D\XGy D YROYHU D OD FDPD \ FRQ OD PLVPD LQIRUPDOLGDG FRQ TXH OD
WUDWDEDVLHPSUHOHSUHJXQWyHOVLJQLILFDGRGHVXGHVSHGLGD
(VYHUGDGGLMRHOOD1DGDPiVHVWR\HVSHUDQGRTXHSDVHODOOXYLDSDUDPRULUPH
(OHVWDGRGHODVFDOOHVDODUPyD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR7DUGtDPHQWHSUHRFXSDGRSRUODVXHUWHGH
VXVDQLPDOHVVHHFKyHQFLPDXQOLHQ]RHQFHUDGR\IXHDFDVDGH3HWUD&RWHV/DHQFRQWUyHQHO
SDWLR FRQ HO DJXD D OD FLQWXUD WUDWDQGR GH GHVHQFDOODU HO FDGiYHU GH XQ FDEDOOR $XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGRODD\XGyFRQXQDWUDQFD\HOHQRUPHFXHUSRWXPHIDFWRGLRXQDYXHOWDGHFDPSDQD\IXH
DUUDVWUDGR SRU HO WRUUHQWH GH EDUUR OtTXLGR 'HVGH TXH HPSH]y OD OOXYLD 3HWUD &RWHV QR KDEtD
KHFKRPiVTXHGHVHPEDUD]DUVXSDWLRGHDQLPDOHVPXHUWRV(QODVSULPHUDVVHPDQDVOHPDQGy
UHFDGRVD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRSDUDTXHWRPDUDSURYLGHQFLDVXUJHQWHV\pOKDEtDFRQWHVWDGRTXH
QRKDEtDSULVDTXHODVLWXDFLyQQRHUDDODUPDQWHTXH\DVHSHQVDUtDHQDOJRFXDQGRHVFDPSDUD
/HPDQGyDGHFLUTXHORVSRWUHURVVHHVWDEDQLQXQGDQGRTXHHOJDQDGRVHIXJDEDKDFLDODVWLHUUDV
DOWDVGRQGHQRKDEtDTXpFRPHU\TXHHVWDEDQDPHUFHGGHOWLJUH\ODSHVWH1RKD\QDGDTXH
KDFHU OH FRQWHVWy $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR <D QDFHUiQ RWURV FXDQGR HVFDPSH 3HWUD &RWHV ORV
KDEtDYLVWRPRULUDUDFLPDGDV\DSHQDVVLVHGDEDDEDVWRSDUDGHVWD]DUDORVTXHVHTXHGDEDQ
DWROODGRV9LRFRQXQDLPSRWHQFLDVRUGDFyPRHOGLOXYLRIXHH[WHUPLQDQGRVLQPLVHULFRUGLDXQD
IRUWXQD TXH HQ XQ WLHPSR VH WXYR FRPR OD PiV JUDQGH \ VyOLGD GH 0DFRQGR \ GH OD FXDO QR
TXHGDED VLQR OD SHVWLOHQFLD &XDQGR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR GHFLGLy LU D YHU OR TXH SDVDED VyOR
HQFRQWUy HO FDGiYHU GHO FDEDOOR \ XQD PXOD HVFXiOLGD HQWUH ORV HVFRPEURV GH OD FDEDOOHUL]D
3HWUD &RWHV OR YLR OOHJDU VLQ VRUSUHVD VLQ DOHJUtD QL UHVHQWLPLHQWR \ DSHQDV VH SHUPLWLy XQD
VRQULVDLUyQLFD
$EXHQDKRUDGLMR
(VWDEDHQYHMHFLGDHQORVSXURVKXHVRV\VXVODQFHRODGRVRMRVGHDQLPDOFDUQtYRURVHKDEtDQ
YXHOWRWULVWHV\PDQVRVGHWDQWRPLUDUODOOXYLD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHTXHGyPiVGHWUHVPHVHVHQ

97

VXFDVDQRSRUTXHHQWRQFHVVHVLQWLHUDPHMRUDOOtTXHHQODGHVXIDPLOLDVLQRSRUTXHQHFHVLWy
WRGRHVHWLHPSRSDUDWRPDUODGHFLVLyQGHHFKDUVHRWUDYH]HQFLPDHOSHGD]RGHOLHQ]RHQFHUDGR
1R KD\ SULVD GLMR FRPR KDEtD GLFKR HQ OD RWUD FDVD (VSHUHPRV TXH HVFDPSH HQ ODV
SUy[LPDV KRUDV (Q HO FXUVR GH OD SULPHUD VHPDQD VH IXH DFRVWXPEUDQGR D ORV GHVJDVWHV TXH
KDEtDQKHFKRHOWLHPSR\ODOOXYLDHQODVDOXGGHVXFRQFXELQD\SRFRDSRFRIXHYLpQGRODFRPR
HUD DQWHV DFRUGiQGRVH GH VXV GHVDIXHURV MXELORVRV \ GH OD IHFXQGLGDG GH GHOLULR TXH VX DPRU
SURYRFDEDHQORVDQLPDOHV\HQSDUWHSRUDPRU\HQSDUWHSRULQWHUpVXQDQRFKHGHODVHJXQGD
VHPDQD OD GHVSHUWy FRQ FDULFLDV DSUHPLDQWHV 3HWUD &RWHV QR UHDFFLRQy 'XHUPH WUDQTXLOR
PXUPXUy<DORVWLHPSRVQRHVWiQSDUDHVWDVFRVDV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHYLRDVtPLVPRHQ
ORVHVSHMRVGHOWHFKRYLRODHVSLQDGRUVDOGH3HWUD&RWHVFRPRXQDKLOHUDGHFDUUHWHVHQVDUWDGRV
HQXQPD]RGHQHUYLRVPDUFKLWRV\FRPSUHQGLyTXHHOODWHQtDUD]yQQRSRUORVWLHPSRVVLQRSRU
HOORVPLVPRVTXH\DQRHVWDEDQSDUDHVDVFRVDV
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRUHJUHVyDODFDVDFRQVXVED~OHVFRQYHQFLGRGHTXHQRVyORUVXODVLQR
WRGRV ORV KDELWDQWHV GH 0DFRQGR HVWDEDQ HVSHUDQGR TXH HVFDPSDUD SDUD PRULUVH /RV KDEtD
YLVWR DO SDVDU VHQWDGRV HQ ODV VDODV FRQ OD PLUDGD DEVRUWD \ ORV EUD]RV FUX]DGRV VLQWLHQGR
WUDQVFXUULUXQWLHPSRHQWHURXQWLHPSRVLQGHVEUDYDUSRUTXHHUDLQ~WLOGLYLGLUORHQPHVHV\DxRV
\ ORV GtDV HQ KRUDV FXDQGR QR SRGtD KDFHUVH QDGD PiV TXH FRQWHPSODU OD OOXYLD /RV QLxRV
UHFLELHURQ DOERUR]DGRV D $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR TXLHQ YROYLy D WRFDU SDUD HOORV HO DFRUGHyQ
DVPiWLFR3HURHOFRQFLHUWRQROHVOODPyWDQWRODDWHQFLyQFRPRODVVHVLRQHVHQFLFORSpGLFDVGH
PRGR TXH RWUD YH] YROYLHURQ D UHXQLUVH HQ HO GRUPLWRULR GH 0HPH GRQGH OD LPDJLQDFLyQ GH
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRFRQYLUWLyHOGLULJLEOHHQXQHOHIDQWHYRODGRUTXHEXVFDEDXQVLWLRSDUDGRUPLU
HQWUH ODV QXEHV (Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ HQFRQWUy XQ KRPEUH GH D FDEDOOR TXH D SHVDU GH VX DWXHQGR
H[yWLFRFRQVHUYDEDXQDLUHIDPLOLDU\GHVSXpVGHPXFKRH[DPLQDUOROOHJyDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXH
HUDXQUHWUDWRGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD6HORPRVWUyD)HUQDQGD\WDPELpQHOODDGPLWLyHO
SDUHFLGRGHOMLQHWHQRVyORFRQHOFRURQHOVLQRFRQWRGRVORVPLHPEURVGHODIDPLOLDDXQTXHHQ
YHUGDGHUDXQJXHUUHURWiUWDUR$VtVHOHIXHSDVDQGRHOWLHPSRHQWUHHOFRORVRGH5RGDV\ORV
HQFDQWDGRUHVGHVHUSLHQWHVKDVWDTXHVXHVSRVDOHDQXQFLyTXHQRTXHGDEDQPiVGHVHLVNLORVGH
FDUQHVDODGD\XQVDFRGHDUUR]HQHOJUDQHUR
<DKRUDTXpTXLHUHVTXHKDJD"SUHJXQWypO
<RQRVpFRQWHVWy)HUQDQGD(VRHVDVXQWRGHKRPEUHV
%XHQRGLMR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRDOJRVHKDUiFXDQGRHVFDPSH
6LJXLyPiVLQWHUHVDGRHQODHQFLFORSHGLDTXHHQHOSUREOHPDGRPpVWLFRDXQFXDQGRWXYRTXH
FRQIRUPDUVH FRQ XQD SLOWUDID \ XQ SRFR GH DUUR] HQ HO DOPXHU]R $KRUD HV LPSRVLEOH KDFHU
QDGDGHFtD1RSXHGHOORYHUWRGDODYLGD<PLHQWUDVPiVODUJDVOHGDEDDODVXUJHQFLDVGHO
JUDQHUR PiV LQWHQVD VH LED KDFLHQGR OD LQGLJQDFLyQ GH )HUQDQGD KDVWD TXH VXV SURWHVWDV
HYHQWXDOHVVXVGHVDKRJRVSRFRIUHFXHQWHVVHGHVERUGDURQHQXQWRUUHQWHLQFRQWHQLEOHGHVDWDGR
TXHHPSH]yXQDPDxDQDFRPRHOPRQyWRQRERUGyQGHXQDJXLWDUUD\TXHDPHGLGDTXHDYDQ]DED
HO GtD IXH VXELHQGR GH WRQR FDGD YH] PiV ULFR PiV HVSOpQGLGR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR QR WXYR
FRQFLHQFLDGHODFDQWDOHWDKDVWDHOGtDVLJXLHQWHGHVSXpVGHOGHVD\XQRFXDQGRVHVLQWLyDWXUGLGR

SRUXQDEHMRUUHRTXHHUDHQWRQFHVPiVIOXLGR\DOWRTXHHOUXPRUGHODOOXYLD\HUD)HUQDQGDTXH
VHSDVHDEDSRUWRGDODFDVDGROLpQGRVHGHTXHODKXELHUDQHGXFDGRFRPRXQDUHLQDSDUDWHUPLQDU
GH VLUYLHQWD HQ XQD FDVD GH ORFRV FRQ XQ PDULGR KROJD]iQ LGyODWUD OLEHUWLQR TXH VH DFRVWDED
ERFDUULED D HVSHUDU TXH OH OORYLHUDQ SDQHV GHO FLHOR PLHQWUDV HOOD VH GHVWURQFDED ORV ULxRQHV
WUDWDQGRGHPDQWHQHUDIORWHXQKRJDUHPSDUDSHWDGRFRQDOILOHUHVGRQGHKDEtDWDQWRTXHKDFHU
WDQWRTXHVRSRUWDU\FRUUHJLUGHVGHTXHDPDQHFtD'LRVKDVWDODKRUDGHDFRVWDUVHTXHOOHJDEDD
ODFDPDFRQORVRMRVOOHQRVGHSROYRGHYLGULR\VLQHPEDUJRQDGLHOHKDEtDGLFKRQXQFDEXHQRV
GtDV )HUQDQGD TXp WDO QRFKH SDVDVWH )HUQDQGD QL OH KDEtDQ SUHJXQWDGR DXQTXH IXHUD SRU
FRUWHVtDSRUTXpHVWDEDWDQSiOLGDQLSRUTXpGHVSHUWDEDFRQHVDVRMHUDVGHYLROHWDDSHVDUGH
TXHHOODQRHVSHUDEDSRUVXSXHVWRTXHDTXHOORVDOLHUDGHOUHVWRGHXQDIDPLOLDTXHDOILQ\DO
FDERODKDEtDWHQLGRVLHPSUHFRPRXQHVWRUERFRPRHOWUDSLWRGHEDMDUODROODFRPRXQPRQLJRWH
SLQWDGRHQODSDUHG\TXHVLHPSUHDQGDEDQGHVEDUUDQGRFRQWUDHOODSRUORVULQFRQHVOODPiQGROD
VDQWXUURQDOODPiQGRODIDULVHDOODPiQGRODODJDUWD\KDVWD$PDUDQWDTXHHQSD]GHVFDQVHKDEtD
GLFKRGHYLYDYR]TXHHOODHUDGHODVTXHFRQIXQGtDQHOUHFWRFRQODVWpPSRUDVEHQGLWRVHD'LRV
TXpSDODEUDV\HOODKDEtDDJXDQWDGRWRGRFRQUHVLJQDFLyQSRUODVLQWHQFLRQHVGHO6DQWR3DGUH
SHUR QR KDEtD SRGLGR VRSRUWDU PiV FXDQGR HO PDOYDGR GH -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR GLMR TXH OD
SHUGLFLyQ GH OD IDPLOLD KDEtD VLGR DEULUOH ODV SXHUWDV D XQD FDFKDFD LPDJtQHVH XQD FDFKDFD
PDQGRQDYiOJDPH'LRVXQDFDFKDFDKLMDGHODPDODVDOLYDGHODPLVPDtQGROHGHORVFDFKDFRV
TXHPDQGyHOJRELHUQRDPDWDUWUDEDMDGRUHVGtJDPHXVWHG\VHUHIHUtDDQDGLHPHQRVTXHDHOOD
ODDKLMDGDGHO'XTXHGH$OEDXQDGDPDFRQWDQWDDOFXUQLDTXHOHUHYROYtDHOKtJDGRDODVHVSRVDV
GH ORV SUHVLGHQWHV XQD ILMRGDOJD GH VDQJUH FRPR HOOD TXH WHQtD GHUHFKR D ILUPDU FRQ RQFH
DSHOOLGRV SHQLQVXODUHV \ TXH HUD HO ~QLFR PRUWDO HQ HVH SXHEOR GH EDVWDUGRV TXH QR VH VHQWtD
HPEHUHQMHQDGRIUHQWHDGLHFLVpLVFXELHUWRVSDUDTXHOXHJRHODG~OWHURGHVXPDULGRGLMHUDPXHUWR
GHULVDTXHWDQWDVFXFKDUDV\WHQHGRUHV\WDQWRVFXFKLOORV\FXFKDULWDVQRHUDFRVDGHFULVWLDQRV
VLQR GH FLHPSLpV \ OD ~QLFD TXH SRGtD GHWHUPLQDU D RMRV FHUUDGRV FXiQGR VH VHUYtD HO YLQR
EODQFR\GHTXpODGR\HQTXpFRSD\FXiQGRVHVHUYtDHOYLQRURMR\GHTXpODGR\HQTXpFRSD
\QRFRPRODPRQWXQDGH$PDUDQWDTXHHQSD]GHVFDQVHTXHFUHtDTXHHOYLQREODQFRVHVHUYtD
GHGtD\HOYLQRURMRGHQRFKH\OD~QLFDHQWRGRHOOLWRUDOTXHSRGtDYDQDJORULDUVHGHQRKDEHU
KHFKRGHOFXHUSRVLQRHQEDFLQLOODVGHRURSDUDTXHOXHJRHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDTXHHQ
SD] GHVFDQVH WXYLHUD HO DWUHYLPLHQWR GH SUHJXQWDU FRQ VX PDOD ELOLV GH PDVyQ GH GyQGH KDEtD
PHUHFLGRHVHSULYLOHJLRVLHUDTXHHOODQRFDJDEDPLHUGDVLQRDVWURPHOLDVLPDJtQHVHFRQHVDV
SDODEUDV\SDUDTXH5HQDWDVXSURSLDKLMDTXHSRULQGLVFUHFLyQKDEtDYLVWRVXVDJXDVPD\RUHV
HQHOGRUPLWRULRFRQWHVWDUDTXHGHYHUGDGODEDFLQLOODHUDGHPXFKRRUR\GHPXFKDKHUiOGLFD
SHURTXHORTXHWHQtDGHQWURHUDSXUDPLHUGDPLHUGDItVLFD\SHRUWRGDYtDTXHODVRWUDVSRUTXH
HUDPLHUGDGHFDFKDFDLPDJtQHVHVXSURSLDKLMDGHPRGRTXHQXQFDVHKDEtDKHFKRLOXVLRQHV
FRQ HO UHVWR GH OD IDPLOLD SHUR GH WRGRV PRGRV WHQtD GHUHFKR D HVSHUDU XQ SRFR GH PiV
FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH SDUWH GH VX HVSRVR SXHVWR TXH ELHQ R PDO HUD VX FyQ\XJH GH VDFUDPHQWR VX
DXWRU VX OHJtWLPR SHUMXGLFDGRU TXH VH HFKy HQFLPD SRU YROXQWDG OLEUH \ VREHUDQD OD JUDYH
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHVDFDUODGHOVRODUSDWHUQRGRQGHQXQFDVHSULYyQLVHGROLyGHQDGDGRQGH

98

WHMtD SDOPDV I~QHEUHV SRU JXVWR GH HQWUHWHQLPLHQWR SXHVWR TXH VX SDGULQR KDEtD PDQGDGR XQD
FDUWDFRQVXILUPD\HOVHOORGHVXDQLOORLPSUHVRHQHOODFUHVyORSDUDGHFLUTXHODVPDQRVGHVX
DKLMDGDQRHVWDEDQKHFKDVSDUDPHQHVWHUHVGHHVWHPXQGRFRPRQRIXHUDWRFDUHOFODYLFRUGLR\
VLQHPEDUJRHOLQVHQVDWRGHVXPDULGRODKDEtDVDFDGRGHVXFDVDFRQWRGDVODVDGPRQLFLRQHV\
DGYHUWHQFLDV\ODKDEtDOOHYDGRDDTXHOODSDLODGHLQILHUQRGRQGHQRVHSRGtDUHVSLUDUGHFDORU\
DQWHV GH TXH HOOD DFDEDUD GH JXDUGDU VXV GLHWDV GH 3HQWHFRVWpV \D VH KDEtD LGR FRQ VXV ED~OHV
WUDVKXPDQWHV \ VX DFRUGHyQ GH SHUGXODULR D KROJDU HQ DGXOWHULR FRQ XQD GHVGLFKDGD D TXLHQ
EDVWDEDFRQYHUOHODVQDOJDVEXHQR\DHVWDEDGLFKRDTXLHQEDVWDEDFRQYHUOHPHQHDUODVQDOJDV
GHSRWUDQFDSDUDDGLYLQDUTXHHUDXQDTXHHUDXQDWRGRORFRQWUDULRGHHOODTXHHUDXQDGDPDHQ
HO SDODFLR R HQ OD SRFLOJD HQ OD PHVD R HQ OD FDPD XQD GDPD GH QDFLyQ WHPHURVD GH 'LRV
REHGLHQWH GH VXV OH\HV \ VXPLVD D VXV GHVLJQLRV \ FRQ TXLHQ QR SRGtD KDFHU SRU VXSXHVWR ODV
PDURPDV \ YDJDEXQGLQDV TXH KDFtD FRQ OD RWUD TXH SRU VXSXHVWR VH SUHVWDED D WRGR FRPR ODV
PDWURQDV IUDQFHVDV \ SHRU D~Q SHQViQGROR ELHQ SRUTXH pVWDV DO PHQRV WHQtDQ OD KRQUDGH] GH
SRQHUXQIRFRFRORUDGRHQODSXHUWDVHPHMDQWHVSRUTXHUtDVLPDJtQHVHQLPiVIDOWDEDFRQODKLMD
~QLFD\ELHQDPDGDGHGRxD5HQDWD$UJRWH\GRQ)HUQDQGRGHO&DUSLR\VREUHWRGRGHpVWHSRU
VXSXHVWRXQVDQWRYDUyQXQFULVWLDQRGHORVJUDQGHV&DEDOOHURGHOD2UGHQGHO6DQWR6HSXOFUR
GHHVRVTXHUHFLEHQGLUHFWDPHQWHGH'LRVHOSULYLOHJLRGHFRQVHUYDUVHLQWDFWRVHQODWXPEDFRQ
ODSLHOWHUVDFRPRUDVRGHQRYLD\ORVRMRVYLYRV\GLiIDQRVFRPRODVHVPHUDOGDV
(VRVtQRHVFLHUWRODLQWHUUXPSLy$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRFXDQGRORWUDMHURQ\DDSHVWDED
+DEtD WHQLGR OD SDFLHQFLD GH HVFXFKDUOD XQ GtD HQWHUR KDVWD VRUSUHQGHUOD HQ XQD IDOWD
)HUQDQGDQROHKL]RFDVRSHUREDMyODYR](VDQRFKHGXUDQWHODFHQDHOH[DVSHUDQWH]XPELGR
GHODFDQWDOHWDKDEtDGHUURWDGRDOUXPRUGHODOOXYLD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRFRPLyPX\SRFRFRQOD
FDEH]DEDMD\VHUHWLUyWHPSUDQRDOGRUPLWRULR(QHOGHVD\XQRGHOGtDVLJXLHQWH)HUQDQGDHVWDED
WUpPXODFRQDVSHFWRGHKDEHUGRUPLGRPDO\SDUHFtDGHVDKRJDGDSRUFRPSOHWRGHVXVUHQFRUHV
6LQ HPEDUJR FXDQGR VX PDULGR SUHJXQWy VL QR VHUtD SRVLEOH FRPHUVH XQ KXHYR WLELR HOOD QR
FRQWHVWy VLPSOHPHQWH TXH GHVGH OD VHPDQD DQWHULRU VH KDEtDQ DFDEDGR ORV KXHYRV VLQR TXH
HODERUy XQD YLUXOHQWD GLDWULED FRQWUD ORV KRPEUHV TXH VH SDVDEDQ HO WLHPSR DGRUiQGRVH HO
RPEOLJR \ OXHJR WHQtDQ OD FDFKD]D GH SHGLU KtJDGRV GH DORQGUD HQ OD PHVD $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR
OOHYy D ORV QLxRV D YHU OD HQFLFORSHGLD FRPR VLHPSUH \ )HUQDQGD ILQJLy SRQHU RUGHQ HQ HO
GRUPLWRULRGH0HPHVyORSDUDTXHpOODR\HUDPXUPXUDUTXHSRUVXSXHVWRVHQHFHVLWDEDWHQHUOD
FDUDGXUDSDUDGHFLUOHVDORVSREUHVLQRFHQWHVTXHHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDHVWDEDUHWUDWDGR
HQODHQFLFORSHGLD(QODWDUGHPLHQWUDVORVQLxRVKDFtDQODVLHVWD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHVHQWyHQ
HOFRUUHGRU\KDVWDDOOiORSHUVLJXLy)HUQDQGDSURYRFiQGRORDWRUPHQWiQGRORJLUDQGRHQWRUQR
GH pO FRQ VX LPSODFDEOH ]XPELGR GH PRVFDUGyQ GLFLHQGR TXH SRU VXSXHVWR PLHQWUDV \D QR
TXHGDEDQ PiV TXH SLHGUDV SDUD FRPHU VX PDULGR VH VHQWDED FRPR XQ VXOWiQ GH 3HUVLD D
FRQWHPSODU OD OOXYLD SRUTXH QR HUD PiV TXH HVR XQ PDPSROyQ XQ PDQWHQLGR XQ EXHQR SDUD
QDGDPiVIORMRTXHHODOJRGyQGHERUODDFRVWXPEUDGRDYLYLUGHODVPXMHUHV\FRQYHQFLGRGH
TXH VH KDEtD FDVDGR FRQ OD HVSRVD GH -RQiV TXH VH TXHGy WDQ WUDQTXLOD FRQ HO FXHQWR GH OD
EDOOHQD $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR OD R\y PiV GH GRV KRUDV LPSDVLEOH FRPR VL IXHUD VRUGR 1R OD

LQWHUUXPSLyKDVWDPX\DYDQ]DGDODWDUGHFXDQGRQRSXGRVRSRUWDUPiVODUHVRQDQFLDGHERPER
TXHOHDWRUPHQWDEDODFDEH]D
&iOODWH\DSRUIDYRUVXSOLFy
)HUQDQGD SRU HO FRQWUDULR OHYDQWy HO WRQR 1R WHQJR SRU TXp FDOODUPH GLMR (O TXH QR
TXLHUD RtUPH TXH VH YD\D (QWRQFHV $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR SHUGLy HO GRPLQLR 6H LQFRUSRUy VLQ
SULVDFRPRVLVyORSHQVDUDHVWLUDUORVKXHVRV\FRQXQDIXULDSHUIHFWDPHQWHUHJXODGD\PHWyGLFD
IXH DJDUUDQGR XQR WUDV RWUR ORV WLHVWRV GH EHJRQLDV ODV PDFHWDV GH KHOHFKRV ORV SRWHV GH
RUpJDQR \ XQR WUDV RWUR ORV IXH GHVSHGD]DQGR FRQWUD HO VXHOR )HUQDQGD VH DVXVWy SXHV HQ
UHDOLGDGQRKDEtDWHQLGRKDVWDHQWRQFHVXQDFRQFLHQFLDFODUDGHODWUHPHQGDIXHU]DLQWHULRUGHOD
FDQWDOHWDSHUR\DHUDWDUGHSDUDFXDOTXLHUWHQWDWLYDGHUHFWLILFDFLyQ(PEULDJDGRSRUHOWRUUHQWH
LQFRQWHQLEOHGHOGHVDKRJR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRURPSLyHOFULVWDOGHODYLGULHUD\XQDSRUXQDVLQ
DSUHVXUDUVH IXH VDFDQGR ODV SLH]DV GH OD YDMLOOD \ ODV KL]R SROYR FRQWUD HO SLVR 6LVWHPiWLFR
VHUHQRFRQODPLVPDSDUVLPRQLDFRQTXHKDEtDHPSDSHODGRODFDVDGHELOOHWHVIXHURPSLHQGR
OXHJRFRQWUDODVSDUHGHVODFULVWDOHUtDGH%RKHPLDORVIORUHURVSLQWDGRVDPDQRORVFXDGURVGH
ODV GRQFHOODV HQ EDUFDV FDUJDGDV GH URVDV ORV HVSHMRV GH PDUFRV GRUDGRV \ WRGR FXDQWR HUD
URPSLEOHGHVGHODVDODKDVWDHOJUDQHUR\WHUPLQyFRQODWLQDMDGHODFRFLQDTXHVHUHYHQWyHQHO
FHQWURGHOSDWLRFRQXQDH[SORVLyQSURIXQGD/XHJRVHODYyODVPDQRVVHHFKyHQFLPDHOOLHQ]R
HQFHUDGR\DQWHVGHPHGLDQRFKHYROYLyFRQXQRVWLHVRVFROJDMRVGHFDUQHVDODGDYDULRVVDFRV
GH DUUR] \ PDt] FRQ JRUJRMR \ XQRV GHVPLUULDGRV UDFLPRV GH SOiWDQRV 'HVGH HQWRQFHV QR
YROYLHURQDIDOWDUODVFRVDVGHFRPHU
$PDUDQWDUVXOD\HOSHTXHxR$XUHOLDQRKDEtDQGHUHFRUGDUHOGLOXYLRFRPRXQDpSRFDIHOL]
$ SHVDU GHO ULJRU GH )HUQDQGD FKDSDOHDEDQ HQ ORV SDQWDQRV GHO SDWLR FD]DEDQ ODJDUWRV SDUD
GHVFXDUWL]DUORV \ MXJDEDQ D HQYHQHQDU OD VRSD HFKiQGROH SROYR GH DODV GH PDULSRVDV HQ ORV
GHVFXLGRVGH6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGUVXODHUDVXMXJXHWHPiVHQWUHWHQLGR/DWXYLHURQSRUXQD
JUDQPXxHFDGHFUpSLWDTXHOOHYDEDQ\WUDtDQSRUORVULQFRQHVGLVIUD]DGDFRQWUDSRVGHFRORUHV\
ODFDUDSLQWDGDFRQKROOtQ\DFKLRWH\XQDYH]HVWXYLHURQDSXQWRGHGHVWULSDUOHORVRMRVFRPROH
KDFtDQDORVVDSRVFRQODVWLMHUDVGHSRGDU1DGDOHVFDXVDEDWDQWRDOERUR]RFRPRVXVGHVYDUtRV
(QHIHFWRDOJRGHELyRFXUULUHQVXFHUHEURHQHOWHUFHUDxRGHODOOXYLDSRUTXHSRFRDSRFRIXH
SHUGLHQGRHOVHQWLGRGHODUHDOLGDG\FRQIXQGtDHOWLHPSRDFWXDOFRQpSRFDVUHPRWDVGHVXYLGD
KDVWD HO SXQWR GH TXH HQ XQD RFDVLyQ SDVy WUHV GtDV OORUDQGR VLQ FRQVXHOR SRU OD PXHUWH GH
3HWURQLOD,JXDUiQVXELVDEXHODHQWHUUDGDGHVGHKDFtDPiVGHXQVLJOR6HKXQGLyHQXQHVWDGRGH
FRQIXVLyQ WDQ GLVSDUDWDGR TXH FUHtD TXH HO SHTXHxR $XUHOLDQR HUD VX KLMR HO FRURQHO SRU ORV
WLHPSRVHQTXHOROOHYDURQDFRQRFHUHOKLHOR\TXHHO-RVp$UFDGLRTXHHVWDEDHQWRQFHVHQHO
VHPLQDULRHUDHOSULPRJpQLWRTXHVHIXHFRQORVJLWDQRV7DQWRKDEOyGHODIDPLOLDTXHORVQLxRV
DSUHQGLHURQ D RUJDQL]DUOH YLVLWDV LPDJLQDULDV FRQ VHUHV TXH QR VyOR KDEtDQ PXHUWR GHVGH KDFtD
PXFKR WLHPSR VLQR TXH KDEtDQ H[LVWLGR HQ pSRFDV GLVWLQWDV 6HQWDGD HQ OD FDPD FRQ HO SHOR
FXELHUWRGHFHQL]D\ODFDUDWDSDGDFRQXQSDxXHORURMRUVXODHUDIHOL]HQPHGLRGHODSDUHQWHOD
LUUHDOTXHORVQLxRVGHVFULEtDQVLQRPLVLyQGHGHWDOOHVFRPRVLGHYHUGDGODKXELHUDQFRQRFLGR
UVXODFRQYHUVDEDFRQVXVDQWHSDVDGRVVREUHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVDQWHULRUHVDVXSURSLDH[LVWHQFLD

99

JR]DEDFRQODVQRWLFLDVTXHOHGDEDQ\OORUDEDFRQHOORVSRUPXHUWRVPXFKRPiVUHFLHQWHVTXHORV
PLVPRVFRQWHUWXOLRV/RVQLxRVQRWDUGDURQHQDGYHUWLUTXHHQHOFXUVRGHHVDVYLVLWDVIDQWDVPDOHV
UVXODSODQWHDEDVLHPSUHXQDSUHJXQWDGHVWLQDGDDHVWDEOHFHUTXLpQHUDHOTXHKDEtDOOHYDGRDOD
FDVD GXUDQWH OD JXHUUD XQ 6DQ -RVp GH \HVR GH WDPDxR QDWXUDO SDUD TXH OR JXDUGDUDQ PLHQWUDV
SDVDED OD OOXYLD )XH DVt FRPR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR VH DFRUGy GH OD IRUWXQD HQWHUUDGD HQ DOJ~Q
OXJDUTXHVyORUVXODFRQRFtDSHURIXHURQLQ~WLOHVODVSUHJXQWDV\ODVPDQLREUDVDVWXWDVTXHVHOH
RFXUULHURQSRUTXHHQORVODEHULQWRVGHVXGHVYDUtRHOODSDUHFtDFRQVHUYDUXQPDUJHQGHOXFLGH]
SDUDGHIHQGHUDTXHOVHFUHWRTXHVyORKDEtDGHUHYHODUDTXLHQGHPRVWUDUDVHUHOYHUGDGHURGXHxR
GHORURVHSXOWDGR(UDWDQKiELO\WDQHVWULFWDTXHFXDQGR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRLQVWUX\yDXQRGH
VXV FRPSDxHURV GH SDUUDQGD SDUD TXH VH KLFLHUD SDVDU SRU HO SURSLHWDULR GH OD IRUWXQD HOOD OR
HQUHGyHQXQLQWHUURJDWRULRPLQXFLRVR\VHPEUDGRGHWUDPSDVVXWLOHV
&RQYHQFLGRGHTXHUVXODVHOOHYDUtDHOVHFUHWRDODWXPED$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRFRQWUDWyXQD
FXDGULOODGHH[FDYDGRUHVFRQHOSUHWH[WRGHTXHFRQVWUX\HUDQFDQDOHVGHGHVDJHHQHOSDWLR\HQ
HOWUDVSDWLR\pOPLVPRVRQGHyHOVXHORFRQEDUUHWDVGHKLHUUR\FRQWRGDFODVHGHGHWHFWRUHVGH
PHWDOHVVLQHQFRQWUDUQDGDTXHVHSDUHFLHUDDORURHQWUHVPHVHVGHH[SORUDFLRQHVH[KDXVWLYDV
0iV WDUGH UHFXUULy D 3LODU 7HUQHUD FRQ OD HVSHUDQ]D GH TXH ODV EDUDMDV YLHUDQ PiV TXH ORV
FDYDGRUHV SHUR HOOD HPSH]y SRU H[SOLFDUOH TXH HUD LQ~WLO FXDOTXLHU WHQWDWLYD PLHQWUDV QR IXHUD
UVXODTXLHQFRUWDUDHOQDLSH&RQILUPyHQFDPELRODH[LVWHQFLDGHOWHVRURFRQODSUHFLVLyQGH
TXH HUDQ VLHWH PLO GRVFLHQWDV FDWRUFH PRQHGDV HQWHUUDGDV HQ WUHV VDFRV GH ORQD FRQ MDUHWDV GH
DODPEUHGHFREUHGHQWURGHXQFtUFXORFRQXQUDGLRGHFLHQWRYHLQWLGyVPHWURVWRPDQGRFRPR
FHQWURODFDPDGHUVXODSHURDGYLUWLyTXHQRVHUtDHQFRQWUDGRDQWHVGHTXHDFDEDUDGHOORYHU\
ORV VROHV GH WUHV MXQLRV FRQVHFXWLYRV FRQYLUWLHUDQ HQ SROYR ORV EDUUL]DOHV /D SURIXVLyQ \ OD
PHWLFXORVDYDJXHGDGGHORVGDWRVOHSDUHFLHURQD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRWDQVHPHMDQWHVDODVIiEXODV
HVSLULWLVWDVTXHLQVLVWLyHQVXHPSUHVDDSHVDUGHTXHHVWDEDQHQDJRVWR\KDEUtDVLGRQHFHVDULR
HVSHUDUSRUORPHQRVWUHVDxRVSDUDVDWLVIDFHUODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHOSURQyVWLFR/RSULPHURTXHOH
FDXVy DVRPEUR DXQTXH DO PLVPR WLHPSR DXPHQWy VX FRQIXVLyQ IXH HO FRPSUREDU TXH KDEtD
H[DFWDPHQWH FLHQWR YHLQWLGyV PHWURV GH OD FDPD GH UVXOD D OD FHUFD GHO WUDVSDWLR )HUQDQGD
WHPLyTXHHVWXYLHUDWDQORFRFRPRVXKHUPDQRJHPHORFXDQGRORYLRKDFLHQGRODVPHGLFLRQHV\
SHRUDXQFXDQGRRUGHQyDODVFXDGULOODVGHH[FDYDGRUHVSURIXQGL]DUXQPHWURPiVHQODV]DQMDV
3UHVDGHXQGHOLULRH[SORUDWRULRFRPSDUDEOHDSHQDVDOGHOELVDEXHORFXDQGREXVFDEDODUXWDGH
ORVLQYHQWRV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRSHUGLyODV~OWLPDVEROVDVGHJUDVDTXHOHTXHGDEDQ\ODDQWLJXD
VHPHMDQ]DFRQHOKHUPDQRJHPHORVHIXHRWUDYH]DFHQWXDQGRQRVyORSRUHOHVFXUULPLHQWRGHOD
ILJXUD VLQR SRU HO DLUH GLVWDQWH \ OD DFWLWXG HQVLPLVPDGD 1R YROYLy D RFXSDUVH GH ORV QLxRV
&RPtD D FXDOTXLHU KRUD HPEDUUDGR GH SLHV D FDEH]D \ OR KDFtD HQ XQ ULQFyQ GH OD FRFLQD
FRQWHVWDQGRDSHQDVDODVSUHJXQWDVRFDVLRQDOHVGH6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDG9LpQGRORWUDEDMDUHQ
DTXHOOD IRUPD FRPR QXQFD VRQy TXH SXGLHUD KDFHUOR )HUQDQGD FUH\y TXH VX WHPHULGDG HUD
GLOLJHQFLD\TXHVXFRGLFLDHUDDEQHJDFLyQ\TXHVXWR]XGH]HUDSHUVHYHUDQFLD\OHUHPRUGLHURQ
ODV HQWUDxDV SRU OD YLUXOHQFLD FRQ TXH KDEtD GHVSRWULFDGR FRQWUD VX GHVLGLD 3HUR $XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGR QR HVWDED HQWRQFHV SDUD UHFRQFLOLDFLRQHV PLVHULFRUGLRVDV +XQGLGR KDVWD HO FXHOOR HQ

XQD FLpQDJD GH UDPD]RQHV PXHUWDV \ IORUHV SRGULGDV YROWHy DO GHUHFKR \ DO UHYpV HO VXHOR GHO
MDUGtQ GHVSXpV GH KDEHU WHUPLQDGR FRQ HO SDWLR \ HO WUDVSDWLR \ EDUUHQy WDQ SURIXQGDPHQWH ORV
FLPLHQWRVGHODJDOHUtDRULHQWDOGHODFDVDTXHXQDQRFKHGHVSHUWDURQDWHUURUL]DGRVSRUORTXH
SDUHFtDVHUXQFDWDFOLVPRWDQWRSRUODVWUHSLGDFLRQHVFRPRSRUHOSDYRURVRFUXMLGRVXEWHUUiQHR
\ HUD TXH WUHV DSRVHQWRV VH HVWDEDQ GHVEDUUDQFDQGR \ VH KDEtD DELHUWR XQD JULHWD GH HVFDORIUtR
GHVGHHOFRUUHGRUKDVWDHOGRUPLWRULRGH)HUQDQGD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRQRUHQXQFLySRUHVRDOD
H[SORUDFLyQ$XQFXDQGR\DVHKDEtDQH[WLQJXLGRODV~OWLPDVHVSHUDQ]DV\OR~QLFRTXHSDUHFtD
WHQHUDOJ~QVHQWLGRHUDQODVSUHGLFFLRQHVGHODVEDUDMDVUHIRU]yORVFLPLHQWRVPHOODGRVUHVDQy
OD JULHWD FRQ DUJDPDVD \ FRQWLQXy H[FDYDQGR HQ HO FRVWDGR RFFLGHQWDO $OOt HVWDED WRGDYtD OD
VHJXQGDVHPDQDGHOMXQLRVLJXLHQWHFXDQGRODOOXYLDHPSH]yDDSDFLJXDUVH\ODVQXEHVVHIXHURQ
DO]DQGR\VHYLRTXHGHXQPRPHQWRDRWURLEDDHVFDPSDU$VtIXH8QYLHUQHVDODVGRVGHOD
WDUGHVHDOXPEUyHOPXQGRFRQXQVROEREREHUPHMR\iVSHURFRPRSROYRGHODGULOOR\FDVLWDQ
IUHVFRFRPRHODJXD\QRYROYLyDOORYHUHQGLH]DxRV
0DFRQGR HVWDED HQ UXLQDV (Q ORV SDQWDQRV GH ODV FDOOHV TXHGDEDQ PXHEOHV GHVSHGD]DGRV
HVTXHOHWRV GH DQLPDOHV FXELHUWRV GH OLULRV FRORUDGRV ~OWLPRV UHFXHUGRV GH ODV KRUGDV GH
DGYHQHGL]RV TXH VH IXJDURQ GH 0DFRQGR WDQ DWRORQGUDGDPHQWH FRPR KDEtDQ OOHJDGR /DV FDVDV
SDUDGDVFRQWDQWDXUJHQFLDGXUDQWHODILHEUHGHOEDQDQRKDEtDQVLGRDEDQGRQDGDV/DFRPSDxtD
EDQDQHUD GHVPDQWHOy VXV LQVWDODFLRQHV 'H OD DQWLJXD FLXGDG DODPEUDGD VyOR TXHGDEDQ ORV
HVFRPEURV /DV FDVDV GH PDGHUD ODV IUHVFDV WHUUD]DV GRQGH WUDQVFXUUtDQ ODV VHUHQDV WDUGHV GH
QDLSHVSDUHFtDQDUUDVDGDVSRUXQDDQWLFLSDFLyQGHOYLHQWRSURIpWLFRTXHDxRVGHVSXpVKDEtDGH
ERUUDUD0DFRQGRGHODID]GHODWLHUUD(O~QLFRUDVWURKXPDQRTXHGHMyDTXHOVRSORYRUD]IXHXQ
JXDQWHGH3DWULFLD%URZQHQHODXWRPyYLOVRIRFDGRSRUODVWULQLWDULDV/DUHJLyQHQFDQWDGDTXH
H[SORUy -RVp $UFDGLR %XHQGtD HQ ORV WLHPSRV GH OD IXQGDFLyQ \ GRQGH OXHJR SURVSHUDURQ ODV
SODQWDFLRQHV GH EDQDQR HUD XQ WUHPHGDO GH FHSDV SXWUHIDFWDV HQ FX\R KRUL]RQWH UHPRWR VH
DOFDQ]y D YHU SRU YDULRV DxRV OD HVSXPD VLOHQFLRVD GHO PDU $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR SDGHFLy XQD
FULVLVGHDIOLFFLyQHOSULPHUGRPLQJRTXHYLVWLyURSDVVHFDV\VDOLyDUHFRQRFHUHOSXHEOR/RV
VREUHYLYLHQWHV GH OD FDWiVWURIH ORV PLVPRV TXH \D YLYtDQ HQ 0DFRQGR DQWHV GH TXH IXHUD
VDFXGLGRSRUHOKXUDFiQGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDHVWDEDQVHQWDGRVHQPLWDGGHODFDOOHJR]DQGR
GHORVSULPHURVVROHV7RGDYtDFRQVHUYDEDQHQODSLHOHOYHUGHGHDOJD\HORORUGHULQFyQTXHOHV
LPSULPLyODOOXYLDSHURHQHOIRQGRGHVXVFRUD]RQHVSDUHFtDQVDWLVIHFKRVGHKDEHUUHFXSHUDGR
HOSXHEORHQTXHQDFLHURQ/D&DOOHGHORV7XUFRVHUDRWUDYH]ODGHDQWHVODGHORVWLHPSRVHQ
TXH ORV iUDEHV GH SDQWXIODV \ DUJROODV HQ ODV RUHMDV TXH UHFRUUtDQ HO PXQGR FDPELDQGR
JXDFDPD\DVSRUFKXFKHUtDVKDOODURQHQ0DFRQGRXQEXHQUHFRGRSDUDGHVFDQVDUGHVXPLOHQDULD
FRQGLFLyQ GH JHQWH WUDVKXPDQWH $O RWUR ODGR GH OD OOXYLD OD PHUFDQFtD GH ORV ED]DUHV HVWDED
FD\pQGRVH D SHGD]RV ORV JpQHURV DELHUWRV HQ OD SXHUWD HVWDEDQ YHWHDGRV GH PXVJR ORV
PRVWUDGRUHVVRFDYDGRVSRUHOFRPHMpQ\ODVSDUHGHVFDUFRPLGDVSRUODKXPHGDGSHURORViUDEHV
GHODWHUFHUDJHQHUDFLyQHVWDEDQVHQWDGRVHQHOPLVPROXJDU\HQODPLVPDDFWLWXGGHVXVSDGUHV\
VXVDEXHORVWDFLWXUQRVLPSiYLGRVLQYXOQHUDEOHVDOWLHPSR\DOGHVDVWUHWDQYLYRVRWDQPXHUWRV
FRPR HVWXYLHURQ GHVSXpV GH OD SHVWH GHO LQVRPQLR \ GH ODV WUHLQWD \ GRV JXHUUDV GHO FRURQHO

