t oe a The past, the present and the future. La unidad 74 le ha proporcionado una visisn de conjunto de los usos no temporales de los tiempos verbales ingleses, y la tunidad 75, dedicada al future perfect simple y al future perfect continuous, hi puesto punto final al estudio de los usos temporales de aquélios. En la presente unidad, titulada “El pasado, el presente y el futuro”, encontrara una visién de conjunto de estos ailtimos usos. Si tiene alguna duda respecto a la formacién y al uso de algiin tiempo verbs revisando las secciones de Grammar donde se explican estos extremos. Aqui pondientes, asi como un ejemplo de cada tiempo. inglés, tal vez quiera refrescar su memoria sne los niimeros de las unidades corres: Past simple. Unit When I got up yesterday morning ... Past continuous. Unit 49... it was raining. Past perfect simple. Unit 59. Thad gone to bed early the night before. Past perfect continuous. Unit 59.__‘It had been raining all night. Present simple. Unit 11. Normally, I work on Saturdays, .. Present continuous. Unit 17... but today I’m having a break. Present perfect simple. Unit 39. haven't had a break for ages, Present perfect continuous. Unit 55. _... so I've been looking forward to this one. Future simple. Unit 41 ne next year, Pll be forty. Future continuous. Unit 46. still be working on my novel. Future perfect simple. Unit 75, have written five chapters. Future perfect continuous. Unit 75. have been working on it for ten years. Una ver ha estudiado por completo el sistema verbal inglés, el objetivo de las pricticas que realizara en la presente unidad es fijar con firmeza en su mente la idea de que los tiempos verbales ingleses ~a pesar de tener, como ha visto, algunos usos especiales y otros que incluso pueden parecer il6gicos-constituyen un sistema coherente para situar hechos ‘© acciones en el pasado, en el presente o en el futuro, Por otra parte, en la presente unidad encontraré algunas abreviaturas y expresiones numéricas, diversos ejercicios de lectura y escritura, y varias indicaciones destinadas a proporcionarle un inglés fluido y natural. Confusiones que debe evitar. Preste atencién cuando util alguno de los verbos agrupados en los siguientes pares: = no confunda borraw, que signifiea “pedir prestado”, con lend, que se refiere al otro Indo de Ia transaccién y significa “prestar”; = no confunda learn, que significa “aprender”, con teach, que significa “ensefa = no confunda come, que significa “venir” y describe habitualmente un movimiento hacia el lugar donde esti situada la persona que habla, con go, que significa “ir” y describe movimientos en otras direcciones,Xr Speaking and listening The past. Los cinco textos grabados en la cassette correspondientes a la seccién de Speaking and listening de la presente unidad. asi como la cancién con que concluye esta seceién, forman una historia con continuidad que gira en torno a una mision de la nave espacial “Explorer”. (E Puesto que ya ha estudiado eémo se emplean unidad 70, pig. 1414, ha visto un extracto del diario de la capitana de esta nave.) dos los tiempos verbales i tiempo, no deberia resultarle dificil seguir el relato. ses para situar hechos o acciones en el La grabacién de la cassette que se reproduce en esta pagina alude a los acontecimientos registrados en el mencion: diario. En las paginas siguientes, el relato prosigue a partir de ese momento. Work with the cass Practice. When you have listened to the answer these questions sassette text, read it aloud, and then tain? Who gave the order to answer the SOS call? O'Hara or the Where was the origin of the call? In a valley or on a mount Afler the explosion, when they looked at the starship, was it burning or The starship “Explorer” was returning to. had it disappeared? Earth after a ten-year exploration of the galaxy. The crew picked up an SOS call from a tiny, unidentified planet. ‘The past. Listen. (You probably found it easy to answer those questions, but the answers are given on page 1580, just in case.) The captain gave the order to answer ~The phrase ... had it disappeared? is in the past perfect simple tense. the call and they discovered is origin, It Find another example of this tense in the cassette text was in a narrow valley between two ~The phrase ... was it burning ...? is in the past continuous tense. Find ‘mountains. two more examples of this tense in the cassette text The starship landed safely at one end of the valley. The SOS call was coming from the other end of the valley. Answers on page 1580, The captain, O*Hara, Spencer and sh others left. the “Explorer”. They had reached the middle of the valley, when an explosion made them turn round. The starship was in flames. In her recorded diary, the captain said: “We had no idea how or why ... and we still do not understand what happened.” S Where was the origin of the SOS call? In a valley or on a mountain?