100

$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD(UDWDQDVRPEURVDVXIRUWDOH]DGHiQLPRIUHQWHDORVHVFRPEURVGHODVPHVDV
GH MXHJR ORV SXHVWRV GH IULWDQJDV ODV FDVHWDV GH WLUR DO EODQFR \ HO FDOOHMyQ GRQGH VH
LQWHUSUHWDEDQORVVXHxRV\VHDGLYLQDEDHOSRUYHQLUTXH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGROHVSUHJXQWyFRQVX
LQIRUPDOLGDG KDELWXDO GH TXp UHFXUVRV PLVWHULRVRV VH KDEtDQ YDOLGR SDUD QR QDXIUDJDU HQ OD
WRUPHQWDFyPRGLDEORVKDEtDQKHFKRSDUDQRDKRJDUVH\XQRWUDVRWURGHSXHUWDHQSXHUWDOH
GHYROYLHURQ XQD VRQULVD ODGLQD \ XQD PLUDGD GH HQVXHxR \ WRGRV OH GLHURQ VLQ SRQHUVH GH
DFXHUGRODPLVPDUHVSXHVWD
1DGDQGR
3HWUD&RWHVHUDWDO YH]HO~QLFRQDWLYR TXHWHQtDFRUD]yQGHiUDEH+DEtDYLVWRORV~OWLPRV
GHVWUR]RVGHVXVHVWDEORV\FDEDOOHUL]DVDUUDVWUDGRVSRUODWRUPHQWDSHURKDEtDORJUDGRPDQWHQHU
ODFDVDHQSLH(QHO~OWLPRDxROHKDEtDPDQGDGRUHFDGRVDSUHPLDQWHVD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR\
pVWHOHKDEtDFRQWHVWDGRTXHLJQRUDEDFXiQGRYROYHUtDDVXFDVDSHURTXHHQWRGRFDVROOHYDUtD
XQFDMyQGHPRQHGDVGHRURSDUDHPSHGUDUHOGRUPLWRULR(QWRQFHVHOODKDEtDHVFDUEDGRHQVX
FRUD]yQEXVFDQGRODIXHU]DTXHOHSHUPLWLHUDVREUHYLYLUDODGHVJUDFLD\KDEtDHQFRQWUDGRXQD
UDELDUHIOH[LYD\MXVWDFRQODFXDOKDEtDMXUDGRUHVWDXUDUODIRUWXQDGHVSLOIDUUDGDSRUHODPDQWH\
DFDEDGD GH H[WHUPLQDU SRU HO GLOXYLR )XH XQD GHFLVLyQ WDQ LQTXHEUDQWDEOH TXH $XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGR YROYLy D VX FDVD RFKR PHVHV GHVSXpV GHO ~OWLPR UHFDGR \ OD HQFRQWUy YHUGH
GHVJUHxDGDFRQORVSiUSDGRVKXQGLGRV\ODSLHOHVFDUFKDGDSRUODVDUQDSHURHVWDEDHVFULELHQGR
Q~PHURVHQSHGDFLWRVGHSDSHOSDUDKDFHUXQDULID$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHTXHGyDWyQLWR\HVWDED
WDQHVFXiOLGR\WDQVROHPQHTXH3HWUD&RWHVQRFUH\yTXHTXLHQKDEtDYXHOWRDEXVFDUODIXHUDHO
DPDQWHGHWRGDODYLGDVLQRHOKHUPDQRJHPHOR
(VWiVORFDGLMRpO$PHQRVTXHSLHQVHVULIDUORVKXHVRV
(QWRQFHVHOODOHGLMRTXHVHDVRPDUDDOGRUPLWRULR\$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRYLRODPXOD(VWDED
FRQ HO SHOOHMR SHJDGR D ORV KXHVRV FRPR OD GXHxD SHUR WDQ YLYD \ UHVXHOWD FRPR HOOD 3HWUD
&RWHV OD KDEtD DOLPHQWDGR FRQ VX UDELD \ FXDQGR QR WXYR PiV KLHUEDV QL PDt] QL UDtFHV OD
DOEHUJyHQVXSURSLRGRUPLWRULR\OHGLRDFRPHUODVViEDQDVGHSHUFDOORVWDSLFHVSHUVDVORV
VREUHFDPDVGHSHOXFKHODVFRUWLQDVGHWHUFLRSHOR\HOSDOLRERUGDGRFRQKLORVGHRUR\ERUORQHV
GHVHGDGHODFDPDHSLVFRSDO

UVXODWXYRTXHKDFHUXQJUDQGHHVIXHU]RSDUDFXPSOLUVXSURPHVDGHPRULUVHFXDQGRHVFDPSDUD
/DVUiIDJDVGHOXFLGH]TXHHUDQWDQHVFDVDVGXUDQWHODOOXYLDVHKLFLHURQPiVIUHFXHQWHVDSDUWLU
GH DJRVWR FXDQGR HPSH]y D VRSODU HO YLHQWR iULGR TXH VRIRFDED ORV URVDOHV \ SHWULILFDED ORV
SDQWDQRV\TXHDFDEySRUHVSDUFLUVREUH0DFRQGRHOSROYRDEUDVDQWHTXHFXEULySDUDVLHPSUH
ORVR[LGDGRVWHFKRVGH]LQF\ORVDOPHQGURVFHQWHQDULRVUVXODOORUyGHOiVWLPDDOGHVFXEULUTXH
SRUPiVGHWUHVDxRVKDEtDTXHGDGRSDUDMXJXHWHGHORVQLxRV6HODYyODFDUDSLQWRUUHWHDGDVH
TXLWy GH HQFLPD ODV WLUDV GH FRORULQHV ODV ODJDUWLMDV \ ORV VDSRV UHVHFRV \ ODV FDPiQGXODV \
DQWLJXRVFROODUHVGHiUDEHVTXHOHKDEtDQFROJDGRSRUWRGRHOFXHUSR\SRUSULPHUDYH]GHVGHOD
PXHUWHGH$PDUDQWDDEDQGRQyODFDPDVLQDX[LOLRGHQDGLHSDUDLQFRUSRUDUVHGHQXHYRDODYLGD
IDPLOLDU(OiQLPRGHVXFRUD]yQLQYHQFLEOHODRULHQWDEDHQODVWLQLHEODV4XLHQHVUHSDUDURQHQ
VXVWUDVWDELOOHRV\WURSH]DURQFRQVXEUD]RDUFDQJpOLFRVLHPSUHDO]DGRDODDOWXUDGHODFDEH]D
SHQVDURQTXHDGXUDVSHQDVSRGtDFRQVXFXHUSRSHURWRGDYtDQRFUH\HURQTXHHVWDEDFLHJD(OOD
QRQHFHVLWDEDYHUSDUDGDUVHFXHQWDGHTXHORVFDQWHURVGHIORUHVFXOWLYDGRVFRQWDQWRHVPHUR
GHVGH OD SULPHUD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ KDEtDQ VLGR GHVWUXLGRV SRU OD OOXYLD \ DUUDVDGRV SRU ODV
H[FDYDFLRQHV GH $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR \ TXH ODV SDUHGHV \ HO FHPHQWR GH ORV SLVRV HVWDEDQ
FXDUWHDGRVORVPXHEOHVIORMRV\GHVFRORULGRVODVSXHUWDVGHVTXLFLDGDV\ODIDPLOLDDPHQD]DGD
SRU XQ HVStULWX GH UHVLJQDFLyQ \ SHVDGXPEUH TXH QR KXELHUD VLGR FRQFHELEOH HQ VXV WLHPSRV
0RYLpQGRVH D WLHQWDV SRU ORV GRUPLWRULRV YDFtRV SHUFLEtD HO WUXHQR FRQWLQXR GHO FRPHMpQ
WDODGUDQGRODVPDGHUDV\HOWLMHUHWHRGHODSROLOODHQORVURSHURV\HOHVWUpSLWRGHYDVWDGRUGHODV
HQRUPHV KRUPLJDV FRORUDGDV TXH KDEtDQ SURVSHUDGR HQ HO GLOXYLR \ HVWDEDQ VRFDYDQGR ORV
FLPLHQWRVGHODFDVD8QGtDDEULyHOED~OGHORVVDQWRV\WXYRTXHSHGLUDX[LOLRD6DQWD6RItDGH
OD 3LHGDG SDUD TXLWDUVH GH HQFLPD ODV FXFDUDFKDV TXH VDOWDURQ GHO LQWHULRU \ TXH \D KDEtDQ
SXOYHUL]DGRODURSD1RHVSRVLEOHYLYLUHQHVWDQHJOLJHQFLDGHFtD$HVWHSDVRWHUPLQDUHPRV
GHYRUDGRVSRUODVEHVWLDV'HVGHHQWRQFHVQRWXYRXQLQVWDQWHGHUHSRVR/HYDQWDGDGHVGHDQWHV
GHODPDQHFHUUHFXUUtDDTXLHQHVWXYLHUDGLVSRQLEOHLQFOXVLYHDORVQLxRV3XVRDOVROODVHVFDVDV
URSDVTXHWRGDYtDHVWDEDQHQFRQGLFLRQHVGHVHUXVDGDVDKX\HQWyODVFXFDUDFKDVFRQVRUSUHVLYRV
DVDOWRVGHLQVHFWLFLGDUDVSyODVYHQDVGHOFRPHMpQHQSXHUWDV\YHQWDQDV\DVIL[LyFRQFDOYLYDD
ODV KRUPLJDV HQ VXV PDGULJXHUDV /D ILHEUH GH UHVWDXUDFLyQ DFDEy SRU OOHYDUOD D ORV FXDUWRV
ROYLGDGRV +L]R GHVHPEDUD]DU GH HVFRPEURV \ WHODUDxDV OD KDELWDFLyQ GRQGH D -RVp $UFDGLR

101

%XHQGtDVHOHVHFyODPROOHUDEXVFDQGRODSLHGUDILORVRIDOSXVRHQRUGHQHOWDOOHUGHSODWHUtDTXH
KDEtDVLGRUHYXHOWRSRUORVVROGDGRV\SRU~OWLPRSLGLyODVOODYHVGHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHVSDUD
YHU HQ TXp HVWDGR VH HQFRQWUDED )LHO D OD YROXQWDG GH -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR TXH KDEtD
SURKLELGRWRGDLQWURPLVLyQPLHQWUDVQRKXELHUDXQLQGLFLRUHDOGHTXHKDEtDPXHUWR6DQWD6RItD
GH OD 3LHGDG UHFXUULy D WRGD FODVH GH VXEWHUIXJLRV SDUD GHVRULHQWDU D UVXOD 3HUR HUD WDQ
LQIOH[LEOHVXGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHQRDEDQGRQDUDORVLQVHFWRVQLHOPiVUHFyQGLWRHLQVHUYLEOHULQFyQ
GHODFDVDTXHGHVEDUDWyFXDQWRREVWiFXOROHDWUDYHVDURQ\DOFDERGHWUHVGtDVGHLQVLVWHQFLD
FRQVLJXLy TXH OH DEULHUDQ HO FXDUWR 7XYR TXH DJDUUDUVH GHO TXLFLR SDUD TXH QR OD GHUULEDUD OD
SHVWLOHQFLD SHUR QR OH KLFLHURQ IDOWD PiV GH GRV VHJXQGRV SDUD UHFRUGDU TXH DKt HVWDEDQ
JXDUGDGDVODVVHWHQWD\GRVEDFLQLOODVGHODVFROHJLDODV\TXHHQXQDGHODVSULPHUDVQRFKHVGH
OOXYLDXQDSDWUXOODGHVROGDGRVKDEtDUHJLVWUDGRODFDVDEXVFDQGRD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGR\QR
KDEtDSRGLGRHQFRQWUDUOR
%HQGLWRVHD'LRVH[FODPyFRPRVLORKXELHUDYLVWRWRGR7DQWRWUDWDUGHLQFXOFDUWH
ODVEXHQDVFRVWXPEUHVSDUDTXHWHUPLQDUDVYLYLHQGRFRPRXQSXHUFR
-RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR VHJXtD UHOH\HQGR ORV SHUJDPLQRV /R ~QLFR YLVLEOH HQ OD LQWULQFDGD
PDUDxDGHSHORVHUDQORVGLHQWHVUD\DGRVGHODPDYHUGH\ORVRMRVLQPyYLOHV$OUHFRQRFHUOD
YR]GHODELVDEXHODPRYLyODFDEH]DKDFLDODSXHUWDWUDWRGHVRQUHtU\VLQVDEHUORUHSLWLyXQD
DQWLJXDIUDVHGHUVXOD
4XpTXHUtDPXUPXUyHOWLHPSRSDVD
$VtHVGLMRUVXODSHURQRWDQWR
$O GHFLUOR WXYR FRQFLHQFLD GH HVWDU GDQGR OD PLVPD UpSOLFD TXH UHFLELy GHO FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDHQVXFHOGDGHVHQWHQFLDGR\XQDYH]PiVVHHVWUHPHFLyFRQODFRPSUREDFLyQ
GHTXHHOWLHPSRQRSDVDEDFRPRHOODORDFDEDEDGHDGPLWLUVLQRTXHGDEDYXHOWDVHQUHGRQGR
3HURWDPSRFRHQWRQFHVOHGLRXQDRSRUWXQLGDGDODUHVLJQDFLyQ5HJDxyD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGR
FRPR VL IXHUD XQ QLxR \ VH HPSHxy HQ TXH VH EDxDUD \ VH DIHLWDUD \ OH SUHVWDUD VX IXHU]D SDUD
DFDEDUGHUHVWDXUDUODFDVD/DVLPSOHLGHDGHDEDQGRQDUHOFXDUWRTXHOHKDEtDSURSRUFLRQDGROD
SD]DWHUURUL]yD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGR*ULWyTXHQRKDEtDSRGHUKXPDQRFDSD]GHKDFHUORVDOLU
SRUTXH QR TXHUtD YHU HO WUHQ GH GRVFLHQWRV YDJRQHV FDUJDGRV GH PXHUWRV TXH FDGD DWDUGHFHU
SDUWtDGH0DFRQGRKDFLDHOPDU6RQWRGRVORVTXHHVWDEDQHQODHVWDFLyQJULWDED7UHVPLO
FXDWURFLHQWRV RFKR 6yOR HQWRQFHV FRPSUHQGLy UVXOD TXH pO HVWDED HQ XQ PXQGR GH WLQLHEODV
PiVLPSHQHWUDEOHTXHHOVX\RWDQLQIUDQTXHDEOH\VROLWDULRFRPRHOGHOELVDEXHOR/RGHMyHQHO
FXDUWRSHURFRQVLJXLyTXHQRYROYLHUDQDSRQHUHOFDQGDGRTXHKLFLHUDQODOLPSLH]DWRGRVORV
GtDVTXHWLUDUDQODVEDFLQLOODVDODEDVXUD\VyORGHMDUDQXQD\TXHPDQWXYLHUDQD-RVp$UFDGLR
6HJXQGR WDQ OLPSLR \ SUHVHQWDEOH FRPR HVWXYR HO ELVDEXHOR HQ VX ODUJR FDXWLYHULR EDMR HO
FDVWDxR $O SULQFLSLR )HUQDQGD LQWHUSUHWDED DTXHO DMHWUHR FRPR XQ DFFHVR GH ORFXUD VHQLO \ D
GXUDVSHQDVUHSULPtDODH[DVSHUDFLyQ3HUR-RVp$UFDGLROHDQXQFLySRUHVDpSRFDGHVGH5RPD
TXHSHQVDEDLUD0DFRQGRDQWHVGHKDFHUORVYRWRVSHUSHWXRV\ODEXHQDQRWLFLDOHLQIXQGLyWDO
HQWXVLDVPRTXHGHODQRFKHDODPDxDQDVHHQFRQWUyUHJDQGRODVIORUHVFXDWURYHFHVDOGtDSDUD
TXHVXKLMRQRIXHUDDIRUPDUVHXQDPDODLPSUHVLyQGHODFDVD)XHHVHPLVPRLQFHQWLYRHOTXHOD

LQGXMRDDSUHVXUDUVXFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDFRQORVPpGLFRVLQYLVLEOHV\DUHSRQHUHQHOFRUUHGRUODV
PDFHWDVGHKHOHFKRV\RUpJDQR\ORVWLHVWRVGHEHJRQLDVPXFKRDQWHVGHTXHUVXODVHHQWHUDUD
GH TXH KDEtDQ VLGR GHVWUXLGRV SRU OD IXULD H[WHUPLQDGRUD GH $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR 0iV WDUGH
YHQGLy HO VHUYLFLR GH SODWD \ FRPSUy YDMLOODV GH FHUiPLFD VRSHUDV \ FXFKDURQHV GH SHOWUH \
FXELHUWRV GH DOSDFD \ HPSREUHFLy FRQ HOORV ODV DODFHQDV DFRVWXPEUDGDV D OD OR]D GH OD
&RPSDxtD GH ,QGLDV \ OD FULVWDOHUtD GH %RKHPLD UVXOD WUDWDED GH LU VLHPSUH PiV OHMRV 4XH
DEUDQ SXHUWDV \ YHQWDQDV JULWDED 4XH KDJDQ FDUQH \ SHVFDGR TXH FRPSUHQ ODV WRUWXJDV PiV
JUDQGHVTXHYHQJDQORVIRUDVWHURVDWHQGHUVXVSHWDWHVHQORVULQFRQHV\DRULQDUVHHQORVURVDOHV
TXH VH VLHQWHQ D OD PHVD D FRPHU FXDQWDV YHFHV TXLHUDQ \ TXH HUXFWHQ \ GHVSRWULTXHQ \ OR
HPEDUUHQWRGRFRQVXVERWDV\TXHKDJDQFRQQRVRWURVORTXHOHVGpODJDQDSRUTXHHVDHVOD
~QLFD PDQHUD GH HVSDQWDU OD UXLQD 3HUR HUD XQD LOXVLyQ YDQD (VWDED \D GHPDVLDGR YLHMD \
YLYLHQGR GH VREUD SDUD UHSHWLU HO PLODJUR GH ORV DQLPDOLWRV GH FDUDPHOR \ QLQJXQR GH VXV
GHVFHQGLHQWHVKDEtDKHUHGDGRVXIRUWDOH]D/DFDVDFRQWLQXyFHUUDGDSRURUGHQGH)HUQDQGD
$XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR TXH KDEtD YXHOWR D OOHYDUVH VXV ED~OHV D FDVD GH 3HWUD &RWHV GLVSRQtD
DSHQDVGHORVPHGLRVSDUDTXHODIDPLOLDQRVHPXULHUDGHKDPEUH&RQODULIDGHODPXOD3HWUD
&RWHV \ pO KDEtDQ FRPSUDGR RWURV DQLPDOHV FRQ ORV FXDOHV FRQVLJXLHURQ HQGHUH]DU XQ
UXGLPHQWDULR QHJRFLR GH ORWHUtD $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR DQGDED GH FDVD HQ FDVD RIUHFLHQGR ORV
ELOOHWLWRVTXHpOPLVPRSLQWDEDFRQWLQWDVGHFRORUHVSDUDKDFHUORVPiVDWUDFWLYRV\FRQYLQFHQWHV
\ DFDVR QR VH GDED FXHQWD GH TXH PXFKRV VH ORV FRPSUDEDQ SRU JUDWLWXG \ OD PD\RUtD SRU
FRPSDVLyQ6LQHPEDUJRDXQORVPiVSLDGRVRVFRPSUDGRUHVDGTXLUtDQODRSRUWXQLGDGGHJDQDUVH
XQ FHUGR SRU YHLQWH FHQWDYRV R XQD QRYLOOD SRU WUHLQWD \ GRV \ VH HQWXVLDVPDEDQ WDQWR FRQ OD
HVSHUDQ]DTXHODQRFKHGHOPDUWHVGHVERUGDEDQHOSDWLRGH3HWUD&RWHVHVSHUDQGRHOPRPHQWRHQ
TXH XQ QLxR HVFRJLGR DO D]DU VDFDUD GH OD EROVD HO Q~PHUR SUHPLDGR $TXHOOR QR WDUGy HQ
FRQYHUWLUVH HQ XQD IHULD VHPDQDO SXHV GHVGH HO DWDUGHFHU VH LQVWDODEDQ HQ HO SDWLR PHVDV GH
IULWDQJDV \ SXHVWRV GH EHELGDV \ PXFKRV GH ORV IDYRUHFLGRV VDFULILFDEDQ DOOt PLVPR HO DQLPDO
JDQDGR FRQ OD FRQGLFLyQ GH TXH RWURV SXVLHUDQ OD P~VLFD \ HO DJXDUGLHQWH GH PRGR TXH VLQ
KDEHUOR GHVHDGR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR VH HQFRQWUy GH SURQWR WRFDQGR RWUD YH] HO DFRUGHyQ \
SDUWLFLSDQGR HQ PRGHVWRV WRUQHRV GH YRUDFLGDG (VWDV KXPLOGHV UpSOLFDV GH ODV SDUUDQGDV GH
RWURVGtDVVLUYLHURQSDUDTXHHOSURSLR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRGHVFXEULHUDFXiQWRKDEtDQGHFDtGRVXV
iQLPRV\KDVWDTXpSXQWRVHKDEtDVHFDGRVXLQJHQLRGHFXPELDPEHURPDJLVWUDO(UDXQKRPEUH
FDPELDGR/RVFLHQWRYHLQWHNLORVTXHOOHJyDWHQHUHQODpSRFDHQTXHORGHVDILy/D(OHIDQWDVH
KDEtDQUHGXFLGRDVHWHQWD\RFKRODFDQGRURVD\DERWDJDGDFDUDGHWRUWXJDVHOHKDEtDYXHOWRGH
LJXDQD\VLHPSUHDQGDEDFHUFDGHODEXUULPLHQWR\HOFDQVDQFLR3DUD3HWUD&RWHVVLQHPEDUJR
QXQFDIXHPHMRUKRPEUHTXHHQWRQFHVWDOYH]SRUTXHFRQIXQGtDFRQHODPRUODFRPSDVLyQTXHpO
OHLQVSLUDED\HOVHQWLPLHQWRGHVROLGDULGDGTXHHQDPERVKDEtDGHVSHUWDGRODPLVHULD/DFDPD
GHVPDQWHODGD GHMy GH VHU OXJDU GH GHVDIXHURV \ VH FRQYLUWLy HQ UHIXJLR GH FRQILGHQFLDV
/LEHUDGRVGHORVHVSHMRVUHSHWLGRUHVTXHKDEtDQUHPDWDGRSDUDFRPSUDUDQLPDOHVGHULID\GH
ORVGDPDVFRV\WHUFLRSHORVFRQFXSLVFHQWHVTXHVHKDEtDFRPLGRODPXODVHTXHGDEDQGHVSLHUWRV
KDVWDPX\WDUGHFRQODLQRFHQFLDGHGRVDEXHORVGHVYHODGRVDSURYHFKDQGRSDUDVDFDUFXHQWDV\

102

WUDVSRQHUFHQWDYRVHOWLHPSRTXHDQWHVPDOJDVWDEDQHQPDOJDVWDUVH$YHFHVORVVRUSUHQGtDQORV
SULPHURVJDOORVKDFLHQGR\GHVKDFLHQGRPRQWRQFLWRVGHPRQHGDVTXLWDQGRXQSRFRGHDTXtSDUD
SRQHUORDOOiGHPRGRTXHHVWRDOFDQ]DUDSDUDFRQWHQWDUD)HUQDQGD\DTXHOORSDUDORV]DSDWRV
GH$PDUDQWDUVXOD\HVWRRWURSDUD6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGTXHQRHVWUHQDEDXQWUDMHGHVGHORV
WLHPSRVGHOUXLGR\HVWRSDUDPDQGDUKDFHUHOFDMyQVLVHPRUtDUVXOD\HVWRSDUDHOFDIpTXH
VXEtDXQFHQWDYRSRUOLEUDFDGDWUHVPHVHV\HVWRSDUDHOD]~FDUTXHFDGDYH]HQGXO]DEDPHQRV\
HVWRSDUDODOHxDTXHWRGDYtDHVWDEDPRMDGDSRUHOGLOXYLR\HVWRRWURSDUDHOSDSHO\ODWLQWDGH
FRORUHVGHORVELOOHWHV\DTXHOORTXHVREUDEDSDUDLUDPRUWL]DQGRHOYDORUGHODWHUQHUDGHDEULO
GHODFXDOPLODJURVDPHQWHVDOYDURQHOFXHURSRUTXHOHGLRFDUEXQFRVLQWRPiWLFRFXDQGRHVWDEDQ
YHQGLGRV FDVL WRGRV ORV Q~PHURV GH OD ULID (UDQ WDQ SXUDV DTXHOODV PLVDV GH SREUH]D TXH
VLHPSUH GHVWLQDEDQ OD PHMRU SDUWH SDUD )HUQDQGD \ QR OR KLFLHURQ QXQFD SRU UHPRUGLPLHQWR QL
SRU FDULGDG VLQR SRUTXH VX ELHQHVWDU OHV LPSRUWDED PiV TXH HO GH HOORV PLVPRV /R TXH HQ
YHUGDG OHV RFXUUtD DXQTXH QLQJXQR GH ORV GRV VH GDED FXHQWD HUD TXH DPERV SHQVDEDQ HQ
)HUQDQGDFRPRHQODKLMDTXHKXELHUDQTXHULGRWHQHU\QRWXYLHURQKDVWDHOSXQWRGHTXHHQFLHUWD
RFDVLyQVHUHVLJQDURQDFRPHUPD]DPRUUDSRUWUHVGtDVSDUDTXHHOODSXGLHUDFRPSUDUXQPDQWHO
KRODQGpV6LQHPEDUJRSRUPiVTXHVHPDWDEDQWUDEDMDQGRSRUPXFKRGLQHURTXHHVFDPRWHDUDQ
\ PXFKDV WULTXLxXHODV TXH FRQFLELHUDQ ORV iQJHOHV GH OD JXDUGD VH OHV GRUPtDQ GH FDQVDQFLR
PLHQWUDVHOORVSRQtDQ\TXLWDEDQPRQHGDVWUDWDQGRGHTXHVLTXLHUDOHVDOFDQ]DUDQSDUDYLYLU(Q
HOLQVRPQLRTXHOHVGHMDEDQODVPDODVFXHQWDVVHSUHJXQWDEDQTXpKDEtDSDVDGRHQHOPXQGRSDUD
TXH ORV DQLPDOHV QR SDULHUDQ FRQ HO PLVPR GHVFRQFLHUWR GH DQWHV SRU TXp HO GLQHUR VH
GHVEDUDWDEDHQODVPDQRV\SRUTXpODJHQWHTXHKDFtDSRFRWLHPSRTXHPDEDPD]RVGHELOOHWHV
HQODFXPELDPEDFRQVLGHUDEDTXHHUDXQDVDOWRHQGHVSREODGRFREUDUGRFHFHQWDYRVSRUODULID
GHVHLVJDOOLQDV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRSHQVDEDVLQGHFLUORTXHHOPDOQRHVWDEDHQHOPXQGRVLQR
HQ DOJ~Q OXJDU UHFyQGLWR GHO PLVWHULRVR FRUD]yQ GH 3HWUD &RWHV GRQGH DOJR KDEtD RFXUULGR
GXUDQWHHOGLOXYLRTXHYROYLyHVWpULOHVDORVDQLPDOHV\HVFXUULGL]RHOGLQHUR,QWULJDGRFRQHVH
HQLJPDHVFDUEyWDQSURIXQGDPHQWHHQORVVHQWLPLHQWRVGHHOODTXHEXVFDQGRHOLQWHUpVHQFRQWUy
HODPRUSRUTXHWUDWDQGRGHTXHHOODORTXLVLHUDWHUPLQySRUTXHUHUOD3HWUD&RWHVSRUVXSDUWH
ORLEDTXHULHQGRPiVDPHGLGDTXHVHQWtDDXPHQWDUVXFDULxR\IXHDVtFRPRHQODSOHQLWXGGHO
RWRxRYROYLyDFUHHUHQODVXSHUVWLFLyQMXYHQLOGHTXHODSREUH]DHUDXQDVHUYLGXPEUHGHODPRU
$PERVHYRFDEDQHQWRQFHVFRPRXQHVWRUERODVSDUUDQGDVGHVDWLQDGDVODULTXH]DDSDUDWRVD\OD
IRUQLFDFLyQVLQIUHQRV\VHODPHQWDEDQGHFXiQWDYLGDOHVKDEtDFRVWDGRHQFRQWUDUHOSDUDtVRGH
OD VROHGDG FRPSDUWLGD /RFDPHQWH HQDPRUDGRV DO FDER GH WDQWRV DxRV GH FRPSOLFLGDG HVWpULO
JR]DEDQFRQHOPLODJURGHTXHUHUVHWDQWRHQODPHVDFRPRHQODFDPD\OOHJDURQDVHUWDQIHOLFHV
TXHWRGDYtDFXDQGRHUDQGRVDQFLDQRVDJRWDGRVVHJXtDQUHWR]DQGRFRPRFRQHMLWRV\SHOHiQGRVH
FRPRSHUURV
/DVULIDVQRGLHURQQXQFDSDUDPiV$OSULQFLSLR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRRFXSDEDWUHVGtDVGHOD
VHPDQDHQFHUUDGRHQVXDQWLJXDRILFLQDGHJDQDGHURGLEXMDQGRELOOHWHSRUELOOHWHSLQWDQGRFRQ
XQFLHUWRSULPRUXQDYDTXLWDURMDXQFRFKLQLWRYHUGHRXQJUXSRGHJDOOLQLWDVD]XOHVVHJ~QIXHUD
HODQLPDOULIDGR\PRGHODEDFRQXQDEXHQDLPLWDFLyQGHODVOHWUDVGHLPSUHQWDHOQRPEUHTXHOH

SDUHFLyEXHQRD3HWUD&RWHVSDUDEDXWL]DUHOQHJRFLR5LIDVGHOD'LYLQD3URYLGHQFLD3HURFRQ
HOWLHPSRVHVLQWLyWDQFDQVDGRGHVSXpVGHGLEXMDUKDVWDGRVPLOELOOHWHVDODVHPDQDTXHPDQGy
D KDFHU ORV DQLPDOHV HO QRPEUH \ ORV Q~PHURV HQ VHOORV GH FDXFKR \ HQWRQFHV HO WUDEDMR VH
UHGXMRDKXPHGHFHUORVHQDOPRKDGLOODVGHGLVWLQWRVFRORUHV(QVXV~OWLPRVDxRVVHOHVRFXUULy
VXVWLWXLUORVQ~PHURVSRUDGLYLQDQ]DVGHPRGRTXHHOSUHPLRVHUHSDUWLHUDHQWUHWRGRVORVTXH
DFHUWDUDQ SHUR HO VLVWHPD UHVXOWy VHU WDQ FRPSOLFDGR \ VH SUHVWDED D WDQWDV VXVSLFDFLDV TXH
GHVLVWLHURQDODVHJXQGDWHQWDWLYD
$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRDQGDEDWDQRFXSDGRWUDWDQGRGHFRQVROLGDUHOSUHVWLJLRGHVXVULIDVTXH
DSHQDVOHTXHGDEDWLHPSRSDUDYHUDORVQLxRV)HUQDQGDSXVRD$PDUDQWDUVXODHQXQDHVFXHOLWD
SULYDGD GRQGH QR VH UHFLEtDQ PiV GH VHLV DOXPQDV SHUR VH QHJy D SHUPLWLU TXH $XUHOLDQR
DVLVWLHUD D OD HVFXHOD S~EOLFD &RQVLGHUDED TXH \D KDEtD FHGLGR GHPDVLDGR DO DFHSWDU TXH
DEDQGRQDUDHOFXDUWR$GHPiVHQODVHVFXHODVGHHVDpSRFDVyORVHUHFLEtDQKLMRVOHJtWLPRVGH
PDWULPRQLRVFDWyOLFRV\HQHOFHUWLILFDGRGHQDFLPLHQWRTXHKDEtDQSUHQGLGRFRQXQDQRGUL]DHQ
ODEDWLWDGH$XUHOLDQRFXDQGRORPDQGDURQDODFDVDHVWDEDUHJLVWUDGRFRPRH[SyVLWR'HPRGR
TXHVHTXHGyHQFHUUDGRDPHUFHGGHODYLJLODQFLDFDULWDWLYDGH6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDG\GHODV
DOWHUQDWLYDV PHQWDOHV GH UVXOD GHVFXEULHQGR HO HVWUHFKR PXQGR GH OD FDVD VHJ~Q VH OR
H[SOLFDEDQODVDEXHODV(UDILQRHVWLUDGRGHXQDFXULRVLGDGTXHVDFDEDGHTXLFLRDORVDGXOWRV
SHURDOFRQWUDULRGHODPLUDGDLQTXLVLWLYD\DYHFHVFODULYLGHQWHTXHWXYRHOFRURQHODVXHGDGOD
VX\DHUDSDUSDGHDQWH\XQSRFRGLVWUDtGD0LHQWUDV$PDUDQWDUVXODHVWDEDHQHOSDUYXODULRpO
FD]DEDORPEULFHV\WRUWXUDEDLQVHFWRVHQHOMDUGtQ3HURXQDYH]HQTXH)HUQDQGDORVRUSUHQGLy
PHWLHQGR DODFUDQHV HQ XQD FDMD SDUD SRQHUORV HQ OD HVWHUD GH UVXOD OR UHFOX\y HQ HO DQWLJXR
GRUPLWRULR GH 0HPH GRQGH VH GLVWUDMR GH VXV KRUDV VROLWDULDV UHSDVDQGR ODV OiPLQDV GH OD
HQFLFORSHGLD $OOt OR HQFRQWUy UVXOD XQD WDUGH HQ TXH DQGDED DVSHUMDQGR OD FDVD FRQ DJXD
VHUHQDGD\XQUDPRGHRUWLJDV\DSHVDUGHTXHKDEtDHVWDGRFRQpOPXFKDVYHFHVOHSUHJXQWy
TXLpQHUD
6R\$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDGLMRpO
(VYHUGDGUHSOLFyHOOD<DHVKRUDGHTXHHPSLHFHVDDSUHQGHUODSODWHUtD
/RYROYLyDFRQIXQGLUFRQVXKLMRSRUTXHHOYLHQWRFiOLGRTXHVXFHGLyDOGLOXYLRHLQIXQGLy
HQ HO FHUHEUR GH UVXOD UiIDJDV HYHQWXDOHV GH OXFLGH] KDEtD DFDEDGR GH SDVDU 1R YROYLy D
UHFREUDU OD UD]yQ &XDQGR HQWUDED DO GRUPLWRULR HQFRQWUDED DOOt D 3HWURQLOD ,JXDUiQ FRQ HO
HVWRUERVRPLULxDTXH\HOVDTXLWRGHPRVWDFLOODTXHVHSRQtDSDUDODVYLVLWDVGHFRPSURPLVR\
HQFRQWUDED D 7UDQTXLOLQD 0DUtD 0LQLDWD $ODFRTXH %XHQGtD VX DEXHOD DEDQLFiQGRVH FRQ XQD
SOXPDGHSDYRUUHDOHQVXPHFHGRUGHWXOOLGD\DVXELVDEXHOR$XUHOLDQR$UFDGLR%XHQGtDFRQVX
IDOVR GRUPiQ GH ODV JXDUGLDV YLUUHLQDOHV \ D $XUHOLDQR ,JXDUiQ VX SDGUH TXH KDEtD LQYHQWDGR
XQDRUDFLyQSDUDTXHVHDFKLFKDUUDUDQ\VHFD\HUDQORVJXVDQRVGHODVYDFDV\DODWLPRUDWDGHVX
PDGUH\DOSULPRFRQODFRODGHFHUGR\D-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtD\DVXVKLMRVPXHUWRVWRGRV
VHQWDGRVHQVLOODVTXHKDEtDQVLGRUHFRVWDGDVFRQWUDODSDUHGFRPRVLQRHVWXYLHUDQHQXQDYLVLWD
VLQR HQ XQ YHORULR (OOD KLOYDQDED XQD FKiFKDUD FRORULGD FRPHQWDQGR DVXQWRV GH OXJDUHV
DSDUWDGRV \ WLHPSRV VLQ FRLQFLGHQFLD GH PRGR TXH FXDQGR $PDUDQWD UVXOD UHJUHVDED GH OD

103

HVFXHOD\$XUHOLDQRVHFDQVDEDGHODHQFLFORSHGLDODHQFRQWUDEDQVHQWDGDHQODFDPDKDEODQGR
VROD\SHUGLGDHQXQODEHULQWRGHPXHUWRV)XHJRJULWyXQDYH]DWHUURUL]DGD\SRUXQLQVWDQWH
VHPEUy HO SiQLFR HQ OD FDVD SHUR OR TXH HVWDED DQXQFLDQGR HUD HO LQFHQGLR GH XQD FDEDOOHUL]D
TXH KDEtD SUHVHQFLDGR D ORV FXDWUR DxRV /OHJy D UHYROYHU GH WDO PRGR HO SDVDGR FRQ OD
DFWXDOLGDGTXHHQODVGRVRWUHVUiIDJDVGHOXFLGH]TXHWXYRDQWHVGHPRULUQDGLHVXSRDFLHQFLD
FLHUWD VL KDEODED GH OR TXH VHQWtD R GH OR TXH UHFRUGDED 3RFR D SRFR VH IXH UHGXFLHQGR
IHWL]iQGRVHPRPLILFiQGRVHHQYLGDKDVWDHOSXQWRGHTXHHQVXV~OWLPRVPHVHVHUDXQDFLUXHOD
SDVDSHUGLGDGHQWURGHOFDPLVyQ\HOEUD]RVLHPSUHDO]DGRWHUPLQySRUSDUHFHUODSDWDGHXQD
PDULPRQGD6HTXHGDEDLQPyYLOYDULRVGtDV\6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGWHQtDTXHVDFXGLUODSDUD
FRQYHQFHUVHGHTXHHVWDEDYLYD\VHODVHQWDEDHQODVSLHUQDVSDUDDOLPHQWDUODFRQFXFKDUDGLWDV
GHDJXDGHD]~FDU3DUHFtDXQDDQFLDQDUHFLpQQDFLGD$PDUDQWDUVXOD\$XUHOLDQRODOOHYDEDQ\
ODWUDtDQSRUHOGRUPLWRULRODDFRVWDEDQHQHODOWDUSDUDYHUTXHHUDDSHQDVPiVJUDQGHTXHHO
1LxR 'LRV \ XQD WDUGH OD HVFRQGLHURQ HQ XQ DUPDULR GHO JUDQHUR GRQGH KXELHUDQ SRGLGR
FRPpUVHOD ODV UDWDV 8Q GRPLQJR GH UDPRV HQWUDURQ DO GRUPLWRULR PLHQWUDV )HUQDQGD HVWDED HQ
PLVD\FDUJDURQDUVXODSRUODQXFD\ORVWRELOORV
3REUHODWDWDUDEXHOLWDGLMR$PDUDQWDUVXODVHQRVPXULyGHYLHMD
UVXODVHVREUHVDOWy
(VWR\YLYDGLMR
<DYHVGLMR$PDUDQWDUVXODUHSULPLHQGRODULVDQLVLTXLHUDUHVSLUD
(VWR\KDEODQGRJULWyUVXOD
1LVLTXLHUDKDEODGLMR$XUHOLDQR6HPXULyFRPRXQJULOOLWR
(QWRQFHVUVXODVHULQGLyDODHYLGHQFLD'LRVPtRH[FODPyHQYR]EDMD'HPRGRTXH
HVWRHVODPXHUWH,QLFLyXQDRUDFLyQLQWHUPLQDEOHDWURSHOODGDSURIXQGDTXHVHSURORQJySRU
PiV GH GRV GtDV \ TXH HO PDUWHV KDEtD GHJHQHUDGR HQ XQ UHYROWLMR GH V~SOLFDV D 'LRV \ GH
FRQVHMRVSUiFWLFRVSDUDTXHODVKRUPLJDVFRORUDGDVQRWXPEDUDQODFDVDSDUDTXHQXQFDGHMDUDQ
DSDJDU OD OiPSDUD IUHQWH DO GDJXHUURWLSR GH 5HPHGLRV \ SDUD TXH FXLGDUDQ GH TXH QLQJ~Q
%XHQGtD IXHUD D FDVDUVH FRQ DOJXLHQ GH VX PLVPD VDQJUH SRUTXH QDFtDQ ORV KLMRV FRQ FROD GH
SXHUFR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRWUDWyGHDSURYHFKDUHOGHOLULRSDUDTXHOHFRQIHVDUDGyQGHHVWDEDHO
RUR HQWHUUDGR SHUR RWUD YH] IXHURQ LQ~WLOHV ODV V~SOLFDV &XDQGR DSDUH]FD HO GXHxR GLMR
UVXOD'LRVKDGHLOXPLQDUORSDUDTXHORHQFXHQWUH6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGWXYRODFHUWH]D
GH TXH OD HQFRQWUDUtD PXHUWD GH XQ PRPHQWR D RWUR SRUTXH REVHUYDED SRU HVRV GtDV XQ FLHUWR
DWXUGLPLHQWR GH OD QDWXUDOH]D TXH ODV URVDV ROtDQ D TXHQRSRGLR TXH VH OH FD\y XQD WRWXPD GH
JDUEDQ]RV \ ORV JUDQRV TXHGDURQ HQ HO VXHOR HQ XQ RUGHQ JHRPpWULFR SHUIHFWR \ HQ IRUPD GH
HVWUHOODGHPDU\TXHXQDQRFKHYLRSDVDUSRUHOFLHORXQDILODGHOXPLQRVRVGLVFRVDQDUDQMDGRV
$PDQHFLyPXHUWDHOMXHYHVVDQWR/D~OWLPDYH]TXHODKDEtDQD\XGDGRDVDFDUODFXHQWDGHVX
HGDGSRUORVWLHPSRVGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDODKDEtDFDOFXODGRHQWUHORVFLHQWRTXLQFH\ORV
FLHQWRYHLQWLGyVDxRV/DHQWHUUDURQHQXQDFDMLWDTXHHUDDSHQDVPiVJUDQGHTXHODFDQDVWLOODHQ
TXHIXHOOHYDGR$XUHOLDQR\PX\SRFDJHQWHDVLVWLyDOHQWLHUURHQSDUWHSRUTXHQRHUDQPXFKRV
TXLHQHVVHDFRUGDEDQGHHOOD\HQSDUWHSRUTXHHVHPHGLRGtDKXERWDQWRFDORUTXHORVSiMDURV

GHVRULHQWDGRVVHHVWUHOODEDQFRPRSHUGLJRQHVFRQWUDODVSDUHGHV\URPStDQODVPDOODVPHWiOLFDV
GHODVYHQWDQDVSDUDPRULUVHHQORVGRUPLWRULRV
$OSULQFLSLRVHFUH\yTXHHUDXQDSHVWH/DVDPDVGHFDVDVHDJRWDEDQGHWDQWREDUUHUSiMDURV
PXHUWRVVREUHWRGRDODKRUDGHODVLHVWD\ORVKRPEUHVORVHFKDEDQDOUtRSRUFDUUHWDGDV(O
GRPLQJRGHUHVXUUHFFLyQHOFHQWHQDULRSDGUH$QWRQLR,VDEHODILUPyHQHOS~OSLWRTXHODPXHUWH
GHORVSiMDURVREHGHFtDDODPDODLQIOXHQFLDGHO-XGtR(UUDQWHTXHpOPLVPRKDEtDYLVWRODQRFKH
DQWHULRU/RGHVFULELyFRPRXQKtEULGRGHPDFKRFDEUtRFUX]DGRFRQKHPEUDKHUHMHXQDEHVWLD
LQIHUQDOFX\RDOLHQWRFDOFLQDEDHODLUH\FX\DYLVLWDGHWHUPLQDUtDODFRQFHSFLyQGHHQJHQGURVSRU
ODV UHFLpQ FDVDGDV 1R IXHURQ PXFKRV TXLHQHV SUHVWDURQ DWHQFLyQ D VX SOiWLFD DSRFDOtSWLFD
SRUTXHHOSXHEORHVWDEDFRQYHQFLGRGHTXHHOSiUURFRGHVYDULDEDDFDXVDGHODHGDG3HURXQD
PXMHU GHVSHUWy D WRGRV DO DPDQHFHU GHO PLpUFROHV SRUTXH HQFRQWUy XQDV KXHOODV GH EtSHGR GH
SH]XxD KHQGLGD (UDQ WDQ FLHUWDV H LQFRQIXQGLEOHV TXH TXLHQHV IXHURQ D YHUODV QR SXVLHURQ HQ
GXGD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQD FULDWXUD HVSDQWRVD VHPHMDQWH D OD GHVFULWD SRU HO SiUURFR \ VH
DVRFLDURQ SDUD PRQWDU WUDPSDV HQ VXV SDWLRV )XH DVt FRPR ORJUDURQ OD FDSWXUD 'RV VHPDQDV
GHVSXpVGHODPXHUWHGHUVXOD3HWUD&RWHV\$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRGHVSHUWDURQVREUHVDOWDGRVSRU
XQ OODQWR GH EHFHUUR GHVFRPXQDO TXH OHV OOHJDED GHO YHFLQGDULR &XDQGR VH OHYDQWDURQ \D XQ
JUXSRGHKRPEUHVHVWDEDGHVHQVDUWDQGRDOPRQVWUXRGHODVDILODGDVYDUDVTXHKDEtDQSDUDGRHQHO
IRQGRGHXQDIRVDFXELHUWDFRQKRMDVVHFDV\KDEtDGHMDGRGHEHUUHDU3HVDEDFRPRXQEXH\D
SHVDU GH TXH VX HVWDWXUD QR HUD PD\RU TXH OD GH XQ DGROHVFHQWH \ GH VXV KHULGDV PDQDED XQD
VDQJUHYHUGH\XQWXRVD7HQtDHOFXHUSRFXELHUWRGHXQDSHODPEUHiVSHUDSODJDGDGHJDUUDSDWDV
PHQXGDV\HOSHOOHMRSHWULILFDGRSRUXQDFRVWUDGHUpPRUDSHURDOFRQWUDULRGHODGHVFULSFLyQ
GHO SiUURFR VXV SDUWHV KXPDQDV HUDQ PiV GH iQJHO YDOHWXGLQDULR TXH GH KRPEUH SRUTXH ODV
PDQRV HUDQ WHUVDV \ KiELOHV ORV RMRV JUDQGHV \ FUHSXVFXODUHV \ WHQtD HQ ORV RPRSODWRV ORV
PXxRQHVFLFDWUL]DGRV\FDOORVRVGHXQDVDODVSRWHQWHVTXHGHELHURQVHUGHVEDVWDGDVFRQKDFKDV
GHODEUDGRU/RFROJDURQSRUORVWRELOORVHQXQDOPHQGURGHODSOD]DSDUDTXHQDGLHVHTXHGDUD
VLQ YHUOR \ FXDQGR HPSH]y D SXGULUVH OR LQFLQHUDURQ HQ XQD KRJXHUD SRUTXH QR VH SXGR
GHWHUPLQDU VL VX QDWXUDOH]D EDVWDUGD HUD GH DQLPDO SDUD HFKDU HQ HO UtR R GH FULVWLDQR SDUD
VHSXOWDU 1XQFD VH HVWDEOHFLy VL HQ UHDOLGDG IXH SRU pO TXH VH PXULHURQ ORV SiMDURV SHUR ODV
UHFLpQFDVDGDVQRFRQFLELHURQORVHQJHQGURVDQXQFLDGRVQLGLVPLQX\yODLQWHQVLGDGGHOFDORU
5HEHFD PXULy D ILQHV GH HVH DxR $UJpQLGD VX FULDGD GH WRGD OD YLGD SLGLy D\XGD D ODV
DXWRULGDGHVSDUDGHUULEDUODSXHUWDGHOGRUPLWRULRGRQGHVXSDWURQDHVWDEDHQFHUUDGDGHVGHKDFtD
WUHVGtDV\ODHQFRQWUDURQHQODFDPDVROLWDULDHQURVFDGDFRPRXQFDPDUyQFRQODFDEH]DSHODGD
SRUODWLxD\HOSXOJDUPHWLGRHQODERFD$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHKL]RFDUJRGHOHQWLHUUR\WUDWyGH
UHVWDXUDU OD FDVD SDUD YHQGHUOD SHUR OD GHVWUXFFLyQ HVWDED WDQ HQFDUQL]DGD HQ HOOD TXH ODV
SDUHGHVVHGHVFRQFKDEDQDFDEDGDVGHSLQWDU\QRKXERDUJDPDVDEDVWDQWHJUXHVDSDUDLPSHGLU
TXHODFL]DxDWULWXUDUDORVSLVRV\ODKLHGUDSXGULHUDORVKRUFRQHV
7RGR DQGDED DVt GHVGH HO GLOXYLR /D GHVLGLD GH OD JHQWH FRQWUDVWDED FRQ OD YRUDFLGDG GHO
ROYLGRTXHSRFRDSRFRLEDFDUFRPLHQGRVLQSLHGDGORVUHFXHUGRVKDVWDHOH[WUHPRGHTXHSRU
HVRV WLHPSRV HQ XQ QXHYR DQLYHUVDULR GHO WUDWDGR GH 1HHUODQGLD OOHJDURQ D 0DFRQGR XQRV