‘On this page, the story continues. As on the previous page, you should have no difficulty in answering the questions on ‘evalaznt{/ (UK) UNIT 77 ‘Study these new expressions, which appear in the cassette text. the cassette, but once again the answers 2¥alanche ‘evaleent{/ (US) avaleneha,(tod: are given at the end of the unit, just in make camp Jmeik keemp/ acampar case cave ket! cueva shelter 1'Jelto cobijarse, resguardarse SF) cisten. ‘Twelve days after the explosion, the captain and the eight crew-members were still alive. They had tried {o return fo the starship, but they had not been able to reach it. An avalanche had blocked the valley. So they had continued to the end of the valley, looking for the origin of the SOS call. ‘They had not found it, and they had finally decided to make camp ina cave on the mountainside. ‘They had been sheltering there for ten days, when the captain recorded these words: “Now our life-support systems are nearly exhausted. The only thing we know is that the end is nat far away. Things could have heen different, but nothing can change now.” But the captain was wrong .. Practice. ~ As you did with the cassette text on the previous page, read aloud the text on this page after you have listened to it, and then answer these questions. ‘When the captain recorded these words: “Nothing can change now”, how long hhad they been sheltering in the cave? ‘Ten days or twenty days? Had they found the origin of the SOS call? — Name the tenses of the following verbs: Example: ‘They had tried... past perfect simple An avalanche had blocked ‘They had been sheltering s+ the captain recorded .. But the captain was wrong. Had they found ...? Put the following nouns with the corre- sponding numbers in the picture, which shows the planet where the story takes place. avalanche, cave, mountains, starship, valley Answers on page 158 1563rT Speaking and listening The present. El didlogo que mantienen los tripulantes del “Explorer” reproducido en esta pagina incluye ejemplos de los cuatro tiempos verbales ingleses cuyo nombre empieza con present, es decir, el present simple, el present continuous, el present perfect simple y cl present perfect continuous. Sin embargo, mientras escuche la cassette no es conveniente que concen: tre su atencidn en identificarlos, sino que es preferible que tfate de comprender los acontecimientos relatados por los personajes. (En esta misma pigina figura un ejercicio relativo a los tiempos verbales que puede realizar una vez haya escuchado el texto grabado en la cassette.) En el texto aparecen slo dos expresiones que todavia no out there Jat 9€0'/ alli fuera seout-car P’skawtka:‘/ vel sulo explorador Work with the cassette. a ‘The present. Listen. Captain: “Things could have been different, but nothing can change now. It is very cold. The sky Is dark. The mountains are beautiful.” O'Hara: Captain! Captain: What is it, O"Hara? O'Hara: Listen! Captain: \'m listening, but I can’t hear anything. O'Hara; Someone's coming! Capiain: Ws just the wind, You're imagining things. You've been listening to the wind for (oo long. O'Hara: Maybe you're right. But I'm sure there's someone out there. Captain: OK. Go and take a look. Spencer, go with O'Hara. Spencer: Yes, captain. Capiain: “The crew stil believe that help is com After everything that’s happened on this voyage, their optimism is wonderful.” (O'Hara and Spencer come back.) O'Hara: Captain Twas right! Spencer: W's true, captain. Practice. Captain: What did you see? O'Hara: § scout-car from the ship ~and it’s coming this In the phrase The crew still believe ..., the verb believe is way! in the present simple tense. Can you find the following in Captain: 8 scout-car from the “Explorer”? But that’s ‘he cassette text? impossible! — Five examples of the present continuous tense = One example of the present perfect simple tense: ~ One example of the present perfect continuous tense. Answers on page 158UNIT 77 In this fourth part of the story, things are getting better for the captain and crew of the “Explorer Study these new expressions, which appear in the text on this page. ssette owen! (UK) vocate | MK WH 1 ocatzar apparentiyfo'peronth!aparentemente plant WK))—aieg vt | few sy | am damage dem datiar,averar repeic pe reparar bring. under control poner bajo control ‘This has been a long mission, 1 think it’s time we went home. Work with the cassette. =) Listen, Captain «Gonzales! Gonzales: Evening, captain, We've been looking for you for more than a week. We had to go around the m ¢ of the avalanche. Are you OK? Yes, thank you, Gonzales. Everyone here’ OK. But what's been happening? We saw the “Explorer” in flames. Yes, captain. There was an explosion and a fire, but we brou rol The ship is all right now ... and we've located the origin of the SOS call Captain: Human? Gonzales: No, captain. Alien ~ but apparently friendly. A small creature, half plant and half animal. Captain. Gonzales We've taken it on board the “Explorer” Caprain: Ana the shup 8 not badly damaged. Gonzales: No, captain. We've repaired the damage. The “Explorer” is now in good condition Caprain: OK. Well .. this has been a long mission. 1 think i's time we went home & Practice. ~ Read the following sentences aloud, and say if they are true or false ‘The alien creature is half human, It is now on board the starshi ‘The starship is very badly damaged. ‘The starship is in good conditi Answers on p ~ Read the following words aloud. Be careful with the position of the stress, e. -@ e.. -@. captain around avalanche —_ explorer ‘mount because orig explosion human control anima apparent damaged repaired located (US) _ condition mission located (UK)rT Speaking and listening The future. ‘The starship “Explorer” is now on its way home to Earth, and everything seems normal. But the voyage is not over yet. ‘The following new expressions appear in the cassette text on this page sector kta sector storeroom ‘stoxrurm/ despensa level ‘levi nivel Emergency stations! jSituacién de emergencia! Is growing. It’s already doubled its) size, If t continues growing, i'll be as big as the ship in twenty-four hours! = “The future. Listen. Captain: — What is our position, O*Hara? O'Hara: Sector 3, captain, We'll be passing Jupiter in six hours? time. Capiain: Condition of the ship, Spencer? Spencer: All systems normal, captain. Captain: Good. We'll be home soon. Gonzales: (On the intercom.) Captain! Captain: What is it, Gonzales? Gonzales: We have a problem with the alien, captain. It was in a storeroom on Level 5, but it’s escaped. And captain .. Captain: Yes, Gonzales? Gonzales: W's growing. It’s already doubled its size. If it continues growing, it’ be as big as the ship in twenty-four hours! Captain: see. Where are you? Gonzales: On Level 6, captain. I think it’s here somewhere. ... Yes, I can hear it. ... It's— ‘Aannang! Captain: Gonzales! Gonzales! ... Spencer, close all doors on Level 6. Spencer: Yes, captain, Captain: Maybe we won't be home as soon as I thought. ... O'Hara, full speed. ... (On the intercom.) All crew-members: This. is the captain. Emergency stations! I repeat: Emergeney stations! Sy In the film Alien (1979), the starship “Nostromo” has a problem like that of the “Explorer”. Have you seen that film? Practice. One of the following sentences from the includes a verb in the future continuous ten: sentence is i wssette text Which We'll be passing Jupiter in six hours’ time. We'll be home soon. {Fit continues growing, it’ be as big as the ship in twenty- four hours! ‘Maybe we won't be home as soon as I thought. Answers on page 1580.UNIT 77 g completes the story of the “Ex- plorer”’s mission and the dangers which the starship’s crew faced during their voyas around the galaxy. Unfortunately, the story does not have a happy ending =) ‘Song: SOS! The “Explorer” had been touring the galaxy. It had completed an important mission. It was travelling home through Sector 3. The ship was in good condition. ‘The captain said they'd be home before long, But then something went wrong. SOS! SOS! ‘The starship SOS! SOS! ‘The starship “Explor Explorer” is in distress! distress. “We've been trying to repair the damage, But now we have given up hope. The ship is floating out of control’, And we know that we're alone. We will never see the Earth again, ‘Though we don’t want to believe it This SOS will be too late: By the time that you receive it, We'll have been floating for fifteen days; We'll have left this sector far behind us; We'll be moving into deeper space’, Where no-one will ever find us.” Sos! Sos! Notes. The starship “Explorer” is in distress. io S08! SOS: ~ En la cancién de Ia unidad 63 ha visto la frase ve given up hoping The starship Beplere: 7 [5 18 clewresss El verbo compuesto give up puede ir seguido de un verbo en forma ‘ng (I've given up smoking/hoping/ctc.) 0 de un sustantivo (I've given up cigarettes/hope’etc.). En el verso But now we have hope, que palabra hope es un sustantivo. jgura en Ia cancién correspondiente a esta ~ Se suele decir que las letras SOS son la breviatura de la expresion _unes 8 Is (Salvad nuest ), pero, si bien es cierto que n eli nos perdido la esperanza (Ver Notes) ‘SAVE OUF Souls (Salvad nuestras almas), pero, si bien es cierto que > Eu oto fe Oe contd “ corresponden a las iniiales de estas palabras, en realidad se elig en el espucio inte ron por ser faciles de transmitir y de reconocer en c6digo Morse.Fluency Explaining and rephrasing. En stas paginas continuaré la préctica iniciada en la anterior sec~ cidn de Fluency titulada Making things clear. Ahora, bajo el titulo de “Explicar y parafrasear” se agrupan una scrie de expresione: usadas para pedir y dar explicacio- understand. What does“... It means “. nes, y para parafrascar alguna What is a"... observacién que ha provocado 0 kind podria provocar malentendidos en It's a } sort | Of el transcurso de una conversacién. type Junto a estas lineas figuran diversas expresiones que le permitiran cu- brir estos objetivos. Sin duda reco- nocera las del primer cuadro, mien: tras que gran parte de las que aparecen en el segundo son desco- nocidas para usted. Observe que varias expresiones comienzan con What I... Esta estructura es carac- teristica del inglés hablado, pero los estudiantes de esta lengua sue- len emplearla con eseasa frecuen- Let me rephrase | cia, No se trata de una construccién dificil; ast pues, no tema utilizarla, ya que dara a su inglés fluidez y na- turalidad. I'm sorry. I don’t (quite) It's the opposite of “...”. I think you misunderstood me. Let me put it another way that. what I said. ‘What I (really) mean What I (really) meant wast What I'm trying to say i ‘What I was trying to say was: Expresiones empleadas para pedir y dar explicaciones. Lo siento. No lo entiendo (del todo). {Qué significa *..."? Significa “...”. Es lo contrario de “ Que es un(una) clase Esuncana) | 8 | Expresiones empleadas para aclarar malentendidos. ‘Creo que me has/ha interpretado mal Déjame/Déjeme decitlo de otro modo. eso. lo que dije. Lo que (realmente) quiero decir es: Lo que (realmente) queria decir era: Lo que estoy tratando de decir es: Lo que estaba tratando de decir era: + 8 unejut, Déjame/Déjeme parafrascar Seguidamente escuche el texto grabado en la cassette y realice los ejercicios del apartado de Practice. &) Listen. Teacher: Student Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student Teacher: Student: Teacher: Well, Francoise, what did you think of the “Explorer” story? So you didn’t have any problems in under- standing, ‘Oh, no, not really. There was one word I didn’t quite understand. ‘What was that? Er ... “Scout-car.” I've never heard that word before. What does it mean? “Scout-car.” Well, a scout-ear is a kind of small car ... of rather, a kind of small vehicle ~ not really a car... Ab-ha. Um ... A kind of small vehicle used by the crew of the starship Student: Teacher: Student Teacher: Student: Teacher: Mm-hm. To travel over the surface of the planet ~ to explore the planet. Oh, I see. Yes, that makes sense. Er . like science fiction? No. Actually, I can’t stand itt On. Er... let me rephrase that: “No, science fiction fs not one of my favourite forms of literature.” Do you Listen and repeat. I think you misunderstood me. Let me rephrase what I said. Let me put ‘What I really meant was, another way.Practice. UNIT 77 Read the following dialogues aloud, and then answer the questions, = What's a “cellar I'S a kind of room ... or rather, a part of under the ground. ing, under the ground. — Yes. Well, let me put it another way building and you're on the ground floor -Mm-hm. ‘and you go downstairs, you'll be in the cellar. = Oh, I see. A cellar. Thanks. ~ (Reading.) “He was walking along a path near here when he disappeared.” What does “path” mean? = What do you think? = A kind of road? =Not exactly. A road can be quite wide, but a path is narrow. Let me give you an example: “The path through, the forest was very narrow, and if you walked along it, ‘you could touch the trees on both sides.” = Ob, Tee. A putts. Thanks. If you're in a =I don’t quite understand the expression on that sign: “Surgery hours, = Well, it means the times when you can see the doctor. = Is the doctor a surgeon? = Not necessarily. The expression “surgery hours” or “surgery times” is used outside all doctor’s offices. In fact, a doctor's office isn’t called an “office”. It’s called fa “Surgery”, even though the doctor may not be a surgeon. — Oh, I see. Thanks. ‘After reading those dialogues, do you understand the ‘meanings of the expressions a cellar, a path and surgery hours? Can you translate them? rephrase Prado"! (UK) rather | Preto!) cellar I'sela' = paid) (UK) ath ped (US) surgery hours sx 'dssin sus" ‘That makes sense. Eso tiene sentido. A scout-car is a kind of small vehicle used by the crew of a starship to explore a planet. 1569tq Grammar Los significados temporales de los tiempos verbales ingleses. En Ta presente unidad se han resui tiempos verbales ingleses para expr porales, es decir, para situar hechos o acciones en el pasa do, en el presente o en el futuro. En relaci6n con este tema, resultan significativas las tres estrofas de la canciGn de esta unidad que se reproducen a continuseién. Léalas de viva voz: ‘The “Explorer” had been touring the galaxy. It had completed an important mission. It was travelling home through Sector 3. The ship was in good condition. We've been trying to repair the damage, But now we have given up hope. The ship is floating out of control, ‘And we know that we're alone. ‘We'll have been floating for fifteen days; ‘We'll have left this sector far behind us; We'll be moving into deeper space, ‘Where no-one will ever find us. {Qué es, desde el punto de vista gramatical, lo significati- Vo de los anteriores versos? Tal vez no haya reparado en ello, y, si ha prestado aten- cién al contenido de la cancién en lugar de buscar los ejemplos gramaticales de su texto, no hay ninguna razén por la que debiera haberlo hecho. No obstante, antes de proseguir con el texto de estas paginas, lea nuevamente los doce versos anteriores y, teniendo en cuenta que el siste- ma verbal inglés se compone de doce tiempos verbales, trate de descubrir qué es lo significativo de dichos versos, Desde el punto de vista gramatical, lo significativo de los, doce versos es que cada uno contiene una forma verbal en un tiempo diferente: los primeros cuatro versos contienen los cuatro tiempos de past; los cuatro siguientes, los cua- tro tiempos de present; y los cuatro dltimos, los cuatro tiempos de future ‘Una lectura detenida de cada uno de los versos le servira de resumen de los significados temporales de los tiempos verbales inglescs. 1370 Los cuatro tiempos de past. ‘The “Explorer” had been touring the galaxy. Tt had completed an important mission. It was travelling home through Sector 3. The ship was in good condition, Past perfect continuous. Forma: had been + forma -ing Significado: Actividad desarrollada hasta determinado momento del pasado, 0 hasta poco antes de dicho momento. (CEL Explorer’ habia estado recorriendo la galaxia.”) Past perfect simple. Forma: had + participio de pasado Significado: Hecho ocurrido con anterioridad a otro en el pasado. (“Habia coneluido una importante misién.”) Past continuous. Forma: wasiwere + forma -ing. Significado: ‘Actividad desarrollada durante determinado perfodo de tiempo en el pasado, (Estaba regresando a casa a través del sector 3.”) Past simple. Forma: Segunda parte del verbo. (Verbo be: was/were.) Significado: Estado © hecho ocurrido en el pasado. (La nave estaba en buenas condiciones.” Los cuatro tiempos de present. We have been trying to repair the damage, But now we have given up hope. The ship is floating out of control, And we know that we're alone. Present perfect continuous. Forma: havelhas been + formaUNIT 77 Signiticado: ‘Actividad iniciada en el pasado y que se ha seguido desarrollando hasta el presente o que ha terminado re cientemente. (“Hemos estado intentando reparar la averia.”) Present perfect simple. Forma: haveshas + participio de pasado, Significado: Hecho ocurrido en el pasado que se considera relacio- nado con el presente, o que forma parte de la experien- ia de una persona en el presente. Pero ahora hemos perdido la esperanza. ) Present continuous. Forma: amlis/are + forma -ing Significado: Actividad que se esta desarrollando en el momento presente, (La nave esté flotando fuera de control.”) Present simple. Forma: Infinitivo (+ terminaci6n -s para la tercera persona de singular), (Verbo be: ami Significado: Estado o hecho habitual localizado en el presente. CY sabemos que estamos solos.”) Jare; verbo