104

HPLVDULRV GHO SUHVLGHQWH GH OD UHS~EOLFD SDUD HQWUHJDU SRU ILQ OD FRQGHFRUDFLyQ YDULDV YHFHV
UHFKD]DGDSRUHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD\SHUGLHURQWRGDXQDWDUGHEXVFDQGRDDOJXLHQTXH
OHV LQGLFDUD GyQGH SRGtDQ HQFRQWUDU D DOJXQR GH VXV GHVFHQGLHQWHV $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR HVWXYR
WHQWDGRGHUHFLELUODFUH\HQGRTXHHUDXQDPHGDOODGHRURPDFL]RSHUR3HWUD&RWHVORSHUVXDGLy
GH OD LQGLJQLGDG FXDQGR \D ORV HPLVDULRV DSUHVWDEDQ EDQGRV \ GLVFXUVRV SDUD OD FHUHPRQLD
7DPELpQSRUHVDpSRFDYROYLHURQORVJLWDQRVORV~OWLPRVKHUHGHURVGHODFLHQFLDGH0HOTXtDGHV
\ HQFRQWUDURQ HO SXHEOR WDQ DFDEDGR \ D VXV KDELWDQWHV WDQ DSDUWDGRV GHO UHVWR GHO PXQGR TXH
YROYLHURQDPHWHUVHHQODVFDVDVDUUDVWUDQGRILHUURVLPDQWDGRVFRPRVLGHYHUDVIXHUDQHO~OWLPR
GHVFXEULPLHQWRGHORVVDELRVEDELORQLRV\YROYLHURQDFRQFHQWUDUORVUD\RVVRODUHVFRQODOXSD
JLJDQWHVFD\QRIDOWyTXLHQVHTXHGDUDFRQODERFDDELHUWDYLHQGRFDHUSHUROHV\URGDUFDOGHURV
\TXLHQHVSDJDUDQFLQFXHQWDFHQWDYRVSDUDDVRPEUDUVHFRQXQDJLWDQDTXHVHTXLWDED\VHSRQtDOD
GHQWDGXUDSRVWL]D8QGHVYHQFLMDGRWUHQDPDULOORTXHQRWUDtDQLVHOOHYDEDDQDGLH\TXHDSHQDV
VH GHWHQtD HQ OD HVWDFLyQ GHVLHUWD HUD OR ~QLFR TXH TXHGDED GHO WUHQ PXOWLWXGLQDULR HQ HO FXDO
HQJDQFKDEDHOVHxRU%URZQVXYDJyQFRQWHFKRGHYLGULR\SROWURQDVGHRELVSR\GHORVWUHQHV
IUXWHURVGHFLHQWRYHLQWHYDJRQHVTXHGHPRUDEDQSDVDQGRWRGDXQDWDUGH/RVGHOHJDGRVFXULDOHV
TXHKDEtDQLGRDLQYHVWLJDUHOLQIRUPHVREUHODH[WUDxDPRUWDQGDGGHORVSiMDURV\HOVDFULILFLR
GHO-XGtR(UUDQWHHQFRQWUDURQDOSDGUH$QWRQLR,VDEHOMXJDQGRFRQORVQLxRVDODJDOOLQDFLHJD\
FUH\HQGRTXHVXLQIRUPHHUDSURGXFWRGHXQDDOXFLQDFLyQVHQLOVHOROOHYDURQDXQDVLOR3RFR
GHVSXpV PDQGDURQ DO SDGUH $XJXVWR QJHO XQ FUX]DGR GH ODV QXHYDV KRUQDGDV LQWUDQVLJHQWH
DXGD] WHPHUDULR TXH WRFDED SHUVRQDOPHQWH ODV FDPSDQDV YDULDV YHFHV DO GtD SDUD TXH QR VH
DOHWDUJDUDQ ORV HVStULWXV \ TXH DQGDED GH FDVD HQ FDVD GHVSHUWDQGR D ORV GRUPLORQHV SDUD TXH
IXHUDQDPLVDSHURDQWHVGHXQDxRHVWDEDWDPELpQYHQFLGRSRUODQHJOLJHQFLDTXHVHUHVSLUDEDHQ
HODLUHSRUHOSROYRDUGLHQWHTXHWRGRORHQYHMHFtD\DWDVFDED\SRUHOVRSRUTXHOHFDXVDEDQODV
DOEyQGLJDVGHODOPXHU]RHQHOFDORULQVRSRUWDEOHGHODVLHVWD
$ODPXHUWHGHUVXODODFDVDYROYLyDFDHUHQXQDEDQGRQRGHOFXDOQRODSRGUtDUHVFDWDUQL
VLTXLHUD XQD YROXQWDG WDQ UHVXHOWD \ YLJRURVD FRPR OD GH $PDUDQWD UVXOD TXH PXFKRV DxRV
GHVSXpV VLHQGR XQD PXMHU VLQ SUHMXLFLRV DOHJUH \ PRGHUQD FRQ ORV SLHV ELHQ DVHQWDGRV HQ HO
PXQGR DEULy SXHUWDV \ YHQWDQDV 3DUD HVSDQWDU OD UXLQD UHVWDXUy HO MDUGtQ H[WHUPLQy ODV
KRUPLJDVFRORUDGDVTXH\DDQGDEDQDSOHQRGtDSRUHOFRUUHGRU\WUDWyLQ~WLOPHQWHGHGHVSHUWDU
HOROYLGDGRHVStULWXGHKRVSLWDOLGDG/DSDVLyQFODXVWUDOGH)HUQDQGDSXVRXQGLTXHLQIUDQTXHDEOH
DORVFLHQDxRVWRUUHQFLDOHVGHUVXOD1RVyORVHQHJyDDEULUODVSXHUWDVFXDQGRSDVyHOYLHQWR
iULGR VLQR TXH KL]R FODXVXUDU ODV YHQWDQDV FRQ FUXFHWDV GH PDGHUD REHGHFLHQGR D OD FRQVLJQD
SDWHUQD GH HQWHUUDUVH HQ YLGD /D GLVSHQGLRVD FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD FRQ ORV PpGLFRV LQYLVLEOHV
WHUPLQyHQXQIUDFDVR'HVSXpVGHQXPHURVRVDSOD]DPLHQWRVVHHQFHUUyHQVXGRUPLWRULRHQOD
IHFKD \ OD KRUD DFRUGDGDV FXELHUWD VRODPHQWH SRU XQD ViEDQD EODQFD \ FRQ OD FDEH]D KDFLD HO
QRUWH\DODXQDGHODPDGUXJDGDVLQWLyTXHOHWDSDURQODFDUDFRQXQSDxXHORHPEHELGRHQXQ
OtTXLGRJODFLDO&XDQGRGHVSHUWyHOVROEULOODEDHQODYHQWDQD\HOODWHQtDXQDFRVWXUDEiUEDUDHQ
IRUPDGHDUFRTXHHPSH]DEDHQODLQJOH\WHUPLQDEDHQHOHVWHUQyQ3HURDQWHVGHTXHFXPSOLHUD
HO UHSRVR SUHYLVWR UHFLELy XQD FDUWD GHVFRQFHUWDGD GH ORV PpGLFRV LQYLVLEOHV TXLHQHV GHFtDQ

KDEHUODUHJLVWUDGRGXUDQWHVHLVKRUDVVLQHQFRQWUDUQDGDTXHFRUUHVSRQGLHUDDORVVtQWRPDVWDQWDV
YHFHV\WDQHVFUXSXORVDPHQWHGHVFULWRVSRUHOOD(QUHDOLGDGVXKiELWRSHUQLFLRVRGHQROODPDU
ODVFRVDVSRUVXQRPEUHKDEtDGDGRRULJHQDXQDQXHYDFRQIXVLyQSXHVOR~QLFRTXHHQFRQWUDURQ
ORVFLUXMDQRVWHOHSiWLFRVIXHXQGHVFHQGLPLHQWRGHO~WHURTXHSRGtDFRUUHJLUVHFRQHOXVRGHXQ
SHVDULR /D GHVLOXVLRQDGD )HUQDQGD WUDWy GH REWHQHU XQD LQIRUPDFLyQ PiV SUHFLVD SHUR ORV
FRUUHVSRQVDOHVLJQRWRVQRYROYLHURQDFRQWHVWDUVXVFDUWDV6HVLQWLyWDQDJRELDGDSRUHOSHVRGH
XQDSDODEUDGHVFRQRFLGDTXHGHFLGLyDPRUGD]DUODYHUJHQ]DSDUDSUHJXQWDUTXpHUDXQSHVDULR
\ VyOR HQWRQFHV VXSR TXH HO PpGLFR IUDQFpV VH KDEtD FROJDGR GH XQD YLJD WUHV PHVHV DQWHV \
KDEtD VLGR HQWHUUDGR FRQWUD OD YROXQWDG GHO SXHEOR SRU XQ DQWLJXR FRPSDxHUR GH DUPDV GHO
FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD (QWRQFHV VH FRQILy D VX KLMR -RVp $UFDGLR \ pVWH OH PDQGy ORV
SHVDULRV GHVGH 5RPD FRQ XQ IROOHWLWR H[SOLFDWLYR TXH HOOD HFKy DO H[FXVDGR GHVSXpV GH
DSUHQGpUVHOR GH PHPRULD SDUD TXH QDGLH IXHUD D FRQRFHU OD QDWXUDOH]D GH VXV TXHEUDQWRV (UD
XQDSUHFDXFLyQLQ~WLOSRUTXHODV~QLFDVSHUVRQDVTXHYLYtDQHQODFDVDDSHQDVVLODWRPDEDQHQ
FXHQWD6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGYDJDEDHQXQDYHMH]VROLWDULDFRFLQDQGRORSRFRTXHVHFRPtDQ
\FDVLSRUFRPSOHWRGHGLFDGDDOFXLGDGRGH-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGR$PDUDQWDUVXODKHUHGHUD
GHFLHUWRVHQFDQWRVGH5HPHGLRVODEHOODRFXSDEDHQKDFHUVXVWDUHDVHVFRODUHVHOWLHPSRTXH
DQWHVSHUGtDHQDWRUPHQWDUDUVXOD\HPSH]DEDDPDQLIHVWDUXQEXHQMXLFLR\XQDFRQVDJUDFLyQD
ORV HVWXGLRV TXH KLFLHURQ UHQDFHU HQ $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR OD EXHQD HVSHUDQ]D TXH OH LQVSLUDED
0HPH /H KDEtD SURPHWLGR PDQGDUOD D WHUPLQDU VXV HVWXGLRV HQ %UXVHODV GH DFXHUGR FRQ XQD
FRVWXPEUHHVWDEOHFLGDHQORVWLHPSRVGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD\HVDLOXVLyQORKDEtDOOHYDGRD
WUDWDUGHUHYLYLUODVWLHUUDVGHYDVWDGDVSRUHOGLOXYLR/DVSRFDVYHFHVTXHHQWRQFHVVHOHYHtDHQ
OD FDVD HUD SRU $PDUDQWD UVXOD SXHV FRQ HO WLHPSR VH KDEtD FRQYHUWLGR HQ XQ H[WUDxR SDUD
)HUQDQGD \ HO SHTXHxR $XUHOLDQR VH LED YROYLHQGR HVTXLYR \ HQVLPLVPDGR D PHGLGD TXH VH
DFHUFDED D OD SXEHUWDG $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR FRQILDED HQ TXH OD YHMH] DEODQGDUD HO FRUD]yQ GH
)HUQDQGDSDUDTXHHOQLxRSXGLHUDLQFRUSRUDUVHDODYLGDGHXQSXHEORGRQGHVHJXUDPHQWHQDGLH
VHKXELHUDWRPDGRHOWUDEDMRGHKDFHUHVSHFXODFLRQHVVXVSLFDFHVVREUHVXRULJHQ3HURHOSURSLR
$XUHOLDQRSDUHFtDSUHIHULUHOHQFLHUUR\ODVROHGDG\QRUHYHODEDODPHQRUPDOLFLDSRUFRQRFHU
HO PXQGR TXH HPSH]DED HQ OD SXHUWD GH OD FDOOH &XDQGR UVXOD KL]R DEULU HO FXDUWR GH
0HOTXtDGHV pO VH GLR D URQGDUOR D FXULRVHDU SRU OD SXHUWD HQWRUQDGD \ QDGLH VXSR HQ TXp
PRPHQWRWHUPLQyYLQFXODGRD-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRSRUXQDIHFWRUHFtSURFR$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR
GHVFXEULy HVD DPLVWDG PXFKR WLHPSR GHVSXpV GH LQLFLDGD FXDQGR R\y DO QLxR KDEODQGR GH OD
PDWDQ]DGHODHVWDFLyQ2FXUULyXQGtDHQTXHDOJXLHQVHODPHQWyHQODPHVDGHODUXLQDHQTXHVH
KXQGLyHOSXHEORFXDQGRORDEDQGRQyODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD\$XUHOLDQRORFRQWUDGLMRFRQXQD
PDGXUH] \ XQD YHUVDFLyQ GH SHUVRQD PD\RU 6X SXQWR GH YLVWD FRQWUDULR D OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
JHQHUDOHUDTXH0DFRQGRIXHXQOXJDUSUyVSHUR\ELHQHQFDPLQDGRKDVWDTXHORGHVRUGHQy\OR
FRUURPSLy\ORH[SULPLyODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDFX\RVLQJHQLHURVSURYRFDURQHOGLOXYLRFRPRXQ
SUHWH[WR SDUD HOXGLU FRPSURPLVRV FRQ ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV +DEODQGR FRQ WDQ EXHQ FULWHULR TXH D
)HUQDQGD OH SDUHFLy XQD SDURGLD VDFUtOHJD GH -HV~V HQWUH ORV GRFWRUHV HO QLxR GHVFULELy FRQ
GHWDOOHV SUHFLVRV \ FRQYLQFHQWHV FyPR HO HMpUFLWR DPHWUDOOy D PiV GH WUHV PLO WUDEDMDGRUHV

105

DFRUUDODGRVHQODHVWDFLyQ\FyPRFDUJDURQORVFDGiYHUHVHQXQWUHQGHGRVFLHQWRVYDJRQHV\ORV
DUURMDURQDOPDU&RQYHQFLGDFRPRODPD\RUtDGHODJHQWHGHODYHUGDGRILFLDOGHTXHQRKDEtD
SDVDGR QDGD )HUQDQGD VH HVFDQGDOL]y FRQ OD LGHD GH TXH HO QLxR KDEtD KHUHGDGR ORV LQVWLQWRV
DQDUTXLVWDVGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD\OHRUGHQyFDOODUVH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRHQFDPELR
UHFRQRFLyODYHUVLyQGHVXKHUPDQRJHPHOR(QUHDOLGDGDSHVDUGHTXHWRGRHOPXQGRORWHQtD
SRUORFR-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRHUDHQDTXHOWLHPSRHOKDELWDQWHPiVO~FLGRGHODFDVD(QVHxyDO
SHTXHxR$XUHOLDQRDOHHU\DHVFULELUORLQLFLyHQHOHVWXGLRGHORVSHUJDPLQRV\OHLQFXOFyXQD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQWDQSHUVRQDOGHORTXHVLJQLILFySDUD0DFRQGRODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDTXHPXFKRV
DxRV GHVSXpV FXDQGR $XUHOLDQR VH LQFRUSRUDUD DO PXQGR KDEtD GH SHQVDUVH TXH FRQWDED XQD
YHUVLyQ DOXFLQDGD SRUTXH HUD UDGLFDOPHQWH FRQWUDULD D OD IDOVD TXH ORV KLVWRULDGRUHV KDEtDQ
DGPLWLGR \ FRQVDJUDGR HQ ORV WH[WRV HVFRODUHV (Q HO FXDUWLWR DSDUWDGR DGRQGH QXQFD OOHJy HO
YLHQWR iULGR QL HO SROYR QL HO FDORU DPERV UHFRUGDEDQ OD YLVLyQ DWiYLFD GH XQ DQFLDQR FRQ
VRPEUHURGHDODVGHFXHUYRTXHKDEODEDGHOPXQGRDHVSDOGDVGHODYHQWDQDPXFKRVDxRVDQWHV
GH TXH HOORV QDFLHUDQ $PERV GHVFXEULHURQ DO PLVPR WLHPSR TXH DOOt VLHPSUH HUD PDU]R \
VLHPSUHHUDOXQHV\HQWRQFHVFRPSUHQGLHURQTXH-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDQRHVWDEDWDQORFRFRPR
FRQWDEDODIDPLOLDVLQRTXHHUDHO~QLFRTXHKDEtDGLVSXHVWRGHEDVWDQWHOXFLGH]SDUDYLVOXPEUDU
ODYHUGDGGHTXHWDPELpQHOWLHPSRVXIUtDWURSLH]RV\DFFLGHQWHV\SRGtDSRUWDQWRDVWLOODUVH\
GHMDU HQ XQ FXDUWR XQD IUDFFLyQ HWHUQL]DGD -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR KDEtD ORJUDGR DGHPiV
FODVLILFDU ODV OHWUDV FUtSWLFDV GH ORV SHUJDPLQRV (VWDED VHJXUR GH TXH FRUUHVSRQGtDQ D XQ
DOIDEHWR GH FXDUHQWD \ VLHWH D FLQFXHQWD \ WUHV FDUDFWHUHV TXH VHSDUDGRV SDUHFtDQ DUDxLWDV \
JDUUDSDWDV \ TXH HQ OD SULPRURVD FDOLJUDItD GH 0HOTXtDGHV SDUHFtDQ SLH]DV GH URSD SXHVWDV D
VHFDU HQ XQ DODPEUH $XUHOLDQR UHFRUGDED KDEHU YLVWR XQD WDEOD VHPHMDQWH HQ OD HQFLFORSHGLD
LQJOHVDDVtTXHODOOHYyDOFXDUWRSDUDFRPSDUDUODFRQODGH-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGR(UDQLJXDOHV
HQHIHFWR
3RU OD pSRFD HQ TXH VH OH RFXUULy OD ORWHUtD GH DGLYLQDQ]DV $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR GHVSHUWDED
FRQ XQ QXGR HQ OD JDUJDQWD FRPR VL HVWXYLHUD UHSULPLHQGR ODV JDQDV GH OORUDU 3HWUD &RWHV OR
LQWHUSUHWy FRPR XQR GH ORV WDQWRV WUDVWRUQRV SURYRFDGRV SRU OD PDOD VLWXDFLyQ \ WRGDV ODV
PDxDQDVGXUDQWHPiVGHXQDxROHWRFDEDHOSDODGDUFRQXQKLVRSRGHPLHOGHDEHMDV\OHGDED
MDUDEHGHUiEDQR&XDQGRHOQXGRGHODJDUJDQWDVHOHKL]RWDQRSUHVLYRTXHOHFRVWDEDWUDEDMR
UHVSLUDU$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRYLVLWyD3LODU7HUQHUDSRUVLHOODFRQRFtDDOJXQDKLHUEDGHDOLYLR/D
LQTXHEUDQWDEOHDEXHODTXHKDEtDOOHJDGRDORVFLHQDxRVDOIUHQWHGHXQEXUGHOLWRFODQGHVWLQRQR
FRQILyHQVXSHUVWLFLRQHVWHUDSpXWLFDVVLQRTXHFRQVXOWyHODVXQWRFRQODVEDUDMDV9LRHOFDEDOOR
GHRURVFRQODJDUJDQWDKHULGDSRUHODFHURGHODVRWDGHHVSDGDV\GHGXMRTXH)HUQDQGDHVWDED
WUDWDQGR GH TXH HO PDULGR YROYLHUD D OD FDVD PHGLDQWH HO GHVSUHVWLJLDGR VLVWHPD GH KLQFDU
DOILOHUHVHQVXUHWUDWRSHURTXHOHKDEtDSURYRFDGRXQWXPRULQWHUQRSRUXQFRQRFLPLHQWRWRUSH
GH VXV PDODV DUWHV &RPR $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR QR WHQtD PiV UHWUDWRV TXH ORV GH OD ERGD \ ODV
FRSLDVHVWDEDQFRPSOHWDVHQHOiOEXPIDPLOLDUVLJXLyEXVFDQGRSRUWRGDODFDVDHQORVGHVFXLGRV
GHODHVSRVD\SRUILQHQFRQWUyHQHOIRQGRGHOURSHURPHGLDGRFHQDGHSHVDULRVHQVXVFDMLWDV
RULJLQDOHV&UH\HQGRTXHODVURMDVOODQWLWDVGHFDXFKRHUDQREMHWRVGHKHFKLFHUtDVHPHWLyXQDHQ

HOEROVLOORSDUDTXHODYLHUD3LODU7HUQHUD(OODQRSXGRGHWHUPLQDUVXQDWXUDOH]DSHUROHSDUHFLy
WDQVRVSHFKRVDTXHGHWRGRVPRGRVVHKL]ROOHYDUODPHGLDGRFHQD\ODTXHPyHQXQDKRJXHUD
TXHSUHQGLyHQHOSDWLR3DUDFRQMXUDUHOVXSXHVWRPDOHILFLRGH)HUQDQGDOHLQGLFyD$XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGR TXH PRMDUD XQD JDOOLQD FOXHFD \ OD HQWHUUDUD YLYD EDMR HO FDVWDxR \ pO OR KL]R GH WDQ
EXHQD IH TXH FXDQGR DFDEy GH GLVLPXODU FRQ KRMDV VHFDV OD WLHUUD UHPRYLGD \D VHQWtD TXH
UHVSLUDED PHMRU 3RU VX SDUWH )HUQDQGD LQWHUSUHWy OD GHVDSDULFLyQ FRPR XQD UHSUHVDOLD GH ORV
PpGLFRVLQYLVLEOHV\VHFRVLyHQODSDUWHLQWHULRUGHODFDPLVRODXQDIDOWULTXHUDGHMDUHWDGRQGH
JXDUGyORVSHVDULRVQXHYRVTXHOHPDQGyVXKLMR
6HLV PHVHV GHVSXpV GHO HQWHUUDPLHQWR GH OD JDOOLQD $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR GHVSHUWy D
PHGLDQRFKH FRQ XQ DFFHVR GH WRV \ VLQWLHQGR TXH OR HVWUDQJXODEDQ SRU GHQWUR FRQ WHQD]DV GH
FDQJUHMR )XH HQWRQFHV FXDQGR FRPSUHQGLy TXH SRU PXFKRV SHVDULRV PiJLFRV TXH GHVWUX\HUD \
PXFKDVJDOOLQDVGHFRQMXURTXHUHPRMDUDOD~QLFD\WULVWHYHUGDGHUDTXHVHHVWDEDPXULHQGR1R
VH OR GLMR D QDGLH $WRUPHQWDGR SRU HO WHPRU GH PRULUVH VLQ PDQGDU D %UXVHODV D $PDUDQWD
UVXODWUDEDMyFRPRQXQFDORKDEtDKHFKR\HQYH]GHXQDKL]RWUHVULIDVVHPDQDOHV'HVGHPX\
WHPSUDQRVHOHYHtDUHFRUUHUHOSXHEORDXQHQORVEDUULRVPiVDSDUWDGRV\PLVHUDEOHVWUDWDQGR
GHYHQGHUORVELOOHWLWRVFRQXQDDQVLHGDGTXHVyORHUDFRQFHELEOHHQXQPRULEXQGR$TXtHVWiOD
'LYLQD3URYLGHQFLDSUHJRQDED1RODGHMHQLUTXHVyOROOHJDXQDYH]FDGDFLHQDxRV+DFtD
FRQPRYHGRUHVHVIXHU]RVSRUSDUHFHUDOHJUHVLPSiWLFRORFXD]SHUREDVWDEDYHUOHHOVXGRU\OD
SDOLGH]SDUDVDEHUTXHQRSRGtDFRQVXDOPD$YHFHVVHGHVYLDEDSRUSUHGLRVEDOGtRVGRQGH
QDGLH OR YLHUD \ VH VHQWDED XQ PRPHQWR D GHVFDQVDU GH ODV WHQD]DV TXH OR GHVSHGD]DEDQ SRU
GHQWUR 7RGDYtD D OD PHGLDQRFKH HVWDED HQ HO EDUULR GH WROHUDQFLD WUDWDQGR GH FRQVRODU FRQ
SUpGLFDV GH EXHQD VXHUWH D ODV PXMHUHV VROLWDULDV TXH VROOR]DEDQ MXQWR D ODV YLFWURODV (VWH
Q~PHURQRVDOHKDFHFXDWURPHVHVOHVGHFtDPRVWUiQGROHVORVELOOHWLWRV1RORGHMHVLUTXHOD
YLGDHVPiVFRUWDGHORTXHXQRFUHH$FDEDURQSRUSHUGHUOHHOUHVSHWRSRUEXUODUVHGHpO\HQ
VXV ~OWLPRV PHVHV \D QR OH GHFtDQ GRQ $XUHOLDQR FRPR OR KDEtDQ KHFKR VLHPSUH VLQR TXH OR
OODPDEDQHQVXSURSLDFDUDGRQ'LYLQD3URYLGHQFLD/DYR]VHOHLEDOOHQDQGRGHQRWDVIDOVDVVH
OH IXH GHVWHPSODQGR \ WHUPLQy SRU DSDJiUVHOH HQ XQ URQTXLGR GH SHUUR SHUR WRGDYtD WXYR
YROXQWDGSDUDQRGHMDUTXHGHFD\HUDODH[SHFWDWLYDSRUORVSUHPLRVHQHOSDWLRGH3HWUD&RWHV
6LQ HPEDUJR D PHGLGD TXH VH TXHGDED VLQ YR] \ VH GDED FXHQWD GH TXH HQ SRFR WLHPSR \D QR
SRGUtDVRSRUWDUHOGRORULEDFRPSUHQGLHQGRTXHQRHUDFRQFHUGRV\FKLYRVULIDGRVFRPRVXKLMD
OOHJDUtD D %UXVHODV GH PRGR TXH FRQFLELy OD LGHD GH KDFHU OD IDEXORVD ULID GH ODV WLHUUDV
GHVWUXLGDV SRU HO GLOXYLR TXH ELHQ SRGtDQ VHU UHVWDXUDGDV SRU TXLHQ GLVSXVLHUD GH FDSLWDO )XH
XQDLQLFLDWLYDWDQHVSHFWDFXODUTXHHOSURSLRDOFDOGHVHSUHVWySDUDDQXQFLDUODFRQXQEDQGR\VH
IRUPDURQVRFLHGDGHVSDUDFRPSUDUELOOHWHVDFLHQSHVRVFDGDXQRTXHVHDJRWDURQHQPHQRVGH
XQDVHPDQD/DQRFKHGHODULIDORVJDQDGRUHVKLFLHURQXQDILHVWDDSDUDWRVDFRPSDUDEOHDSHQDV
DODVGHORVEXHQRVWLHPSRVGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUD\$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRWRFyHQHODFRUGHyQ
SRU~OWLPDYH]ODVFDQFLRQHVROYLGDGDVGH)UDQFLVFRHO+RPEUHSHUR\DQRSXGRFDQWDUODV
'RVPHVHVGHVSXpV$PDUDQWDUVXODVHIXHD%UXVHODV$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGROHHQWUHJyQRVyOR
HOGLQHURGHODULIDH[WUDRUGLQDULDVLQRHOTXHKDEtDORJUDGRHFRQRPL]DUHQORVPHVHVDQWHULRUHV

106

\HOPX\HVFDVRTXHREWXYRSRUODYHQWDGHODSLDQRODHOFODYLFRUGLR\RWURVFRURWRVFDtGRVHQ
GHVJUDFLD 6HJ~Q VXV FiOFXORV HVH IRQGR OH DOFDQ]DED SDUD ORV HVWXGLRV DVt TXH VyOR TXHGDED
SHQGLHQWH HO YDORU GHO SDVDMH GH UHJUHVR )HUQDQGD VH RSXVR DO YLDMH KDVWD HO ~OWLPR PRPHQWR
HVFDQGDOL]DGDFRQODLGHDGHTXH%UXVHODVHVWXYLHUDWDQFHUFDGHODSHUGLFLyQGH3DUtVSHURVH
WUDQTXLOL]y FRQ XQD FDUWD TXH OH GLR HO SDGUH QJHO SDUD XQD SHQVLyQ GH MyYHQHV FDWyOLFDV
DWHQGLGDSRUUHOLJLRVDVGRQGH$PDUDQWDUVXODSURPHWLyYLYLUKDVWDHOWpUPLQRGHVXVHVWXGLRV
$GHPiVHOSiUURFRFRQVLJXLyTXHYLDMDUDDOFXLGDGRGHXQJUXSRGHIUDQFLVFDQDVTXHLEDQSDUD
7ROHGR GRQGH HVSHUDEDQ HQFRQWUDU JHQWH GH FRQILDQ]D SDUD PDQGDUOD D %pOJLFD 0LHQWUDV VH
DGHODQWDED OD DSUHVXUDGD FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD TXH KL]R SRVLEOH HVWD FRRUGLQDFLyQ $XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGRD\XGDGRSRU3HWUD&RWHVVHRFXSyGHOHTXLSDMHGH$PDUDQWDUVXOD/DQRFKHHQTXH
SUHSDUDURQXQRGHORVED~OHVQXSFLDOHVGH)HUQDQGDODVFRVDVHVWDEDQWDQELHQGLVSXHVWDVTXHOD
HVWXGLDQWHVDEtDGHPHPRULDFXiOHVHUDQORVWUDMHV\ODVEDEXFKDVGHSDQDFRQTXHGHEtDKDFHUOD
WUDYHVtDGHO$WOiQWLFR\HODEULJRGHSDxRD]XOFRQERWRQHVGHFREUH\ORV]DSDWRVGHFRUGREiQ
FRQ TXH GHEtD GHVHPEDUFDU 6DEtD WDPELpQ FyPR GHEtD FDPLQDU SDUD QR FDHU DO DJXD FXDQGR
VXELHUDDERUGRSRUODSODWDIRUPDTXHHQQLQJ~QPRPHQWRGHEtDVHSDUDUVHGHODVPRQMDVQLVDOLU
GHOFDPDURWHFRPRQRIXHUDSDUDFRPHU\TXHSRUQLQJ~QPRWLYRGHEtDFRQWHVWDUDODVSUHJXQWDV
TXHORVGHVFRQRFLGRVGHFXDOTXLHUVH[ROHKLFLHUDQHQDOWDPDU/OHYDEDXQIUDVTXLWRFRQJRWDV
SDUD HO PDUHR \ XQ FXDGHUQR HVFULWR GH VX SXxR \ OHWUD SRU HO SDGUH QJHO FRQ VHLV RUDFLRQHV
SDUDFRQMXUDUODWHPSHVWDG)HUQDQGDOHIDEULFyXQFLQWXUyQGHORQDSDUDTXHJXDUGDUDHOGLQHUR\
OHLQGLFyODIRUPDGHXVDUORDMXVWDGRDOFXHUSRGHPRGRTXHQRWXYLHUDTXHTXLWiUVHORQLVLTXLHUD
SDUDGRUPLU7UDWyGHUHJDODUOHODEDFLQLOODGHRURODYDGDFRQOHMtD\GHVLQIHFWDGDFRQDOFRKRO
SHUR $PDUDQWD UVXOD OD UHFKD]y SRU PLHGR GH TXH VH EXUODUDQ GH HOOD VXV FRPSDxHUDV GH
FROHJLR 3RFRV PHVHV GHVSXpV D OD KRUD GH OD PXHUWH $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR KDEtD GH UHFRUGDUOD
FRPRODYLROD~OWLPDYH]WUDWDQGRGHEDMDUVLQFRQVHJXLUORHOFULVWDOSROYRULHQWRGHOYDJyQGH
VHJXQGDFODVHSDUDHVFXFKDUODV~OWLPDVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVGH)HUQDQGD/OHYDEDXQWUDMHGHVHGD
URVDGDFRQXQUDPLWRGHSHQVDPLHQWRVDUWLILFLDOHVHQHOEURFKHGHOKRPEURL]TXLHUGRORV]DSDWRV
GH FRUGREiQ FRQ WUDELOOD \ WDFyQ EDMR \ ODV PHGLDV VDWLQDGDV FRQ OLJDV HOiVWLFDV HQ ODV
SDQWRUULOODV7HQtDHOFXHUSRPHQXGRHOFDEHOORVXHOWR\ODUJR\ORVRMRVYLYDFHVTXHWXYRUVXOD
DVXHGDG\ODIRUPDHQTXHVHGHVSHGtDVLQOORUDUSHURVLQVRQUHtUUHYHODEDODPLVPDIRUWDOH]D
GHFDUiFWHU&DPLQDQGRMXQWRDOYDJyQDPHGLGDTXHDFHOHUDED\OOHYDQGRD)HUQDQGDGHOEUD]R
SDUDTXHQRIXHUDDWURSH]DU$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRDSHQDVSXGRFRUUHVSRQGHUOHFRQXQVDOXGRGHOD
PDQR FXDQGR OD KLMD OH PDQGy XQ EHVR FRQ OD SXQWD GH ORV GHGRV /RV HVSRVRV SHUPDQHFLHURQ
LQPyYLOHVEDMRHOVRODEUDVDQWHPLUDQGRFyPRHOWUHQVHLEDFRQIXQGLHQGRFRQHOSXQWRQHJURGHO
KRUL]RQWH\WRPDGRVGHOEUD]RSRUSULPHUDYH]GHVGHHOGtDGHODERGD
(O QXHYH GH DJRVWR DQWHV GH TXH VH UHFLELHUD OD SULPHUD FDUWD GH %UXVHODV -RVp $UFDGLR
6HJXQGRFRQYHUVDEDFRQ$XUHOLDQRHQHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHV\VLQTXHYLQLHUDDFXHQWRGLMR
$FXpUGDWHVLHPSUHGHTXHHUDQPiVGHWUHVPLO\TXHORVHFKDURQDOPDU
/XHJRVHIXHGHEUXFHVVREUHORVSHUJDPLQRV\PXULyFRQORVRMRVDELHUWRV(QHVHPLVPR
LQVWDQWH HQ OD FDPD GH )HUQDQGD VX KHUPDQR JHPHOR OOHJy DO ILQDO GHO SURORQJDGR \ WHUULEOH

PDUWLULR GH ORV FDQJUHMRV GH KLHUUR TXH OH FDUFRPLHURQ OD JDUJDQWD 8QD VHPDQD DQWHV KDEtD
YXHOWRDODFDVDVLQYR]VLQDOLHQWR\FDVLHQORVSXURVKXHVRVFRQVXVED~OHVWUDVKXPDQWHV\VX
DFRUGHyQGHSHUGXODULRSDUDFXPSOLUODSURPHVDGHPRULUMXQWRDODHVSRVD3HWUD&RWHVORD\XGy
D UHFRJHU VXV URSDV \ OR GHVSLGLy VLQ GHUUDPDU XQD OiJULPD SHUR ROYLGy GDUOH ORV ]DSDWRV GH
FKDUROTXHpOTXHUtDOOHYDUHQHODWD~G'HPRGRTXHFXDQGRVXSRTXHKDEtDPXHUWRVHYLVWLyGH
QHJURHQYROYLyORVERWLQHVHQXQSHULyGLFR\OHSLGLySHUPLVRD)HUQDQGDSDUDYHUDOFDGiYHU
)HUQDQGDQRODGHMySDVDUGHODSXHUWD
3yQJDVH HQ PL OXJDU VXSOLFy 3HWUD &RWHV ,PDJtQHVH FXiQWR OR KDEUp TXHULGR SDUD
VRSRUWDUHVWDKXPLOODFLyQ
1R KD\ KXPLOODFLyQ TXH QR OD PHUH]FD XQD FRQFXELQD UHSOLFy )HUQDQGD $Vt TXH
HVSHUHDTXHVHPXHUDRWURGHORVWDQWRVSDUDSRQHUOHHVRVERWLQHV
(QFXPSOLPLHQWRGHVXSURPHVD6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGGHJROOyFRQXQFXFKLOORGHFRFLQD
HOFDGiYHUGH-RVp$UFDGLR6HJXQGRSDUDDVHJXUDUVHGHTXHQRORHQWHUUDUDQYLYR/RVFXHUSRV
IXHURQSXHVWRVHQDWD~GHVLJXDOHV\DOOtVHYLRTXHYROYtDQDVHULGpQWLFRVHQODPXHUWHFRPROR
IXHURQKDVWDODDGROHVFHQFLD/RVYLHMRVFRPSDxHURVGHSDUUDQGDGH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRSXVLHURQ
VREUHVXFDMDXQDFRURQDTXHWHQtDXQDFLQWDPRUDGDFRQXQOHWUHUR$SiUWHQVHYDFDVTXHODYLGD
HVFRUWD)HUQDQGDVHLQGLJQyWDQWRFRQODLUUHYHUHQFLDTXHPDQGyWLUDUODFRURQDHQODEDVXUD(Q
HO WXPXOWR GH ~OWLPD KRUD ORV ERUUDFKLWRV WULVWHV TXH ORV VDFDURQ GH OD FDVD FRQIXQGLHURQ ORV
DWD~GHV\ORVHQWHUUDURQHQWXPEDVHTXLYRFDGDV

107

$XUHOLDQRQRDEDQGRQyHQPXFKRWLHPSRHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHV6HDSUHQGLyGHPHPRULDODV
OH\HQGDVIDQWiVWLFDVGHOOLEURGHVHQFXDGHUQDGRODVtQWHVLVGHORVHVWXGLRVGH+HUPDQQHOWXOOLGR
ORV DSXQWHV VREUH OD FLHQFLD GHPRQROyJLFD ODV FODYHV GH OD SLHGUD ILORVRIDO ODV &HQWXULDV GH
1RVWUDGDPXV\VXVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVVREUHODSHVWHGHPRGRTXHOOHJyDODDGROHVFHQFLDVLQVDEHU
QDGDGHVXWLHPSRSHURFRQORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVEiVLFRVGHOKRPEUHPHGLHYDO$FXDOTXLHUKRUD
TXHHQWUDUDHQHOFXDUWR6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGORHQFRQWUDEDDEVRUWRHQODOHFWXUD/HOOHYDED
DODPDQHFHUXQWD]yQGHFDIpVLQD]~FDU\DOPHGLRGtDXQSODWRGHDUUR]FRQWDMDGDVGHSOiWDQR
IULWDVTXHHUDOR~QLFRTXHVHFRPtDHQODFDVDGHVSXpVGHODPXHUWHGH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGR6H
SUHRFXSDED SRU FRUWDUOH HO SHOR SRU VDFDUOH ODV OLHQGUHV SRU DGDSWDUOH OD URSD YLHMD TXH
HQFRQWUDED HQ ED~OHV ROYLGDGRV \ FXDQGR HPSH]y D GHVSXQWDUOH HO ELJRWH OH OOHYy OD QDYDMD
EDUEHUD\ODWRWXPLWDSDUDODHVSXPDGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD1LQJXQRGHORVKLMRVGHpVWH
VH OH SDUHFLy WDQWR QL VLTXLHUD $XUHOLDQR -RVp VREUH WRGR SRU ORV SyPXORV SURQXQFLDGRV \ OD
OtQHD UHVXHOWD \ XQ SRFR GHVSLDGDGD GH ORV ODELRV &RPR OH RFXUULy D UVXOD FRQ $XUHOLDQR
6HJXQGR FXDQGR pVWH HVWXGLDED HQ HO FXDUWR 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG FUHtD TXH $XUHOLDQR
KDEODEDVROR(QUHDOLGDGFRQYHUVDEDFRQ0HOTXtDGHV8QPHGLRGtDDUGLHQWHSRFRGHVSXpVGH
OD PXHUWH GH ORV JHPHORV YLR FRQWUD OD UHYHUEHUDFLyQ GH OD YHQWDQD DO DQFLDQR O~JXEUH FRQ HO
VRPEUHURGHDODVGHFXHUYRFRPRODPDWHULDOL]DFLyQGHXQUHFXHUGRTXHHVWDEDHQVXPHPRULD
GHVGH PXFKR DQWHV GH QDFHU $XUHOLDQR KDEtD WHUPLQDGR GH FODVLILFDU HO DOIDEHWR GH ORV
SHUJDPLQRV$VtTXHFXDQGR0HOTXtDGHVOHSUHJXQWyVLKDEtDGHVFXELHUWRHQTXpOHQJXDHVWDEDQ
HVFULWRVpOQRYDFLOySDUDFRQWHVWDU
(QViQVFULWRGLMR
0HOTXtDGHVOHUHYHOyTXHVXVRSRUWXQLGDGHVGHYROYHUDOFXDUWRHVWDEDQFRQWDGDV3HURVHLED
WUDQTXLOR D ODV SUDGHUDV GH OD PXHUWH GHILQLWLYD SRUTXH $XUHOLDQR WHQtD WLHPSR GH DSUHQGHU HO
ViQVFULWR HQ ORV DxRV TXH IDOWDEDQ SDUD TXH ORV SHUJDPLQRV FXPSOLHUDQ XQ VLJOR \ SXGLHUDQ VHU
GHVFLIUDGRV )XH pO TXLHQ OH LQGLFy TXH HQ HO FDOOHMyQ TXH WHUPLQDED HQ HO UtR \ GRQGH HQ ORV
WLHPSRVGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDVHDGLYLQDEDHOSRUYHQLU\VHLQWHUSUHWDEDQORVVXHxRVXQVDELR
FDWDOiQ WHQtD XQD WLHQGD GH OLEURV GRQGH KDEtD XQ 6DQVNULW 3ULPHU TXH VHUtD GHYRUDGR SRU ODV
SROLOODVVHLVDxRVGHVSXpVVLpOQRVHDSUHVXUDEDDFRPSUDUOR3RUSULPHUDYH]HQVXODUJDYLGD
6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG GHMy WUDVOXFLU XQ VHQWLPLHQWR \ HUD XQ VHQWLPLHQWR GH HVWXSRU FXDQGR