have: have/has.) Los cuatro tiempos de future. ‘We will have been floating for fifteen days; We will have left this sector far behind us; We will be moving into deeper space, Where no-one will ever find us. Future perfect continuous. Forma: will have been + forma -ing. Signifieado: ‘Actividad desarrollada durante determinado perfodo de tiempo hasta un momento del futuro, 0 hasta poco antes de dicho momento. (*Habremos estado flotando durante quince dias. ‘We've been trying to repair the damage. Future perfect simple. Forma; will haye + partivipiv de pasado. Significado: Hecho que habré ocurrido con anterioridad a un mo- mento determinado del futuro. (“Habremos dejado este sector alejado de nosotros.” Future continuous. Forma: will be + forma -ing Significado: ‘Actividad que se desarrollara durante un periodo de tiempo en el futuro (Nos estaremos dirigiendo al espacio intergakictico.") Future simple. Forma: will + infinitivo. Significado: Estado o hecho que tendré lugar en el futuro, (“Donde nadie nunca nos encontrard.”) ha de ver contienen los es, tal vez quiera aprenderlos 0. El po: Ya que los dace versos que doce tiempos verbales inl de memoria y utilizarlos como método mnemotécni ritmo y las rimas los hacen faciles de memoriza Grian servirle para recordar el sistema verbal inglés.IN Written English Abbreviations. Earlier in this unit (p. 1567), we commented on the abbrev English abbreviations. On these pages there is frequently used. By looking at the list, do the r AB (US) Bachelor of Arts ad advertisement AD (Latin, Anno Domini) in the year of the Lord (used in dates) ‘am (Latin, ante meridiem) before noon ‘Anon anonymous (placed after a text by an unknown writer) approx approximately Apr April arr arrival, arriving a's ap as soon as possible ASEAN Association of South-East ‘Asian Nations ‘Aug August Av/Ave Avenue b born B&B (UK) bed and breakfast B A (UK) Bachelor of Arts; British Airways BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BC Before Christ (used in dates) bk book bidg building ba billion Bros Brothers (in the names of com- panies, c.g. Warner Bros.) BS (US) Bachelor of Science B Sc (UK) Bachelor of Science © Centigrade ‘century: proximately ea (Latin, cia) approximately © ¢ cubic centimetres ch/chap chapter CLA (US) Central Intellig ‘emis) centimetre(s) Co Company (in the names of com panies, e.g. The Decca Record Co.) fo care of ‘cont/contd continued C Veurriculum vitae d died dbl double Dee December deg{s) dezree(s) dap departure Dept Department DIY Do-it-yourself dol dollar(s) (Latin, circa) ap- snce Agency is D Phil Doctor of Philosophy Dr Doctor E cast EEC European Economie Community (alsoknownas* the Common Market”) 2.9 (Latin, exempli gratia) for example ‘enc/enel enclosed Esq Esquire ‘ete (Latin, etcetera) and soon F Fahrenheit f female FB I (US) Federal Bureau of Investi- zation Fob February Fri Friday Fe foot, feet galls) gallon(s) GB Great Britain gm{s) grams) HM S Hiv/Her Majesty's Ship (placed before the names of ships inthe Royal Navy, ¢.g. “H.M.S, Ulysses") HQ headquarters hes) hour(s) @ (Latin, id est) that is to say in(s) inch(es) Inc Incorporated (in the names of com panies, e.g. United Feature Syndi cate Inc.) Info information ITV (UK) Independent Television Jan January hut ny Jun Ju ls) kilogram(s) kmis) kilometre(s) tion SOS, and during the course you have met a lot of other list including those you have met before ding exercises in the Practice section. nd some others which are also KO knock out K ph kilometres per hour LLake th{s) (Latin, (weight) Ltd Limited (in the names of com panies, e.g. Harper and Grant Ltd.) m male; metre(s); mile(s); million MA Master of Arts ‘Mar March math (US) mathematics maths (UK) mathematics sills) mile(s) mm(s) millimetre(s) Mon Monday MP (UK) Member of mp h miles per hour MBS (US) Master of Science M Sc (UK) Master of Science (Mt Mount Nnorth NASA (US) National Acronauties and Space Administration NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organ ization NB (Latin, nora bene) note well nno{s) numbers) Nov November NY (C) New York (City) OAU Organization of African Unity Oct October © PEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ‘02 ounce(s) P page: (UK) penny, pence Ph D Doctor of Philosophy PM Prime Minister Pm (Latin, post meridiem) after noon PO Box Post Office Box 1p pages P R Public Relations Pras President Prof Protessor PS prwtserint PTO Please turn over (i. Please look fat the other side of this piece of paper) librumitibray pound(s)UNIT 77 R River R&B thythm-and-blues (music) RAF (UK) Royal Air Force Rd Road RN (UK) Royal Navy RSVP (French, Répondes s'il vous plait) Please reply S south Practice. = Scan the list and find the abbreviations for the seven days of the week ~ Scan the list again and find the abbre ‘months, (You will see that one month because it has no abbreviation.) ~ Scan the list again and find the expressi from the Latin language. ~ You know that UFO and VAT they were words: "ju:fou! and /vet words. Read them aloud. in be pronounced as if The abbreviations for the following organizations are also often said as UN 0 United Nations Organization 'S Fiscifi science fiction Sq Square ‘sq m square miles: square metres St Street; Saint st (UK) stone(s) (weight) Sun Sunday tel telephone ‘Thur/Thurs Thursday Tue/Tues Tuesday TV television UFO unidentified fying object UK United Kingdom UN (0) United Nations (Organization) UNESCO United Nations Edu tional, Scientific and Cultural Or- ganization USA) United States (of America) USS United States Ship (placed before the names of ships in the United States, Navy, e.g. “U.S.S. Lincoln") US