$XUHOLDQROHSLGLyTXHOHOOHYDUDHOOLEURTXHKDEtDGHHQFRQWUDUHQWUHOD-HUXVDOpQ/LEHUWDGD \
ORV SRHPDV GH 0LOWRQ HQ HO H[WUHPR GHUHFKR GHO VHJXQGR UHQJOyQ GH ORV DQDTXHOHV &RPR QR
VDEtDOHHUVHDSUHQGLyGHPHPRULDODSDUUDIDGD\FRQVLJXLyHOGLQHURFRQODYHQWDGHXQRGHORV
GLHFLVLHWHSHVFDGLWRVGHRURTXHTXHGDEDQHQHOWDOOHU\TXHVyORHOOD\$XUHOLDQRVDEtDQGyQGH
ORVKDEtDQSXHVWRODQRFKHHQTXHORVVROGDGRVUHJLVWUDURQODFDVD
$XUHOLDQRDYDQ]DEDHQORVHVWXGLRVGHOViQVFULWRPLHQWUDV0HOTXtDGHVLEDKDFLpQGRVHFDGD
YH]PHQRVDVLGXR\PiVOHMDQRHVIXPiQGRVHHQODFODULGDGUDGLDQWHGHOPHGLRGtD/D~OWLPDYH]
TXH$XUHOLDQRORVLQWLyHUDDSHQDVXQDSUHVHQFLDLQYLVLEOHTXHPXUPXUDED+HPXHUWRGHILHEUH
HQ ORV PpGDQRV GH 6LQJDSXU (O FXDUWR VH KL]R HQWRQFHV YXOQHUDEOH DO SROYR DO FDORU DO
FRPHMpQDODVKRUPLJDVFRORUDGDVDODVSROLOODVTXHKDEtDQGHFRQYHUWLUHQDVHUUtQODVDELGXUtD
GHORVOLEURV\ORVSHUJDPLQRV
(QODFDVDQRIDOWDEDTXpFRPHU$OGtDVLJXLHQWHGHODPXHUWHGH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRXQRGH
ORV DPLJRV TXH KDEtDQ OOHYDGR OD FRURQD FRQ OD LQVFULSFLyQ LUUHYHUHQWH OH RIUHFLy SDJDUOH D
)HUQDQGD XQ GLQHUR TXH OH KDEtD TXHGDGR GHELHQGR D VX HVSRVR $ SDUWLU GH HQWRQFHV XQ
PDQGDGHUROOHYDEDWRGRVORVPLpUFROHVXQFDQDVWRFRQFRVDVGHFRPHUTXHDOFDQ]DEDQELHQSDUD
XQDVHPDQD1DGLHVXSRQXQFDTXHDTXHOODVYLWXDOODVODVPDQGDED3HWUD&RWHVFRQODLGHDGHTXH
OD FDULGDG FRQWLQXDGD HUD XQD IRUPD GH KXPLOODU D TXLHQ OD KDEtD KXPLOODGR 6LQ HPEDUJR HO
UHQFRUVHOHGLVLSyPXFKRPiVSURQWRGHORTXHHOODPLVPDHVSHUDED\HQWRQFHVVLJXLyPDQGDQGR
ODFRPLGDSRURUJXOOR\ILQDOPHQWHSRUFRPSDVLyQ9DULDVYHFHVFXDQGROHIDOWDURQiQLPRVSDUD
YHQGHU ELOOHWLWRV \ OD JHQWH SHUGLy HO LQWHUpV SRU ODV ULIDV VH TXHGy HOOD VLQ FRPHU SDUD TXH
FRPLHUD)HUQDQGD\QRGHMyGHFXPSOLUHOFRPSURPLVRPLHQWUDVQRYLRSDVDUVXHQWLHUUR
3DUD6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGODUHGXFFLyQGHORVKDELWDQWHVGHODFDVDGHEtDKDEHUVLGRHO
GHVFDQVRDTXHWHQtDGHUHFKRGHVSXpVGHPiVGHPHGLRVLJORGHWUDEDMR1XQFDVHOHKDEtDRtGR
XQ ODPHQWR D DTXHOOD PXMHU VLJLORVD LPSHQHWUDEOH TXH VHPEUy HQ OD IDPLOLD ORV JpUPHQHV
DQJpOLFRV GH 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD \ OD PLVWHULRVD VROHPQLGDG GH -RVp $UFDGLR 6HJXQGR TXH
FRQVDJUyWRGDXQDYLGDGHVROHGDG\VLOHQFLRDODFULDQ]DGHXQRVQLxRVTXHDSHQDVVLUHFRUGDEDQ
TXH HUDQ VXV KLMRV \ VXV QLHWRV \ TXH VH RFXSy GH $XUHOLDQR FRPR VL KXELHUD VDOLGR GH VXV
HQWUDxDV VLQ VDEHU HOOD PLVPD TXH HUD VX ELVDEXHOD 6yOR HQ XQD FDVD FRPR DTXpOOD HUD
FRQFHELEOHTXHKXELHUDGRUPLGRVLHPSUHHQXQSHWDWHTXHWHQGtDHQHOSLVRGHOJUDQHURHQWUHHO
HVWUpSLWR QRFWXUQR GH ODV UDWDV \ VLQ KDEHUOH FRQWDGR D QDGLH TXH XQD QRFKH OD GHVSHUWy OD
SDYRURVD VHQVDFLyQ GH TXH DOJXLHQ OD HVWDED PLUDQGR HQ OD RVFXULGDG \ HUD TXH XQD YtERUD VH
GHVOL]DED SRU VX YLHQWUH (OOD VDEtD TXH VL VH OR KXELHUD FRQWDGR D UVXOD OD KXELHUD SXHVWR D
GRUPLUHQVXSURSLDFDPDSHURHUDQORVWLHPSRVHQTXHQDGLHVHGDEDFXHQWDGHQDGDPLHQWUDVQR
VH JULWDUD HQ HO FRUUHGRU SRUTXH ORV DIDQHV GH OD SDQDGHUtD ORV VREUHVDOWRV GH OD JXHUUD HO
FXLGDGRGHORVQLxRVQRGHMDEDQWLHPSRSDUDSHQVDUHQODIHOLFLGDGDMHQD3HWUD&RWHVDTXLHQ
QXQFDYLRHUDOD~QLFDTXHVHDFRUGDEDGHHOOD(VWDEDSHQGLHQWHGHTXHWXYLHUDXQEXHQSDUGH
]DSDWRVSDUDVDOLUGHTXHQXQFDOHIDOWDUDXQWUDMHDXQHQORVWLHPSRVHQTXHKDFtDPLODJURVFRQ
HO GLQHUR GH ODV ULIDV &XDQGR )HUQDQGD OOHJy D OD FDVD WXYR PRWLYRV SDUD FUHHU TXH HUD XQD
VLUYLHQWDHWHUQL]DGD\DXQTXHYDULDVYHFHVR\yGHFLUTXHHUDODPDGUHGHVXHVSRVRDTXHOOROH

108

UHVXOWDEDWDQLQFUHtEOHTXHPiVWDUGDEDHQVDEHUORTXHHQROYLGDUOR6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGQR
SDUHFLyPROHVWDUVHQXQFDSRUDTXHOODFRQGLFLyQVXEDOWHUQD$OFRQWUDULRVHWHQtDODLPSUHVLyQGH
TXH OH JXVWDED DQGDU SRU ORV ULQFRQHV VLQ XQD WUHJXD VLQ XQ TXHMLGR PDQWHQLHQGR RUGHQDGD \
OLPSLDODLQPHQVDFDVDGRQGHYLYLyGHVGHODDGROHVFHQFLD\TXHSDUWLFXODUPHQWHHQORVWLHPSRV
GH OD FRPSDxtD EDQDQHUD SDUHFtD PiV XQ FXDUWHO TXH XQ KRJDU 3HUR FXDQGR PXULy UVXOD OD
GLOLJHQFLDLQKXPDQDGH6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGVXWUHPHQGDFDSDFLGDGGHWUDEDMRHPSH]DURQD
TXHEUDQWDUVH1RHUDVRODPHQWHTXHHVWXYLHUDYLHMD\DJRWDGDVLQRTXHODFDVDVHSUHFLSLWyGHOD
QRFKHDODPDxDQDHQXQDFULVLVGHVHQLOLGDG8QPXVJRWLHUQRVHWUHSySRUODVSDUHGHV&XDQGR
\DQRKXERXQOXJDUSHODGRHQORVSDWLRVODPDOH]DURPSLySRUGHEDMRHOFHPHQWRGHOFRUUHGRU
ORUHVTXHEUDMyFRPRXQFULVWDO\VDOLHURQSRUODVJULHWDVODVPLVPDVIORUHFLWDVDPDULOODVTXHFDVL
XQ VLJOR DQWHV KDEtD HQFRQWUDGR UVXOD HQ HO YDVR GRQGH HVWDED OD GHQWDGXUD SRVWL]D GH
0HOTXtDGHV6LQWLHPSRQLUHFXUVRVSDUDLPSHGLUORVGHVDIXHURVGHODQDWXUDOH]D6DQWD6RItDGH
OD3LHGDGVHSDVDEDHOGtDHQORVGRUPLWRULRVHVSDQWDQGRORVODJDUWRVTXHYROYHUtDQDPHWHUVH
SRUODQRFKH8QDPDxDQDYLRTXHODVKRUPLJDVFRORUDGDVDEDQGRQDURQORVFLPLHQWRVVRFDYDGRV
DWUDYHVDURQHOMDUGtQVXELHURQSRUHOSDVDPDQRVGRQGHODVEHJRQLDVKDEtDQDGTXLULGRXQFRORU
GHWLHUUD\HQWUDURQKDVWDHOIRQGRGHODFDVD7UDWySULPHURGHPDWDUODVFRQXQDHVFREDOXHJR
FRQLQVHFWLFLGD\SRU~OWLPRFRQFDOSHURDORWURGtDHVWDEDQRWUDYH]HQHOPLVPROXJDUSDVDQGR
VLHPSUHWHQDFHVHLQYHQFLEOHV)HUQDQGDHVFULELHQGRFDUWDVDVXVKLMRVQRVHGDEDFXHQWDGHOD
DUUHPHWLGD LQFRQWHQLEOH GH OD GHVWUXFFLyQ 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG VLJXLy OXFKDQGR VROD
SHOHDQGRFRQODPDOH]DSDUDTXHQRHQWUDUDHQODFRFLQDDUUDQFDQGRGHODVSDUHGHVORVERUORQHV
GH WHODUDxD TXH VH UHSURGXFtDQ HQ SRFDV KRUDV UDVSDQGR HO FRPHMpQ 3HUR FXDQGR YLR TXH
WDPELpQHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHVHVWDEDWHODUDxDGR\SROYRULHQWRDVtOREDUULHUD\VDFXGLHUDWUHV
YHFHVDOGtD\TXHDSHVDUGHVXIXULDOLPSLDGRUDHVWDEDDPHQD]DGRSRUORVHVFRPEURV\HODLUH
GHPLVHULDTXHVyORHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD\HOMRYHQPLOLWDUKDEtDQSUHYLVWRFRPSUHQGLy
TXHHVWDEDYHQFLGD(QWRQFHVVHSXVRHOJDVWDGRWUDMHGRPLQLFDOXQRVYLHMRV]DSDWRVGHUVXOD\
XQSDUGHPHGLDVGHDOJRGyQTXHOHKDEtDUHJDODGR$PDUDQWDUVXODHKL]RXQDWDGLWRFRQODVGRV
RWUHVPXGDVTXHOHTXHGDEDQ
0HULQGROHGLMRD$XUHOLDQR(VWDHVPXFKDFDVDSDUDPLVSREUHVKXHVRV
$XUHOLDQROHSUHJXQWySDUDGyQGHLED\HOODKL]RXQJHVWRGHYDJXHGDGFRPRVLQRWXYLHUDOD
PHQRULGHDGHVXGHVWLQR7UDWyGHSUHFLVDUVLQHPEDUJRTXHLEDDSDVDUVXV~OWLPRVDxRVFRQ
XQDSULPDKHUPDQDTXHYLYtDHQ5LRKDFKD1RHUDXQDH[SOLFDFLyQYHURVtPLO'HVGHODPXHUWHGH
VXVSDGUHVQRKDEtDWHQLGRFRQWDFWRFRQQDGLHHQHOSXHEORQLUHFLELyFDUWDVQLUHFDGRVQLVHOH
R\y KDEODU GH SDULHQWH DOJXQR $XUHOLDQR OH GLR FDWRUFH SHVFDGLWRV GH RUR SRUTXH HOOD HVWDED
GLVSXHVWD D LUVH FRQ OR ~QLFR TXH WHQtD XQ SHVR \ YHLQWLFLQFR FHQWDYRV 'HVGH OD YHQWDQD GHO
FXDUWRpOODYLRDWUDYHVDUHOSDWLRFRQVXDWDGLWRGHURSDDUUDVWUDQGRORVSLHV\DUTXHDGDSRUORV
DxRV \ OD YLR PHWHU OD PDQR SRU XQ KXHFR GHO SRUWyQ SDUD SRQHU OD DOGDED GHVSXpV GH KDEHU
VDOLGR-DPiVVHYROYLyDVDEHUGHHOOD
&XDQGR VH HQWHUy GH OD IXJD )HUQDQGD GHVSRWULFy XQ GtD HQWHUR PLHQWUDV UHYLVDED ED~OHV
FyPRGDV \ DUPDULRV FRVD SRU FRVD SDUD FRQYHQFHUVH GH TXH 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG QR VH

KDEtDDO]DGRFRQQDGD6HTXHPyORVGHGRVWUDWDQGRGHSUHQGHUXQIRJyQSRUSULPHUDYH]HQOD
YLGD\WXYRTXHSHGLUOHD$XUHOLDQRHOIDYRUGHHQVHxDUOHDSUHSDUDUHOFDIp&RQHOWLHPSRIXH
pO TXLHQ KL]R ORV RILFLRV GH FRFLQD $O OHYDQWDUVH )HUQDQGD HQFRQWUDED HO GHVD\XQR VHUYLGR \
VyORYROYtDDDEDQGRQDUHOGRUPLWRULRSDUDFRJHUODFRPLGDTXH$XUHOLDQROHGHMDEDWDSDGDHQ
UHVFROGR\TXHHOODOOHYDEDDODPHVDSDUDFRPpUVHODHQPDQWHOHVGHOLQR\HQWUHFDQGHODEURV
VHQWDGDHQXQDFDEHFHUDVROLWDULDDOH[WUHPRGHTXLQFHVLOODVYDFtDV$XQHQHVDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV
$XUHOLDQR \ )HUQDQGD QR FRPSDUWLHURQ OD VROHGDG VLQR TXH VLJXLHURQ YLYLHQGR FDGD XQR HQ OD
VX\D KDFLHQGR OD OLPSLH]D GHO FXDUWR UHVSHFWLYR PLHQWUDV OD WHODUDxD LED QHYDQGR ORV URVDOHV
WDSL]DQGR ODV YLJDV DFROFKRQDQGR ODV SDUHGHV )XH SRU HVD pSRFD TXH )HUQDQGD WXYR OD
LPSUHVLyQGHTXHODFDVDVHHVWDEDOOHQDQGRGHGXHQGHV(UDFRPRVLORVREMHWRVVREUHWRGRORV
GHXVRGLDULRKXELHUDQGHVDUUROODGRODIDFXOWDGGHFDPELDUGHOXJDUSRUVXVSURSLRVPHGLRV$
)HUQDQGDVHOHLEDHOWLHPSRHQEXVFDUODVWLMHUDVTXHHVWDEDVHJXUDGHKDEHUSXHVWRHQODFDPD\
GHVSXpV GH UHYROYHUOR WRGR ODV HQFRQWUDED HQ XQD UHSLVD GH OD FRFLQD GRQGH FUHtD QR KDEHU
HVWDGRHQFXDWURGtDV'HSURQWRQRKDEtDXQWHQHGRUHQODJDYHWDGHORVFXELHUWRV\HQFRQWUDED
VHLV HQ HO DOWDU \ WUHV HQ HO ODYDGHUR $TXHOOD FDPLQDGHUD GH ODV FRVDV HUD PiV GHVHVSHUDQWH
FXDQGR VH VHQWDED D HVFULELU (O WLQWHUR TXH SRQtD D OD GHUHFKD DSDUHFtD D OD L]TXLHUGD OD
DOPRKDGLOOD GHO SDSHO VHFDQWH VH OH SHUGtD \ OD HQFRQWUDED GRV GtDV GHVSXpV GHEDMR GH OD
DOPRKDGD\ODVSiJLQDVHVFULWDVD-RVp$UFDGLRVHOHFRQIXQGtDQFRQODVGH$PDUDQWDUVXOD\
VLHPSUHDQGDEDFRQODPRUWLILFDFLyQGHKDEHUPHWLGRODVFDUWDVHQVREUHVFDPELDGRVFRPRHQ
HIHFWR OH RFXUULy YDULDV YHFHV (Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ SHUGLy OD SOXPD 4XLQFH GtDV GHVSXpV VH OD
GHYROYLyHOFDUWHURTXHODKDEtDHQFRQWUDGRHQVXEROVD\DQGDEDEXVFDQGRDOGXHxRGHFDVDHQ
FDVD$OSULQFLSLRHOODFUH\yTXHHUDQFRVDVGHORVPpGLFRVLQYLVLEOHVFRPRODGHVDSDULFLyQGH
ORVSHVDULRV\KDVWDHPSH]yDHVFULELUOHVXQDFDUWDSDUDVXSOLFDUOHVTXHODGHMDUDQHQSD]SHUR
KDEtDWHQLGRTXHLQWHUUXPSLUODSDUDKDFHUDOJR\FXDQGRYROYLyDOFXDUWRQRVyORQRHQFRQWUyOD
FDUWD HPSH]DGD VLQR TXH VH ROYLGy GHO SURSyVLWR GH HVFULELUOD 3RU XQ WLHPSR SHQVy TXH HUD
$XUHOLDQR6HGLRDYLJLODUORDSRQHUREMHWRVDVXSDVRWUDWDQGRGHVRUSUHQGHUORHQHOPRPHQWR
HQTXHORVFDPELDUDGHOXJDUSHURPX\SURQWRVHFRQYHQFLyGHTXH$XUHOLDQRQRDEDQGRQDEDHO
FXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHVVLQRSDUDLUDODFRFLQDRDOH[FXVDGR\TXHQRHUDKRPEUHGHEXUODV'H
PRGRTXHWHUPLQySRUFUHHUTXHHUDQWUDYHVXUDVGHGXHQGHV\RSWySRUDVHJXUDUFDGDFRVDHQHO
VLWLR GRQGH WHQtD TXH XVDUOD $PDUUy ODV WLMHUDV FRQ XQD ODUJD SLWD HQ OD FDEHFHUD GH OD FDPD
$PDUUyHOSOXPHUR\ODDOPRKDGLOODGHOSDSHOVHFDQWHHQODSDWDGHODPHVD\SHJyFRQJRPDHO
WLQWHURHQODWDEODDODGHUHFKDGHOOXJDUHQTXHVROtDHVFULELU/RVSUREOHPDVQRVHUHVROYLHURQ
GHXQGtDSDUDRWURSXHVDODVSRFDVKRUDVGHFRVWXUD\DODSLWDGHODVWLMHUDVQRDOFDQ]DEDSDUD
FRUWDUFRPRVLORVGXHQGHVODIXHUDQGLVPLQX\HQGR/HRFXUUtDORPLVPRFRQODSLWDGHODSOXPD
\KDVWDFRQVXSURSLREUD]RTXHDOSRFRWLHPSRGHHVWDUHVFULELHQGRQRDOFDQ]DEDHOWLQWHUR1L
$PDUDQWD UVXOD HQ %UXVHODV QL -RVp $UFDGLR HQ 5RPD VH HQWHUDURQ MDPiV GH HVRV
LQVLJQLILFDQWHV LQIRUWXQLRV )HUQDQGD OHV FRQWDED TXH HUD IHOL] \ HQ UHDOLGDG OR HUD MXVWDPHQWH
SRUTXH VH VHQWtD OLEHUDGD GH WRGR FRPSURPLVR FRPR VL OD YLGD OD KXELHUD DUUDVWUDGR RWUD YH]
KDVWD HO PXQGR GH VXV SDGUHV GRQGH QR VH VXIUtD FRQ ORV SUREOHPDV GLDULRV SRUTXH HVWDEDQ

109

UHVXHOWRVGHDQWHPDQRHQODLPDJLQDFLyQ$TXHOODFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDLQWHUPLQDEOHOHKL]RSHUGHUHO
VHQWLGR GHO WLHPSR VREUH WRGR GHVSXpV GH TXH VH IXH 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG 6H KDEtD
DFRVWXPEUDGR D OOHYDU OD FXHQWD GH ORV GtDV ORV PHVHV \ ORV DxRV WRPDQGR FRPR SXQWRV GH
UHIHUHQFLD ODV IHFKDV SUHYLVWDV SDUD HO UHWRUQR GH ORV KLMRV 3HUR FXDQGR pVWRV PRGLILFDURQ ORV
SOD]RV XQD \ RWUD YH] ODV IHFKDV VH OH FRQIXQGLHURQ ORV WpUPLQRV VH OH WUDVSDSHODURQ \ ODV
MRUQDGDV VH SDUHFLHURQ WDQWR ODV XQDV D ODV RWUDV TXH QR VH VHQWtDQ WUDQVFXUULU (Q OXJDU GH
LPSDFLHQWDUVH H[SHULPHQWDED XQD KRQGD FRPSODFHQFLD FRQ OD GHPRUD 1R OD LQTXLHWDED TXH
PXFKRV DxRV GHVSXpV GH DQXQFLDUOH ODV YtVSHUDV GH VXV YRWRV SHUSHWXRV -RVp $UFDGLR VLJXLHUD
GLFLHQGRTXHHVSHUDEDWHUPLQDUORVHVWXGLRVGHDOWDWHRORJtDSDUDHPSUHQGHUORVGHGLSORPDFLD
SRUTXHHOODFRPSUHQGtDTXHHUDPX\DOWD\HPSHGUDGDGHREVWiFXORVODHVFDOHUDGHFDUDFROTXH
FRQGXFtDDODVLOODGH6DQ3HGUR(QFDPELRHOHVStULWXVHOHH[DOWDEDFRQQRWLFLDVTXHSDUDRWURV
KXELHUDQVLGRLQVLJQLILFDQWHVFRPRDTXHOODGHTXHVXKLMRKDEtDYLVWRDO3DSD([SHULPHQWyXQ
JR]R VLPLODU FXDQGR $PDUDQWD UVXOD OH PDQGy GHFLU TXH VXV HVWXGLRV VH SURORQJDEDQ PiV GHO
WLHPSR SUHYLVWR SRUTXH VXV H[FHOHQWHV FDOLILFDFLRQHV OH KDEtDQ PHUHFLGR SULYLOHJLRV TXH VX
SDGUHQRWRPyHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQDOKDFHUODVFXHQWDV
+DEtDQ WUDQVFXUULGR PiV GH WUHV DxRV GHVGH TXH 6DQWD 6RItD GH OD 3LHGDG OH OOHYy OD
JUDPiWLFD FXDQGR $XUHOLDQR FRQVLJXLy WUDGXFLU HO SULPHU SOLHJR 1R IXH XQD ODERU LQ~WLO SHUR
FRQVWLWXtD DSHQDV XQ SULPHU SDVR HQ XQ FDPLQR FX\D ORQJLWXG HUD LPSRVLEOH SUHYHU SRUTXH HO
WH[WR HQ FDVWHOODQR QR VLJQLILFDED QDGD HUDQ YHUVRV FLIUDGRV $XUHOLDQR FDUHFtD GH HOHPHQWRV
SDUD HVWDEOHFHU ODV FODYHV TXH OH SHUPLWLHUDQ GHVHQWUDxDUORV SHUR FRPR 0HOTXtDGHV OH KDEtD
GLFKRTXHHQODWLHQGDGHOVDELRFDWDOiQHVWDEDQORVOLEURVTXHOHKDUtDQIDOWDSDUDOOHJDUDOIRQGR
GH ORV SHUJDPLQRV GHFLGLy KDEODU FRQ )HUQDQGD SDUD TXH OH SHUPLWLHUD LU D EXVFDUORV (Q HO
FXDUWR GHYRUDGR SRU ORV HVFRPEURV FX\D SUROLIHUDFLyQ LQFRQWHQLEOH KDEtD WHUPLQDGR SRU
GHUURWDUOR SHQVDED HQ OD IRUPD PiV DGHFXDGD GH IRUPXODU OD VROLFLWXG VH DQWLFLSDED D ODV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDVFDOFXODEDODRFDVLyQPiVDGHFXDGDSHURFXDQGRHQFRQWUDEDD)HUQDQGDUHWLUDQGR
ODFRPLGDGHOUHVFROGRTXHHUDOD~QLFDRSRUWXQLGDGSDUDKDEODUOHODVROLFLWXGODERULRVDPHQWH
SUHPHGLWDGD VH OH DWUDJDQWDED \ VH OH SHUGtD OD YR] )XH DTXHOOD OD ~QLFD YH] HQ TXH OD HVSLy
(VWDEDSHQGLHQWHGHVXVSDVRVHQHOGRUPLWRULR/DRtDLUKDVWDODSXHUWDSDUDUHFLELUODVFDUWDVGH
VXVKLMRV\HQWUHJDUOHODVVX\DVDOFDUWHUR\HVFXFKDEDKDVWDPX\DOWDVKRUDVGHODQRFKHHOWUD]R
GXUR\DSDVLRQDGRGHODSOXPDHQHOSDSHODQWHVGHRtUHOUXLGRGHOLQWHUUXSWRU\HOPXUPXOORGH
ODVRUDFLRQHVHQODRVFXULGDG6yORHQWRQFHVVHGRUPtDFRQILDQGRHQTXHHOGtDVLJXLHQWHOHGDUtD
ODRSRUWXQLGDGHVSHUDGD6HLOXVLRQyWDQWRFRQODLGHDGHTXHHOSHUPLVRQROHVHUtDQHJDGRTXH
XQDPDxDQDVHFRUWyHOFDEHOORTXH\DOHGDEDDORVKRPEURVVHDIHLWyODEDUEDHQPDUDxDGDVH
SXVR XQRV SDQWDORQHV HVWUHFKRV \ XQD FDPLVD GH FXHOOR SRVWL]R TXH QR VDEtD GH TXLpQ KDEtD
KHUHGDGR\HVSHUyHQODFRFLQDDTXH)HUQDQGDIXHUDDGHVD\XQDU1ROOHJyODPXMHUGHWRGRVORV
GtDV OD GH OD FDEH]D DO]DGD \ OD DQGDGXUD SpWUHD VLQR XQD DQFLDQD GH XQD KHUPRVXUD
VREUHQDWXUDO FRQ XQD DPDULOOHQWD FDSD GH DUPLxR XQD FRURQD GH FDUWyQ GRUDGR \ OD FRQGXFWD
OiQJXLGD GH TXLHQ KD OORUDGR HQ VHFUHWR (Q UHDOLGDG GHVGH TXH OR HQFRQWUy HQ ORV ED~OHV GH
$XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR )HUQDQGD VH KDEtD SXHVWR PXFKDV YHFHV HO DSROLOODGR YHVWLGR GH UHLQD

&XDOTXLHUDTXHODKXELHUDYLVWRIUHQWHDOHVSHMRH[WDVLDGDHQVXVSURSLRVDGHPDQHVPRQiUTXLFRV
KDEUtD SRGLGR SHQVDU TXH HVWDED ORFD 3HUR QR OR HVWDED 6LPSOHPHQWH KDEtD FRQYHUWLGR ORV
DWXHQGRVUHDOHVHQXQDPiTXLQDGHUHFRUGDU/DSULPHUDYH]TXHVHORVSXVRQRSXGRHYLWDUTXH
VHOHIRUPDUDXQQXGRHQHOFRUD]yQ\TXHORVRMRVVHOHOOHQDUDQGHOiJULPDVSRUTXHHQDTXHO
LQVWDQWHYROYLyDSHUFLELUHORORUGHEHW~QGHODVERWDVGHOPLOLWDUTXHIXHDEXVFDUODDVXFDVD
SDUDKDFHUODUHLQD\HODOPDVHOHFULVWDOL]yFRQODQRVWDOJLDGHORVVXHxRVSHUGLGRV6HVLQWLyWDQ
YLHMD WDQ DFDEDGD WDQ GLVWDQWH GH ODV PHMRUHV KRUDV GH VX YLGD TXH LQFOXVLYH DxRUy ODV TXH
UHFRUGDEDFRPRODVSHRUHV\VyORHQWRQFHVGHVFXEULyFXiQWDIDOWDKDFtDQODVUiIDJDVGHRUpJDQR
HQ HO FRUUHGRU \ HO YDSRU GH ORV URVDOHV DO DWDUGHFHU \ KDVWD OD QDWXUDOH]D EHVWLDO GH ORV
DGYHQHGL]RV6XFRUD]yQGHFHQL]DDSHOPD]DGDTXHKDEtDUHVLVWLGRVLQTXHEUDQWRVDORVJROSHV
PiVFHUWHURVGHODUHDOLGDGFRWLGLDQDVHGHVPRURQyDORVSULPHURVHPEDWHVGHODQRVWDOJLD/D
QHFHVLGDG GH VHQWLUVH WULVWH VH OH LED FRQYLUWLHQGR HQ XQ YLFLR D PHGLGD TXH OD GHYDVWDEDQ ORV
DxRV6HKXPDQL]yHQODVROHGDG6LQHPEDUJRODPDxDQDHQTXHHQWUyHQODFRFLQD\VHHQFRQWUy
FRQXQDWD]DGHFDIpTXHOHRIUHFtDXQDGROHVFHQWHyVHR\SiOLGRFRQXQUHVSODQGRUDOXFLQDGRHQ
ORVRMRVODGHVJDUUyHO]DUSD]RGHOULGtFXOR1RVyOROHQHJyHOSHUPLVRVLQRTXHGHVGHHQWRQFHV
FDUJyODVOODYHVGHODFDVDHQODEROVDGRQGHJXDUGDEDORVSHVDULRVVLQXVDU(UDXQDSUHFDXFLyQ
LQ~WLOSRUTXHGHKDEHUORTXHULGR$XUHOLDQRKXELHUDSRGLGRHVFDSDU\KDVWDYROYHUDFDVDVLQVHU
YLVWR3HURHOSURORQJDGRFDXWLYHULRODLQFHUWLGXPEUHGHOPXQGRHOKiELWRGHREHGHFHUKDEtDQ
UHVHFDGRHQVXFRUD]yQODVVHPLOODVGHODUHEHOGtD'HPRGRTXHYROYLyDVXFODXVXUDSDVDQGR\
UHSDVDQGRORVSHUJDPLQRV\R\HQGRKDVWDPX\DYDQ]DGDODQRFKHORVVROOR]RVGH)HUQDQGDHQHO
GRUPLWRULR 8QD PDxDQD IXH FRPR GH FRVWXPEUH D SUHQGHU HO IRJyQ \ HQFRQWUy HQ ODV FHQL]DV
DSDJDGDVODFRPLGDTXHKDEtDGHMDGRSDUDHOODHOGtDDQWHULRU(QWRQFHVVHDVRPyDOGRUPLWRULR
\ OD YLR WHQGLGD HQ OD FDPD WDSDGD FRQ OD FDSD GH DUPLxR PiV EHOOD TXH QXQFD \ FRQ OD SLHO
FRQYHUWLGD HQ XQD FiVFDUD GH PDUILO &XDWUR PHVHV GHVSXpV FXDQGR OOHJy -RVp $UFDGLR OD
HQFRQWUyLQWDFWD
(UD LPSRVLEOH FRQFHELU XQ KRPEUH PiV SDUHFLGR D VX PDGUH /OHYDED XQ WUDMH GH WDIHWiQ
OXFWXRVRXQDFDPLVDGHFXHOORUHGRQGR\GXUR\XQDGHOJDGDFLQWDGHVHGDFRQXQOD]RHQOXJDU
GHODFRUEDWD(UDOtYLGROiQJXLGRGHPLUDGDDWyQLWD\ODELRVGpELOHV(OFDEHOORQHJUROXVWUDGR
\OLVRSDUWLGRHQHOFHQWURGHOFUiQHRSRUXQDOtQHDUHFWD\H[DQJHWHQtDODPLVPDDSDULHQFLD
SRVWL]DGHOSHORGHORVVDQWRV/DVRPEUDGHODEDUEDELHQGHVWURQFDGDHQHOURVWURGHSDUDILQD
SDUHFtD XQ DVXQWR GH OD FRQFLHQFLD 7HQtD ODV PDQRV SiOLGDV FRQ QHUYDGXUDV YHUGHV \ GHGRV
SDUDVLWDULRV \ XQ DQLOOR GH RUR PDFL]R FRQ XQ ySDOR JLUDVRO UHGRQGR HQ HO tQGLFH L]TXLHUGR
&XDQGROHDEULyODSXHUWDGHODFDOOH$XUHOLDQRQRKXELHUDWHQLGRODQHFHVLGDGGHVXSRQHUTXLpQ
HUDSDUDGDUVHFXHQWDGHTXHYHQtDGHPX\OHMRV/DFDVDVHLPSUHJQyDVXSDVRGHODIUDJDQFLD
GHDJXDGHIORULGDTXHUVXODOHHFKDEDHQODFDEH]DFXDQGRHUDQLxRSDUDSRGHUHQFRQWUDUORHQ
ODV WLQLHEODV 'H DOJ~Q PRGR LPSRVLEOH GH SUHFLVDU GHVSXpV GH WDQWRV DxRV GH DXVHQFLD -RVp
$UFDGLR VHJXtD VLHQGR XQ QLxR RWRxDO WHUULEOHPHQWH WULVWH \ VROLWDULR )XH GLUHFWDPHQWH DO
GRUPLWRULRGHVXPDGUHGRQGH$XUHOLDQRKDEtDYDSRUL]DGRPHUFXULRGXUDQWHFXDWURPHVHVHQHO
DWDQRUGHODEXHORGHVXDEXHORSDUDFRQVHUYDUHOFXHUSRVHJ~QODIyUPXODGH0HOTXtDGHV-RVp

110

$UFDGLRQRKL]RQLQJXQDSUHJXQWD/HGLRXQEHVRHQODIUHQWHDOFDGiYHUOHVDFyGHGHEDMRGHOD
IDOGD OD IDOWULTXHUD GH MDUHWD GRQGH KDEtD WUHV SHVDULRV WRGDYtD VLQ XVDU \ OD OODYH GHO URSHUR
+DFtDWRGRFRQDGHPDQHVGLUHFWRV\GHFLGLGRVHQFRQWUDVWHFRQVXODQJXLGH]6DFyGHOURSHURXQ
FRIUHFLWRGDPDVTXLQDGRFRQHOHVFXGRIDPLOLDU\HQFRQWUyHQHOLQWHULRUSHUIXPDGRGHViQGDOROD
FDUWDYROXPLQRVDHQTXH)HUQDQGDGHVDKRJyHOFRUD]yQGHODVLQFRQWDEOHVYHUGDGHVTXHOHKDEtD
RFXOWDGR /D OH\y GH SLH FRQ DYLGH] SHUR VLQ DQVLHGDG \ HQ OD WHUFHUD SiJLQD VH GHWXYR \
H[DPLQyD$XUHOLDQRFRQXQDPLUDGDGHVHJXQGRUHFRQRFLPLHQWR
(QWRQFHVGLMRFRQXQDYR]TXHWHQtDDOJRGHQDYDMDGHDIHLWDUW~HUHVHOEDVWDUGR
6R\$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD
9HWHDWXFXDUWRGLMR-RVp$UFDGLR
$XUHOLDQRVHIXH\QRYROYLyDVDOLUQLVLTXLHUDSRUFXULRVLGDGFXDQGRR\yHOUXPRUGHORV
IXQHUDOHV VROLWDULRV $ YHFHV GHVGH OD FRFLQD YHtD D -RVp $UFDGLR GHDPEXODQGR SRU OD FDVD
DKRJiQGRVH HQ VX UHVSLUDFLyQ DQKHODQWH \ VHJXtD HVFXFKDQGR VXV SDVRV SRU ORV GRUPLWRULRV HQ
UXLQDVGHVSXpVGHODPHGLDQRFKH1RR\yVXYR]HQPXFKRVPHVHVQRVyORSRUTXH-RVp$UFDGLR
QROHGLULJtDODSDODEUDVLQRSRUTXHpOQRWHQtDGHVHRVGHTXHRFXUULHUDQLWLHPSRGHSHQVDUHQ
QDGDGLVWLQWRGHORVSHUJDPLQRV$ODPXHUWHGH)HUQDQGDKDEtDVDFDGRHOSHQ~OWLPRSHVFDGLWR\
KDEtDLGRDODOLEUHUtDGHOVDELRFDWDOiQHQEXVFDGHORVOLEURVTXHOHKDFtDQIDOWD1ROHLQWHUHVy
QDGDGHORTXHYLRHQHOWUD\HFWRDFDVRSRUTXHFDUHFtDGHUHFXHUGRVSDUDFRPSDUDU\ODVFDOOHV
GHVLHUWDV \ ODV FDVDV GHVRODGDV HUDQ LJXDOHV D FRPR ODV KDEtD LPDJLQDGR HQ XQ WLHPSR HQ TXH
KXELHUD GDGR HO DOPD SRU FRQRFHUODV 6H KDEtD FRQFHGLGR D Vt PLVPR HO SHUPLVR TXH OH QHJy
)HUQDQGD\VyORSRUXQDYH]FRQXQREMHWLYR~QLFR\SRUHOWLHPSRPtQLPRLQGLVSHQVDEOHDVt
TXH UHFRUULy VLQ SDXVD ODV RQFH FXDGUDV TXH VHSDUDEDQ OD FDVD GHO FDOOHMyQ GRQGH DQWHV VH
LQWHUSUHWDEDQORVVXHxRV\HQWUyDFH]DQGRHQHODELJDUUDGR\VRPEUtRORFDOGRQGHDSHQDVKDEtD
HVSDFLR SDUD PRYHUVH 0iV TXH XQD OLEUHUtD DTXHOOR SDUHFtD XQ EDVXUHUR GH OLEURV XVDGRV
SXHVWRV HQ GHVRUGHQ HQ ORV HVWDQWHV PHOODGRV SRU HO FRPHMpQ HQ ORV ULQFRQHV DPHOD]DGRV GH
WHODUDxD \ DXQ HQ ORV HVSDFLRV TXH GHELHURQ GHVWLQDUVH D ORV SDVDGL]RV (Q XQD ODUJD PHVD
WDPELpQDJRELDGDGHPDPRWUHWRVHOSURSLHWDULRHVFULEtDXQDSURVDLQFDQVDEOHFRQXQDFDOLJUDItD
PRUDGDXQSRFRGHOLUDQWH\HQKRMDVVXHOWDVGHFXDGHUQRHVFRODU7HQtDXQDKHUPRVDFDEHOOHUD
SODWHDGD TXH VH OH DGHODQWDED HQ OD IUHQWH FRPR HO SHQDFKR GH XQD FDFDW~D \ VXV RMRV D]XOHV
YLYRV\HVWUHFKRVUHYHODEDQODPDQVHGXPEUHGHOKRPEUHTXHKDOHtGRWRGRVORVOLEURV(VWDEDHQ
FDO]RQFLOORV HPSDSDGR HQ VXGRU \ QR GHVDWHQGLy OD HVFULWXUD SDUD YHU TXLpQ KDEtD OOHJDGR
$XUHOLDQRQRWXYRGLILFXOWDGSDUDUHVFDWDUGHHQWUHDTXHOGHVRUGHQGHIiEXODORVFLQFROLEURVTXH
EXVFDEDSXHVHVWDEDQHQHOOXJDUH[DFWRTXHOHLQGLFy0HOTXtDGHV6LQGHFLUXQDSDODEUDVHORV
HQWUHJy MXQWR FRQ HO SHVFDGLWR GH RUR DO VDELR FDWDOiQ \ pVWH ORV H[DPLQy \ VXV SiUSDGRV VH
FRQWUDMHURQFRPRGRVDOPHMDV'HEHVHVWDUORFRGLMRHQVXOHQJXDDO]iQGRVHGHKRPEURV\OH
GHYROYLyD$XUHOLDQRORVFLQFROLEURV\HOSHVFDGLWR
/OpYDWHORVGLMRHQFDVWHOODQR(O~OWLPRKRPEUHTXHOH\yHVRVOLEURVGHELyVHU,VDDF
HO&LHJRDVtTXHSLHQVDELHQORTXHKDFHV
-RVp $UFDGLR UHVWDXUy HO GRUPLWRULR GH 0HPH PDQGy OLPSLDU \ UHPHQGDU ODV FRUWLQDV GH

WHUFLRSHOR\HOGDPDVFRGHOEDOGDTXtQGHODFDPDYLUUHLQDO\SXVRRWUDYH]HQVHUYLFLRHOEDxR
DEDQGRQDGRFX\DDOEHUFDGHFHPHQWRHVWDEDUHQHJULGDSRUXQDQDWDILEURVD\iVSHUD$HVRVGRV
OXJDUHV VH UHGXMR VX LPSHULR GH SDFRWLOOD GH JDVWDGRV JpQHURV H[yWLFRV GH SHUIXPHV IDOVRV \
SHGUHUtDEDUDWD/R~QLFRTXHSDUHFLyHVWRUEDUOHHQHOUHVWRGHODFDVDIXHURQORVVDQWRVGHODOWDU
GRPpVWLFRTXHXQDWDUGHTXHPyKDVWDFRQYHUWLUORVHQFHQL]DHQXQDKRJXHUDTXHSUHQGLyHQHO
SDWLR 'RUPtD KDVWD GHVSXpV GH ODV RQFH ,ED DO EDxR FRQ XQD GHVKLODFKDGD W~QLFD GH GUDJRQHV
GRUDGRV \ XQDV FKLQHODV GH ERUODV DPDULOODV \ DOOt RILFLDED XQ ULWR TXH SRU VX SDUVLPRQLD \
GXUDFLyQUHFRUGDEDDOGH5HPHGLRVODEHOOD$QWHVGHEDxDUVHDURPDEDODDOEHUFDFRQODVVDOHV
TXH OOHYDED HQ WUHV SRPRV DODEDVWUDGRV 1R VH KDFtD DEOXFLRQHV FRQ OD WRWXPD VLQR TXH VH
]DPEXOOtDHQODVDJXDVIUDJDQWHV\SHUPDQHFtDKDVWDGRVKRUDVIORWDQGRERFDUULEDDGRUPHFLGR
SRUODIUHVFXUD\SRUHOUHFXHUGRGH$PDUDQWD$ORVSRFRVGtDVGHKDEHUOOHJDGRDEDQGRQyHO
YHVWLGRGHWDIHWiQTXHDGHPiVGHVHUGHPDVLDGRFDOLHQWHSDUDHOSXHEORHUDHO~QLFRTXHWHQtD\
OR FDPELy SRU XQRV SDQWDORQHV DMXVWDGRV PX\ SDUHFLGRV D ORV TXH XVDED 3LHWUR &UHVSL HQ ODV
FODVHVGHEDLOH\XQDFDPLVDGHVHGDWHMLGDFRQHOJXVDQRYLYR\FRQVXVLQLFLDOHVERUGDGDVHQ
HOFRUD]yQ'RVYHFHVSRUVHPDQDODYDEDODPXGDFRPSOHWDHQODDOEHUFD\VHTXHGDEDFRQOD
W~QLFDKDVWDTXHVHVHFDEDSXHVQRWHQtDQDGDPiVTXHSRQHUVH1XQFDFRPtDHQODFDVD6DOtDD
ODFDOOHFXDQGRDIORMDEDHOFDORUGHODVLHVWD\QRUHJUHVDEDKDVWDPX\HQWUDGDODQRFKH(QWRQFHV
FRQWLQXDEDVXGHDPEXODUDQJXVWLRVRUHVSLUDQGRFRPRXQJDWR\SHQVDQGRHQ$PDUDQWD(OOD\OD
PLUDGDHVSDQWRVDGHORVVDQWRVHQHOIXOJRUGHODOiPSDUDQRFWXUQDHUDQORVGRVUHFXHUGRVTXH
FRQVHUYDEDGHODFDVD0XFKDVYHFHVHQHODOXFLQDQWHDJRVWRURPDQRKDEtDDELHUWRORVRMRVHQ
PLWDGGHOVXHxR\KDEtDYLVWRD$PDUDQWDVXUJLHQGRGHXQHVWDQTXHGHPiUPROEURFDWHOFRQVXV
SROOHULQHVGHHQFDMH\VXYHQGDHQODPDQRLGHDOL]DGDSRUODDQVLHGDGGHOH[LOLR$OFRQWUDULRGH
$XUHOLDQR -RVp TXH WUDWy GH VRIRFDU DTXHOOD LPDJHQ HQ HO SDQWDQR VDQJULHQWR GH OD JXHUUD pO
WUDWDEDGHPDQWHQHUODYLYDHQXQFHQDJDOGHFRQFXSLVFHQFLDPLHQWUDVHQWUHWHQtDDVXPDGUHFRQOD
SDWUDxDVLQWpUPLQRGHODYRFDFLyQSRQWLILFLD1LDpOQLD)HUQDQGDVHOHVRFXUULySHQVDUQXQFD
TXH VX FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD HUD XQ LQWHUFDPELR GH IDQWDVtDV -RVp $UFDGLR TXH DEDQGRQy HO
VHPLQDULR WDQ SURQWR FRPR OOHJy D 5RPD VLJXLy DOLPHQWDQGR OD OH\HQGD GH OD WHRORJtD \ HO
GHUHFKR FDQyQLFR SDUD QR SRQHU HQ SHOLJUR OD KHUHQFLD IDEXORVD GH TXH OH KDEODEDQ ODV FDUWDV
GHOLUDQWHVGHVXPDGUH\TXHKDEtDGHUHVFDWDUORGHODPLVHULD\ODVRUGLGH]TXHFRPSDUWtDFRQ
GRVDPLJRVHQXQDEXKDUGLOODGHO7UDVWHYHUH&XDQGRUHFLELyOD~OWLPDFDUWDGH)HUQDQGDGLFWDGD
SRUHOSUHVHQWLPLHQWRGHODPXHUWHLQPLQHQWHPHWLyHQXQDPDOHWDORV~OWLPRVGHVSHUGLFLRVGHVX
IDOVRHVSOHQGRU\DWUDYHVyHORFpDQRHQXQDERGHJDGRQGHORVHPLJUDQWHVVHDSHORWRQDEDQFRPR
UHVHVGHPDWDGHURFRPLHQGRPDFDUURQHVIUtRV\TXHVRDJXVDQDGR$QWHVGHOHHUHOWHVWDPHQWRGH
)HUQDQGD TXH QR HUD PiV TXH XQD PLQXFLRVD \ WDUGtD UHFDSLWXODFLyQ GH LQIRUWXQLRV \D ORV
PXHEOHV GHVYHQFLMDGRV \ OD PDOH]D GHO FRUUHGRU OH KDEtDQ LQGLFDGR TXH HVWDED PHWLGR HQ XQD
WUDPSD GH OD FXDO QR VDOGUtD MDPiV SDUD VLHPSUH H[LOLDGR GH OD OX] GH GLDPDQWH \ HO DLUH
LQPHPRULDO GH OD SULPDYHUD URPDQD (Q ORV LQVRPQLRV DJRWDGRUHV GHO DVPD PHGtD \ YROYtD D
PHGLU OD SURIXQGLGDG GH VX GHVYHQWXUD PLHQWUDV UHSDVDED OD FDVD WHQHEURVD GRQGH ORV
DVSDYLHQWRV VHQLOHV GH UVXOD OH LQIXQGLHURQ HO PLHGR GHO PXQGR 3DUD HVWDU VHJXUD GH QR

111

SHUGHUORHQODVWLQLHEODVHOODOHKDEtDDVLJQDGRXQULQFyQGHOGRUPLWRULRHO~QLFRGRQGHSRGUtD
HVWDU D VDOYR GH ORV PXHUWRV TXH GHDPEXODEDQ SRU OD FDVD GHVGH HO DWDUGHFHU &XDOTXLHU FRVD
PDODTXHKDJDVOHGHFtDUVXODPHODGLUiQORVVDQWRV/DVQRFKHVSiYLGDVGHVXLQIDQFLDVH
UHGXMHURQDHVHULQFyQGRQGHSHUPDQHFtDLQPyYLOKDVWDODKRUDGHDFRVWDUVHVXGDQGRGHPLHGR
HQ XQ WDEXUHWH EDMR OD PLUDGD YLJLODQWH \ JODFLDO GH ORV VDQWRV DFXVHWDV (UD XQD WRUWXUD LQ~WLO
SRUTXH \D SDUD HVD pSRFD pO WHQtD WHUURU GH WRGR OR TXH OR URGHDED \ HVWDED SUHSDUDGR SDUD
DVXVWDUVHGHWRGRORTXHHQFRQWUDUDHQODYLGDODVPXMHUHVGHODFDOOHTXHHFKDEDQDSHUGHUOD
VDQJUH ODV PXMHUHV GH OD FDVD TXH SDUtDQ KLMRV FRQ FROD GH SXHUFR ORV JDOORV GH SHOHD TXH
SURYRFDEDQ PXHUWHV GH KRPEUHV \ UHPRUGLPLHQWRV GH FRQFLHQFLD SDUD HO UHVWR GH OD YLGD ODV
DUPDV GH IXHJR TXH FRQ VyOR WRFDUODV FRQGHQDEDQ D YHLQWH DxRV GH JXHUUD ODV HPSUHVDV
GHVDFHUWDGDVTXHVyORFRQGXFtDQDOGHVHQFDQWR\ODORFXUD\WRGRHQILQWRGRFXDQWR'LRVKDEtD
FUHDGRFRQVXLQILQLWDERQGDG\TXHHOGLDEORKDEtDSHUYHUWLGR$OGHVSHUWDUPROLGRSRUHOWRUQR
GHODVSHVDGLOODVODFODULGDGGHODYHQWDQD\ODVFDULFLDVGH$PDUDQWDHQODDOEHUFD\HOGHOHLWH
FRQ TXH OR HPSROYDED HQWUH ODV SLHUQDV FRQ XQD EHOORWD GH VHGD OR OLEHUDEDQ GHO WHUURU +DVWD
UVXODHUDGLVWLQWDEDMRODOX]UDGLDQWHGHOMDUGtQSRUTXHDOOtQROHKDEODEDGHFRVDVGHSDYRU
VLQR TXH OH IURWDED ORV GLHQWHV FRQ SROYR GH FDUEyQ SDUD TXH WXYLHUD OD VRQULVD UDGLDQWH GH XQ
3DSD \ OH FRUWDED \ OH SXOtD ODV XxDV SDUD TXH ORV SHUHJULQRV TXH OOHJDUDQ D 5RPD GH WRGR HO
iPELWR GH OD WLHUUD VH DVRPEUDUDQ GH OD SXOFULWXG GH ODV PDQRV GHO 3DSD FXDQGR OHV HFKDUD OD
EHQGLFLyQ\ORSHLQDEDFRPRXQ3DSD\ORHQVRSDEDFRQDJXDGHIORULGDSDUDTXHVXFXHUSR\
VXVURSDVWXYLHUDQODIUDJDQFLDGHXQ3DSD(QHOSDWLRGH&DVWHOJDQGROIRpOKDEtDYLVWRDO3DSD
HQ XQ EDOFyQ SURQXQFLDQGR HO PLVPR GLVFXUVR HQ VLHWH LGLRPDV SDUD XQD PXFKHGXPEUH GH
SHUHJULQRV\OR~QLFRTXHHQHIHFWROHKDEtDOODPDGRODDWHQFLyQHUDODEODQFXUDGHVXVPDQRV
TXH SDUHFtDQ PDFHUDGDV HQ OHMtD HO UHVSODQGRU GHVOXPEUDQWH GH VXV URSDV GH YHUDQR \ VX
UHFyQGLWRKiOLWRGHDJXDGHFRORQLD
&DVLXQDxRGHVSXpVGHOUHJUHVRDODFDVDKDELHQGRYHQGLGRSDUDFRPHUORVFDQGHODEURVGH
SODWD\ODEDFLQLOODKHUiOGLFDTXHDODKRUDGHODYHUGDGVyORWXYRGHRURODVLQFUXVWDFLRQHVGHO
HVFXGROD~QLFDGLVWUDFFLyQGH-RVp$UFDGLRHUDUHFRJHUQLxRVHQHOSXHEORSDUDTXHMXJDUDQHQ
ODFDVD$SDUHFtDFRQHOORVDODKRUDGHODVLHVWD\ORVKDFtDVDOWDUODFXHUGDHQHOMDUGtQFDQWDU
HQHOFRUUHGRU\KDFHUPDURPDVHQORVPXHEOHVGHODVDODPLHQWUDVpOLEDSRUHQWUHORVJUXSRV
LPSDUWLHQGROHFFLRQHVGHEXHQFRPSRUWDPLHQWR3DUDHVDpSRFDKDEtDDFDEDGRFRQORVSDQWDORQHV
HVWUHFKRV \ OD FDPLVD GH VHGD \ XVDED XQD PXGD RUGLQDULD FRPSUDGD HQ ORV DOPDFHQHV GH ORV
iUDEHV SHUR VHJXtD PDQWHQLHQGR VX GLJQLGDG OiQJXLGD \ VXV DGHPDQHV SDSDOHV /RV QLxRV VH
WRPDURQODFDVDFRPRORKLFLHURQHQHOSDVDGRODVFRPSDxHUDVGH0HPH+DVWDPX\HQWUDGDOD
QRFKHVHOHVRtDFRWRUUHDU\FDQWDU\EDLODU]DSDWHDGRVGHPRGRTXHODFDVDSDUHFtDXQLQWHUQDGR
VLQ GLVFLSOLQD $XUHOLDQR QR VH SUHRFXSy GH OD LQYDVLyQ PLHQWUDV QR IXHURQ D PROHVWDUOR HQ HO
FXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHV8QDPDxDQDGRVQLxRVHPSXMDURQODSXHUWD\VHHVSDQWDURQDQWHODYLVLyQ
GHOKRPEUHFRFKDPEURVR\SHOXGRTXHVHJXtDGHVFLIUDQGRORVSHUJDPLQRVHQODPHVDGHWUDEDMR
1RVHDWUHYLHURQDHQWUDUSHURVLJXLHURQURQGDQGRODKDELWDFLyQ6HDVRPDEDQFXFKLFKHDQGRSRU
ODVKHQGLMDVDUURMDEDQDQLPDOHVYLYRVSRUODVFODUDER\DV\HQXQDRFDVLyQFODYHWHDURQSRUIXHUD

OD SXHUWD \ OD YHQWDQD \ $XUHOLDQR QHFHVLWy PHGLR GtD SDUD IRU]DUODV 'LYHUWLGRV SRU OD
LPSXQLGDGGHVXVWUDYHVXUDVFXDWURQLxRVHQWUDURQRWUDPDxDQDHQHOFXDUWRPLHQWUDV$XUHOLDQR
HVWDEDHQODFRFLQDGLVSXHVWRVDGHVWUXLUORVSHUJDPLQRV3HURWDQSURQWRFRPRVHDSRGHUDURQGH
ORVSOLHJRVDPDULOOHQWRVXQDIXHU]DDQJpOLFDORVOHYDQWyGHOVXHOR\ORVPDQWXYRVXVSHQGLGRVHQ
HODLUHKDVWDTXHUHJUHVy$XUHOLDQR\OHVDUUHEDWyORVSHUJDPLQRV'HVGHHQWRQFHVQRYROYLHURQ
DPROHVWDUOR
/RVFXDWURQLxRVPD\RUHVTXHXVDEDQSDQWDORQHVFRUWRVDSHVDUGHTXH\DVHDVRPDEDQDOD
DGROHVFHQFLD VH RFXSDEDQ GH OD DSDULHQFLD SHUVRQDO GH -RVp $UFDGLR /OHJDEDQ PiV WHPSUDQR
TXHORVRWURV\GHGLFDEDQODPDxDQDDDIHLWDUORDGDUOHPDVDMHVFRQWRDOODVFDOLHQWHVDFRUWDUOH
\SXOLUOHODVXxDVGHODVPDQRV\ORVSLHVDSHUIXPDUORFRQDJXDGHIORULGD(QYDULDVRFDVLRQHV
VH PHWLHURQ HQ OD DOEHUFD SDUD MDERQDUOR GH SLHV D FDEH]D PLHQWUDV pO IORWDED ERFDUULED
SHQVDQGR HQ $PDUDQWD /XHJR OR VHFDEDQ OH HPSROYDEDQ HO FXHUSR \ OR YHVWtDQ 8QR GH ORV
QLxRVTXHWHQtDHOFDEHOORUXELR\FUHVSR\ORVRMRVGHYLGULRVURVDGRVFRPRORVFRQHMRVVROtD
GRUPLUHQODFDVD(UDQWDQILUPHVORVYtQFXORVTXHORXQtDQD-RVp$UFDGLRTXHORDFRPSDxDED
HQVXVLQVRPQLRVGHDVPiWLFRVLQKDEODUGHDPEXODQGRFRQpOSRUODFDVDHQWLQLHEODV8QDQRFKH
YLHURQ HQ OD DOFRED GRQGH GRUPtD UVXOD XQ UHVSODQGRU DPDULOOR D WUDYpV GHO FHPHQWR
FULVWDOL]DGRFRPRVLXQVROVXEWHUUiQHRKXELHUDFRQYHUWLGRHQYLWUDOHOSLVRGHOGRUPLWRULR1R
WXYLHURQ TXH HQFHQGHU HO IRFR /HV EDVWy FRQ OHYDQWDU ODV SODFDV TXHEUDGDV GHO ULQFyQ GRQGH
VLHPSUHHVWXYRODFDPDGHUVXOD\GRQGHHOUHVSODQGRUHUDPiVLQWHQVRSDUDHQFRQWUDUODFULSWD
VHFUHWDTXH$XUHOLDQR6HJXQGRVHFDQVyGHEXVFDUHQHOGHOLULRGHODVH[FDYDFLRQHV$OOtHVWDEDQ
ORVWUHVVDFRVGHORQDFHUUDGRVFRQDODPEUHGHFREUH\GHQWURGHHOORVORVVLHWHPLOGRVFLHQWRV
FDWRUFHGREORQHVGHDFXDWURTXHVHJXtDQUHOXPEUDQGRFRPREUDVDVHQODRVFXULGDG
(O KDOOD]JR GHO WHVRUR IXH FRPR XQD GHIODJUDFLyQ (Q YH] GH UHJUHVDU D 5RPD FRQ OD
LQWHPSHVWLYDIRUWXQDTXHHUDHOVXHxRPDGXUDGRHQODPLVHULD-RVp$UFDGLRFRQYLUWLyODFDVDHQ
XQSDUDtVRGHFDGHQWH&DPELySRUWHUFLRSHORQXHYRODVFRUWLQDV\HOEDOGDTXtQGHOGRUPLWRULR\
OHV KL]R SRQHU EDOGRVDV DO SLVR GHO EDxR \ D]XOHMRV D ODV SDUHGHV /D DODFHQD GHO FRPHGRU VH
OOHQy GH IUXWDV D]XFDUDGDV MDPRQHV \ HQFXUWLGRV \ HO JUDQHUR HQ GHVXVR YROYLy D DEULUVH SDUD
DOPDFHQDUYLQRV\OLFRUHVTXHHOSURSLR-RVp$UFDGLRUHWLUDEDHQODHVWDFLyQGHOIHUURFDUULOHQ
FDMDVPDUFDGDVFRQVXQRPEUH8QDQRFKHpO\ORVFXDWURQLxRVPD\RUHVKLFLHURQXQDILHVWDTXH
VH SURORQJy KDVWD HO DPDQHFHU $ ODV VHLV GH OD PDxDQD VDOLHURQ GHVQXGRV GHO GRUPLWRULR
YDFLDURQ OD DOEHUFD \ OD OOHQDURQ GH FKDPSDxD 6H ]DPEXOOHURQ HQ EDQGDGD QDGDQGR FRPR
SiMDURV TXH YRODUDQ HQ XQ FLHOR GRUDGR GH EXUEXMDV IUDJDQWHV PLHQWUDV -RVp $UFDGLR IORWDED
ERFDUULED DO PDUJHQ GH OD ILHVWD HYRFDQGR D $PDUDQWD FRQ ORV RMRV DELHUWRV 3HUPDQHFLy DVt
HQVLPLVPDGRUXPLDQGRODDPDUJXUDGHVXVSODFHUHVHTXtYRFRVKDVWDGHVSXpVGHTXHORVQLxRVVH
FDQVDURQ \ VH IXHURQ HQ WURSHO DO GRUPLWRULR GRQGH DUUDQFDURQ ODV FRUWLQDV GH WHUFLRSHOR SDUD
VHFDUVH\FXDUWHDURQHQHOGHVRUGHQODOXQDGHFULVWDOGHURFD\GHVEDUDWDURQHOEDOGDTXtQGHOD
FDPD WUDWDQGR GH DFRVWDUVH HQ WXPXOWR &XDQGR -RVp $UFDGLR YROYtD GHO EDxR ORV HQFRQWUy
GXUPLHQGR DSHORWRQDGRV GHVQXGRV HQ XQD DOFRED GH QDXIUDJLR (QDUGHFLGR QR WDQWR SRU ORV
HVWUDJRV FRPR SRU HO DVFR \ OD OiVWLPD TXH VHQWtD FRQWUD Vt PLVPR HQ HO GHVRODGR YDFtR GH OD

112

VDWXUQDOVHDUPyFRQXQDVGLVFLSOLQDVGHSHUUHURHFOHVLiVWLFRTXHJXDUGDEDHQHOIRQGRGHOED~O
MXQWRFRQXQFLOLFLR\RWURVILHUURVGHPRUWLILFDFLyQ\SHQLWHQFLD\H[SXOVyDORVQLxRVGHODFDVD
DXOODQGRFRPRXQORFR\D]RWiQGRORVVLQPLVHULFRUGLDFRPRQRORKXELHUDKHFKRFRQXQDMDXUtD
GHFR\RWHV4XHGyGHPROLGRFRQXQDFULVLVGHDVPDTXHVHSURORQJySRUYDULRVGtDV\TXHOH
GLRHODVSHFWRGHXQDJRQL]DQWH$ODWHUFHUDQRFKHGHWRUWXUDYHQFLGRSRUODDVIL[LDIXHDOFXDUWR
GH $XUHOLDQR D SHGLUOH HO IDYRU GH TXH OH FRPSUDUD HQ XQD ERWLFD FHUFDQD XQRV SROYRV SDUD
LQKDODU )XH DVt FRPR KL]R $XUHOLDQR VX VHJXQGD VDOLGD D OD FDOOH 6yOR WXYR TXH UHFRUUHU GRV
FXDGUDV SDUD OOHJDU KDVWD OD HVWUHFKD ERWLFD GH SROYRULHQWDV YLGULHUDV FRQ SRPRV GH OR]D
PDUFDGRV HQ ODWtQ GRQGH XQD PXFKDFKD FRQ OD VLJLORVD EHOOH]D GH XQD VHUSLHQWH GHO 1LOR OH
GHVSDFKyHOPHGLFDPHQWRTXH-RVp$UFDGLROHKDEtDHVFULWRHQXQSDSHO/DVHJXQGDYLVLyQGHO
SXHEORGHVLHUWRDOXPEUDGRDSHQDVSRUODVDPDULOOHQWDVERPELOODVGHODVFDOOHVQRGHVSHUWyHQ
$XUHOLDQRPiVFXULRVLGDGTXHODSULPHUDYH]-RVp$UFDGLRKDEtDDOFDQ]DGRDSHQVDUTXHKDEtD
KXLGRFXDQGRORYLRDSDUHFHUGHQXHYRXQSRFRDQKHODQWHDFDXVDGHODSULVDDUUDVWUDQGRODV
SLHUQDVTXHHOHQFLHUUR\ODIDOWDGHPRYLOLGDGKDEtDQYXHOWRGpELOHV\WRUSHV(UDWDQFLHUWDVX
LQGLIHUHQFLD SRU HO PXQGR TXH SRFRV GtDV GHVSXpV -RVp $UFDGLR YLROy OD SURPHVD TXH KDEtD
KHFKRDVXPDGUH\ORGHMyHQOLEHUWDGSDUDVDOLUFXDQGRTXLVLHUD
1RWHQJRQDGDTXHKDFHUHQODFDOOHOHFRQWHVWy$XUHOLDQR
6LJXLy HQFHUUDGR DEVRUWR HQ ORV SHUJDPLQRV TXH SRFR D SRFR LED GHVHQWUDxDQGR \ FX\R
VHQWLGR VLQ HPEDUJR QR ORJUDED LQWHUSUHWDU -RVp $UFDGLR OH OOHYDED DO FXDUWR UHEDQDGDV GH
MDPyQ IORUHV D]XFDUDGDV TXH GHMDEDQ HQ OD ERFD XQ UHJXVWR SULPDYHUDO \ HQ GRV RFDVLRQHV XQ
YDVR GH EXHQ YLQR 1R VH LQWHUHVy HQ ORV SHUJDPLQRV TXH FRQVLGHUDED PiV ELHQ FRPR XQ
HQWUHWHQLPLHQWR HVRWpULFR SHUR OH OODPy OD DWHQFLyQ OD UDUD VDELGXUtD \ HO LQH[SOLFDEOH
FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO PXQGR TXH WHQtD DTXHO SDULHQWH GHVRODGR 6XSR HQWRQFHV TXH HUD FDSD] GH
FRPSUHQGHU HO LQJOpV HVFULWR \ TXH HQWUH SHUJDPLQR \ SHUJDPLQR KDEtD OHtGR GH OD SULPHUD
SiJLQDDOD~OWLPDFRPRVLIXHUDXQDQRYHODORVVHLVWRPRVGHODHQFLFORSHGLD$HVRDWULEX\yDO
SULQFLSLR HO TXH $XUHOLDQR SXGLHUD KDEODU GH 5RPD FRPR VL KXELHUD YLYLGR DOOt PXFKRV DxRV
SHURPX\SURQWRVHGLRFXHQWDGHTXHWHQtDFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHQRHUDQHQFLFORSpGLFRVFRPRORV
SUHFLRVGHODVFRVDV7RGRVHVDEHIXHOD~QLFDUHVSXHVWDTXHUHFLELyGH$XUHOLDQRFXDQGROH
SUHJXQWyFyPRKDEtDREWHQLGRDTXHOODVLQIRUPDFLRQHV$XUHOLDQRSRUVXSDUWHVHVRUSUHQGLyGH
TXH -RVp $UFDGLR YLVWR GH FHUFD IXHUD WDQ GLVWLQWR GH OD LPDJHQ TXH VH KDEtD IRUPDGR GH pO
FXDQGR OR YHtD GHDPEXODU SRU OD FDVD (UD FDSD] GH UHtU GH SHUPLWLUVH GH YH] HQ FXDQGR XQD
QRVWDOJLD GHO SDVDGR GH OD FDVD \ GH SUHRFXSDUVH SRU HO DPELHQWH GH PLVHULD HQ TXH VH
HQFRQWUDEDHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHV$TXHODFHUFDPLHQWRHQWUHGRVVROLWDULRVGHODPLVPDVDQJUH
HVWDED PX\ OHMRV GH OD DPLVWDG SHUR OHV SHUPLWLy D DPERV VREUHOOHYDU PHMRU OD LQVRQGDEOH
VROHGDG TXH DO PLVPR WLHPSR ORV VHSDUDED \ ORV XQtD -RVp $UFDGLR SXGR HQWRQFHV DFXGLU D
$XUHOLDQR SDUD GHVHQUHGDU FLHUWRV SUREOHPDV GRPpVWLFRV TXH OR H[DVSHUDEDQ $XUHOLDQR D VX
YH] SRGtD VHQWDUVH D OHHU HQ HO FRUUHGRU UHFLELU ODV FDUWDV GH $PDUDQWD UVXOD TXH VHJXtDQ
OOHJDQGR FRQ OD SXQWXDOLGDG GH VLHPSUH \ XVDU HO EDxR GH GRQGH OR KDEtD GHVWHUUDGR -RVp
$UFDGLRGHVGHVXOOHJDGD

8QD FDOXURVD PDGUXJDGD DPERV GHVSHUWDURQ DODUPDGRV SRU XQRV JROSHV DSUHPLDQWHV HQ OD
SXHUWDGHODFDOOH(UDXQDQFLDQRRVFXURFRQXQRVRMRVJUDQGHV\YHUGHVTXHOHGDEDQDVXURVWUR
XQD IRVIRUHVFHQFLD HVSHFWUDO \ FRQ XQD FUX] GH FHQL]D HQ OD IUHQWH /DV URSDV HQ SLOWUDIDV ORV
]DSDWRV URWRV OD YLHMD PRFKLOD TXH OOHYDED HQ HO KRPEUR FRPR ~QLFR HTXLSDMH OH GDEDQ HO
DVSHFWRGHXQSRUGLRVHURSHURVXFRQGXFWDWHQtDXQDGLJQLGDGTXHHVWDEDHQIUDQFDFRQWUDGLFFLyQ
FRQVXDSDULHQFLD%DVWDEDFRQYHUORXQDYH]DXQHQODSHQXPEUDGHODVDODSDUDGDUVHFXHQWDGH
TXHODIXHU]DVHFUHWDTXHOHSHUPLWtDYLYLUQRHUDHOLQVWLQWRGHFRQVHUYDFLyQVLQRODFRVWXPEUH
GHO PLHGR (UD $XUHOLDQR $PDGRU HO ~QLFR VREUHYLYLHQWH GH ORV GLHFLVLHWH KLMRV GHO FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDTXHLEDEXVFDQGRXQDWUHJXDHQVXODUJD\D]DURVDH[LVWHQFLDGHIXJLWLYR6H
LGHQWLILFy VXSOLFy TXH OH GLHUDQ UHIXJLR HQ DTXHOOD FDVD TXH HQ VXV QRFKHV GH SDULD KDEtD
HYRFDGR FRPR HO ~OWLPR UHGXFWR GH VHJXULGDG TXH OH TXHGDED HQ OD YLGD 3HUR -RVp $UFDGLR \
$XUHOLDQRQRORUHFRUGDEDQ&UH\HQGRTXHHUDXQYDJDEXQGRORHFKDURQDODFDOOHDHPSHOORQHV
$PERVYLHURQHQWRQFHVGHVGHODSXHUWDHOILQDOGHXQGUDPDTXHKDEtDHPSH]DGRGHVGHDQWHVGH
TXH -RVp $UFDGLR WXYLHUD XVR GH UD]yQ 'RV DJHQWHV GH OD SROLFtD TXH KDEtDQ SHUVHJXLGR D
$XUHOLDQR $PDGRU GXUDQWH DxRV TXH OR KDEtDQ UDVWUHDGR FRPR SHUURV SRU PHGLR PXQGR
VXUJLHURQ GH HQWUH ORV DOPHQGURV GH OD DFHUD RSXHVWD \ OH KLFLHURQ GRV WLURV GH PiXVHU TXH OH
SHQHWUDURQOLPSLDPHQWHSRUODFUX]GHFHQL]D
(QUHDOLGDGGHVGHTXHH[SXOVyDORVQLxRVGHODFDVD-RVp$UFDGLRHVSHUDEDQRWLFLDVGHXQ
WUDVDWOiQWLFR TXH VDOLHUD SDUD 1iSROHV DQWHV GH 1DYLGDG 6H OR KDEtD GLFKR D $XUHOLDQR H
LQFOXVLYHKDEtDKHFKRSODQHVSDUDGHMDUOHPRQWDGRXQQHJRFLRTXHOHSHUPLWLHUDYLYLUSRUTXHOD
FDQDVWLOOD GH YtYHUHV QR YROYLy D OOHJDU GHVGH HO HQWLHUUR GH )HUQDQGD 6LQ HPEDUJR WDPSRFR
DTXHO VXHxR ILQDO KDEtD GH FXPSOLUVH 8QD PDxDQD GH VHWLHPEUH GHVSXpV GH WRPDU HO FDIp FRQ
$XUHOLDQRHQODFRFLQD-RVp$UFDGLRHVWDEDWHUPLQDQGRVXEDxRGLDULRFXDQGRLUUXPSLHURQSRU
HQWUHORVSRUWLOORVGHODVWHMDVORVFXDWURQLxRVTXHKDEtDH[SXOVDGRGHODFDVD6LQGDUOHWLHPSR
GHGHIHQGHUVHVHPHWLHURQYHVWLGRVHQODDOEHUFDORDJDUUDURQSRUHOSHOR\OHPDQWXYLHURQOD
FDEH]DKXQGLGDKDVWDTXHFHVyHQODVXSHUILFLHODERUERULWDFLyQGHODDJRQtD\HOVLOHQFLRVR\
SiOLGRFXHUSRGHGHOItQVHGHVOL]yKDVWDHOIRQGRGHODVDJXDVIUDJDQWHV'HVSXpVVHOOHYDURQORV
WUHVVDFRVGHRURTXHVyORHOORV\VXYtFWLPDVDEtDQGyQGHHVWDEDQHVFRQGLGRV)XHXQDDFFLyQ
WDQ UiSLGD PHWyGLFD \ EUXWDO TXH SDUHFLy XQ DVDOWR GH PLOLWDUHV $XUHOLDQR HQFHUUDGR HQ VX
FXDUWRQRVHGLRFXHQWDGHQDGD(VDWDUGHKDELpQGRORHFKDGRGHPHQRVHQODFRFLQDEXVFyD
-RVp$UFDGLRSRUWRGDODFDVD\ORHQFRQWUyIORWDQGRHQORVHVSHMRVSHUIXPDGRVGHODDOEHUFD
HQRUPH \ WXPHIDFWR \ WRGDYtD SHQVDQGR HQ $PDUDQWD 6yOR HQWRQFHV FRPSUHQGLy FXiQWR KDEtD
HPSH]DGRDTXHUHUOR

113

$PDUDQWDUVXODUHJUHVyFRQORVSULPHURViQJHOHVGHGLFLHPEUHHPSXMDGDSRUEULVDVGHYHOHUR
OOHYDQGRDOHVSRVRDPDUUDGRSRUHOFXHOORFRQXQFRUGHOGHVHGD$SDUHFLyVLQQLQJ~QDQXQFLR
FRQ XQ YHVWLGR FRORU GH PDUILO XQ KLOR GH SHUODV TXH OH GDED FDVL D ODV URGLOODV VRUWLMDV GH
HVPHUDOGDV \ WRSDFLRV \ HO FDEHOOR UHGRQGR \ OLVR UHPDWDGR HQ ODV RUHMDV FRQ SXQWDV GH
JRORQGULQDV (O KRPEUH FRQ TXLHQ VH KDEtD FDVDGR VHLV PHVHV DQWHV HUD XQ IODPHQFR PDGXUR
HVEHOWRFRQDLUHVGHQDYHJDQWH1RWXYRVLQRTXHHPSXMDUODSXHUWDGHODVDODSDUDFRPSUHQGHU
TXHVXDXVHQFLDKDEtDVLGRPiVSURORQJDGD\GHPROHGRUDGHORTXHHOODVXSRQtD
'LRVPtRJULWyPiVDOHJUHTXHDODUPDGDFyPRVHYHTXHQRKD\XQDPXMHUHQHVWD
FDVD
(O HTXLSDMH QR FDEtD HQ HO FRUUHGRU $GHPiV GHO DQWLJXR ED~O GH )HUQDQGD FRQ TXH OD
PDQGDURQDOFROHJLROOHYDEDGRVURSHURVYHUWLFDOHVFXDWURPDOHWDVJUDQGHVXQWDOHJRSDUDODV
VRPEULOODVRFKRFDMDVGHVRPEUHURVXQDMDXODJLJDQWHVFDFRQPHGLRFHQWHQDUGHFDQDULRV\HO
YHORFtSHGRGHOPDULGRGHVDUPDGRGHQWURGHXQHVWXFKHHVSHFLDOTXHSHUPLWtDOOHYDUORFRPRXQ
YLRORQFHOR 1L VLTXLHUD VH SHUPLWLy XQ GtD GH GHVFDQVR DO FDER GHO ODUJR YLDMH 6H SXVR XQ
JDVWDGR RYHURO GH OLHQ]R TXH KDEtD OOHYDGR HO HVSRVR FRQ RWUDV SUHQGDV GH PRWRULVWD \
HPSUHQGLyXQDQXHYDUHVWDXUDFLyQGHODFDVD'HVEDQGyODVKRUPLJDVFRORUDGDVTXH\DVHKDEtDQ
DSRGHUDGR GHO FRUUHGRU UHVXFLWy ORV URVDOHV DUUDQFy OD PDOH]D GH UDt] \ YROYLy D VHPEUDU
KHOHFKRVRUpJDQRV\EHJRQLDVHQORVWLHVWRVGHOSDVDPDQRV6HSXVRDOIUHQWHGHXQDFXDGULOODGH
FDUSLQWHURVFHUUDMHURV\DOEDxLOHVTXHUHVDQDURQODVJULHWDVGHORVSLVRVHQTXLFLDURQSXHUWDV\
YHQWDQDVUHQRYDURQORVPXHEOHV\EODQTXHDURQODVSDUHGHVSRUGHQWUR\SRUIXHUDGHPRGRTXH
WUHVPHVHVGHVSXpVGHVXOOHJDGDVHUHVSLUDEDRWUDYH]HODLUHGHMXYHQWXG\GHILHVWDTXHKXERHQ
ORV WLHPSRV GH OD SLDQROD 1XQFD VH YLR HQ OD FDVD D QDGLH FRQ PHMRU KXPRU D WRGD KRUD \ HQ
FXDOTXLHUFLUFXQVWDQFLDQLDQDGLHPiVGLVSXHVWRDFDQWDU\EDLODU\DWLUDUHQODEDVXUDODVFRVDV
\ODVFRVWXPEUHVUHYHQLGDV'HXQHVFRED]RDFDEyFRQORVUHFXHUGRVIXQHUDULRV\ORVPRQWRQHV
GH FKHUHPEHFRV LQ~WLOHV \ DSDUDWRV GH VXSHUVWLFLyQ TXH VH DSHORWRQDEDQ HQ ORV ULQFRQHV \ OR
~QLFR TXH FRQVHUYy SRU JUDWLWXG D UVXOD IXH HO GDJXHUURWLSR GH 5HPHGLRV HQ OD VDOD 0LUHQ
TXpOXMRJULWDEDPXHUWDGHULVD8QDELVDEXHODGHFDWRUFHDxRV&XDQGRXQRGHORVDOEDxLOHV
OH FRQWy TXH OD FDVD HVWDED SREODGD GH DSDUHFLGRV \ TXH HO ~QLFR PRGR GH HVSDQWDUORV HUD
EXVFDQGRORVWHVRURVTXHKDEtDQGHMDGRHQWHUUDGRVHOODUHSOLFyHQWUHFDUFDMDGDVTXHQRFUHtDHQ

VXSHUVWLFLRQHV GH KRPEUHV (UD WDQ HVSRQWiQHD WDQ HPDQFLSDGD FRQ XQ HVStULWX WDQ PRGHUQR \
OLEUHTXH$XUHOLDQRQRVXSRTXpKDFHUFRQHOFXHUSRFXDQGRODYLROOHJDU4XpEiUEDURJULWy
HOODIHOL]FRQORVEUD]RVDELHUWRV0LUHQFyPRKDFUHFLGRPLDGRUDGRDQWURSyIDJR$QWHVGH
TXHpOWXYLHUDWLHPSRGHUHDFFLRQDU\DHOODKDEtDSXHVWRXQGLVFRHQHOJUDPyIRQRSRUWiWLOTXH
OOHYy FRQVLJR \ HVWDED WUDWDQGR GH HQVHxDUOH ORV EDLOHV GH PRGD /R REOLJy D FDPELDUVH ORV
HVFXiOLGRVSDQWDORQHVTXHKHUHGyGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDOHUHJDOyFDPLVDVMXYHQLOHV\
]DSDWRV GH GRV FRORUHV \ OR HPSXMDED D OD FDOOH FXDQGR SDVDED PXFKR WLHPSR HQ HO FXDUWR GH
0HOTXtDGHV
$FWLYDPHQXGDLQGRPDEOHFRPRUVXOD\FDVLWDQEHOOD\SURYRFDWLYDFRPR5HPHGLRVOD
EHOODHVWDEDGRWDGDGHXQUDURLQVWLQWRSDUDDQWLFLSDUVHDODPRGD&XDQGRUHFLEtDSRUFRUUHRORV
ILJXULQHV PiV UHFLHQWHV DSHQDV OH VHUYtDQ SDUD FRPSUREDU TXH QR VH KDEtD HTXLYRFDGR HQ ORV
PRGHORVTXHLQYHQWDED\TXHFRVtDHQODUXGLPHQWDULDPiTXLQDGHPDQLYHODGH$PDUDQWD(VWDED
VXVFULWD D FXDQWD UHYLVWD GH PRGDV LQIRUPDFLyQ DUWtVWLFD \ P~VLFD SRSXODU VH SXEOLFDUD HQ
(XURSD \ DSHQDV OHV HFKDED XQD RMHDGD SDUD GDUVH FXHQWD GH TXH ODV FRVDV LEDQ HQ HO PXQGR
FRPR HOOD ODV LPDJLQDED 1R HUD FRPSUHQVLEOH TXH XQD PXMHU FRQ DTXHO HVStULWX KXELHUD
UHJUHVDGR D XQ SXHEOR PXHUWR GHSULPLGR SRU HO SROYR \ HO FDORU \ PHQRV FRQ XQ PDULGR TXH
WHQtDGLQHURGHVREUDSDUDYLYLUELHQHQFXDOTXLHUSDUWHGHOPXQGR\TXHODDPDEDWDQWRTXHVH
KDEtDVRPHWLGRDVHUOOHYDGR\WUDtGRSRUHOODFRQHOGRJDOGHVHGD6LQHPEDUJRDPHGLGDTXHHO
WLHPSRSDVDEDHUDPiVHYLGHQWHVXLQWHQFLyQGHTXHGDUVHSXHVQRFRQFHEtDSODQHVTXHQRIXHUDQ
D ODUJR SOD]R QL WRPDED GHWHUPLQDFLRQHV TXH QR HVWXYLHUDQ RULHQWDGDV D SURFXUDUVH XQD YLGD
FyPRGD\XQDYHMH]WUDQTXLODHQ0DFRQGR/DMDXODGHFDQDULRVGHPRVWUDEDTXHHVRVSURSyVLWRV
QRHUDQLPSURYLVDGRV5HFRUGDQGRTXHVXPDGUHOHKDEtDFRQWDGRHQXQDFDUWDHOH[WHUPLQLRGH
ORVSiMDURVKDEtDUHWUDVDGRHOYLDMHYDULRVPHVHVKDVWDHQFRQWUDUXQEDUFRTXHKLFLHUDHVFDODHQ
ODV LVODV $IRUWXQDGDV \ DOOt VHOHFFLRQy ODV YHLQWLFLQFR SDUHMDV GH FDQDULRV PiV ILQRV SDUD
UHSREODUHOFLHORGH0DFRQGR(VDIXHODPiVODPHQWDEOHGHVXVQXPHURVDVLQLFLDWLYDVIUXVWUDGDV
$PHGLGDTXHORVSiMDURVVHUHSURGXFtDQ$PDUDQWDUVXODORVLEDVROWDQGRSRUSDUHMDV\PiV
WDUGDEDQ HQ VHQWLUVH OLEUHV TXH HQ IXJDUVH GHO SXHEOR (Q YDQR SURFXUy HQFDULxDUORV FRQ OD
SDMDUHUDTXHFRQVWUX\yUVXODHQODSULPHUDUHVWDXUDFLyQ(QYDQROHVIDOVLILFyQLGRVGHHVSDUWR
HQ ORV DOPHQGURV \ UHJy DOSLVWH HQ ORV WHFKRV \ DOERURWy D ORV FDXWLYRV SDUD TXH VXV FDQWRV
GLVXDGLHUDQ D ORV GHVHUWRUHV SRUTXH pVWRV VH UHPRQWDEDQ D OD SULPHUD WHQWDWLYD \ GDEDQ XQD
YXHOWDHQHOFLHORDSHQDVHOWLHPSRLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDHQFRQWUDUHOUXPERGHUHJUHVRDODVLVODV
$IRUWXQDGDV
8QDxRGHVSXpVGHOUHWRUQRDXQTXHQRKXELHUDFRQVHJXLGRHQWDEODUXQDDPLVWDGQLSURPRYHU
XQDILHVWD$PDUDQWDUVXODVHJXtDFUH\HQGRTXHHUDSRVLEOHUHVFDWDUDTXHOODFRPXQLGDGHOHJLGD
SRU HO LQIRUWXQLR *DVWyQ VX PDULGR VH FXLGDED GH QR FRQWUDULDUOD DXQTXH GHVGH HO PHGLRGtD
PRUWDO HQ TXH GHVFHQGLy GHO WUHQ FRPSUHQGLy TXH OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH VX PXMHU KDEtD VLGR
SURYRFDGDSRUXQHVSHMLVPRGHODQRVWDOJLD6HJXURGHTXHVHUtDGHUURWDGDSRUODUHDOLGDGQRVH
WRPy VLTXLHUD HO WUDEDMR GH DUPDU HO YHORFtSHGR VLQR TXH VH GLR D SHUVHJXLU ORV KXHYRV PiV
O~FLGRVHQWUHODVWHODUDxDVTXHGHVSUHQGtDQORVDOEDxLOHV\ORVDEUtDFRQODVXxDV\VHJDVWDEDODV

114

KRUDV FRQWHPSODQGR FRQ XQD OXSD ODV DUDxLWDV PLQ~VFXODV TXH VDOtDQ GHO LQWHULRU 0iV WDUGH
FUH\HQGRTXH$PDUDQWDUVXODFRQWLQXDEDFRQODVUHIRUPDVSRUQRGDUVXEUD]RDWRUFHUUHVROYLy
DUPDUHODSDUDWRVRYHORFtSHGRFX\DUXHGDDQWHULRUHUDPXFKRPiVJUDQGHTXHODSRVWHULRU\VH
GHGLFyDFDSWXUDU\GLVHFDUFXDQWRLQVHFWRDERULJHQHQFRQWUDEDHQORVFRQWRUQRVTXHUHPLWtDHQ
IUDVFRVGHPHUPHODGDDVXDQWLJXRSURIHVRUGHKLVWRULDQDWXUDOGHODXQLYHUVLGDGGH/LHMDGRQGH
KDEtD KHFKR HVWXGLRV DYDQ]DGRV HQ HQWRPRORJtD DXQTXH VX YRFDFLyQ GRPLQDQWH HUD OD GH
DHURQDXWD &XDQGR DQGDED HQ HO YHORFtSHGR XVDED SDQWDORQHV GH DFUyEDWD PHGLDV GH JDLWHUR \
FDFKXFKDGHGHWHFWLYHSHURFXDQGRDQGDEDGHDSLHYHVWtDGHOLQRFUXGRLQWDFKDEOHFRQ]DSDWRV
EODQFRV FRUEDWtQ GH VHGD VRPEUHUR FDQRWLHU \ XQD YDUD GH PLPEUH HQ OD PDQR 7HQtD XQDV
SXSLODVSiOLGDVTXHDFHQWXDEDQVXDLUHGHQDYHJDQWH\XQELJRWLWRGHSHORVGHDUGLOOD$XQTXH
HUD SRU OR PHQRV TXLQFH DxRV PD\RU TXH VX PXMHU VXV JXVWRV MXYHQLOHV VX YLJLODQWH
GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH KDFHUOD IHOL] \ VXV YLUWXGHV GH EXHQ DPDQWH FRPSHQVDEDQ OD GLIHUHQFLD (Q
UHDOLGDG TXLHQHV YHtDQ DTXHO FXDUHQWyQ GH KiELWRV FDXWHORVRV FRQ VX VHGDO DO FXHOOR \ VX
ELFLFOHWD GH FLUFR QR KXELHUDQ SRGLGR SHQVDU TXH WHQtD FRQ VX MRYHQ HVSRVD XQ SDFWR GH DPRU
GHVHQIUHQDGR\TXHDPERVFHGtDQDODSUHPLRUHFtSURFRHQORVOXJDUHVPHQRVDGHFXDGRV\GRQGH
ORVVRUSUHQGLHUDODLQVSLUDFLyQFRPRORKLFLHURQGHVGHTXHHPSH]DURQDYHUVH\FRQXQDSDVLyQ
TXH HO WUDQVFXUVR GHO WLHPSR \ ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV FDGD YH] PiV LQVyOLWDV LEDQ SURIXQGL]DQGR \
HQULTXHFLHQGR *DVWyQ QR VyOR HUD XQ DPDQWH IHUR] GH XQD VDELGXUtD \ XQD LPDJLQDFLyQ
LQDJRWDEOHV VLQR TXH HUD WDO YH] HO SULPHU KRPEUH HQ OD KLVWRULD GH OD HVSHFLH TXH KL]R XQ
DWHUUL]DMHGHHPHUJHQFLD\HVWXYRDSXQWRGHPDWDUVHFRQVXQRYLDVyORSRUKDFHUHODPRUHQXQ
FDPSRGHYLROHWDV
6HKDEtDQFRQRFLGRWUHVDxRVDQWHVGHFDVDUVHFXDQGRHOELSODQRGHSRUWLYRHQTXHpOKDFtD
SLUXHWDVVREUHHOFROHJLRHQTXHHVWXGLDED$PDUDQWDUVXODLQWHQWyXQDPDQLREUDLQWUpSLGDSDUD
HOXGLUHODVWDGHODEDQGHUD\ODSULPLWLYDDUPD]yQGHORQD\SDSHOGHDOXPLQLRTXHGyFROJDGD
SRU OD FROD HQ ORV FDEOHV GH OD HQHUJtD HOpFWULFD 'HVGH HQWRQFHV VLQ KDFHU FDVR GH VX SLHUQD
HQWDEOLOODGDpOLEDORVILQHVGHVHPDQDDUHFRJHUD$PDUDQWDUVXODHQODSHQVLyQGHUHOLJLRVDV
GRQGHYLYLyVLHPSUHFX\RUHJODPHQWRQRHUDWDQVHYHURFRPRGHVHDED)HUQDQGD\ODOOHYDEDD
VX FOXE GHSRUWLYR (PSH]DURQ D DPDUVH D  PHWURV GH DOWXUD HQ HO DLUH GRPLQLFDO GH ODV
ODQGDV\PiVVHVHQWtDQFRPSHQHWUDGRVPLHQWUDVPiVPLQ~VFXORVLEDQKDFLpQGRVHORVVHUHVGHOD
WLHUUD(OODOHKDEODEDGH0DFRQGRFRPRGHOSXHEORPiVOXPLQRVR\SOiFLGRGHOPXQGR\GHXQD
FDVDHQRUPHSHUIXPDGDGHRUpJDQRGRQGHTXHUtDYLYLUKDVWDODYHMH]FRQXQPDULGROHDO\GRV
KLMRVLQGyPLWRVTXHVHOODPDUDQ5RGULJR\*RQ]DOR\HQQLQJ~QFDVR$XUHOLDQR\-RVp$UFDGLR\
XQDKLMDTXHVHOODPDUD9LUJLQLD\HQQLQJ~QFDVR5HPHGLRV+DEtDHYRFDGRFRQXQDWHQDFLGDG
WDQDQKHODQWHHOSXHEORLGHDOL]DGRSRUODQRVWDOJLDTXH*DVWyQFRPSUHQGLyTXHHOODQRTXLVLHUD
FDVDUVHVLQRODOOHYDEDDYLYLUHQ0DFRQGReOHVWXYRGHDFXHUGRFRPRORHVWXYRPiVWDUGHFRQ
HO VHGDO SRUTXH FUH\y TXH HUD XQ FDSULFKR WUDQVLWRULR TXH PiV YDOtD GHIUDXGDU D WLHPSR 3HUR
FXDQGR WUDQVFXUULHURQ GRV DxRV HQ 0DFRQGR \ $PDUDQWD UVXOD VHJXtD WDQ FRQWHQWD FRPR HO
SULPHUGtDpOFRPHQ]yDGDUVHxDOHVGHDODUPD<DSDUDHQWRQFHVKDEtDGLVHFDGRFXDQWRLQVHFWR
HUD GLVHFDEOH HQ OD UHJLyQ KDEODED HO FDVWHOODQR FRPR XQ QDWLYR \ KDEtD GHVFLIUDGR WRGRV ORV