SR Linion of Soviet Socialist Re- publies VAT Value Added Tax VHF very high frequency (radio) VIP very important person W west we water closet (i.e. toilet) Wed Wednorday WH World Health Organization vyels) year(s) Mon-Sat viations for the is not included, jons which come ae re pening | Poiaeenel bese ‘an’telidgans) ASEAN /‘asi:en/ OP ‘oupek/ NASA ‘nesa/ UNESCO. /jus'neskau NATO ‘newtauy inteligence = What are the equivalents in your language to these investigation English abbreviations? ‘mathematics ri treaty BEC opEC UNO mR eobenin NATO UFO. USA VHF us vests geafil /.mae0a'maetiks! “tristw ipo'trouliom/ matematicas tratado petrdleo 1s73Io Written English Reading and writing exercises. ‘The exercises on these pages give you some practice in reading and writing. The first exercise concerns someone’s future plans and includes some of the abbreviations from the previous pages; the second and third exercises concern this unit's subject, time. Exercise 1. Study the following text. It gives details of a day during a visit to England by an American businessman, VISIT TO ENGLAND BY MR T. HACKMANIconta ‘TUES, SEP. 14TH Dep. London Arr. Birchester 07.30 09.20 (approx) ‘Meetings AM, 10.15 Jackson & Thomas Ltd, Green St. 11.80 Nevada Computer Co, Western Ave. 12.15 Hammond Bros, Station Ra. P.M. 2.30 Magic Machines Inc. (PR Dept), Portland Sq. University (Maths Dept, Newton Bldg) -* 4.00 His last appointment before lunch is at Hammond Bros. 1s74 ‘The following text is a full version of the details of Mr Hackman’s activities on September 1th. Copy it into your notebook, putting in the missing words. Use com- plete words instead of abbreviations On. 14th, Mr Hackman will be .. at seven-thirty and ..... in Birchester at He has five meetings on that day. from London nine-thirty, In the morning, his first appointment is at Jackson and ‘Thomas ..... whose premises are in Green ..... « He has 10 be there at ten-fifteen. Later during the morning, at half past eleven, he will be visiting the Nevada Computer Western .. last appointment before lunch is at Hammond St In the afternoon, he will be visiting the of Magic Machines ..... at two-thirty, and at four o’clock he will be going to the university. To be precise, he will be going to the... zs. in the Newton ..Exercise 2. UNIT 77 Exercise 3. ‘You know these English proverbs about time: ‘Time fies. ‘Time is money. ‘What will be, will be. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today ‘Tomorrow never comes. Can you complete the words in the following proverbs, which are also about time? You have not seen them be- fore, but youcan work out the missing letters by deduction. ‘One today is worth two t_m_rr_ws. One hour today is worth two h_u_s t_m_rr_w. Now is now and th_n is th_n. ‘There is a t_me and a pl_ce for everything. Time is the f_ther of truth. ‘Truth is time’s da_ght_r. ‘One word will complete all three of the following quota- tions. “What is that word? ‘The English dramatist Aphra Behn (1640-1689) wrote: “We are here today and gone ..... .” In Aldous Huxley's novel « character called Mrs Viveash says: “. ‘as today.” will be as awful In 1849, an anonymous writer in the British humorous magazine “Punch” invented a new proverb: “Never do today what you can put off till. Answers on page 1580. Peanuts® by Charles M. Schulz. In this strip, Charlie Brown and Linus are sharing their thoughts about the past, the present and the future - or, in the order in which they discuss the subject, the future. the present and the past. Remember that, in American English, the expression I guess micas “I suppos “Translation ofthe strip text. Supongo que no esti bien estar siempre preocupado por el matana, Tal vez deberiamos pensit $610 en el hoy Yo todavia espera que el ayer mejore 1 GUESS IT'S WRONG ALWAYS TO BE WORRYING: ABOUT TOMORROW MABE WE SHOULD THINK ONLY ABOUT UM STILL HOPING THAT YESTERDAY WILL GET BETTER3 Special English Study skills (2): Numerical expressions. Conteste a las dos preguntas siguientes con toda sinceridad: ~ Cuando oye niimeros en ile resulta a veces dificil comprenderlos de inmediato y con precisién? Cuando lee un texto en inglés en el que aparecen némeros (¢ ‘mente los nimeros en espafiol, incluso leyendo el resto del texto en ingh itos en cifras en lugar de en palabras), cle vienen a la No seria sorprendente que contestara afirmativamente a ambas preguntas. Sin duda recordara que cuando empezaba a practicar los némeros en inglés en las primeras unidades de! curso, c hizo la siguiente obscrvacién: “Diversas investiga- ciones sobre el aprendizaje de las lenguas han demostrado que los ntimeros aprendiclos en la lengua materna son de las ‘cosas que quedan grabadas en la mente con més firmeza. Por tal razén, se tiende a decirlos en esta lengua incluso cuando se esti hablando otro idioma y, naturalmente, seria preferible que acudieran a la memoria en este otro idioma de forma automatica. Ello explica que hasta las personas que hablan bien una lengua extranjera tengan a menudo dificultades con los nimeros, especialmente con los grandes.” (Unidad 3, pag. $4.) Estas dificultades se presentan no solo cuando se dicen los niimeros de viva vor, sino también cuando se “dicen” mentalmente al leerlos, asf como, naturalmente, cuando se escuchan y se trata de entenderlos. Utilizar con soltura los niimeros y las expresiones numé dominar una lengua, de modo que en Ia presente seccin de Special English revisaré y practi destacados relativos a este tema, (numerical expressions) en general es muy importante para los aspectos mis La puntuaci6n en los nimeros 3,500,000 (Three million, five hundred thousand.) punto se utiliza delante de las fracciones decimales, 18 (Seven point five.) Millares y centenas. Existen dus posibles formas de decir los ndimeros cone puestos de millares y centenas. Aqui tiene algunos ejemplos, One thousand, seven hundred. 