FUXFLJUDPDVGHODVUHYLVWDVTXHUHFLEtDQSRUFRUUHR1RWHQtDHOSUHWH[WRGHOFOLPDSDUDDSUHVXUDU
HOUHJUHVRSRUTXHODQDWXUDOH]DORKDEtDGRWDGRGHXQKtJDGRFRORQLDOTXHUHVLVWtDVLQTXHEUDQWRV
HOERFKRUQRGHODVLHVWD\HODJXDFRQJXVDUDSRV/HJXVWDEDWDQWRODFRPLGDFULROODTXHXQDYH]
VH FRPLy XQ VDUWDO GH RFKHQWD \ GRV KXHYRV GH LJXDQD $PDUDQWD UVXOD HQ FDPELR VH KDFtD
OOHYDUHQHOWUHQSHVFDGRV\PDULVFRVHQFDMDVGHKLHORFDUQHVHQODWDV\IUXWDVDOPLEDUDGDVTXH
HUDOR~QLFRTXHSRGtDFRPHU\VHJXtDYLVWLpQGRVHDODPRGDHXURSHD\UHFLELHQGRILJXULQHVSRU
FRUUHR D SHVDU GH TXH QR WHQtD GRQGH LU QL D TXLpQ YLVLWDU \ GH TXH D HVDV DOWXUDV VX PDULGR
FDUHFtDGHKXPRUSDUDDSUHFLDUVXVYHVWLGRVFRUWRVVXVILHOWURVODGHDGRV\VXVFROODUHVGHVLHWH
YXHOWDV 6X VHFUHWR SDUHFtD FRQVLVWLU HQ TXH VLHPSUH HQFRQWUDED HO PRGR GH HVWDU RFXSDGD
UHVROYLHQGR SUREOHPDV GRPpVWLFRV TXH HOOD PLVPD FUHDED \ KDFLHQGR PDO FLHUWDV FRVDV TXH
FRUUHJtDDOGtDVLJXLHQWHFRQXQDGLOLJHQFLDSHUQLFLRVDTXHKDEUtDKHFKRSHQVDUD)HUQDQGDHQHO
YLFLRKHUHGLWDULRGHKDFHUSDUDGHVKDFHU6XJHQLRIHVWLYRFRQWLQXDEDHQWRQFHVWDQGHVSLHUWRTXH
FXDQGR UHFLEtD GLVFRV QXHYRV LQYLWDED D *DVWyQ D TXHGDUVH HQ OD VDOD KDVWD PX\ WDUGH SDUD
HQVD\DU ORV EDLOHV TXH VXV FRPSDxHUDV GH FROHJLR OH GHVFULEtDQ FRQ GLEXMRV \ WHUPLQDEDQ
JHQHUDOPHQWHKDFLHQGRHODPRUHQORVPHFHGRUHVYLHQHVHVRHQHOVXHORSHODGR/R~QLFRTXHOH
IDOWDEDSDUDVHUFRPSOHWDPHQWHIHOL]HUDHOQDFLPLHQWRGHORVKLMRVSHURUHVSHWDEDHOSDFWRTXH
KDEtDKHFKRFRQVXPDULGRGHQRWHQHUORVDQWHVGHFXPSOLUFLQFRDxRVGHFDVDGRV
%XVFDQGRDOJRFRQTXHOOHQDUVXVKRUDVPXHUWDV*DVWyQVROtDSDVDUODPDxDQDHQHOFXDUWRGH
0HOTXtDGHVFRQHOHVTXLYR$XUHOLDQR6HFRPSODFtDHQHYRFDUFRQpOORVULQFRQHVPiVtQWLPRV
GHVXWLHUUDTXH$XUHOLDQRFRQRFtDFRPRVLKXELHUDHVWDGRHQHOODPXFKRWLHPSR&XDQGR*DVWyQ
OH SUHJXQWy FyPR KDEtD KHFKR SDUD REWHQHU LQIRUPDFLRQHV TXH QR HVWDEDQ HQ OD HQFLFORSHGLD
UHFLELyODPLVPDUHVSXHVWDTXH-RVp$UFDGLR7RGRVHVDEH$GHPiVGHOViQVFULWR$XUHOLDQR
KDEtDDSUHQGLGRHOLQJOpV\HOIUDQFpV\DOJRGHOODWtQ\GHOJULHJR&RPRHQWRQFHVVDOtDWRGDVODV
WDUGHV \ $PDUDQWD UVXOD OH KDEtD DVLJQDGR XQD VXPD VHPDQDO SDUD VXV JDVWRV SHUVRQDOHV VX
FXDUWRSDUHFtDXQDVHFFLyQGHODOLEUHUtDGHOVDELRFDWDOiQ/HtDFRQDYLGH]KDVWDPX\DOWDVKRUDV
GH OD QRFKH DXQTXH SRU OD IRUPD HQ TXH VH UHIHUtD D VXV OHFWXUDV *DVWyQ SHQVDED TXH QR
FRPSUDEDORVOLEURVSDUDLQIRUPDUVHVLQRSDUDYHULILFDUODH[DFWLWXGGHVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRV\TXH
QLQJXQR OH LQWHUHVDED PiV TXH ORV SHUJDPLQRV D ORV FXDOHV GHGLFDED ODV PHMRUHV KRUDV GH OD
PDxDQD7DQWRD*DVWyQFRPRDVXHVSRVDOHVKDEUtDJXVWDGRLQFRUSRUDUORDODYLGDIDPLOLDUSHUR
$XUHOLDQRHUDKRPEUHKHUPpWLFRFRQXQDQXEHGHPLVWHULRTXHHOWLHPSRLEDKDFLHQGRPiVGHQVD
(UDXQDFRQGLFLyQWDQLQIUDQTXHDEOHTXH*DVWyQIUDFDVyHQVXVHVIXHU]RVSRULQWLPDUFRQpO\
WXYR TXH EXVFDUVH RWUR HQWUHWHQLPLHQWR SDUD OOHQDU VXV KRUDV PXHUWDV )XH SRU HVD pSRFD TXH
FRQFLELyODLGHDGHHVWDEOHFHUXQVHUYLFLRGHFRUUHRDpUHR
1RHUDXQSUR\HFWRQXHYR(QUHDOLGDGORWHQtDEDVWDQWHDYDQ]DGRFXDQGRFRQRFLyD$PDUDQWD
UVXOD VyOR TXH QR HUD SDUD 0DFRQGR VLQR SDUD HO &RQJR %HOJD GRQGH VX IDPLOLD WHQtD
LQYHUVLRQHVHQDFHLWHGHSDOPD(OPDWULPRQLRODGHFLVLyQGHSDVDUXQRVPHVHVHQ0DFRQGRSDUD
FRPSODFHU D OD HVSRVD OR KDEtDQ REOLJDGR D DSOD]DUOR 3HUR FXDQGR YLR TXH $PDUDQWD UVXOD
HVWDEDHPSHxDGDHQRUJDQL]DUXQDMXQWDGHPHMRUDVS~EOLFDV\KDVWDVHUHtDGHpOSRULQVLQXDUOD
SRVLELOLGDGGHOUHJUHVRFRPSUHQGLyTXHODVFRVDVLEDQSDUDODUJR\YROYLyDHVWDEOHFHUFRQWDFWR

115

FRQVXVROYLGDGRVVRFLRVGH%UXVHODVSHQVDQGRTXHSDUDVHUSLRQHURGDEDORPLVPRHO&DULEH
TXHHOIULFD0LHQWUDVSURJUHVDEDQODVJHVWLRQHVSUHSDUyXQFDPSRGHDWHUUL]DMHHQODDQWLJXD
UHJLyQ HQFDQWDGD TXH HQWRQFHV SDUHFtD XQD OODQXUD GH SHGHUQDO UHVTXHEUDMDGR \ HVWXGLy OD
GLUHFFLyQ GH ORV YLHQWRV OD JHRJUDItD GHO OLWRUDO \ ODV UXWDV PiV DGHFXDGDV SDUD OD QDYHJDFLyQ
DpUHD VLQ VDEHU TXH VX GLOLJHQFLD WDQ SDUHFLGD D OD GH 0U +HUEHUW HVWDED LQIXQGLHQGR HQ HO
SXHEORODSHOLJURVDVRVSHFKDGHTXHVXSURSyVLWRQRHUDSODQHDULWLQHUDULRVVLQRVHPEUDUEDQDQR
(QWXVLDVPDGR FRQ XQD RFXUUHQFLD TXH GHVSXpV GH WRGR SRGtD MXVWLILFDU VX HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR
GHILQLWLYR HQ 0DFRQGR KL]R YDULRV YLDMHV D OD FDSLWDO GH OD SURYLQFLD VH HQWUHYLVWy FRQ ODV
DXWRULGDGHV \ REWXYR OLFHQFLDV \ VXVFULELy FRQWUDWRV GH H[FOXVLYLGDG 0LHQWUDV WDQWR PDQWHQtD
FRQ ORV VRFLRV GH %UXVHODV XQD FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD SDUHFLGD D OD GH )HUQDQGD FRQ ORV PpGLFRV
LQYLVLEOHV \ DFDEy GH FRQYHQFHUORV GH TXH HPEDUFDUDQ HO SULPHU DHURSODQR DO FXLGDGR GH XQ
PHFiQLFRH[SHUWRTXHORDUPDUDHQHOSXHUWRPiVSUy[LPR\OROOHYDUDYRODQGRD0DFRQGR8Q
DxRGHVSXpVGHODVSULPHUDVPHGLFLRQHV\FiOFXORVPHWHRUROyJLFRVFRQILDQGRHQODVSURPHVDV
UHLWHUDGDV GH VXV FRUUHVSRQVDOHV KDEtD DGTXLULGR OD FRVWXPEUH GH SDVHDUVH SRU ODV FDOOHV
PLUDQGRHOFLHORSHQGLHQWHGHORVUXPRUHVGHODEULVDHQHVSHUDGHTXHDSDUHFLHUDHODHURSODQR
$XQTXHHOODQRORKDEtDQRWDGRHOUHJUHVRGH$PDUDQWDUVXODGHWHUPLQyXQFDPELRUDGLFDO
HQODYLGDGH$XUHOLDQR'HVSXpVGHODPXHUWHGH-RVp$UFDGLRVHKDEtDYXHOWRXQFOLHQWHDVLGXR
GHODOLEUHUtDGHOVDELRFDWDOiQ$GHPiVODOLEHUWDGGHTXHHQWRQFHVGLVIUXWDED\HOWLHPSRGH
TXH GLVSRQtD OH GHVSHUWDURQ XQD FLHUWD FXULRVLGDG SRU HO SXHEOR TXH FRQRFLy VLQ DVRPEUR
5HFRUULy ODV FDOOHV SROYRULHQWDV \ VROLWDULDV H[DPLQDQGR FRQ XQ LQWHUpV PiV FLHQWtILFR TXH
KXPDQRHOLQWHULRUGHODVFDVDVHQUXLQDVODVUHGHVPHWiOLFDVGHODVYHQWDQDVURWDVSRUHOy[LGR\
ORVSiMDURVPRULEXQGRV\ORVKDELWDQWHVDEDWLGRVSRUORVUHFXHUGRV7UDWyGHUHFRQVWUXLUFRQOD
LPDJLQDFLyQ HO DUUDVDGR HVSOHQGRU GH OD DQWLJXD FLXGDG GH OD FRPSDxtD EDQDQHUD FX\D SLVFLQD
VHFD HVWDED OOHQD KDVWD ORV ERUGHV GH SRGULGRV ]DSDWRV GH KRPEUH \ ]DSDWLOODV GH PXMHU \ HQ
FX\DVFDVDVGHVEDUDWDGDVSRUODFL]DxDHQFRQWUyHOHVTXHOHWRGHXQSHUURDOHPiQWRGDYtDDWDGRD
XQDDUJROODFRQXQDFDGHQDGHDFHUR\XQWHOpIRQRTXHUHSLFDEDUHSLFDEDUHSLFDEDKDVWDTXHpO
OR GHVFROJy HQWHQGLy OR TXH XQD PXMHU DQJXVWLDGD \ UHPRWD SUHJXQWDED HQ LQJOpV \ OH FRQWHVWy
TXHVtTXHODKXHOJDKDEtDWHUPLQDGRTXHORVWUHVPLOPXHUWRVKDEtDQVLGRHFKDGRVDOPDUTXHOD
FRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDVHKDEtDLGR\TXH0DFRQGRHVWDEDSRUILQHQSD]GHVGHKDFtDPXFKRVDxRV
$TXHOODV FRUUHUtDV OR OOHYDURQ DO SRVWUDGR EDUULR GH WROHUDQFLD GRQGH HQ RWURV WLHPSRV VH
TXHPDEDQPD]RVGHELOOHWHVSDUDDQLPDUODFXPELDPED\TXHHQWRQFHVHUDXQYHULFXHWRGHFDOOHV
PiV DIOLJLGDV \ PLVHUDEOHV TXH ODV RWUDV FRQ DOJXQRV IRFRV URMRV WRGDYtD HQFHQGLGRV \ FRQ
\HUPRV VDORQHV GH EDLOH DGRUQDGRV FRQ SLOWUDIDV GH JXLUQDOGDV GRQGH ODV PDFLOHQWDV \ JRUGDV
YLXGDV GH QDGLH ODV ELVDEXHODV IUDQFHVDV \ ODV PDWULDUFDV EDELOyQLFDV FRQWLQXDEDQ HVSHUDQGR
MXQWRDODVYLFWURODV$XUHOLDQRQRHQFRQWUyTXLHQUHFRUGDUDDVXIDPLOLDQLVLTXLHUDDOFRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD VDOYR HO PiV DQWLJXR GH ORV QHJURV DQWLOODQRV XQ DQFLDQR FX\D FDEH]D
DOJRGRQDGDOHGDEDHODVSHFWRGHXQQHJDWLYRGHIRWRJUDItDTXHVHJXtDFDQWDQGRHQHOSyUWLFRGH
OD FDVD ORV VDOPRV O~JXEUHV GHO DWDUGHFHU $XUHOLDQR FRQYHUVDED FRQ pO HQ HO HQUHYHVDGR
SDSLDPHQWR TXH DSUHQGLy HQ SRFDV VHPDQDV \ D YHFHV FRPSDUWtD HO FDOGR GH FDEH]DV GH JDOOR

TXH SUHSDUDED OD ELVQLHWD XQD QHJUD JUDQGH GH KXHVRV VyOLGRV FDGHUDV GH \HJXD \ WHWDV GH
PHORQHV YLYRV \ XQD FDEH]D UHGRQGD SHUIHFWD DFRUD]DGD SRU XQ GXUR FDSDFHWH GH SHORV GH
DODPEUHTXHSDUHFtDHODOPyIDUGHXQJXHUUHURPHGLHYDO6HOODPDED1LJURPDQWD3RUHVDpSRFD
$XUHOLDQRYLYtDGHYHQGHUFXELHUWRVSDOPDWRULDV\RWURVFKpFKHUHVGHODFDVD&XDQGRDQGDED
VLQXQFpQWLPRTXHHUDORPiVIUHFXHQWHFRQVHJXtDTXHHQODVIRQGDVGHOPHUFDGROHUHJDODUDQ
ODV FDEH]DV GH JDOOR TXH LEDQ D WLUDU HQ OD EDVXUD \ VH ODV OOHYDED D 1LJURPDQWD SDUD TXH OH
KLFLHUD VXV VRSDV DXPHQWDGDV FRQ YHUGRODJD \ SHUIXPDGDV FRQ KLHUEDEXHQD $O PRULU HO
ELVDEXHOR $XUHOLDQR GHMy GH IUHFXHQWDU OD FDVD SHUR VH HQFRQWUDED D 1LJURPDQWD EDMR ORV
RVFXURV DOPHQGURV GH OD SOD]D FDXWLYDQGR FRQ VXV VLOERV GH DQLPDO PRQWXQR D ORV HVFDVRV
WUDVQRFKDGRUHV0XFKDVYHFHVODDFRPSDxyKDEODQGRHQSDSLDPHQWRGHODVVRSDVGHFDEH]DVGH
JDOOR\RWUDVH[TXLVLWHFHVGHODPLVHULD\KXELHUDVHJXLGRKDFLpQGRORVLHOODQRORKXELHUDKHFKR
FDHUHQODFXHQWDGHTXHVXFRPSDxtDOHDKX\HQWDEDODFOLHQWHOD$XQTXHDOJXQDVYHFHVVLQWLyOD
WHQWDFLyQ \ DXQTXH D OD SURSLD 1LJURPDQWD OH KXELHUD SDUHFLGR XQD FXOPLQDFLyQ QDWXUDO GH OD
QRVWDOJLD FRPSDUWLGD QR VH DFRVWDED FRQ HOOD 'H PRGR TXH $XUHOLDQR VHJXtD VLHQGR YLUJHQ
FXDQGR$PDUDQWDUVXODUHJUHVyD0DFRQGR\OHGLRXQDEUD]RIUDWHUQDOTXHORGHMyVLQDOLHQWR
&DGDYH]TXHODYHtD\SHRUDXQFXDQGRHOODOHHQVHxDEDORVEDLOHVGHPRGDpOVHQWtDHOPLVPR
GHVDPSDUR GH HVSRQMDV HQ ORV KXHVRV TXH WXUEy D VX WDWDUDEXHOR FXDQGR 3LODU 7HUQHUD OH SXVR
SUHWH[WRVGHEDUDMDVHQHOJUDQHUR7UDWDQGRGHVRIRFDUHOWRUPHQWRVHVXPHUJLyPiVDIRQGRHQ
ORV SHUJDPLQRV \ HOXGLy ORV KDODJRV LQRFHQWHV GH DTXHOOD WtD TXH HPSRQ]RxDED VXV QRFKHV FRQ
HIOXYLRV GH WULEXODFLyQ SHUR PLHQWUDV PiV OD HYLWDED FRQ PiV DQVLHGDG HVSHUDED VX ULVD
SHGUHJRVDVXVDXOOLGRVGHJDWDIHOL]\VXVFDQFLRQHVGHJUDWLWXGDJRQL]DQGRGHDPRUDFXDOTXLHU
KRUD \ HQ ORV OXJDUHV PHQRV SHQVDGRV GH OD FDVD 8QD QRFKH D GLH] PHWURV GH VX FDPD HQ HO
PHVyQ GH SODWHUtD ORV HVSRVRV GHO YLHQWUH GHVTXLFLDGR GHVEDUDWDURQ OD YLGULHUD \ WHUPLQDURQ
DPiQGRVHHQXQFKDUFRGHiFLGRPXULiWLFR$XUHOLDQRQRVyORQRSXGRGRUPLUXQPLQXWRVLQRTXH
SDVy HO GtD VLJXLHQWH FRQ FDOHQWXUD VROOR]DQGR GH UDELD 6H OH KL]R HWHUQD OD OOHJDGD GH OD
SULPHUD QRFKH HQ TXH HVSHUy D 1LJURPDQWD D OD VRPEUD GH ORV DOPHQGURV DWUDYHVDGR SRU ODV
DJXMDVGHKLHORGHODLQFHUWLGXPEUH\DSUHWDQGRHQHOSXxRHOSHVRFRQFLQFXHQWDFHQWDYRVTXHOH
KDEtD SHGLGR D $PDUDQWD UVXOD QR WDQWR SRUTXH ORV QHFHVLWDUD FRPR SDUD FRPSOLFDUOD
HQYLOHFHUOD \ SURVWLWXLUOD GH DOJ~Q PRGR FRQ VX DYHQWXUD 1LJURPDQWD OR OOHYy D VX FXDUWR
DOXPEUDGRFRQYHODGRUDVGHVXSHUFKHUtDDVXFDPDGHWLMHUDVFRQHOOLHQ]RSHUFXGLGRGHPDORV
DPRUHV\DVXFXHUSRGHSHUUDEUDYDHPSHGHUQLGDGHVDOPDGDTXHVHSUHSDUySDUDGHVSDFKDUOR
FRPR VL IXHUD XQ QLxR DVXVWDGR \ VH HQFRQWUy GH SURQWR FRQ XQ KRPEUH FX\R SRGHU WUHPHQGR
H[LJLyDVXVHQWUDxDVXQPRYLPLHQWRGHUHDFRPRGDFLyQVtVPLFD
6HKLFLHURQDPDQWHV$XUHOLDQRRFXSDEDODPDxDQDHQGHVFLIUDUSHUJDPLQRV\DODKRUDGHOD
VLHVWDLEDDOGRUPLWRULRVRSRUtIHURGRQGH1LJURPDQWDORHVSHUDEDSDUDHQVHxDUORDKDFHUSULPHUR
FRPRODVORPEULFHVOXHJRFRPRORVFDUDFROHV\SRU~OWLPRFRPRORVFDQJUHMRVKDVWDTXHWHQtD
TXH DEDQGRQDUOR SDUD DFHFKDU DPRUHV H[WUDYLDGRV 3DVDURQ YDULDV VHPDQDV DQWHV GH TXH
$XUHOLDQRGHVFXEULHUDTXHHOODWHQtDDOUHGHGRUGHODFLQWXUDXQFLQWLOORTXHSDUHFtDKHFKRFRQXQD
FXHUGDGHYLRORQFHORSHURTXHHUDGXURFRPRHODFHUR\FDUHFtDGHUHPDWHSRUTXHKDEtDQDFLGR

116

\ FUHFLGR FRQ HOOD &DVL VLHPSUH HQWUH DPRU \ DPRU FRPtDQ GHVQXGRV HQ OD FDPD HQ HO FDORU
DOXFLQDQWH\EDMRODVHVWUHOODVGLXUQDVTXHHOy[LGRLEDKDFLHQGRGHVSXQWDUHQHOWHFKRGH]LQF
(UD OD SULPHUD YH] TXH 1LJURPDQWD WHQtD XQ KRPEUH ILMR XQ PDFKXFDQWH GH SODQWD FRPR HOOD
PLVPDGHFtDPXHUWDGHULVD\KDVWDHPSH]DEDDKDFHUVHLOXVLRQHVGHFRUD]yQFXDQGR$XUHOLDQR
OH FRQILy VX SDVLyQ UHSULPLGD SRU $PDUDQWD UVXOD TXH QR KDEtD FRQVHJXLGR UHPHGLDU FRQ OD
VXVWLWXFLyQ VLQR TXH OH LED WRUFLHQGR FDGD YH] PiV ODV HQWUDxDV D PHGLGD TXH OD H[SHULHQFLD
HQVDQFKDEDHOKRUL]RQWHGHODPRU(QWRQFHV1LJURPDQWDVLJXLyUHFLELpQGRORFRQHOPLVPRFDORU
GH VLHPSUH SHUR VH KL]R SDJDU ORV VHUYLFLRV FRQ WDQWR ULJRU TXH FXDQGR $XUHOLDQR QR WHQtD
GLQHURVHORVFDUJDEDHQODFXHQWDTXHQROOHYDEDFRQQ~PHURVVLQRFRQUD\LWDVTXHLEDWUD]DQGR
FRQODXxDGHOSXOJDUGHWUiVGHODSXHUWD$ODQRFKHFHUPLHQWUDVHOODVHTXHGDEDEDUORYHQWHDQGR
HQODVVRPEUDVGHODSOD]D$XUHOLDQRSDVDEDSRUHOFRUUHGRUFRPRXQH[WUDxRVDOXGDQGRDSHQDV
D$PDUDQWDUVXOD\D*DVWyQTXHGHRUGLQDULRFHQDEDQDHVDKRUD\YROYtDDHQFHUUDUVHHQHO
FXDUWRVLQSRGHUOHHUQLHVFULELUQLVLTXLHUDSHQVDUSRUODDQVLHGDGTXHOHSURYRFDEDQODVULVDV
ORV FXFKLFKHRV ORV UHWR]RV SUHOLPLQDUHV \ OXHJR ODV H[SORVLRQHV GH IHOLFLGDG DJyQLFD TXH
FROPDEDQODVQRFKHVGHODFDVD(VDHUDVXYLGDGRVDxRVDQWHVGHTXH*DVWyQHPSH]DUDDHVSHUDU
HODHURSODQR\VHJXtDVLHQGRLJXDOODWDUGHHQTXHIXHDODOLEUHUtDGHOVDELRFDWDOiQ\HQFRQWUyD
FXDWUR PXFKDFKRV GHVSRWULFDGRUHV HQFDUQL]DGRV HQ XQD GLVFXVLyQ VREUH ORV PpWRGRV GH PDWDU
FXFDUDFKDVHQOD(GDG0HGLD(OYLHMROLEUHURFRQRFLHQGRODDILFLyQGH$XUHOLDQRSRUOLEURVTXH
VyORKDEtDOHtGR%HGDHO9HQHUDEOHORLQVWyFRQXQDFLHUWDPDOLJQLGDGSDWHUQDODTXHWHUFLDUDHQ
ODFRQWURYHUVLD\pOQLVLTXLHUDWRPyDOLHQWRSDUDH[SOLFDUTXHODVFXFDUDFKDVHOLQVHFWRDODGR
PiV DQWLJXR VREUH OD WLHUUD HUD \D OD YtFWLPD IDYRULWD GH ORV FKDQFOHWD]RV HQ HO $QWLJXR
7HVWDPHQWR SHUR TXH FRPR HVSHFLH HUD GHILQLWLYDPHQWH UHIUDFWDULD D FXDOTXLHU PpWRGR GH
H[WHUPLQLR GHVGH ODV UHEDQDGDV GH WRPDWH FRQ EyUD[ KDVWD OD KDULQD FRQ D]~FDU SXHV VXV PLO
VHLVFLHQWDVWUHVYDULHGDGHVKDEtDQUHVLVWLGRDODPiVUHPRWDWHQD]\GHVSLDGDGDSHUVHFXFLyQTXH
HO KRPEUH KDEtD GHVDWDGR GHVGH VXV RUtJHQHV FRQWUD VHU YLYLHQWH DOJXQR LQFOXVLYH HO SURSLR
KRPEUH KDVWD HO H[WUHPR GH TXH DVt FRPR VH DWULEXtD DO JpQHUR KXPDQR XQ LQVWLQWR GH
UHSURGXFFLyQ GHEtD DWULEXtUVHOH RWUR PiV GHILQLGR \ DSUHPLDQWH TXH HUD HO LQVWLQWR GH PDWDU
FXFDUDFKDV \ TXH VL pVWDV KDEtDQ ORJUDGR HVFDSDU D OD IHURFLGDG KXPDQD HUD SRUTXH VH KDEtDQ
UHIXJLDGRHQODVWLQLHEODVGRQGHVHKLFLHURQLQYXOQHUDEOHVSRUHOPLHGRFRQJpQLWRGHOKRPEUHD
ODRVFXULGDGSHURHQFDPELRVHYROYLHURQVXVFHSWLEOHVDOHVSOHQGRUGHOPHGLRGtDGHPRGRTXH
\DHQOD(GDG0HGLDHQODDFWXDOLGDG\SRUORVVLJORVGHORVVLJORVHO~QLFRPpWRGRHILFD]SDUD
PDWDUFXFDUDFKDVHUDHOGHVOXPEUDPLHQWRVRODU
$TXHO IDWDOLVPR HQFLFORSpGLFR IXH HO SULQFLSLR GH XQD JUDQ DPLVWDG $XUHOLDQR VLJXLy
UHXQLpQGRVH WRGDV ODV WDUGHV FRQ ORV FXDWUR GLVFXWLGRUHV TXH VH OODPDEDQ OYDUR *HUPiQ
$OIRQVR\*DEULHOORVSULPHURV\~OWLPRVDPLJRVTXHWXYRHQODYLGD3DUDXQKRPEUHFRPRpO
HQFDVWLOODGRHQODUHDOLGDGHVFULWDDTXHOODVVHVLRQHVWRUPHQWRVDVTXHHPSH]DEDQHQODOLEUHUtDD
ODV VHLV GH OD WDUGH \ WHUPLQDEDQ HQ ORV EXUGHOHV DO DPDQHFHU IXHURQ XQD UHYHODFLyQ 1R VH OH
KDEtD RFXUULGR SHQVDU KDVWD HQWRQFHV TXH OD OLWHUDWXUD IXHUD HO PHMRU MXJXHWH TXH VH KDEtD
LQYHQWDGRSDUDEXUODUVHGHODJHQWHFRPRORGHPRVWUyOYDURHQXQDQRFKHGHSDUUDQGD+DEtD

GH WUDQVFXUULU DOJ~Q WLHPSR DQWHV GH TXH $XUHOLDQR VH GLHUD FXHQWD GH TXH WDQWD DUELWUDULHGDG
WHQtDRULJHQHQHOHMHPSORGHOVDELRFDWDOiQSDUDTXLHQODVDELGXUtDQRYDOtDODSHQDVLQRHUD
SRVLEOHVHUYLUVHGHHOODSDUDLQYHQWDUXQDPDQHUDQXHYDGHSUHSDUDUORVJDUEDQ]RV
/DWDUGHHQTXH$XUHOLDQRVHQWyFiWHGUDVREUHODVFXFDUDFKDVODGLVFXVLyQWHUPLQyHQODFDVD
GH ODV PXFKDFKLWDV TXH VH DFRVWDEDQ SRU KDPEUH XQ EXUGHO GH PHQWLUDV HQ ORV DUUDEDOHV GH
0DFRQGR/DSURSLHWDULDHUDXQDPDPDVDQWDVRQULHQWHDWRUPHQWDGDSRUODPDQtDGHDEULU\FHUUDU
SXHUWDV 6X HWHUQD VRQULVD SDUHFtD SURYRFDGD SRU OD FUHGXOLGDG GH ORV FOLHQWHV TXH DGPLWtDQ
FRPRDOJRFLHUWRXQHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRTXHQRH[LVWtDVLQRHQODLPDJLQDFLyQSRUTXHDOOtKDVWDODV
FRVDVWDQJLEOHVHUDQLUUHDOHVORVPXHEOHVTXHVHGHVDUPDEDQDOVHQWDUVHODYLFWURODGHVWULSDGD
HQFX\RLQWHULRUKDEtDXQDJDOOLQDLQFXEDQGRHOMDUGtQGHIORUHVGHSDSHOORVDOPDQDTXHVGHDxRV
DQWHULRUHV D OD OOHJDGD GH OD FRPSDxtD EDQDQHUD ORV FXDGURV FRQ OLWRJUDItDV UHFRUWDGDV GH
UHYLVWDV TXH QXQFD VH HGLWDURQ +DVWD ODV SXWLWDV WtPLGDV TXH DFXGtDQ GHO YHFLQGDULR FXDQGR OD
SURSLHWDULD OHV DYLVDED TXH KDEtDQ OOHJDGR FOLHQWHV HUDQ XQD SXUD LQYHQFLyQ $SDUHFtDQ VLQ
VDOXGDUFRQORVWUDMHFLWRVIORUHDGRVGHFXDQGRWHQtDQFLQFRDxRVPHQRV\VHORVTXLWDEDQFRQOD
PLVPD LQRFHQFLD FRQ TXH VH ORV KDEtDQ SXHVWR \ HQ HO SDUR[LVPR GHO DPRU H[FODPDEDQ
DVRPEUDGDVTXpEDUEDULGDGPLUDFyPRVHHVWiFD\HQGRHVHWHFKR\WDQSURQWRFRPRUHFLEtDQVX
SHVR FRQ FLQFXHQWD FHQWDYRV VH OR JDVWDEDQ HQ XQ SDQ \ XQ SHGD]R GH TXHVR TXH OHV YHQGtD OD
SURSLHWDULD PiV ULVXHxD TXH QXQFD SRUTXH VRODPHQWH HOOD VDEtD TXH WDPSRFR HVD FRPLGD HUD
YHUGDG $XUHOLDQR FX\R PXQGR GH HQWRQFHV HPSH]DED HQ ORV SHUJDPLQRV GH 0HOTXtDGHV \
WHUPLQDEDHQODFDPDGH1LJURPDQWDHQFRQWUyHQHOEXUGHOLWRLPDJLQDULRXQDFXUDGHEXUURSDUD
ODWLPLGH]$OSULQFLSLRQRORJUDEDOOHJDUDQLQJXQDSDUWHHQXQRVFXDUWRVGRQGHODGXHxDHQWUDED
HQORVPHMRUHVPRPHQWRVGHODPRU\KDFtDWRGDFODVHGHFRPHQWDULRVVREUHORVHQFDQWRVtQWLPRV
GHORVSURWDJRQLVWDV3HURFRQHOWLHPSROOHJyDIDPLOLDUL]DUVHWDQWRFRQDTXHOORVSHUFDQFHVGHO
PXQGRTXHXQDQRFKHPiVGHVTXLFLDGDTXHODVRWUDVVHGHVQXGyHQODVDOLWDGHUHFLER\UHFRUULy
ODFDVDOOHYDQGRHQHTXLOLEULRXQDERWHOODGHFHUYH]DVREUHVXPDVFXOLQLGDGLQFRQFHELEOH)XHpO
TXLHQ SXVR GH PRGD ODV H[WUDYDJDQFLDV TXH OD SURSLHWDULD FHOHEUDED FRQ VX VRQULVD HWHUQD VLQ
SURWHVWDU VLQ FUHHU HQ HOODV OR PLVPR TXH FXDQGR *HUPiQ WUDWy GH LQFHQGLDU OD FDVD SDUD
GHPRVWUDUTXHQRH[LVWtDTXHFXDQGR$OIRQVROHWRUFLyHOSHVFXH]RDOORUR\ORHFKyHQODROOD
GRQGHHPSH]DEDDKHUYLUHOVDQFRFKRGHJDOOLQD
$XQTXH$XUHOLDQRVHVHQWtDYLQFXODGRDORVFXDWURDPLJRVSRUXQPLVPRFDULxR\XQDPLVPD
VROLGDULGDGKDVWDHOSXQWRGHTXHSHQVDEDHQHOORVFRPRVLIXHUDQXQRVRORHVWDEDPiVFHUFDGH
*DEULHO TXH GH ORV RWURV (O YtQFXOR QDFLy OD QRFKH HQ TXH pO KDEOy FDVXDOPHQWH GHO FRURQHO
$XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD \ *DEULHO IXH HO ~QLFR TXH QR FUH\y TXH VH HVWXYLHUD EXUODQGR GH DOJXLHQ
+DVWDODGXHxDTXHQRVROtDLQWHUYHQLUHQODVFRQYHUVDFLRQHVGLVFXWLyFRQXQDUDELRVDSDVLyQGH
FRPDGURQDTXHHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDGHTXLHQHQHIHFWRKDEtDRtGRKDEODUDOJXQDYH]
HUD XQ SHUVRQDMH LQYHQWDGR SRU HO JRELHUQR FRPR XQ SUHWH[WR SDUD PDWDU OLEHUDOHV *DEULHO HQ
FDPELR QR SRQtD HQ GXGD OD UHDOLGDG GHO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD SRUTXH KDEtD VLGR
FRPSDxHUR GH DUPDV \ DPLJR LQVHSDUDEOH GH VX ELVDEXHOR HO FRURQHO *HULQHOGR 0iUTXH]
$TXHOODVYHOHLGDGHVGHODPHPRULDHUDQWRGDYtDPiVFUtWLFDVFXDQGRVHKDEODEDGHODPDWDQ]DGH

117

ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV &DGD YH] TXH $XUHOLDQR WRFDED HO SXQWR QR VyOR OD SURSLHWDULD VLQR DOJXQDV
SHUVRQDVPD\RUHVTXHHOODUHSXGLDEDQODSDWUDxDGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVDFRUUDODGRVHQODHVWDFLyQ
\ GHO WUHQ GH GRVFLHQWRV YDJRQHV FDUJDGRV GH PXHUWRV H LQFOXVLYH VH REVWLQDEDQ HQ OR TXH
GHVSXpVGHWRGRKDEtDTXHGDGRHVWDEOHFLGRHQH[SHGLHQWHVMXGLFLDOHV\HQORVWH[WRVGHODHVFXHOD
SULPDULDTXHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDQRKDEtDH[LVWLGRQXQFD'HPRGRTXH$XUHOLDQR\*DEULHO
HVWDEDQYLQFXODGRVSRUXQDHVSHFLHGHFRPSOLFLGDGIXQGDGDHQKHFKRVUHDOHVHQORVTXHQDGLH
FUHtD\TXHKDEtDQDIHFWDGRVXVYLGDVKDVWDHOSXQWRGHTXHDPERVVHHQFRQWUDEDQDODGHULYDHQ
OD UHVDFD GH XQ PXQGR DFDEDGR GHO FXDO VyOR TXHGDED OD QRVWDOJLD *DEULHO GRUPtD GRQGH OR
VRUSUHQGLHUDODKRUD$XUHOLDQRORDFRPRGyYDULDVYHFHVHQHOWDOOHUGHSODWHUtDSHURVHSDVDED
ODVQRFKHVHQYHODSHUWXUEDGRSRUHOWUDVLHJRGHORVPXHUWRVTXHDQGDEDQKDVWDHODPDQHFHUSRU
ORV GRUPLWRULRV 0iV WDUGH VH OR HQFRPHQGy D 1LJURPDQWD TXLHQ OR OOHYDED D VX FXDUWLWR
PXOWLWXGLQDULR FXDQGR HVWDED OLEUH \ OH DQRWDED ODV FXHQWDV FRQ UD\LWDV YHUWLFDOHV GHWUiV GH OD
SXHUWDHQORVSRFRVHVSDFLRVGLVSRQLEOHVTXHKDEtDQGHMDGRODVGHXGDVGH$XUHOLDQR
$SHVDUGHVXYLGDGHVRUGHQDGDWRGRHOJUXSRWUDWDEDGHKDFHUDOJRSHUGXUDEOHDLQVWDQFLDV
GHOVDELRFDWDOiQ(UDpOFRQVXH[SHULHQFLDGHDQWLJXRSURIHVRUGHOHWUDVFOiVLFDV\VXGHSyVLWR
GH OLEURV UDURV TXLHQ ORV KDEtD SXHVWR HQ FRQGLFLRQHV GH SDVDU XQD QRFKH HQWHUD EXVFDQGR OD
WULJHVLPRVpSWLPDVLWXDFLyQGUDPiWLFDHQXQSXHEORGRQGH\DQDGLHWHQtDLQWHUpVQLSRVLELOLGDGHV
GHLUPiVDOOiGHODHVFXHODSULPDULD)DVFLQDGRSRUHOGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHODDPLVWDGDWXUGLGR
SRU ORV KHFKL]RV GH XQ PXQGR TXH OH KDEtD VLGR YHGDGR SRU OD PH]TXLQGDG GH )HUQDQGD
$XUHOLDQR DEDQGRQy HO HVFUXWLQLR GH ORV SHUJDPLQRV SUHFLVDPHQWH FXDQGR HPSH]DEDQ D
UHYHOiUVHOH FRPR SUHGLFFLRQHV HQ YHUVRV FLIUDGRV 3HUR OD FRPSUREDFLyQ SRVWHULRU GH TXH HO
WLHPSRDOFDQ]DEDSDUDWRGRVLQTXHIXHUDQHFHVDULRUHQXQFLDUDORVEXUGHOHVOHGLRiQLPRVSDUD
YROYHUDOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHVGHFLGLGRDQRIODTXHDUHQVXHPSHxRKDVWDGHVFXEULUODV~OWLPDV
FODYHV(VRIXHSRUORVGtDVHQTXH*DVWyQHPSH]DEDDHVSHUDUHODHURSODQR\$PDUDQWDUVXOD
VHHQFRQWUDEDWDQVRODTXHXQDPDxDQDDSDUHFLyHQHOFXDUWR
+RODDQWURSyIDJROHGLMR2WUDYH]HQODFXHYD
(UDLUUHVLVWLEOHFRQVXYHVWLGRLQYHQWDGR\XQRGHORVODUJRVFROODUHVGHYpUWHEUDVGHViEDOR
TXH HOOD PLVPD IDEULFDED +DEtD GHVLVWLGR GHO VHGDO FRQYHQFLGD GH OD ILGHOLGDG GHO PDULGR \
SRU SULPHUD YH] GHVGH HO UHJUHVR SDUHFtD GLVSRQHU GH XQ UDWR GH RFLR $XUHOLDQR QR KXELHUD
WHQLGRQHFHVLGDGGHYHUODSDUDVDEHUTXHKDEtDOOHJDGR(OODVHDFRGyHQODPHVDGHWUDEDMRWDQ
FHUFDQD H LQHUPH TXH $XUHOLDQR SHUFLELy HO KRQGR UXPRU GH VXV KXHVRV \ VH LQWHUHVy HQ ORV
SHUJDPLQRV7UDWDQGRGHVREUHSRQHUVHDODWXUEDFLyQpODWUDSyODYR]TXHVHOHIXJDEDODYLGD
TXH VH OH LED OD PHPRULD TXH VH OH FRQYHUWtD HQ XQ SyOLSR SHWULILFDGR \ OH KDEOy GHO GHVWLQR
OHYtWLFR GHO ViQVFULWR GH OD SRVLELOLGDG FLHQWtILFD GH YHU HO IXWXUR WUDQVSDUHQWDGR HQ HO WLHPSR
FRPR VH YH D FRQWUDOX] OR HVFULWR HQ HO UHYHUVR GH XQ SDSHO GH OD QHFHVLGDG GH FLIUDU ODV
SUHGLFFLRQHVSDUDTXHQRVHGHUURWDUDQDVtPLVPDV\GHODV&HQWXULDVGH1RVWUDGDPXV\GHOD
GHVWUXFFLyQGH&DQWDEULDDQXQFLDGDSRU6DQ0LOOiQ'HSURQWRVLQLQWHUUXPSLUODSOiWLFDPRYLGR
SRUXQLPSXOVRTXHGRUPtDHQpOGHVGHVXVRUtJHQHV$XUHOLDQRSXVRVXPDQRVREUHODGHHOOD
FUH\HQGR TXH DTXHOOD GHFLVLyQ ILQDO SRQtD WpUPLQR D OD ]R]REUD 6LQ HPEDUJR HOOD OH DJDUUy HO

tQGLFHFRQODLQRFHQFLDFDULxRVDFRQTXHORKL]RPXFKDVYHFHVHQODLQIDQFLD\ORWXYRDJDUUDGR
PLHQWUDV pO VHJXtD FRQWHVWDQGR VXV SUHJXQWDV 3HUPDQHFLHURQ DVt YLQFXODGRV SRU XQ tQGLFH GH
KLHORTXHQRWUDQVPLWtDQDGDHQQLQJ~QVHQWLGRKDVWDTXHHOODGHVSHUWyGHVXVXHxRPRPHQWiQHR\
VH GLR XQD SDOPDGD HQ OD IUHQWH /DV KRUPLJDV H[FODPy < HQWRQFHV VH ROYLGy GH ORV
PDQXVFULWRVOOHJyKDVWDODSXHUWDFRQXQSDVRGHEDLOH\GHVGHDOOtOHPDQGyD$XUHOLDQRFRQOD
SXQWDGHORVGHGRVHOPLVPREHVRFRQTXHVHGHVSLGLyGHVXSDGUHODWDUGHHQTXHODPDQGDURQD
%UXVHODV
'HVSXpVPHH[SOLFDVGLMR6HPHKDEtDROYLGDGRTXHKR\HVGtDGHHFKDUFDOHQORV
KXHFRVGHODVKRUPLJDV
6LJXLy \HQGR DO FXDUWR RFDVLRQDOPHQWH FXDQGR WHQtD DOJR TXH KDFHU SRU HVRV ODGRV \
SHUPDQHFtD DOOt EUHYHV PLQXWRV PLHQWUDV VX PDULGR FRQWLQXDED HVFUXWDQGR HO FLHOR ,OXVLRQDGR
FRQDTXHOFDPELR$XUHOLDQRVHTXHGDEDHQWRQFHVDFRPHUHQIDPLOLDFRPRQRORKDFtDGHVGHORV
SULPHURVPHVHVGHOUHJUHVRGH$PDUDQWDUVXOD$*DVWyQOHDJUDGy(QODVFRQYHUVDFLRQHVGH
VREUHPHVDTXHVROtDQSURORQJDUVHSRUPiVGHXQDKRUDVHGROtDGHTXHVXVVRFLRVORHVWXYLHUDQ
HQJDxDQGR/HKDEtDQDQXQFLDGRHOHPEDUTXHGHODHURSODQRHQXQEXTXHTXHQROOHJDED\DXQTXH
VXVDJHQWHVPDUtWLPRVLQVLVWtDQHQTXHQROOHJDUtDQXQFDSRUTXHQRILJXUDEDHQODVOLVWDVGHORV
EDUFRVGHO&DULEHVXVVRFLRVVHREVWLQDEDQHQTXHHOGHVSDFKRHUDFRUUHFWR\KDVWDLQVLQXDEDQ
ODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXH*DVWyQOHVPLQWLHUDHQVXVFDUWDV/DFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDDOFDQ]yWDOJUDGRGH
VXVSLFDFLDUHFtSURFDTXH*DVWyQRSWySRUQRYROYHUDHVFULELU\HPSH]yDVXJHULUODSRVLELOLGDG
GHXQYLDMHUiSLGRD%UXVHODVSDUDDFODUDUODVFRVDV\UHJUHVDUFRQHODHURSODQR6LQHPEDUJR
HOSUR\HFWRVHGHVYDQHFLyWDQSURQWRFRPR$PDUDQWDUVXODUHLWHUyVXGHFLVLyQGHQRPRYHUVHGH
0DFRQGRDXQTXHVHTXHGDUDVLQPDULGR(QORVSULPHURVWLHPSRV$XUHOLDQRFRPSDUWLyODLGHD
JHQHUDOL]DGDGHTXH*DVWyQHUDXQWRQWRHQYHORFtSHGR\HVROHVXVFLWyXQYDJRVHQWLPLHQWRGH
SLHGDG 0iV WDUGH FXDQGR REWXYR HQ ORV EXUGHOHV XQD LQIRUPDFLyQ PiV SURIXQGD VREUH OD
QDWXUDOH]D GH ORV KRPEUHV SHQVy TXH OD PDQVHGXPEUH GH *DVWyQ WHQtD RULJHQ HQ OD SDVLyQ
GHVPDQGDGD3HURFXDQGRORFRQRFLyPHMRU\VHGLRFXHQWDGHTXHVXYHUGDGHURFDUiFWHUHVWDED
HQFRQWUDGLFFLyQFRQVXFRQGXFWDVXPLVDFRQFLELyODPDOLFLRVDVRVSHFKDGHTXHKDVWDODHVSHUD
GHODHURSODQRHUDXQDIDUVD(QWRQFHVSHQVyTXH*DVWyQQRHUDWDQWRQWRFRPRORDSDUHQWDEDVLQR
DOFRQWUDULRXQKRPEUHGHXQDFRQVWDQFLDXQDKDELOLGDG\XQDSDFLHQFLDLQILQLWDVTXHVHKDEtD
SURSXHVWRYHQFHUDODHVSRVDSRUHOFDQVDQFLRGHODHWHUQDFRPSODFHQFLDGHOQXQFDGHFLUOHTXH
QRGHOVLPXODUXQDFRQIRUPLGDGVLQOtPLWHVGHMiQGRODHQUHGDUVHHQVXSURSLDWHODUDxDKDVWDHO
GtDHQTXHQRSXGLHUDVRSRUWDUPiVHOWHGLRGHODVLOXVLRQHVDODOFDQFHGHODPDQR\HOODPLVPD
KLFLHUDODVPDOHWDVSDUDYROYHUD(XURSD/DDQWLJXDSLHGDGGH$XUHOLDQRVHWUDQVIRUPyHQXQD
DQLPDGYHUVLyQYLUXOHQWD/HSDUHFLyWDQSHUYHUVRHOVLVWHPDGH*DVWyQSHURDOPLVPRWLHPSRWDQ
HILFD]TXHVHDWUHYLyDSUHYHQLUD$PDUDQWDUVXOD6LQHPEDUJRHOODVHEXUOyGHVXVXVSLFDFLD
VLQYLVOXPEUDUVLTXLHUDODGHVJDUUDGRUDFDUJDGHDPRUGHLQFHUWLGXPEUH\GHFHORVTXHOOHYDED
GHQWUR 1R VH OH KDEtD RFXUULGR SHQVDU TXH VXVFLWDED HQ $XUHOLDQR DOJR PiV TXH XQ DIHFWR
IUDWHUQDO KDVWD TXH VH SLQFKy XQ GHGR WUDWDQGR GH GHVWDSDU XQD ODWD GH PHORFRWRQHV \ pO VH
SUHFLSLWyDFKXSDUOHODVDQJUHFRQXQDDYLGH]\XQDGHYRFLyQTXHOHHUL]DURQODSLHO

118

$XUHOLDQRULyHOODLQTXLHWD(UHVGHPDVLDGRPDOLFLRVRSDUDVHUXQEXHQPXUFLpODJR
(QWRQFHV$XUHOLDQRVHGHVERUGy'iQGROHEHVLWRVKXpUIDQRVHQHOFXHQFRGHODPDQRKHULGD
DEULyORVSDVDGL]RVPiVUHFyQGLWRVGHVXFRUD]yQ\VHVDFyXQDWULSDLQWHUPLQDEOH\PDFHUDGDHO
WHUULEOH DQLPDO SDUDVLWDULR TXH KDEtD LQFXEDGR HQ HO PDUWLULR /H FRQWy FyPR VH OHYDQWDED D
PHGLDQRFKHSDUDOORUDUGHGHVDPSDUR\GHUDELDHQODURSDtQWLPDTXHHOODGHMDEDVHFDQGRHQHO
EDxR/HFRQWyFRQFXiQWDDQVLHGDGOHSHGtDD1LJURPDQWDTXHFKLOODUDFRPRXQDJDWD\VROOR]DUD
HQ VX RtGR JDVWyQ JDVWyQ JDVWyQ \ FRQ FXiQWD DVWXFLD VDTXHDED VXV IUDVFRV GH SHUIXPH SDUD
HQFRQWUDUOR HQ HO FXHOOR GH ODV PXFKDFKLWDV TXH VH DFRVWDEDQ SRU KDPEUH (VSDQWDGD FRQ OD
SDVLyQ GH DTXHO GHVDKRJR $PDUDQWD UVXOD IXH FHUUDQGR ORV GHGRV FRQWUD\pQGRORV FRPR XQ
PROXVFR KDVWD TXH VX PDQR KHULGD OLEHUDGD GH WRGR GRORU \ WRGR YHVWLJLR GH PLVHULFRUGLD VH
FRQYLUWLyHQXQQXGRGHHVPHUDOGDV\WRSDFLRV\KXHVRVSpWUHRVHLQVHQVLEOHV
%UXWRGLMRFRPRVLHVWXYLHUDHVFXSLHQGR0HYR\D%pOJLFDHQHOSULPHUEDUFRTXH
VDOJD
OYDURKDEtDOOHJDGRXQDGHHVDVWDUGHVDODOLEUHUtDGHOVDELRFDWDOiQSUHJRQDQGRDYR]HQ
FXHOOR VX ~OWLPR KDOOD]JR XQ EXUGHO ]RROyJLFR 6H OODPDED (O 1LxR GH 2UR \ HUD XQ LQPHQVR
VDOyQDODLUHOLEUHSRUGRQGHVHSDVHDEDQDYROXQWDGQRPHQRVGHGRVFLHQWRVDOFDUDYDQHVTXH
GDEDQODKRUDFRQXQFDFDUHRHQVRUGHFHGRU(QORVFRUUDOHVGHDODPEUHTXHURGHDEDQODSLVWDGH
EDLOH \ HQWUH JUDQGHV FDPHOLDV DPD]yQLFDV KDEtD JDU]DV GH FRORUHV FDLPDQHV FHEDGRV FRPR
FHUGRV VHUSLHQWHV GH GRFH FDVFDEHOHV \ XQD WRUWXJD GH FRQFKD GRUDGD TXH VH ]DPEXOOtD HQ XQ
PLQ~VFXOR RFpDQR DUWLILFLDO +DEtD XQ SHUUD]R EODQFR PDQVR \ SHGHUDVWD TXH VLQ HPEDUJR
SUHVWDEDVHUYLFLRVGHSDGURWHSDUDTXHOHGLHUDQGHFRPHU(ODLUHWHQtDXQDGHQVLGDGLQJHQXD
FRPRVLORDFDEDUDQGHLQYHQWDU\ODVEHOODVPXODWDVTXHHVSHUDEDQVLQHVSHUDQ]DHQWUHSpWDORV
VDQJULHQWRV \ GLVFRV SDVDGRV GH PRGD FRQRFtDQ RILFLRV GH DPRU TXH HO KRPEUH KDEtD GHMDGR
ROYLGDGRVHQHOSDUDtVRWHUUHQDO/DSULPHUDQRFKHHQTXHHOJUXSRYLVLWyDTXHOLQYHUQDGHURGH
LOXVLRQHV OD HVSOpQGLGD \ WDFLWXUQD DQFLDQD TXH YLJLODED HO LQJUHVR HQ XQ PHFHGRU GH EHMXFR
VLQWLyTXHHOWLHPSRUHJUHVDEDDVXVPDQDQWLDOHVSULPDULRVFXDQGRHQWUHORVFLQFRTXHOOHJDEDQ
GHVFXEULy XQ KRPEUH yVHR FHWULQR GH SyPXORV WiUWDURV PDUFDGR SDUD VLHPSUH \ GHVGH HO
SULQFLSLRGHOPXQGRSRUODYLUXHODGHODVROHGDG
$\VXVSLUy$XUHOLDQR
(VWDEDYLHQGRRWUDYH]DOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDFRPRORYLRDODOX]GHXQDOiPSDUD
PXFKRDQWHVGHODVJXHUUDVPXFKRDQWHVGHODGHVRODFLyQGHODJORULD\HOH[LOLRGHOGHVHQFDQWR
ODUHPRWDPDGUXJDGDHQTXHpOIXHDVXGRUPLWRULRSDUDLPSDUWLUODSULPHUDRUGHQGHVXYLGDOD
RUGHQGHTXHOHGLHUDQDPRU(UD3LODU7HUQHUD$xRVDQWHVFXDQGRFXPSOLyORVFLHQWRFXDUHQWD\
FLQFRKDEtDUHQXQFLDGRDODSHUQLFLRVDFRVWXPEUHGHOOHYDUODVFXHQWDVGHVXHGDG\FRQWLQXDED
YLYLHQGRHQHOWLHPSRHVWiWLFR\PDUJLQDOGHORVUHFXHUGRVHQXQIXWXURSHUIHFWDPHQWHUHYHODGR\
HVWDEOHFLGRPiVDOOiGHORVIXWXURVSHUWXUEDGRVSRUODVDFHFKDQ]DV\ODVVXSRVLFLRQHVLQVLGLRVDV
GHODVEDUDMDV
'HVGHDTXHOODQRFKH$XUHOLDQRVHKDEtDUHIXJLDGRHQODWHUQXUD\ODFRPSUHQVLyQFRPSDVLYD
GHODWDWDUDEXHODLJQRUDGD6HQWDGDHQHOPHFHGRUGHEHMXFRHOODHYRFDEDHOSDVDGRUHFRQVWUXtD

ODJUDQGH]D\HOLQIRUWXQLRGHODIDPLOLD\HODUUDVDGRHVSOHQGRUGH0DFRQGRPLHQWUDVOYDUR
DVXVWDED D ORV FDLPDQHV FRQ VXV FDUFDMDGDV GH HVWUpSLWR \ $OIRQVR LQYHQWDED OD KLVWRULD
WUXFXOHQWD GH ORV DOFDUDYDQHV TXH OHV VDFDURQ ORV RMRV D SLFRWD]RV D FXDWUR FOLHQWHV TXH VH
SRUWDURQ PDO OD VHPDQD DQWHULRU \ *DEULHO HVWDED HQ HO FXDUWR GH OD PXODWD SHQVDWLYD TXH QR
FREUDED HO DPRU FRQ GLQHUR VLQR FRQ FDUWDV SDUD XQ QRYLR FRQWUDEDQGLVWD TXH HVWDED SUHVR DO
RWUR ODGR GHO 2ULQRFR SRUTXH ORV JXDUGLDV IURQWHUL]RV OR KDEtDQ SXUJDGR \ OR KDEtDQ VHQWDGR
OXHJR HQ XQD EDFLQLOOD TXH TXHGy OOHQD GH PLHUGD FRQ GLDPDQWHV $TXHO EXUGHO YHUGDGHUR FRQ
DTXHOOD GXHxD PDWHUQDO HUD HO PXQGR FRQ TXH $XUHOLDQR KDEtD VRxDGR HQ VX SURORQJDGR
FDXWLYHULR 6H VHQWtD WDQ ELHQ WDQ SUy[LPR DO DFRPSDxDPLHQWR SHUIHFWR TXH QR SHQVy HQ RWUR
UHIXJLRODWDUGHHQTXH$PDUDQWDUVXODOHGHVPLJDMyODVLOXVLRQHV)XHGLVSXHVWRDGHVDKRJDUVH
FRQ SDODEUDV D TXH DOJXLHQ OH ]DIDUD ORV QXGRV TXH OH RSULPtDQ HO SHFKR SHUR VyOR FRQVLJXLy
VROWDUVH HQ XQ OODQWR IOXLGR \ FiOLGR \ UHSDUDGRU HQ HO UHJD]R GH 3LODU 7HUQHUD (OOD OR GHMy
WHUPLQDU UDVFiQGROH OD FDEH]D FRQ OD \HPD GH ORV GHGRV \ VLQ TXH pO OH KXELHUD UHYHODGR TXH
HVWDED OORUDQGR GH DPRU HOOD UHFRQRFLy GH LQPHGLDWR HO OODQWR PiV DQWLJXR GH OD KLVWRULD GHO
KRPEUH
%XHQRQLxLWRORFRQVROyDKRUDGLPHTXLpQHV
&XDQGR$XUHOLDQRVHORGLMR3LODU7HUQHUDHPLWLyXQDULVDSURIXQGDODDQWLJXDULVDH[SDQVLYD
TXH KDEtD WHUPLQDGR SRU SDUHFHU XQ FXFXUUXFXWHR GH SDORPDV 1R KDEtD QLQJ~Q PLVWHULR HQ HO
FRUD]yQ GH XQ %XHQGtD TXH IXHUD LPSHQHWUDEOH SDUD HOOD SRUTXH XQ VLJOR GH QDLSHV \ GH
H[SHULHQFLDV OH KDEtD HQVHxDGR TXH OD KLVWRULD GH OD IDPLOLD HUD XQ HQJUDQDMH GH UHSHWLFLRQHV
LUUHSDUDEOHV XQD UXHGD JLUDWRULD TXH KXELHUD VHJXLGR GDQGR YXHOWDV KDVWD OD HWHUQLGDG GH QR
KDEHUVLGRSRUHOGHVJDVWHSURJUHVLYRHLUUHPHGLDEOHGHOHMH
1RWHSUHRFXSHVVRQULy(QFXDOTXLHUOXJDUHQTXHHVWpDKRUDHOODWHHVWiHVSHUDQGR
(UDQODVFXDWUR\PHGLDGHODWDUGHFXDQGR$PDUDQWDUVXODVDOLyGHOEDxR$XUHOLDQRODYLR
SDVDUIUHQWHDVXFXDUWRFRQXQDEDWDGHSOLHJXHVWHQXHV\XQDWRDOODHQUROODGDHQODFDEH]DFRPR
XQ WXUEDQWH /D VLJXLy FDVL HQ SXQWLOODV WDPEDOHiQGRVH GH OD ERUUDFKHUD \ HQWUy DO GRUPLWRULR
QXSFLDOHQHOPRPHQWRHQTXHHOODVHDEULyODEDWD\VHODYROYLyDFHUUDUHVSDQWDGD+L]RXQD
VHxDO VLOHQFLRVD KDFLD HO FXDUWR FRQWLJXR FX\D SXHUWD HVWDED HQWUHDELHUWD \ GRQGH $XUHOLDQR
VDEtDTXH*DVWyQHPSH]DEDDHVFULELUXQDFDUWD
9HWHGLMRVLQYR]
$XUHOLDQRVRQULyODOHYDQWySRUODFLQWXUDFRQODVGRVPDQRVFRPRXQDPDFHWDGHEHJRQLDV
\ODWLUyERFDUULEDHQODFDPD'HXQWLUyQEUXWDOODGHVSRMyGHODW~QLFDGHEDxRDQWHVGHTXH
HOOD WXYLHUD WLHPSR GH LPSHGLUOR \ VH DVRPy DO DELVPR GH XQD GHVQXGH] UHFLpQ ODYDGD TXH QR
WHQtDXQPDWL]GHODSLHOQLXQDYHWDGHYHOORVQLXQOXQDUUHFyQGLWRTXHpOQRKXELHUDLPDJLQDGR
HQ ODV WLQLHEODV GH RWURV FXDUWRV $PDUDQWD UVXOD VH GHIHQGtD VLQFHUDPHQWH FRQ DVWXFLDV GH
KHPEUDVDELDFRPDGUHMHDQGRHOHVFXUULGL]R\IOH[LEOH\IUDJDQWHFXHUSRGHFRPDGUHMDPLHQWUDV
WUDWDEDGHGHVWURQFDUOHORVULxRQHVFRQODVURGLOODV\OHDODFUDQHDEDODFDUDFRQODVXxDVSHURVLQ
TXHpOQLHOODHPLWLHUDQXQVXVSLURTXHQRSXGLHUDFRQIXQGLUVHFRQODUHVSLUDFLyQGHDOJXLHQTXH
FRQWHPSODUDHOSDUVLPRQLRVRFUHS~VFXORGHDEULOSRUODYHQWDQDDELHUWD(UDXQDOXFKDIHUR]XQD

119

EDWDOODDPXHUWHTXHVLQHPEDUJRSDUHFtDGHVSURYLVWDGHWRGDYLROHQFLDSRUTXHHVWDEDKHFKDGH
DJUHVLRQHVGLVWRUVLRQDGDV\HYDVLYDVHVSHFWUDOHVOHQWDVFDXWHORVDVVROHPQHVGHPRGRTXHHQWUH
XQD\RWUDKDEtDWLHPSRSDUDTXHYROYLHUDQDIORUHFHUODVSHWXQLDV\*DVWyQROYLGDUDVXVVXHxRV
GHDHURQDXWDHQHOFXDUWRYHFLQRFRPRVLIXHUDQGRVDPDQWHVHQHPLJRVWUDWDQGRGHUHFRQFLOLDUVH
HQ HO IRQGR GH XQ HVWDQTXH GLiIDQR (Q HO IUDJRU GHO HQFDUQL]DGR \ FHUHPRQLRVR IRUFHMHR
$PDUDQWDUVXODFRPSUHQGLyTXHODPHWLFXORVLGDGGHVXVLOHQFLRHUDWDQLUUDFLRQDOTXHKDEUtD
SRGLGRGHVSHUWDUODVVRVSHFKDVGHOPDULGRFRQWLJXRPXFKRPiVTXHORVHVWUpSLWRVGHJXHUUDTXH
WUDWDEDQGHHYLWDU(QWRQFHVHPSH]yDUHtUFRQORVODELRVDSUHWDGRVVLQUHQXQFLDUDODOXFKDSHUR
GHIHQGLpQGRVH FRQ PRUGLVFRV IDOVRV \ GHVFRPDGUHMHDQGR HO FXHUSR SRFR D SRFR KDVWD TXH
DPERVWXYLHURQFRQFLHQFLDGHVHUDOPLVPRWLHPSRDGYHUVDULRV\FyPSOLFHV\ODEUHJDGHJHQHUy
HQXQUHWR]RFRQYHQFLRQDO\ODVDJUHVLRQHVVHYROYLHURQFDULFLDV'HSURQWRFDVLMXJDQGRFRPR
XQDWUDYHVXUDPiV$PDUDQWDUVXODGHVFXLGyODGHIHQVD\FXDQGRWUDWyGHUHDFFLRQDUDVXVWDGD
GHORTXHHOODPLVPDKDEtDKHFKRSRVLEOH\DHUDGHPDVLDGRWDUGH8QDFRQPRFLyQGHVFRPXQDOOD
LQPRYLOL]yHQVXFHQWURGHJUDYHGDGODVHPEUyHQVXVLWLR\VXYROXQWDGGHIHQVLYDIXHGHPROLGD
SRUODDQVLHGDGLUUHVLVWLEOHGHGHVFXEULUTXpHUDQORVVLOERVDQDUDQMDGRV\ORVJORERVLQYLVLEOHV
TXH OD HVSHUDEDQ DO RWUR ODGR GH OD PXHUWH $SHQDV WXYR WLHPSR GH HVWLUDU OD PDQR \ EXVFDU D
FLHJDVODWRDOOD\PHWHUVHXQDPRUGD]DHQWUHORVGLHQWHVSDUDTXHQRVHOHVDOLHUDQORVFKLOOLGRV
GHJDWDTXH\DOHHVWDEDQGHVJDUUDQGRODVHQWUDxDV

3LODU 7HUQHUD PXULy HQ HO PHFHGRU GH EHMXFR XQD QRFKH GH ILHVWD YLJLODQGR OD HQWUDGD GH VX
SDUDtVR'HDFXHUGRFRQVX~OWLPDYROXQWDGODHQWHUUDURQVLQDWD~GVHQWDGDHQHOPHFHGRUTXH
RFKR KRPEUHV EDMDURQ FRQ FDEX\DV HQ XQ KXHFR HQRUPH H[FDYDGR HQ HO FHQWUR GH OD SLVWD GH
EDLOH /DV PXODWDV YHVWLGDV GH QHJUR SiOLGDV GH OODQWR LPSURYLVDEDQ RILFLRV GH WLQLHEODV
PLHQWUDV VH TXLWDEDQ ORV DUHWHV ORV SUHQGHGRUHV \ ODV VRUWLMDV \ ORV LEDQ HFKDQGR HQ OD IRVD
DQWHVGHTXHODVHOODUDQFRQXQDOiSLGDVLQQRPEUHQLIHFKDV\OHSXVLHUDQHQFLPDXQSURPRQWRULR
GH FDPHOLDV DPD]yQLFDV 'HVSXpV GH HQYHQHQDU D ORV DQLPDOHV FODXVXUDURQ SXHUWDV \ YHQWDQDV
FRQODGULOORV\DUJDPDVD\VHGLVSHUVDURQSRUHOPXQGRFRQVXVED~OHVGHPDGHUDWDSL]DGRVSRU
GHQWUR FRQ HVWDPSDV GH VDQWRV FURPRV GH UHYLVWDV \ UHWUDWRV GH QRYLRV HItPHURV UHPRWRV \
IDQWiVWLFRV TXH FDJDEDQ GLDPDQWHV R VH FRPtDQ D ORV FDQtEDOHV R HUDQ FRURQDGRV UH\HV GH
EDUDMDVHQDOWDPDU
(UDHOILQDO(QODWXPEDGH3LODU7HUQHUDHQWUHVDOPRV\DEDORULRVGHSXWDVVHSXGUtDQORV
HVFRPEURV GHO SDVDGR ORV SRFRV TXH TXHGDEDQ GHVSXpV GH TXH HO VDELR FDWDOiQ UHPDWy OD
OLEUHUtD\UHJUHVyDODDOGHDPHGLWHUUiQHDGRQGHKDEtDQDFLGRGHUURWDGRSRUODQRVWDOJLDGHXQD
SULPDYHUD WHQD] 1DGLH KXELHUD SRGLGR SUHVHQWLU VX GHFLVLyQ +DEtD OOHJDGR D 0DFRQGR HQ HO
HVSOHQGRUGHODFRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDKX\HQGRGHXQDGHWDQWDVJXHUUDV\QRVHOHKDEtDRFXUULGR
QDGD PiV SUiFWLFR TXH LQVWDODU DTXHOOD OLEUHUtD GH LQFXQDEOHV \ HGLFLRQHV RULJLQDOHV HQ YDULRV
LGLRPDV TXH ORV FOLHQWHV FDVXDOHV KRMHDEDQ FRQ UHFHOR FRPR VL IXHUDQ OLEURV GH PXODGDU
PLHQWUDVHVSHUDEDQHOWXUQRSDUDTXHOHVLQWHUSUHWDUDQORVVXHxRVHQODFDVDGHHQIUHQWH(VWXYR
PHGLDYLGDHQODFDOXURVDWUDVWLHQGDJDUUDSDWHDQGRVXHVFULWXUDSUHFLRVLVWDHQWLQWDYLROHWD\HQ
KRMDVTXHDUUDQFDEDGHFXDGHUQRVHVFRODUHVVLQTXHQDGLHVXSLHUDDFLHQFLDFLHUWDTXpHUDORTXH
HVFULEtD&XDQGR$XUHOLDQRORFRQRFLyWHQtDGRVFDMRQHVOOHQRVGHDTXHOODVSiJLQDVDELJDUUDGDV
TXH GH DOJ~Q PRGR KDFtDQ SHQVDU HQ ORV SHUJDPLQRV GH 0HOTXtDGHV \ GHVGH HQWRQFHV KDVWD
FXDQGRVHIXHKDEtDOOHQDGRXQWHUFHURDVtTXHHUDUD]RQDEOHSHQVDUTXHQRKDEtDKHFKRQDGDPiV
GXUDQWH VX SHUPDQHQFLD HQ 0DFRQGR /DV ~QLFDV SHUVRQDV FRQ TXLHQHV VH UHODFLRQy IXHURQ ORV
FXDWUR DPLJRV D TXLHQHV OHV FDPELy SRU OLEURV ORV WURPSRV \ ODV FRPHWDV \ ORV SXVR D OHHU D
6pQHFD\D2YLGLRFXDQGRWRGDYtDHVWDEDQHQODHVFXHODSULPDULD7UDWDEDDORVFOiVLFRVFRQXQD
IDPLOLDULGDG FDVHUD FRPR VL WRGRV KXELHUDQ VLGR HQ DOJXQD pSRFD VXV FRPSDxHURV GH FXDUWR \
VDEtDPXFKDVFRVDVTXHVLPSOHPHQWHQRVHGHEtDQVDEHUFRPRTXH6DQ$JXVWtQXVDEDGHEDMRGHO

120

KiELWR XQ MXEyQ GH ODQD TXH QR VH TXLWy HQ FDWRUFH DxRV \ TXH $UQDOGR GH 9LODQRYD HO
QLJURPDQWH VH YROYLy LPSRWHQWH GHVGH QLxR SRU XQD PRUGHGXUD GH DODFUiQ 6X IHUYRU SRU OD
SDODEUD HVFULWD HUD XQD XUGLPEUH GH UHVSHWR VROHPQH H LUUHYHUHQFLD FRPDGUHUD 1L VXV SURSLRV
PDQXVFULWRV HVWDEDQ D VDOYR GH HVD GXDOLGDG +DELHQGR DSUHQGLGR HO FDWDOiQ SDUD WUDGXFLUORV
$OIRQVR VH PHWLy XQ UROOR GH SiJLQDV HQ ORV EROVLOORV TXH VLHPSUH WHQtD OOHQRV GH UHFRUWHV GH
SHULyGLFRV\PDQXDOHVGHRILFLRVUDURV\XQDQRFKHORVSHUGLyHQODFDVDGHODVPXFKDFKLWDVTXH
VH DFRVWDEDQ SRU KDPEUH &XDQGR HO DEXHOR VDELR VH HQWHUy HQ YH] GH KDFHUOH HO HVFiQGDOR
WHPLGR FRPHQWy PXHUWR GH ULVD TXH DTXHO HUD HO GHVWLQR QDWXUDO GH OD OLWHUDWXUD (Q FDPELR QR
KXERSRGHUKXPDQRFDSD]GHSHUVXDGLUORGHTXHQRVHOOHYDUDORVWUHVFDMRQHVFXDQGRUHJUHVyD
VXDOGHDQDWDO\VHVROWyHQLPSURSHULRVFDUWDJLQHVHVFRQWUDORVLQVSHFWRUHVGHOIHUURFDUULOTXH
WUDWDEDQ GH PDQGDUORV FRPR FDUJD KDVWD TXH FRQVLJXLy TXHGDUVH FRQ HOORV HQ HO YDJyQ GH
SDVDMHURV (O PXQGR KDEUi DFDEDGR GH MRGHUVH GLMR HQWRQFHV HO GtD HQ TXH ORV KRPEUHV
YLDMHQ HQ SULPHUD FODVH \ OD OLWHUDWXUD HQ HO YDJyQ GH FDUJD (VR IXH OR ~OWLPR TXH VH OH R\y
GHFLU+DEtDSDVDGRXQDVHPDQDQHJUDFRQORVSUHSDUDWLYRVILQDOHVGHOYLDMHSRUTXHDPHGLGD
TXH VH DSUR[LPDED OD KRUD VH OH LED GHVFRPSRQLHQGR HO KXPRU \ VH OH WUDVSDSHODEDQ ODV
LQWHQFLRQHV \ ODV FRVDV TXH SRQtD HQ XQ OXJDU DSDUHFtDQ HQ RWUR DVHGLDGR SRU ORV PLVPRV
GXHQGHVTXHDWRUPHQWDEDQD)HUQDQGD
&ROORQVPDOGHFtD0HFDJRHQHOFDQRQGHOVtQRGRGH/RQGUHV
*HUPiQ\$XUHOLDQRVHKLFLHURQFDUJRGHpO/RDX[LOLDURQFRPRDXQQLxROHSUHQGLHURQORV
SDVDMHV \ ORV GRFXPHQWRV PLJUDWRULRV HQ ORV EROVLOORV FRQ DOILOHUHV GH QRGUL]D OH KLFLHURQ XQD
OLVWDSRUPHQRUL]DGDGHORTXHGHEtDKDFHUGHVGHTXHVDOLHUDGH0DFRQGRKDVWDTXHGHVHPEDUFDUD
HQ%DUFHORQDSHURGHWRGRVPRGRVHFKyDODEDVXUDVLQGDUVHFXHQWDXQSDQWDOyQFRQODPLWDGGH
VX GLQHUR /D YtVSHUD GHO YLDMH GHVSXpV GH FODYHWHDU ORV FDMRQHV \ PHWHU OD URSD HQ OD PLVPD
PDOHWD FRQ TXH KDEtD OOHJDGR IUXQFLy VXV SiUSDGRV GH DOPHMDV VHxDOy FRQ XQD HVSHFLH GH
EHQGLFLyQSURFD]ORVPRQWRQHVGHOLEURVFRQORVTXHKDEtDVREUHOOHYDGRHOH[LOLR\GLMRDVXV
DPLJRV
$KtOHVGHMRHVDPLHUGD
7UHVPHVHVGHVSXpVVHUHFLELHURQHQXQVREUHJUDQGHYHLQWLQXHYHFDUWDV\PiVGHFLQFXHQWD
UHWUDWRV TXH VH OH KDEtDQ DFXPXODGR HQ ORV RFLRV GH DOWDPDU $XQTXH QR SRQtD IHFKDV HUD
HYLGHQWHHORUGHQHQTXHKDEtDHVFULWRODVFDUWDV(QODVSULPHUDVFRQWDEDFRQVXKXPRUKDELWXDO
ODVSHULSHFLDVGHODWUDYHVtDODVJDQDVTXHOHGLHURQGHHFKDUSRUODERUGDDOVREUHFDUJRTXHQR
OH SHUPLWLy PHWHU ORV WUHV FDMRQHV HQ HO FDPDURWH OD LPEHFLOLGDG O~FLGD GH XQD VHxRUD TXH VH
DWHUUDED FRQ HO Q~PHUR  QR SRU VXSHUVWLFLyQ VLQR SRUTXH OH SDUHFtD XQ Q~PHUR TXH VH KDEtD
TXHGDGRVLQWHUPLQDU\ODDSXHVWDTXHVHJDQyHQODSULPHUDFHQDSRUTXHUHFRQRFLyHQHODJXDGH
DERUGRHOVDERUDUHPRODFKDVQRFWXUQDVGHORVPDQDQWLDOHVGH/pULGD&RQHOWUDQVFXUVRGHORV
GtDV VLQ HPEDUJR OD UHDOLGDG GH D ERUGR OH LPSRUWDED FDGD YH] PHQRV \ KDVWD ORV
DFRQWHFLPLHQWRVPiVUHFLHQWHV\WULYLDOHVOHSDUHFtDQGLJQRVGHDxRUDQ]DSRUTXHDPHGLGDTXHHO
EDUFR VH DOHMDED OD PHPRULD VH OH LED YROYLHQGR WULVWH $TXHO SURFHVR GH QRVWDOJL]DFLyQ
SURJUHVLYDHUDWDPELpQHYLGHQWHHQORVUHWUDWRV(QORVSULPHURVSDUHFtDIHOL]FRQVXFDPLVDGH

LQYiOLGR\VXPHFKyQQHYDGRHQHOFDEULOOHDQWHRFWXEUHGHO&DULEH(QORV~OWLPRVVHOHYHtDFRQ
XQDEULJRRVFXUR\XQDEXIDQGDGHVHGDSiOLGRGHVtPLVPR\WDFLWXUQDGRSRUODDXVHQFLDHQOD
FXELHUWDGHXQEDUFRGHSHVDGXPEUHTXHHPSH]DEDDVRQDPEXODUSRURFpDQRVRWRxDOHV*HUPiQ\
$XUHOLDQR OH FRQWHVWDEDQ ODV FDUWDV (VFULELy WDQWDV HQ ORV SULPHURV PHVHV TXH VH VHQWtDQ
HQWRQFHVPiVFHUFDGHpOTXHFXDQGRHVWDEDHQ0DFRQGR\FDVLVHDOLYLDEDQGHODUDELDGHTXH
VHKXELHUDLGR$OSULQFLSLRPDQGDEDDGHFLUTXHWRGRVHJXtDLJXDOTXHHQODFDVDGRQGHQDFLy
HVWDEDWRGDYtDHOFDUDFROURVDGRTXHORVDUHQTXHVVHFRVWHQtDQHOPLVPRVDERUHQOD\HVFDGH
SDQTXHODVFDVFDGDVGHODDOGHDFRQWLQXDEDQSHUIXPiQGRVHDODWDUGHFHU(UDQRWUDYH]ODVKRMDV
GH FXDGHUQR UH]XUFLGDV FRQ JDUUDSDWLWDV PRUDGDV HQ ODV FXDOHV GHGLFDED XQ SiUUDIR HVSHFLDO D
FDGDXQR6LQHPEDUJR\DXQTXHpOPLVPRQRSDUHFtDDGYHUWLUORDTXHOODVFDUWDVGHUHFXSHUDFLyQ
\ HVWtPXOR VH LEDQ WUDQVIRUPDQGR SRFR D SRFR HQ SDVWRUDOHV GH GHVHQJDxR (Q ODV QRFKHV GH
LQYLHUQRPLHQWUDVKHUYtDODVRSDHQODFKLPHQHDDxRUDEDHOFDORUGHVXWUDVWLHQGDHO]XPELGR
GHO VRO HQ ORV DOPHQGURV SROYRULHQWRV HO SLWR GHO WUHQ HQ HO VRSRU GH OD VLHVWD OR PLVPR TXH
DxRUDEDHQ0DFRQGRODVRSDGHLQYLHUQRHQODFKLPHQHDORVSUHJRQHVGHOYHQGHGRUGHFDIp\ODV
DORQGUDV IXJDFHV GH OD SULPDYHUD $WXUGLGR SRU GRV QRVWDOJLDV HQIUHQWDGDV FRPR GRV HVSHMRV
SHUGLyVXPDUDYLOORVRVHQWLGRGHODLUUHDOLGDGKDVWDTXHWHUPLQySRUUHFRPHQGDUOHVDWRGRVTXH
VH IXHUDQ GH 0DFRQGR TXH ROYLGDUDQ FXDQWR pO OHV KDEtD HQVHxDGR GHO PXQGR \ GHO FRUD]yQ
KXPDQR TXH VH FDJDUDQ HQ +RUDFLR \ TXH HQ FXDOTXLHU OXJDU HQ TXH HVWXYLHUDQ UHFRUGDUDQ
VLHPSUH TXH HO SDVDGR HUD PHQWLUD TXH OD PHPRULD QR WHQtD FDPLQRV GH UHJUHVR TXH WRGD
SULPDYHUDDQWLJXDHUDLUUHFXSHUDEOH\TXHHODPRUPiVGHVDWLQDGR\WHQD]HUDGHWRGRVPRGRV
XQDYHUGDGHItPHUD
OYDURIXHHOSULPHURTXHDWHQGLyHOFRQVHMRGHDEDQGRQDUD0DFRQGR/RYHQGLyWRGRKDVWD
HO WLJUH FDXWLYR TXH VH EXUODED GH ORV WUDQVH~QWHV HQ HO SDWLR GH VX FDVD \ FRPSUy XQ SDVDMH
HWHUQR HQ XQ WUHQ TXH QXQFD DFDEDED GH YLDMDU (Q ODV WDUMHWDV SRVWDOHV TXH PDQGDED GHVGH ODV
HVWDFLRQHV LQWHUPHGLDV GHVFULEtD D JULWRV ODV LPiJHQHV LQVWDQWiQHDV TXH KDEtD YLVWR SRU OD
YHQWDQLOOD GHO YDJyQ \ HUD FRPR LU KDFLHQGR WUL]DV \ WLUDQGR DO ROYLGR HO ODUJR SRHPD GH OD
IXJDFLGDG ORV QHJURV TXLPpULFRV HQ ORV DOJRGRQDOHV GH OD /XLVLDQD ORV FDEDOORV DODGRV HQ OD
KLHUEDD]XOGH.HQWXFN\ORVDPDQWHVJULHJRVHQHOFUHS~VFXORLQIHUQDOGH$UL]RQDODPXFKDFKD
GHVXpWHUURMRTXHSLQWDEDDFXDUHODVHQORVODJRVGH0LFKLJDQ\TXHOHKL]RFRQORVSLQFHOHVXQ
DGLyVTXHQRHUDGHGHVSHGLGDVLQRGHHVSHUDQ]DSRUTXHLJQRUDEDTXHHVWDEDYLHQGRSDVDUXQ
WUHQVLQUHJUHVR/XHJRVHIXHURQ$OIRQVR\*HUPiQXQViEDGRFRQODLGHDGHUHJUHVDUHOOXQHV\
QXQFDVHYROYLyDVDEHUGHHOORV8QDxRGHVSXpVGHODSDUWLGDGHOVDELRFDWDOiQHO~QLFRTXH
TXHGDED HQ 0DFRQGR HUD *DEULHO WRGDYtD DO JDUHWH D PHUFHG GH OD D]DURVD FDULGDG GH
1LJURPDQWD\FRQWHVWDQGRORVFXHVWLRQDULRVGHOFRQFXUVRGHXQDUHYLVWDIUDQFHVDFX\RSUHPLR
PD\RUHUDXQYLDMHD3DUtV$XUHOLDQRTXHHUDTXLHQUHFLEtDODVXVFULSFLyQORD\XGDEDDOOHQDU
ORVIRUPXODULRVDYHFHVHQVXFDVD\FDVLVLHPSUHHQWUHORVSRPRVGHOR]D\HODLUHGHYDOHULDQD
GHOD~QLFDERWLFDTXHTXHGDEDHQ0DFRQGRGRQGHYLYtD0HUFHGHVODVLJLORVDQRYLDGH*DEULHO
(UD OR ~OWLPR TXH LED TXHGDQGR GH XQ SDVDGR FX\R DQLTXLODPLHQWR QR VH FRQVXPDED SRUTXH
VHJXtD DQLTXLOiQGRVH LQGHILQLGDPHQWH FRQVXPLpQGRVH GHQWUR GH Vt PLVPR DFDEiQGRVH D FDGD

121

PLQXWR SHUR VLQ DFDEDU GH DFDEDUVH MDPiV (O SXHEOR KDEtD OOHJDGR D WDOHV H[WUHPRV GH
LQDFWLYLGDGTXHFXDQGR*DEULHOJDQyHOFRQFXUVR\VHIXHD3DUtVFRQGRVPXGDVGHURSDXQSDU
GH]DSDWRV\ODVREUDVFRPSOHWDVGH5DEHODLVWXYRTXHKDFHUVHxDVDOPDTXLQLVWDSDUDTXHHOWUHQ
VH GHWXYLHUD D UHFRJHUOR /D DQWLJXD &DOOH GH ORV 7XUFRV HUD HQWRQFHV XQ ULQFyQ GH DEDQGRQR
GRQGH ORV ~OWLPRV iUDEHV VH GHMDEDQ OOHYDU KDFLD OD PXHUWH SRU OD FRVWXPEUH PLOHQDULD GH
VHQWDUVHHQODSXHUWDDXQTXHKDFtDPXFKRVDxRVTXHKDEtDQYHQGLGROD~OWLPD\DUGDGHGLDJRQDO
\ HQ ODV YLWULQDV VRPEUtDV VRODPHQWH TXHGDEDQ ORV PDQLTXtHV GHFDSLWDGRV /D FLXGDG GH OD
FRPSDxtDEDQDQHUDTXHWDOYH]3DWULFLD%URZQWUDWDEDGHHYRFDUSDUDVXVQLHWRVHQODVQRFKHVGH
LQWROHUDQFLD\SHSLQRVHQYLQDJUHGH3UDWWYLOOH$ODEDPDHUDXQDOODQXUDGHKLHUEDVLOYHVWUH(O
FXUD DQFLDQR TXH KDEtD VXVWLWXLGR DO SDGUH QJHO \ FX\R QRPEUH QDGLH VH WRPy HO WUDEDMR GH
DYHULJXDU HVSHUDED OD SLHGDG GH 'LRV WHQGLGR D OD EDUWROD HQ XQD KDPDFD DWRUPHQWDGR SRU OD
DUWULWLV\HOLQVRPQLRGHODGXGDPLHQWUDVORVODJDUWRV\ODVUDWDVVHGLVSXWDEDQODKHUHQFLDGHO
WHPSORYHFLQR(QDTXHO0DFRQGRROYLGDGRKDVWDSRUORVSiMDURVGRQGHHOSROYR\HOFDORUVH
KDEtDQKHFKRWDQWHQDFHVTXHFRVWDEDWUDEDMRUHVSLUDUUHFOXLGRVSRUODVROHGDG\HODPRU\SRUOD
VROHGDGGHODPRUHQXQDFDVDGRQGHHUDFDVLLPSRVLEOHGRUPLUSRUHOHVWUXHQGRGHODVKRUPLJDV
FRORUDGDV$XUHOLDQR\$PDUDQWDUVXODHUDQORV~QLFRVVHUHVIHOLFHV\ORVPiVIHOLFHVVREUHOD
WLHUUD
*DVWyQ KDEtD YXHOWR D %UXVHODV &DQVDGR GH HVSHUDU HO DHURSODQR XQ GtD PHWLy HQ XQD
PDOHWLWDODVFRVDVLQGLVSHQVDEOHV\VXDUFKLYRGHFRUUHVSRQGHQFLD\VHIXHFRQHOSURSyVLWRGH
UHJUHVDU SRU HO DLUH DQWHV GH TXH VXV SULYLOHJLRV IXHUDQ FHGLGRV D XQ JUXSR GH DYLDGRUHV
DOHPDQHVTXHKDEtDSUHVHQWDGRDODVDXWRULGDGHVSURYLQFLDOHVXQSUR\HFWRPiVDPELFLRVRTXHHO
VX\R 'HVGH OD WDUGH GHO SULPHU DPRU $XUHOLDQR \ $PDUDQWD UVXOD KDEtDQ VHJXLGR
DSURYHFKDQGR ORV HVFDVRV GHVFXLGRV GHO HVSRVR DPiQGRVH FRQ DUGRUHV DPRUGD]DGRV HQ
HQFXHQWURV D]DURVRV \ FDVL VLHPSUH LQWHUUXPSLGRV SRU UHJUHVRV LPSUHYLVWRV 3HUR FXDQGR VH
YLHURQ VRORV HQ OD FDVD VXFXPELHURQ HQ HO GHOLULR GH ORV DPRUHV DWUDVDGRV (UD XQD SDVLyQ
LQVHQVDWD GHVTXLFLDQWH TXH KDFtD WHPEODU GH SDYRU HQ VX WXPED ORV KXHVRV GH )HUQDQGD \ ORV
PDQWHQtDHQXQHVWDGRGHH[DOWDFLyQSHUSHWXD/RVFKLOOLGRVGH$PDUDQWDUVXODVXVFDQFLRQHV
DJyQLFDVHVWDOODEDQORPLVPRDODVGRVGHODWDUGHHQODPHVDGHOFRPHGRUTXHDODVGRVGHOD
PDGUXJDGDHQHOJUDQHUR/RTXHPiVPHGXHOHUHtDHVWDQWRWLHPSRTXHSHUGLPRV(QHO
DWXUGLPLHQWRGHODSDVLyQYLRODVKRUPLJDVGHYDVWDQGRHOMDUGtQVDFLDQGRVXKDPEUHSUHKLVWyULFD
HQODVPDGHUDVGHODFDVD\YLRHOWRUUHQWHGHODYDYLYDDSRGHUiQGRVHRWUDYH]GHOFRUUHGRUSHUR
VRODPHQWHVHSUHRFXSyGHFRPEDWLUORFXDQGRORHQFRQWUyHQVXGRUPLWRULR$XUHOLDQRDEDQGRQy
ORVSHUJDPLQRVQRYROYLyDVDOLUGHODFDVD\FRQWHVWDEDGHFXDOTXLHUPRGRODVFDUWDVGHOVDELR
FDWDOiQ 3HUGLHURQ HO VHQWLGR GH OD UHDOLGDG OD QRFLyQ GHO WLHPSR HO ULWPR GH ORV KiELWRV
FRWLGLDQRV 9ROYLHURQ D FHUUDU SXHUWDV \ YHQWDQDV SDUD QR GHPRUDUVH HQ WUiPLWHV GH
GHVQXGDPLHQWRV \ DQGDEDQ SRU OD FDVD FRPR VLHPSUH TXLVR HVWDU 5HPHGLRV OD EHOOD \ VH
UHYROFDEDQ HQ FXHURV HQ ORV EDUUL]DOHV GHO SDWLR \ XQD WDUGH HVWXYLHURQ D SXQWR GH DKRJDUVH
FXDQGR VH DPDEDQ HQ OD DOEHUFD (Q SRFR WLHPSR KLFLHURQ PiV HVWUDJRV TXH ODV KRUPLJDV
FRORUDGDV GHVWUR]DURQ ORV PXHEOHV GH OD VDOD UDVJDURQ FRQ VXV ORFXUDV OD KDPDFD TXH KDEtD