1700 | Staten dred Two thousand, five hundred. smn | Teatve hunred Centenas y decenas Cuando se dicen niimeros compuestos de centenas y dece- nas, s¢ utiliza la palabra and delante de las decenas, 435 Four hundred and thirty-five. En Estados Unidos se suele omitir la palabra and en este tipo de expresiones numéricas. Ha visto un ejemplo en la secei6n de Special English de la unidad 75, cuando una de las personas que habla en la cassette menciona la cifra $168'/, million de la siguiente manera: One hundred sixty-eight and a half million dollars, ‘The temperature is below zero.UNIT 77 Fracciones. My, three quarters Ny one/a third ‘iy five eighths "5 onela fifth Tho seven tenths Nig one/an eighth ‘Tenga presente que con las fracciones "%g y "Vs siempre se utiliza el articulo a y se dice a quarter y a half (no one quarter, one hall) Cero. Recuerde que el niimero cero se puede decir tanto zero como /au/. La primera forma se usa predominantemente cen inglés americano, mientras que la segunda se usa en inglés britdnico. Aqui tiene un ejemplo de cémo se lee un ntimero telef6nico. Four-/ov/-eight, /ov/-four-two-three. (UK) Four-zero-eight, zero-four-two-three. (US) 408-0423 Para decir el néimero de un aio, se utiliza /au/, aunque en Estados Unidos se suele omitir. Nineteen-/ou/-five, (UK, US) 1905 | Nineteen-five. (US) El niimero del ati 10 afio de un siglo se dice de la siguie! te manera 1400 Fourteen hundred. 1700 Seventeen hundred. El afio 2000 se dice Two thousand, y los niimeros corres- pondientes @ los aos de ese siglo se pueden decir comen zando con Two thousand and ... o con Twenty ... ‘Two thousand and thirty. ‘Twenty thirty. En Gran Bretafia, delante de una fraccién decimal se uti- liza a menudo el término nought /no:t/, mientras que en Estados Unidos el uso de esta expresién ha caido en desuso. 2030 Nought point two. (UK) Zero point two. Point two. SURO) 02 ‘Tanto en Gran Bretaiia como en Estados Unidos, se suele utilizar el término zero para indicar la temperatura. © ‘Zero desrees. En algunos deportes existen términos espeeificos para in- dicar cuéndo un marcador esté a cero. En anteriores uni- dades ha visto el uso de las palabras love (en el tenis) y nil (en el fatbo!) Practice. En primer lugar, copie en su cuaderno de ejercicios el texto grabado en la cassette, omitiendo las expresiones numéricas que aparecen en cursiva y dejando en su lugar cespacios en blanco. Luego escuche la cassette y, sin mirar esta pagina, eseriba las expresiones numéricas en los espacios adecuados a ‘medida que las vaya oyendo. Después compare lo que ha escrito con el texto impreso. & Listen, ind write the numerical expressions. orge Orwell was born in 1903 and died in 1950. His novel “Animal Farm” was published in 194: Shana has a population of 11,000,000. Its land area is 238,538 square kilometres. The capital is Accra (popu- lation: 850,000). The climate is hot, with temperatures between 24" and 37° Celsius. Canada has a population of 24,000,000. 66% of the population speak 20% speak only French. 12% speak both languages. Central Park is a huge park in New York City, between 59th Street and 110th Street, and Sth A Central Park West In Great Britain, the code for international telephone calls, is 010. In an emergency, you dial 999. Game, set and match to Mr Melntyre: 6-4, 62, 6-0. & When you have done the Practice exercise. read the cassette text aloud, remembering to say the whole text = including the numerical expressions ~ in English! 1s77ta Synopsis Key points from this unit. The uses of the twelve E events in time. glish tenses for situating { simple pest continuous present { | cont present | | perfect simple perfect continuous Dialogue. Read the dialogue and listen to it on the cassette. Anna has just finished her last day at work before her departure for her holiday in the United States. She is having a drink ‘with Jeff and Mr Jones. ~ Expressions used when explaining and rephrasing, What does « It means What is a..." kind sort type Isa of... put it another way. rephrase it rephrase what I said. What I (really) meant was ... J oF rather, lish abbreviations Seas Ce id, info, maths), sci-fi Q., K.0., M.P., PML, R.S.V-P., VAT. NATO, NASA, OPEC, UNESCO m.p.h., pan, ~ Numerical expressions, Zao pnt two, | UK US) Point two. 02 Nought point two. (UK) ly ‘Three eighths. 66% Sixty-six per cent 59th St Fifty-ninth Street. 1700 (The year) Seventeen hundred. 1905 (The year) en /ou! fives 60 (in tennis:) Six 60 (in football:) Six: // Who wrote that?UNIT 77 =) Dialogue. Mr Tones Jeff: Anna: Jeff: Mr Jones: Anna: Jeff Mr Sones Anna: Mr Jones: Anna: Mr Jones: Anna: Mr Jones: S) TT Well, Anna, have a good trip to the States. Yes. “Give my regards to Broadway L will. Cheers! Cheers! Cheers! ... You'll miss my speech. Mr Jones has been asked to make another speech. At a conference about the future of the travel business. Well, I enjoyed your speech at the Travel Fair. It was very amusing. Oh, thank you. But this speech is a serious one, I've decided on the title. I’m going to call it The travel business of tomorrow”. What do you think? Is ... fine. Ah. You mean it’s OK, but it’s not very original. Well, that’s true. It’s not very original . but ... it’s fine. What I mean is: It's a very appropriate title. Yes. Yes, that’s what I thought. I've been making some notes. I'm going to finish with a quotation, Listen to this ... (ending from hie notes.) “And so, in conclusion, let me say Anna: Mr Jones: Jeff Mr Jones: Anna: Mr Jones: Anna: Jeff Anna: Weff Mr Jones: ‘There may be problems in the travel business = and we should think seriously about these problems — but we should not be discouraged. In the words of President Franklin D. Roose velt: ‘The only limit to our realization of to- morrow will be our doubts of today.’” Hmm. That's a good quotation, but don’t you think it’s a bit ... grandiose? Grandiose? I think Anna’s right. President Roosevelt wrote those words near the end of a war ~ and you're only making a speech about the travel business. Yes, maybe you're right. I've got another quotation here. Um ... “Tomorrow we will run faster.” Who wrote that? Er ... “F.8.F.,T.G.G., Chap. does that mean? Um ... Oh, yes. “F. Scott Fitzgerald, ‘The Great Gatsby’, Chapter 9." ‘Well, I'm sure the speech will be fine, however ‘you end it. Oh, look at the time. I have to go. I haven't done my packing yet, and I'm leaving in the morning. “Here today and gone tomorrow.” ‘That's right. Bye! | we ” Now, what grandiose in kon'klurgni V'grendisus) ——_grandioso(sa) He estado tomando algunas notas. Pve been making some notes. we should not be discouraged however you end it Thaven’t done my packing yet. en conclusi6n, para terminar no deberiamos desanimarnos comoquiera que lo termine Todavia no he hecho mi equipaje. “The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today.” | Gnico limite para nuestra realizaci6n del mafana seran nuestras dudas de hoy.” 1579Test Test 77. Check yourself on what you have learnt in this unit. (Answers at the end of Unit 80.) 1, Translate the expressions in the pictures. 2. Name the tenses of the verbs in these sentences, Time flies. ‘Tomorrow will be as awful as today. Tm till hoping that yesterday will get better. I didn’t quite understand that. 3. Complete the following quotations with the words past, present or future, as appropria I never think of the .. . It comes soon enough. Albert Einstein Events in the ..... may be divided into those which prob- ably never happened and those which do not matter. W.R, Inge ‘The ..... will one day he the present and will seem as ‘unimportant as the present does now. W. Somerset Maugham ‘Those who cannot remember the ..... are condemned to repeat it, George Santayana 4. Answer these questions. What do you think “condemned to repeat i Are you good at explaining things? Are you interested in science fiction? Do you often think about the past? Do you often worry about the future? means? 5. Read the numerical expressions in the following sentences. Oscar Wilde died in the year 1900, ‘The land area of Sri Lanka is 65,610 sq. kms, In Canada, 60% of the population live in 2% of the ‘country’s land area. 0” Celsius is 32° Fahrenheit, 1580 6. Put the following abbreviations into two groups: ~ 1) those which are pronounced as words, 2) those which are said letter by letter. ca. FBI oau. UNESCO DIY NASA OPEC VIP EEC NATO. Sos Answers to exercises. Page 1562 “The captain tn a alley. was burning. Past perfect simple: They ad reacked Past continuous: The starship “Explores” was returning war coming Page 1563, ‘Ten days.No ‘had blocked: past perfect simple. had been sheltering: past perfect con- tinuous. recorded: past simple. was: past simple. ad they found: past perfect simple ‘mountains. 2. avalanche. 3. valley. 4. starship. 5. Page 1564 Present continuous: 1'm listening Someone's comine!/You're imacin- ing ~ belp coming... is coming this wast Present perfect simples... everything that's (that has) happened Present perfect continuous: You've heen listening, Page 1565. Fake./True.FalseTrue. Page 1566. We'll be passing Jupiter in six hours’ time. (The tenses in the other future simple (We'll be, Hl be, we won't be) present continues). past simple (I thought) Page 1560 fella: “un steno”. a path: consulta tun sendero™. surgery hours: “horas de Pages 1574-1575, Exercise 1. Tuesday September / departing / arriving / approximately Limited Street Company / Avenue Brothers, Road / Public Relations ‘Department Incorporated / Mathematics Department wuiains. Exercise 21. tomorrows. 2 hours tomarrow. 5 then then. 4, time place 5. father. 6. daughter. Exercise 3. The word is tomorrowzz Test: Answers Test 76: Answers. 1. In 1911, in Cornwall, England, a boy was born — a boy who was fo become a great novelist, whose novel “Lord of the Flies” was to be read all over the world, and who ‘was to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. His name was, William Golding. Wish you were here NOTHING IS FOR 1) travel 2) allow, delay, demand, destroy, disturb, insist, react, receive, remain, request, suggest (In other words, all these verbs have the stress on the second syllable, except travel.) |. Long live rock'n'roll! [No news is good news. ‘We'll work late ~ all night, if need be. ‘The car must be ready tomorrow mort ‘come what may. Si fuera multimillonario, regalaria todo mi dinero. Se lo daria a mis amigos, y les aconsejaria que se lo gas- taran inmediatamente. De hecho, insistiria en que se Jo gastaran inmediatamente. ,Por qué me miras/mira como si estuviera loco? Vd feel angry./It would make me sad./ete. Yes./¥es, I would./No./No, I wouldn't. Yes./¥es, I do./No./No, I don’t. Yes./Ves, I have./No./No, I haven't Phase Springboard. Units 73-96. Cassettes 19-24. In Unit 78: And lots more. ~The different meanings of the verb get. — Some other English verbs which have many different uses ~The formation and use of negative questions. = Your handwriting and your personality, = English in mathematical expressions and chemical formulae.