UHVLVWLGRDORVWULVWHVDPRUHVGHFDPSDPHQWRGHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtD\GHVWULSDURQORV
FROFKRQHV \ ORV YDFLDURQ HQ ORV SLVRV SDUD VRIRFDUVH HQ WHPSHVWDGHV GH DOJRGyQ $XQTXH
$XUHOLDQRHUDXQDPDQWHWDQIHUR]FRPRVXULYDOHUD$PDUDQWDUVXODTXLHQFRPDQGDEDFRQVX
LQJHQLR GLVSDUDWDGR \ VX YRUDFLGDG OtULFD DTXHO SDUDtVR GH GHVDVWUHV FRPR VL KXELHUD
FRQFHQWUDGR HQ HO DPRU OD LQGyPLWD HQHUJtD TXH OD WDWDUDEXHOD FRQVDJUy D OD IDEULFDFLyQ GH
DQLPDOLWRV GH FDUDPHOR $GHPiV PLHQWUDV HOOD FDQWDED GH SODFHU \ VH PRUtD GH ULVD GH VXV
SURSLDV LQYHQFLRQHV $XUHOLDQR VH LED KDFLHQGR PiV DEVRUWR \ FDOODGR SRUTXH VX SDVLyQ HUD
HQVLPLVPDGD \ FDOFLQDQWH 6LQ HPEDUJR DPERV OOHJDURQ D WDOHV H[WUHPRV GH YLUWXRVLVPR TXH
FXDQGR VH DJRWDEDQ HQ OD H[DOWDFLyQ OH VDFDEDQ PHMRU SDUWLGR DO FDQVDQFLR 6H HQWUHJDURQ D OD
LGRODWUtDGHVXVFXHUSRVDOGHVFXEULUTXHORVWHGLRVGHODPRUWHQtDQSRVLELOLGDGHVLQH[SORUDGDV
PXFKRPiVULFDVTXHODVGHOGHVHR0LHQWUDVpODPDVDEDFRQFODUDVGHKXHYRORVVHQRVHUpFWLOHV
GH $PDUDQWD UVXOD R VXDYL]DED FRQ PDQWHFD GH FRFR VXV PXVORV HOiVWLFRV \ VX YLHQWUH
DGXUD]QDGRHOODMXJDEDDODVPXxHFDVFRQODSRUWHQWRVDFULDWXUDGH$XUHOLDQR\OHSLQWDEDRMRV
GH SD\DVR FRQ FDUPtQ GH ODELRV \ ELJRWHV GH WXUFR FRQ FDUERQFLOOR GH ODV FHMDV \ OH SRQtD
FRUEDWLQHV GH RUJDQ]D \ VRPEUHULWRV GH SDSHO SODWHDGR 8QD QRFKH VH HPEDGXUQDURQ GH SLHV D
FDEH]DFRQPHORFRWRQHVHQDOPtEDUVHODPLHURQFRPRSHUURV\VHDPDURQFRPRORFRVHQHOSLVR
GHO FRUUHGRU \ IXHURQ GHVSHUWDGRV SRU XQ WRUUHQWH GH KRUPLJDV FDUQLFHUDV TXH VH GLVSRQtDQ D
GHYRUDUORVYLYRV
(Q ODV SDXVDV GHO GHOLULR $PDUDQWD UVXOD FRQWHVWDED ODV FDUWDV GH *DVWyQ /R VHQWtD WDQ
GLVWDQWH\RFXSDGRTXHVXUHJUHVROHSDUHFtDLPSRVLEOH(QXQDGHODVSULPHUDVFDUWDVpOFRQWy
TXH HQ UHDOLGDG VXV VRFLRV KDEtDQ PDQGDGR HO DHURSODQR SHUR TXH XQD DJHQFLD PDUtWLPD GH
%UXVHODV OR KDEtD HPEDUFDGR SRU HUURU FRQ GHVWLQR D 7DQJDQ\ND GRQGH VH OR HQWUHJDURQ D OD
GLVSHUVD FRPXQLGDG GH ORV 0DNRQGRV $TXHOOD FRQIXVLyQ RFDVLRQy WDQWRV FRQWUDWLHPSRV TXH
VRODPHQWH OD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GHO DHURSODQR SRGtD WDUGDU GRV DxRV $Vt TXH $PDUDQWD UVXOD
GHVFDUWyODSRVLELOLGDGGHXQUHJUHVRLQRSRUWXQR$XUHOLDQRSRUVXSDUWHQRWHQtDPiVFRQWDFWR
FRQHOPXQGRTXHODVFDUWDVGHOVDELRFDWDOiQ\ODVQRWLFLDVTXHUHFLEtDGH*DEULHODWUDYpVGH
0HUFHGHV OD ERWLFDULD VLOHQFLRVD $O SULQFLSLR HUDQ FRQWDFWRV UHDOHV *DEULHO VH KDEtD KHFKR
UHHPEROVDUHOSDVDMHGHUHJUHVRSDUDTXHGDUVHHQ3DUtVYHQGLHQGRORVSHULyGLFRVDWUDVDGRV\ODV
ERWHOODVYDFtDVTXHODVFDPDUHUDVVDFDEDQGHXQKRWHOO~JXEUHGHODFDOOH'DXSKLQH$XUHOLDQR
SRGtDLPDJLQDUORHQWRQFHVFRQXQVXpWHUGHFXHOORDOWRTXHVyORVHTXLWDEDFXDQGRODVWHUUD]DVGH
0RQWSDUQDVVH VH OOHQDEDQ GH HQDPRUDGRV SULPDYHUDOHV \ GXUPLHQGR GH GtD \ HVFULELHQGR GH
QRFKH SDUD FRQIXQGLU HO KDPEUH HQ HO FXDUWR RORURVR D HVSXPD GH FROLIORUHV KHUYLGRV GRQGH
KDEtD GH PRULU 5RFDPDGRXU 6LQ HPEDUJR VXV QRWLFLDV VH IXHURQ KDFLHQGR SRFR D SRFR WDQ
LQFLHUWDV\WDQHVSRUiGLFDV\PHODQFyOLFDVODVFDUWDVGHOVDELRTXH$XUHOLDQRVHDFRVWXPEUyD
SHQVDUHQHOORVFRPR$PDUDQWDUVXODSHQVDEDHQVXPDULGR\DPERVTXHGDURQIORWDQGRHQXQ
XQLYHUVRYDFtRGRQGHOD~QLFDUHDOLGDGFRWLGLDQD\HWHUQDHUDHODPRU
'H SURQWR FRPR XQ HVWDPSLGR HQ DTXHO PXQGR GH LQFRQVFLHQFLD IHOL] OOHJy OD QRWLFLD GHO
UHJUHVR GH *DVWyQ $XUHOLDQR \ $PDUDQWD UVXOD DEULHURQ ORV RMRV VRQGHDURQ VXV DOPDV VH
PLUDURQDODFDUDFRQODPDQRHQHOFRUD]yQ\FRPSUHQGLHURQTXHHVWDEDQWDQLGHQWLILFDGRVTXH

122

SUHIHUtDQ OD PXHUWH D OD VHSDUDFLyQ (QWRQFHV HOOD OH HVFULELy DO PDULGR XQD FDUWD GH YHUGDGHV
FRQWUDGLFWRULDVHQODTXHUHLWHUDEDVXDPRU\VXVDQVLDVGHYROYHUDYHUORDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXH
DGPLWtDFRPRXQGHVLJQLRIDWDOODLPSRVLELOLGDGGHYLYLUVLQ$XUHOLDQR$OFRQWUDULRGHORTXH
DPERVHVSHUDEDQ*DVWyQOHVPDQGyXQDUHVSXHVWDWUDQTXLODFDVLSDWHUQDOFRQGRVKRMDVHQWHUDV
FRQVDJUDGDV D SUHYHQLUORV FRQWUD ODV YHOHLGDGHV GH OD SDVLyQ \ XQ SiUUDIR ILQDO FRQ YRWRV
LQHTXtYRFRVSRUTXHIXHUDQWDQIHOLFHVFRPRpOORIXHHQVXEUHYHH[SHULHQFLDFRQ\XJDO(UDXQD
DFWLWXG WDQ LPSUHYLVWD TXH $PDUDQWD UVXOD VH VLQWLy KXPLOODGD FRQ OD LGHD GH KDEHU
SURSRUFLRQDGRDOPDULGRHOSUHWH[WRTXHpOGHVHDEDSDUDDEDQGRQDUODDVXVXHUWH(OUHQFRUVHOH
DJUDYyVHLVPHVHVGHVSXpVFXDQGR*DVWyQYROYLyDHVFULELUOHGHVGH/HRSROGYLOOHGRQGHSRUILQ
KDEtDUHFLELGRHODHURSODQRVyORSDUDSHGLUTXHOHPDQGDUDQHOYHORFtSHGRTXHGHWRGRORTXH
KDEtD GHMDGR HQ 0DFRQGR HUD OR ~QLFR TXH WHQtD SDUD pO XQ YDORU VHQWLPHQWDO $XUHOLDQR
VREUHOOHYyFRQSDFLHQFLDHOGHVSHFKRGH$PDUDQWDUVXODVHHVIRU]ySRUGHPRVWUDUOHTXHSRGtD
VHU WDQ EXHQ PDULGR HQ OD ERQDQ]D FRPR HQ OD DGYHUVLGDG \ ODV XUJHQFLDV FRWLGLDQDV TXH ORV
DVHGLDEDQFXDQGRVHOHVDFDEDURQORV~OWLPRVGLQHURVGH*DVWyQFUHDURQHQWUHHOORVXQYtQFXORGH
VROLGDULGDG TXH QR HUD WDQ GHVOXPEUDQWH \ FDSLWRVR FRPR OD SDVLyQ SHUR TXH OHV VLUYLy SDUD
DPDUVH WDQWR \ VHU WDQ IHOLFHV FRPR HQ ORV WLHPSRV DOERURWDGRV GH OD VDODFLGDG &XDQGR PXULy
3LODU7HUQHUDHVWDEDQHVSHUDQGRXQKLMR
(QHOVRSRUGHOHPEDUD]R$PDUDQWDUVXODWUDWyGHHVWDEOHFHUXQDLQGXVWULDGHFROODUHVGH
YpUWHEUDVGHSHVFDGRV3HURDH[FHSFLyQGH0HUFHGHVTXHOHFRPSUyXQDGRFHQDQRHQFRQWUyD
TXLpQ YHQGpUVHORV $XUHOLDQR WXYR FRQFLHQFLD SRU SULPHUD YH] GH TXH VX GRQ GH OHQJXDV VX
VDELGXUtDHQFLFORSpGLFDVXUDUDIDFXOWDGGHUHFRUGDUVLQFRQRFHUORVORVSRUPHQRUHVGHKHFKRV\
OXJDUHVUHPRWRVHUDQWDQLQ~WLOHVFRPRHOFRIUHGHSHGUHUtDOHJtWLPDGHVXPXMHUTXHHQWRQFHV
GHEtD YDOHU WDQWR FRPR WRGR HO GLQHUR GH TXH KXELHUDQ SRGLGR GLVSRQHU MXQWRV ORV ~OWLPRV
KDELWDQWHV GH 0DFRQGR 6REUHYLYtDQ GH PLODJUR $XQTXH $PDUDQWD UVXOD QR SHUGtD HO EXHQ
KXPRU QL VX LQJHQLR SDUD ODV WUDYHVXUDV HUyWLFDV DGTXLULy OD FRVWXPEUH GH VHQWDUVH HQ HO
FRUUHGRU GHVSXpV GHO DOPXHU]R HQ XQD HVSHFLH GH VLHVWD LQVRPQH \ SHQVDWLYD $XUHOLDQR OD
DFRPSDxDED $ YHFHV SHUPDQHFtDQ HQ VLOHQFLR KDVWD HO DQRFKHFHU HO XQR IUHQWH D OD RWUD
PLUiQGRVH D ORV RMRV DPiQGRVH HQ HO VRVLHJR FRQ WDQWR DPRU FRPR DQWHV VH DPDURQ HQ HO
HVFiQGDOR/DLQFHUWLGXPEUHGHOIXWXUROHVKL]RYROYHUHOFRUD]yQKDFLDHOSDVDGR6HYLHURQDVt
PLVPRV HQ HO SDUDtVR SHUGLGR GHO GLOXYLR FKDSDOHDQGR HQ ORV SDQWDQRV GHO SDWLR PDWDQGR
ODJDUWLMDV SDUD FROJiUVHODV D UVXOD MXJDQGR D HQWHUUDUOD YLYD \ DTXHOODV HYRFDFLRQHV OHV
UHYHODURQODYHUGDGGHTXHKDEtDQVLGRIHOLFHVMXQWRVGHVGHTXHWHQtDQPHPRULD3URIXQGL]DQGR
HQHOSDVDGR$PDUDQWDUVXODUHFRUGyODWDUGHHQTXHHQWUyDOWDOOHUGHSODWHUtD\VXPDGUHOH
FRQWyTXHHOSHTXHxR$XUHOLDQRQRHUDKLMRGHQDGLHSRUTXHKDEtDVLGRHQFRQWUDGRIORWDQGRHQ
XQD FDQDVWLOOD $XQTXH OD YHUVLyQ OHV SDUHFLy LQYHURVtPLO FDUHFtDQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD
VXVWLWXLUOD SRU OD YHUGDGHUD 'H OR ~QLFR TXH HVWDEDQ VHJXURV GHVSXpV GH H[DPLQDU WRGDV ODV
SRVLELOLGDGHVHUDGHTXH)HUQDQGDQRIXHODPDGUHGH$XUHOLDQR$PDUDQWDUVXODVHLQFOLQyD
FUHHU TXH HUD KLMR GH 3HWUD &RWHV GH TXLHQ VyOR UHFRUGDED IiEXODV GH LQIDPLD \ DTXHOOD
VXSRVLFLyQOHVSURGXMRHQHODOPDXQDWRUFHGXUDGHKRUURU

$WRUPHQWDGR SRU OD FHUWLGXPEUH GH TXH HUD KHUPDQR GH VX PXMHU $XUHOLDQR VH GLR XQD
HVFDSDGDDODFDVDFXUDOSDUDEXVFDUHQORVDUFKLYRVUH]XPDQWHV\DSROLOODGRVDOJXQDSLVWDFLHUWD
GH VX ILOLDFLyQ /D SDUWLGD GH EDXWLVPR PiV DQWLJXD TXH HQFRQWUy IXH OD GH $PDUDQWD %XHQGtD
EDXWL]DGD HQ OD DGROHVFHQFLD SRU HO SDGUH 1LFDQRU 5H\QD SRU OD pSRFD HQ TXH pVWH DQGDED
WUDWDQGRGHSUREDUODH[LVWHQFLDGH'LRVPHGLDQWHDUWLILFLRVGHFKRFRODWH/OHJyDLOXVLRQDUVHFRQ
OD SRVLELOLGDG GH VHU XQR GH ORV GLHFLVLHWH $XUHOLDQRV FX\DV SDUWLGDV GH QDFLPLHQWR UDVWUHy D
WUDYpV GH FXDWUR WRPRV SHUR ODV IHFKDV GH EDXWLVPR HUDQ GHPDVLDGR UHPRWDV SDUD VX HGDG
9LpQGRORH[WUDYLDGRHQODEHULQWRVGHVDQJUHWUpPXORGHLQFHUWLGXPEUHHOSiUURFRDUWUtWLFRTXHOR
REVHUYDEDGHVGHODKDPDFDOHSUHJXQWyFRPSDVLYDPHQWHFXiOHUDVXQRPEUH
$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDGLMRpO
(QWRQFHV QR WH PDWHV EXVFDQGR H[FODPy HO SiUURFR FRQ XQD FRQYLFFLyQ WHUPLQDQWH
+DFHPXFKRVDxRVKXERDTXtXQDFDOOHTXHVHOODPDEDDVt\SRUHVRVHQWRQFHVODJHQWHWHQtDOD
FRVWXPEUHGHSRQHUOHVDORVKLMRVORVQRPEUHVGHODVFDOOHV
$XUHOLDQRWHPEOyGHUDELD
$KGLMRHQWRQFHVXVWHGWDPSRFRFUHH
(QTXp"
4XHHOFRURQHO$XUHOLDQR%XHQGtDKL]RWUHLQWD\GRVJXHUUDVFLYLOHV\ODVSHUGLyWRGDV
FRQWHVWy $XUHOLDQR 4XH HO HMpUFLWR DFRUUDOy \ DPHWUDOOy D WUHV PLO WUDEDMDGRUHV \ TXH VH
OOHYDURQORVFDGiYHUHVSDUDHFKDUORVDOPDUHQXQWUHQGHGRVFLHQWRVYDJRQHV
(OSiUURFRORPLGLyFRQXQDPLUDGDGHOiVWLPD
$\KLMRVXVSLUy$PtPHEDVWDUtDFRQHVWDUVHJXURGHTXHW~\\RH[LVWLPRVHQHVWH
PRPHQWR
'HPRGRTXH$XUHOLDQR\$PDUDQWDUVXODDFHSWDURQODYHUVLyQGHODFDQDVWLOODQRSRUTXHOD
FUH\HUDQVLQRSRUTXHORVSRQtDDVDOYRGHVXVWHUURUHV$PHGLGDTXHDYDQ]DEDHOHPEDUD]RVH
LEDQFRQYLUWLHQGRHQXQVHU~QLFRVHLQWHJUDEDQFDGDYH]PiVHQODVROHGDGGHXQDFDVDDODTXH
VyOROHKDFtDIDOWDXQ~OWLPRVRSORSDUDGHUUXPEDUVH6HKDEtDQUHGXFLGRDXQHVSDFLRHVHQFLDO
GHVGHHOGRUPLWRULRGH)HUQDQGDGRQGHYLVOXPEUDURQORVHQFDQWRVGHODPRUVHGHQWDULRKDVWDHO
SULQFLSLRGHOFRUUHGRUGRQGH$PDUDQWDUVXODVHVHQWDEDDWHMHUERWLWDV\VRPEUHULWRVGHUHFLpQ
QDFLGR\$XUHOLDQRDFRQWHVWDUODVFDUWDVRFDVLRQDOHVGHOVDELRFDWDOiQ(OUHVWRGHODFDVDVH
ULQGLyDODVHGLRWHQD]GHODGHVWUXFFLyQ(OWDOOHUGHSODWHUtDHOFXDUWRGH0HOTXtDGHVORVUHLQRV
SULPLWLYRV\VLOHQFLRVRVGH6DQWD6RItDGHOD3LHGDGTXHGDURQHQHOIRQGRGHXQDVHOYDGRPpVWLFD
TXH QDGLH KXELHUD WHQLGR OD WHPHULGDG GH GHVHQWUDxDU &HUFDGRV SRU OD YRUDFLGDG GH OD
QDWXUDOH]D $XUHOLDQR \ $PDUDQWD UVXOD VHJXtDQ FXOWLYDQGR HO RUpJDQR \ ODV EHJRQLDV \
GHIHQGtDQVXPXQGRFRQGHPDUFDFLRQHVGHFDOFRQVWUX\HQGRODV~OWLPDVWULQFKHUDVGHODJXHUUD
LQPHPRULDOHQWUHHOKRPEUH\ODVKRUPLJDV(OFDEHOORODUJR\GHVFXLGDGRORVPRUHWRQHVTXHOH
DPDQHFtDQHQODFDUDODKLQFKD]yQGHODVSLHUQDVODGHIRUPDFLyQGHODQWLJXR\DPRURVRFXHUSR
GHFRPDGUHMDOHKDEtDQFDPELDGRD$PDUDQWDUVXODODDSDULHQFLDMXYHQLOGHFXDQGROOHJyDOD
FDVD FRQ OD MDXOD GH FDQDULRV GHVDIRUWXQDGRV \ HO HVSRVR FDXWLYR SHUR QR OH DOWHUDURQ OD
YLYDFLGDG GHO HVStULWX 0LHUGD VROtD UHtU 4XLpQ KXELHUD SHQVDGR TXH GH YHUDV tEDPRV D

123

WHUPLQDUYLYLHQGRFRPRDQWURSyIDJRV(O~OWLPRKLORTXHORVYLQFXODEDFRQHOPXQGRVHURPSLy
HQ HO VH[WR PHV GH HPEDUD]R FXDQGR UHFLELHURQ XQD FDUWD TXH HYLGHQWHPHQWH QR HUD GHO VDELR
FDWDOiQ +DEtD VLGR IUDQTXHDGD HQ %DUFHORQD SHUR OD FXELHUWD HVWDED HVFULWD FRQ WLQWD D]XO
FRQYHQFLRQDOSRUXQDFDOLJUDItDDGPLQLVWUDWLYD\WHQtDHODVSHFWRLQRFHQWHHLPSHUVRQDOGHORV
UHFDGRVHQHPLJRV$XUHOLDQRVHODDUUHEDWyGHODVPDQRVD$PDUDQWDUVXODFXDQGRVHGLVSRQtDD
DEULUOD
(VWDQROHGLMR1RTXLHURVDEHUORTXHGLFH
7DOFRPRpOORSUHVHQWtDHOVDELRFDWDOiQQRYROYLyDHVFULELU/DFDUWDDMHQDTXHQDGLHOH\y
TXHGy D PHUFHG GH ODV SROLOODV HQ OD UHSLVD GRQGH )HUQDQGD ROYLGy DOJXQD YH] VX DQLOOR
PDWULPRQLDO \ DOOt VLJXLy FRQVXPLpQGRVH HQ HO IXHJR LQWHULRU GH VX PDOD QRWLFLD PLHQWUDV ORV
DPDQWHV VROLWDULRV QDYHJDEDQ FRQWUD OD FRUULHQWH GH DTXHOORV WLHPSRV GH SRVWULPHUtDV WLHPSRV
LPSHQLWHQWHV \ DFLDJRV TXH VH GHVJDVWDEDQ HQ HO HPSHxR LQ~WLO GH KDFHUORV GHULYDU KDFLD HO
GHVLHUWR GHO GHVHQFDQWR \ HO ROYLGR &RQVFLHQWHV GH DTXHOOD DPHQD]D $XUHOLDQR \ $PDUDQWD
UVXODSDVDURQORV~OWLPRVPHVHVWRPDGRVGHODPDQRWHUPLQDQGRFRQDPRUHVGHOHDOWDGHOKLMR
HPSH]DGRFRQGHVDIXHURVGHIRUQLFDFLyQ'HQRFKHDEUD]DGRVHQODFDPDQRORVDPHGUHQWDEDQ
ODVH[SORVLRQHVVXEOXQDUHVGHODVKRUPLJDVQLHOIUDJRUGHODVSROLOODVQLHOVLOELGRFRQVWDQWH\
QtWLGRGHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHODPDOH]DHQORVFXDUWRVYHFLQRV0XFKDVYHFHVIXHURQGHVSHUWDGRVSRU
HOWUiIDJRGHORVPXHUWRV2\HURQDUVXODSHOHDQGRFRQODVOH\HVGHODFUHDFLyQSDUDSUHVHUYDU
ODHVWLUSH\D-RVp$UFDGLR%XHQGtDEXVFDQGRODYHUGDGTXLPpULFDGHORVJUDQGHVLQYHQWRV\D
)HUQDQGD UH]DQGR \ DO FRURQHO $XUHOLDQR %XHQGtD HPEUXWHFLpQGRVH FRQ HQJDxRV GH JXHUUDV \
SHVFDGLWRV GH RUR \ D $XUHOLDQR 6HJXQGR DJRQL]DQGR GH VROHGDG HQ HO DWXUGLPLHQWR GH ODV
SDUUDQGDV\HQWRQFHVDSUHQGLHURQTXHODVREVHVLRQHVGRPLQDQWHVSUHYDOHFHQFRQWUDODPXHUWH\
YROYLHURQDVHUIHOLFHVFRQODFHUWLGXPEUHGHTXHHOORVVHJXLUtDQDPiQGRVHFRQVXVQDWXUDOH]DVGH
DSDUHFLGRV PXFKR GHVSXpV GH TXH RWUDV HVSHFLHV GH DQLPDOHV IXWXURV OHV DUUHEDWDUDQ D ORV
LQVHFWRVHOSDUDtVRGHPLVHULDTXHORVLQVHFWRVHVWDEDQDFDEDQGRGHDUUHEDWDUOHVDORVKRPEUHV
8Q GRPLQJR D ODV VHLV GH OD WDUGH $PDUDQWD UVXOD VLQWLy ORV DSUHPLRV GHO SDUWR /D
VRQULHQWHFRPDGURQDGHODVPXFKDFKLWDVTXHVHDFRVWDEDQSRUKDPEUHODKL]RVXELUHQODPHVDGHO
FRPHGRU VH OH DFDEDOOy HQ HO YLHQWUH \ OD PDOWUDWy FRQ JDORSHV FHUULOHV KDVWD TXH VXV JULWRV
IXHURQ DFDOODGRV SRU ORV EHUULGRV GH XQ YDUyQ IRUPLGDEOH $ WUDYpV GH ODV OiJULPDV $PDUDQWD
UVXOD YLR TXH HUD XQ %XHQGtD GH ORV JUDQGHV PDFL]R \ YROXQWDULRVR FRPR ORV -RVp $UFDGLRV
FRQORVRMRVDELHUWRV\FODULYLGHQWHVGHORV$XUHOLDQRV\SUHGLVSXHVWRSDUDHPSH]DUODHVWLUSH
RWUDYH]SRUHOSULQFLSLR\SXULILFDUODGHVXVYLFLRVSHUQLFLRVRV\VXYRFDFLyQVROLWDULDSRUTXH
HUDHO~QLFRHQXQVLJORTXHKDEtDVLGRHQJHQGUDGRFRQDPRU
(VWRGRXQDQWURSyIDJRGLMR6HOODPDUi5RGULJR
1RODFRQWUDGLMRVXPDULGR6HOODPDUi$XUHOLDQR\JDQDUiWUHLQWD\GRVJXHUUDV
'HVSXpVGHFRUWDUOHHORPEOLJRODFRPDGURQDVHSXVRDTXLWDUOHFRQXQWUDSRHOXQJHQWRD]XO
TXH OH FXEUtD HO FXHUSR DOXPEUDGD SRU $XUHOLDQR FRQ XQD OiPSDUD 6yOR FXDQGR OR YROWHDURQ
ERFDDEDMRVHGLHURQFXHQWDGHTXHWHQtDDOJRPiVTXHHOUHVWRGHORVKRPEUHV\VHLQFOLQDURQ
SDUDH[DPLQDUOR(UDXQDFRODGHFHUGR

1R VH DODUPDURQ $XUHOLDQR \ $PDUDQWD UVXOD QR FRQRFtDQ HO SUHFHGHQWH IDPLOLDU QL
UHFRUGDEDQODVSDYRURVDVDGPRQLFLRQHVGHUVXOD\ODFRPDGURQDDFDEyGHWUDQTXLOL]DUORVFRQ
ODVXSRVLFLyQGHTXHDTXHOODFRODLQ~WLOSRGtDFRUWDUVHFXDQGRHOQLxRPXGDUDORVGLHQWHV/XHJR
QR WXYLHURQ RFDVLyQ GH YROYHU D SHQVDU HQ HVR SRUTXH $PDUDQWD UVXOD VH GHVDQJUDED HQ XQ
PDQDQWLDO LQFRQWHQLEOH 7UDWDURQ GH VRFRUUHUOD FRQ DSyVLWRV GH WHODUDxD \ DSHOPD]DPLHQWRV GH
FHQL]DSHURHUDFRPRTXHUHUFHJDUXQVXUWLGRUFRQODVPDQRV(QODVSULPHUDVKRUDVHOODKDFtD
HVIXHU]RVSRUFRQVHUYDUHOEXHQKXPRU/HWRPDEDODPDQRDODVXVWDGR$XUHOLDQR\OHVXSOLFDED
TXHQRVHSUHRFXSDUDTXHODJHQWHFRPRHOODQRHVWDEDKHFKDSDUDPRULUVHFRQWUDODYROXQWDG\
VH UHYHQWDED GH ULVD FRQ ORV UHFXUVRV WUXFXOHQWRV GH OD FRPDGURQD 3HUR D PHGLGD TXH D
$XUHOLDQR OR DEDQGRQDEDQ ODV HVSHUDQ]DV HOOD VH LED KDFLHQGR PHQRV YLVLEOH FRPR VL OD
HVWXYLHUDQERUUDQGRGHODOX]KDVWDTXHVHKXQGLyHQHOVRSRU$ODPDQHFHUGHOOXQHVOOHYDURQ
XQDPXMHUTXHUH]yMXQWRDVXFDPDRUDFLRQHVGHFDXWHULRLQIDOLEOHVHQKRPEUHV\DQLPDOHVSHUR
ODVDQJUHDSDVLRQDGDGH$PDUDQWDUVXODHUDLQVHQVLEOHDWRGRDUWLILFLRGLVWLQWRGHODPRU(QOD
WDUGH GHVSXpV GH YHLQWLFXDWUR KRUDV GH GHVHVSHUDFLyQ VXSLHURQ TXH HVWDED PXHUWD SRUTXH HO
FDXGDO VH DJRWy VLQ DX[LOLRV \ VH OH DILOy HO SHUILO \ ORV YHUGXJRQHV GH OD FDUD VH OH
GHVYDQHFLHURQHQXQDDXURUDGHDODEDVWUR\YROYLyDVRQUHtU
$XUHOLDQRQRFRPSUHQGLyKDVWDHQWRQFHVFXiQWRTXHUtDDVXVDPLJRVFXiQWDIDOWDOHKDFtDQ\
FXiQWRKXELHUDGDGRSRUHVWDUFRQHOORVHQDTXHOPRPHQWR3XVRDOQLxRHQODFDQDVWLOODTXHVX
PDGUH OH KDEtD SUHSDUDGR OH WDSy OD FDUD DO FDGiYHU FRQ XQD PDQWD \ YDJy VLQ UXPER SRU HO
SXHEORGHVLHUWREXVFDQGRXQGHVILODGHURGHUHJUHVRDOSDVDGR/ODPyDODSXHUWDGHODERWLFD
GRQGHQRKDEtDHVWDGRHQORV~OWLPRVWLHPSRV\ORTXHHQFRQWUyIXHXQWDOOHUGHFDUSLQWHUtD/D
DQFLDQD TXH OH DEULy OD SXHUWD FRQ XQD OiPSDUD HQ OD PDQR VH FRPSDGHFLy GH VX GHVYDUtR H
LQVLVWLyHQTXHQRTXHDOOtQRKDEtDKDELGRQXQFDXQDERWLFDQLKDEtDFRQRFLGRMDPiVXQDPXMHU
GHFXHOORHVEHOWR\RMRVDGRUPHFLGRVTXHVHOODPDUD0HUFHGHV/ORUyFRQODIUHQWHDSR\DGDHQOD
SXHUWD GH OD DQWLJXD OLEUHUtD GHO VDELR FDWDOiQ FRQVFLHQWH GH TXH HVWDED SDJDQGR ORV OODQWRV
DWUDVDGRVGHXQDPXHUWHTXHQRTXLVROORUDUDWLHPSRSDUDQRURPSHUORVKHFKL]RVGHODPRU6H
URPSLyORVSXxRVFRQWUDORVPXURVGHDUJDPDVDGH(O1LxRGH2URFODPDQGRSRU3LODU7HUQHUD
LQGLIHUHQWH D ORV OXPLQRVRV GLVFRV DQDUDQMDGRV TXH FUX]DEDQ SRU HO FLHOR \ TXH WDQWDV YHFHV
KDEtD FRQWHPSODGR FRQ XQD IDVFLQDFLyQ SXHULO HQ QRFKHV GH ILHVWD GHVGH HO SDWLR GH ORV
DOFDUDYDQHV (Q HO ~OWLPR VDOyQ DELHUWR GHO GHVPDQWHODGR EDUULR GH WROHUDQFLD XQ FRQMXQWR GH
DFRUGHRQHVWRFDEDORVFDQWRVGH5DIDHO(VFDORQDHOVREULQRGHORELVSRKHUHGHURGHORVVHFUHWRV
GH)UDQFLVFRHO+RPEUH(OFDQWLQHURTXHWHQtDXQEUD]RVHFR\FRPRDFKLFKDUUDGRSRUKDEHUOR
OHYDQWDGRFRQWUDVXPDGUHLQYLWyD$XUHOLDQRDWRPDUVHXQDERWHOODGHDJXDUGLHQWH\$XUHOLDQR
OR LQYLWy D RWUD (O FDQWLQHUR OH KDEOy GH OD GHVJUDFLD GH VX EUD]R $XUHOLDQR OH KDEOy GH OD
GHVJUDFLD GH VX FRUD]yQ VHFR \ FRPR DFKLFKDUUDGR SRU KDEHUOR OHYDQWDGR FRQWUD VX KHUPDQD
7HUPLQDURQ OORUDQGR MXQWRV \ $XUHOLDQR VLQWLy SRU XQ PRPHQWR TXH HO GRORU KDEtD WHUPLQDGR
3HURFXDQGRYROYLyDTXHGDUVRORHQOD~OWLPDPDGUXJDGDGH0DFRQGRVHDEULyGHEUD]RVHQOD
PLWDGGHODSOD]DGLVSXHVWRDGHVSHUWDUDOPXQGRHQWHUR\JULWyFRQWRGDVXDOPD
/RVDPLJRVVRQXQRVKLMRVGHSXWD

124

1LJURPDQWDORUHVFDWyGHXQFKDUFRGHYyPLWR\GHOiJULPDV/ROOHYyDVXFXDUWROROLPSLy
OHKL]RWRPDUXQDWD]DGHFDOGR&UH\HQGRTXHHVRORFRQVRODEDWDFKyFRQXQDUD\DGHFDUEyQORV
LQFRQWDEOHVDPRUHVTXHpOVHJXtDGHELpQGROH\HYRFyYROXQWDULDPHQWHVXVWULVWH]DVPiVVROLWDULDV
SDUD QR GHMDUOR VROR HQ HO OODQWR $O DPDQHFHU GHVSXpV GH XQ VXHxR WRUSH \ EUHYH $XUHOLDQR
UHFREUyODFRQFLHQFLDGHVXGRORUGHFDEH]D$EULyORVRMRV\VHDFRUGyGHOQLxR
1RORHQFRQWUyHQODFDQDVWLOOD$OSULPHULPSDFWRH[SHULPHQWyXQDGHIODJUDFLyQGHDOHJUtD
FUH\HQGR TXH $PDUDQWD UVXOD KDEtD GHVSHUWDGR GH OD PXHUWH SDUD RFXSDUVH GHO QLxR 3HUR HO
FDGiYHU HUD XQ SURPRQWRULR GH SLHGUDV EDMR OD PDQWD &RQVFLHQWH GH TXH DO OOHJDU KDEtD
HQFRQWUDGR DELHUWD OD SXHUWD GHO GRUPLWRULR $XUHOLDQR DWUDYHVy HO FRUUHGRU VDWXUDGR SRU ORV
VXVSLURVPDWLQDOHVGHORUpJDQR\VHDVRPyDOFRPHGRUGRQGHHVWDEDQWRGDYtDORVHVFRPEURVGHO
SDUWRODROODJUDQGHODVViEDQDVHQVDQJUHQWDGDVORVWLHVWRVGHFHQL]D\HOUHWRUFLGRRPEOLJRGHO
QLxRHQXQSDxDODELHUWRVREUHODPHVDMXQWRDODVWLMHUDV\HOVHGDO/DLGHDGHTXHODFRPDGURQD
KDEtDYXHOWRSRUHOQLxRHQHOFXUVRGHODQRFKHOHSURSRUFLRQyXQDSDXVDGHVRVLHJRSDUDSHQVDU
6H GHUUXPEy HQ HO PHFHGRU HO PLVPR HQ TXH VH VHQWy 5HEHFD HQ ORV WLHPSRV RULJLQDOHV GH OD
FDVDSDUDGLFWDUOHFFLRQHVGHERUGDGR\HQHOTXH$PDUDQWDMXJDEDGDPDVFKLQDVFRQHOFRURQHO
*HULQHOGR0iUTXH]\HQHOTXH$PDUDQWDUVXODFRVtDODURSLWDGHOQLxR\HQDTXHOUHOiPSDJR
GH OXFLGH] WXYR FRQFLHQFLD GH TXH HUD LQFDSD] GH UHVLVWLU VREUH VX DOPD HO SHVR DEUXPDGRU GH
WDQWR SDVDGR +HULGR SRU ODV ODQ]DV PRUWDOHV GH ODV QRVWDOJLDV SURSLDV \ DMHQDV DGPLUy OD
LPSDYLGH]GHODWHODUDxDHQORVURVDOHVPXHUWRVODSHUVHYHUDQFLDGHODFL]DxDODSDFLHQFLDGHO
DLUHHQHOUDGLDQWHDPDQHFHUGHIHEUHUR<HQWRQFHVYLRDOQLxR(UDXQSHOOHMRKLQFKDGR\UHVHFR
TXHWRGDVODVKRUPLJDVGHOPXQGRLEDQDUUDVWUDQGRWUDEDMRVDPHQWHKDFLDVXVPDGULJXHUDVSRUHO
VHQGHURGHSLHGUDVGHOMDUGtQ$XUHOLDQRQRSXGRPRYHUVH1RSRUTXHORKXELHUDSDUDOL]DGRHO
HVWXSRU VLQR SRUTXH HQ DTXHO LQVWDQWH SURGLJLRVR VH OH UHYHODURQ ODV FODYHV GHILQLWLYDV GH
0HOTXtDGHV \ YLR HO HStJUDIH GH ORV SHUJDPLQRV SHUIHFWDPHQWH RUGHQDGR HQ HO WLHPSR \ HO
HVSDFLRGHORVKRPEUHV(OSULPHURGHODHVWLUSHHVWiDPDUUDGRHQXQiUERO\DO~OWLPRVHOR
HVWiQFRPLHQGRODVKRUPLJDV
$XUHOLDQRQRKDEtDVLGRPiVO~FLGRHQQLQJ~QDFWRGHVXYLGDTXHFXDQGRROYLGyVXVPXHUWRV
\ HO GRORU GH VXV PXHUWRV \ YROYLy D FODYDU ODV SXHUWDV \ ODV YHQWDQDV FRQ ODV FUXFHWDV GH
)HUQDQGDSDUDQRGHMDUVHSHUWXUEDUSRUQLQJXQDWHQWDFLyQGHOPXQGRSRUTXHHQWRQFHVVDEtDTXH
HQ ORV SHUJDPLQRV GH 0HOTXtDGHV HVWDED HVFULWR VX GHVWLQR /RV HQFRQWUy LQWDFWRV HQWUH ODV
SODQWDVSUHKLVWyULFDV\ORVFKDUFRVKXPHDQWHV\ORVLQVHFWRVOXPLQRVRVTXHKDEtDQGHVWHUUDGRGHO
FXDUWRWRGRYHVWLJLRGHOSDVRGHORVKRPEUHVSRUODWLHUUD\QRWXYRVHUHQLGDGSDUDVDFDUORVDOD
OX] VLQR TXH DOOt PLVPR GH SLH VLQ OD PHQRU GLILFXOWDG FRPR VL KXELHUDQ HVWDGR HVFULWRV HQ
FDVWHOODQREDMRHOUHVSODQGRUGHVOXPEUDQWHGHOPHGLRGtDHPSH]yDGHVFLIUDUORVHQYR]DOWD(UD
ODKLVWRULDGHODIDPLOLDHVFULWDSRU0HOTXtDGHVKDVWDHQVXVGHWDOOHVPiVWULYLDOHVFRQFLHQDxRV
GHDQWLFLSDFLyQ/DKDEtDUHGDFWDGRHQViQVFULWRTXHHUDVXOHQJXDPDWHUQD\KDEtDFLIUDGRORV
YHUVRV SDUHV FRQ OD FODYH SULYDGD GHO HPSHUDGRU $XJXVWR \ ORV LPSDUHV FRQ FODYHV PLOLWDUHV
ODFHGHPRQLDV /D SURWHFFLyQ ILQDO TXH $XUHOLDQR HPSH]DED D YLVOXPEUDU FXDQGR VH GHMy
FRQIXQGLUSRUHODPRUGH$PDUDQWDUVXODUDGLFDEDHQTXH0HOTXtDGHVQRKDEtDRUGHQDGRORV

KHFKRV HQ HO WLHPSR FRQYHQFLRQDO GH ORV KRPEUHV VLQR TXH FRQFHQWUy XQ VLJOR GH HSLVRGLRV
FRWLGLDQRVGHPRGRTXHWRGRVFRH[LVWLHUDQHQXQLQVWDQWH)DVFLQDGRSRUHOKDOOD]JR$XUHOLDQR
OH\yHQYR]DOWDVLQVDOWRVODVHQFtFOLFDVFDQWDGDVTXHHOSURSLR0HOTXtDGHVOHKL]RHVFXFKDUD
$UFDGLR \ TXH HUDQ HQ UHDOLGDG ODV SUHGLFFLRQHV GH VX HMHFXFLyQ \ HQFRQWUy DQXQFLDGR HO
QDFLPLHQWR GH OD PXMHU PiV EHOOD GHO PXQGR TXH HVWDED VXELHQGR DO FLHOR HQ FXHUSR \ DOPD \
FRQRFLyHORULJHQGHGRVJHPHORVSyVWXPRVTXHUHQXQFLDEDQDGHVFLIUDUORVSHUJDPLQRVQRVyOR
SRU LQFDSDFLGDG H LQFRQVWDQFLD VLQR SRUTXH VXV WHQWDWLYDV HUDQ SUHPDWXUDV (Q HVWH SXQWR
LPSDFLHQWH SRU FRQRFHU VX SURSLR RULJHQ $XUHOLDQR GLR XQ VDOWR (QWRQFHV HPSH]y HO YLHQWR
WLELRLQFLSLHQWHOOHQRGHYRFHVGHOSDVDGRGHPXUPXOORVGHJHUDQLRVDQWLJXRVGHVXVSLURVGH
GHVHQJDxRV DQWHULRUHV D ODV QRVWDOJLDV PiV WHQDFHV 1R OR DGYLUWLy SRUTXH HQ DTXHO PRPHQWR
HVWDEDGHVFXEULHQGRORVSULPHURVLQGLFLRVGHVXVHUHQXQDEXHORFRQFXSLVFHQWHTXHVHGHMDED
DUUDVWUDU SRU OD IULYROLGDG D WUDYpV GH XQ SiUDPR DOXFLQDGR HQ EXVFD GH XQD PXMHU KHUPRVD D
TXLHQQRKDUtDIHOL]$XUHOLDQRORUHFRQRFLySHUVLJXLyORVFDPLQRVRFXOWRVGHVXGHVFHQGHQFLD\
HQFRQWUyHOLQVWDQWHGHVXSURSLDFRQFHSFLyQHQWUHORVDODFUDQHV\ODVPDULSRVDVDPDULOODVGHXQ
EDxRFUHSXVFXODUGRQGHXQPHQHVWUDOVDFLDEDVXOXMXULDFRQXQDPXMHUTXHVHOHHQWUHJDEDSRU
UHEHOGtD (VWDED WDQ DEVRUWR TXH QR VLQWLy WDPSRFR OD VHJXQGD DUUHPHWLGD GHO YLHQWR FX\D
SRWHQFLD FLFOyQLFD DUUDQFy GH ORV TXLFLRV ODV SXHUWDV \ ODV YHQWDQDV GHVFXDMy HO WHFKR GH OD
JDOHUtDRULHQWDO\GHVDUUDLJyORVFLPLHQWRV6yORHQWRQFHVGHVFXEULyTXH$PDUDQWDUVXODQRHUD
VXKHUPDQDVLQRVXWtD\TXH)UDQFLV'UDNHKDEtDDVDOWDGRD5LRKDFKDVRODPHQWHSDUDTXHHOORV
SXGLHUDQ EXVFDUVH SRU ORV ODEHULQWRV PiV LQWULQFDGRV GH OD VDQJUH KDVWD HQJHQGUDU HO DQLPDO
PLWROyJLFR TXH KDEtD GH SRQHU WpUPLQR D OD HVWLUSH 0DFRQGR HUD \D XQ SDYRURVR UHPROLQR GH
SROYR\HVFRPEURVFHQWULIXJDGRSRUODFyOHUDGHOKXUDFiQEtEOLFRFXDQGR$XUHOLDQRVDOWyRQFH
SiJLQDV SDUD QR SHUGHU HO WLHPSR HQ KHFKRV GHPDVLDGR FRQRFLGRV \ HPSH]y D GHVFLIUDU HO
LQVWDQWHTXHHVWDEDYLYLHQGRGHVFLIUiQGRORDPHGLGDTXHORYLYtDSURIHWL]iQGRVHDVtPLVPRHQ
HODFWRGHGHVFLIUDUOD~OWLPDSiJLQDGHORVSHUJDPLQRVFRPRVLVHHVWXYLHUDYLHQGRHQXQHVSHMR
KDEODGR (QWRQFHV GLR RWUR VDOWR SDUD DQWLFLSDUVH D ODV SUHGLFFLRQHV \ DYHULJXDU OD IHFKD \ ODV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV GH VX PXHUWH 6LQ HPEDUJR DQWHV GH OOHJDU DO YHUVR ILQDO \D KDEtD FRPSUHQGLGR
TXH QR VDOGUtD MDPiV GH HVH FXDUWR SXHV HVWDED SUHYLVWR TXH OD FLXGDG GH ORV HVSHMRV R ORV
HVSHMLVPRV VHUtDDUUDVDGDSRUHOYLHQWR\GHVWHUUDGDGHODPHPRULDGHORVKRPEUHVHQHOLQVWDQWH
HQTXH$XUHOLDQR%DELORQLDDFDEDUDGHGHVFLIUDUORVSHUJDPLQRV\TXHWRGRORHVFULWRHQHOORV
HUD LUUHSHWLEOH GHVGH VLHPSUH \ SDUD VLHPSUH SRUTXH ODV HVWLUSHV FRQGHQDGDV D FLHQ DxRV GH
VROHGDGQRWHQtDQXQDVHJXQGDRSRUWXQLGDGVREUHODWLHUUD

125

*$%5,(/ *$5&$ 0548(= QDFLGR HQ &RORPELD HV XQD GH ODV ILJXUDV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV H
LQIOX\HQWHV GH OD OLWHUDWXUD XQLYHUVDO *DQDGRU GHO 3UHPLR 1REHO GH /LWHUDWXUD HQ  HV
DGHPiV FXHQWLVWD HQVD\LVWD FUtWLFR FLQHPDWRJUiILFR DXWRU GH JXLRQHV \ VREUH WRGR LQWHOHFWXDO
FRPSURPHWLGR FRQ ORV JUDQGHV SUREOHPDV GH QXHVWUR WLHPSR HQ SULPHU WpUPLQR FRQ ORV TXH
DIHFWDQ D VX DPDGD &RORPELD \ D +LVSDQRDPpULFD HQ JHQHUDO 0i[LPD ILJXUD GHO OODPDGR
UHDOLVPR PiJLFR HQ HO TXH KLVWRULD H LPDJLQDFLyQ WHMHQ HO WDSL] GH XQD OLWHUDWXUD YLYD TXH
UHVSLUD SRU WRGRV VXV SRURV HV HQ GHILQLWLYD HO KDFHGRU GH XQR GH ORV PXQGRV QDUUDWLYRV PiV
GHQVRV GH VLJQLILFDGRV TXH KD GDGR OD OHQJXD HVSDxROD HQ HO VLJOR ;; (QWUH VXV QRYHODV PiV
LPSRUWDQWHVILJXUDQ&LHQDxRVGHVROHGDG(OFRURQHOQRWLHQHTXLHQOHHVFULED&UyQLFDGHXQD
PXHUWHDQXQFLDGD/DPDODKRUD(OJHQHUDOHQVXODEHULQWRHOOLEURGHUHODWRV'RFH FXHQWRV
SHUHJULQRV(ODPRUHQWLHPSRVGHFyOHUD\'LDWULEDGHDPRUFRQWUDXQKRPEUHVHQWDGR(QHO
DxRSXEOLFyODSULPHUDSDUWHGHVXDXWRELRJUDItD9LYLUSDUDFRQWDUOD

126

También podría gustarte