ANSI/IEEE €37.23-1987 ANSI/1EEE C37.23.1987 (Revision of ANSI/IEEE €27.23-1968) American National Standard guide for metal-enclosed bus and calculating losses in isolated-phase busANSIIEEE C37.23-1987 Correction Sheet September 29, 1987 Change the title to: TEBE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Bus and Caleulating Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus, each time it appears within the document. Copyright 1987 by ‘The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA.ANSI/IEEE 37.23.1987 (evison of ANSI TEER C9723-1869) An American National Standard IEEE Guide for Metal-Enclosed Bus and Calculating Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus Sponsor Switchgear Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Coseeretariats Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Ine ‘National Electrical Manufacturers Association Approved December 8, 1983 IEEE Standards Board Approved September 25, 1986 American National Standards Institute 9 Copyright 198% ‘The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Ine 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA Arf ths plication may e repre in any form, ‘nan electron ner system or atherwise, without de pr permeation he publisherIBEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Com- muttees of the [REE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Commit. tees of the IEBE Stundards Board, Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. 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Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 345 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 USAForeword CThigPorewon nota partof ANS/IEEE C7 24-087, IEEE Guide for Mista rca Rs and Calculating Lanse in slated Pree Bus) ‘This revision of ANSI/IEEE (3723-1969, IEEE Guide for Calculating Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus, includes updated information from ANSI/IERE C37,20-1969, Switchgear Assemblies Including Metal ;nelosed Bus, and additional data concerning flexible bus (cable), The major work in preparing this standard was accomplished by a working group of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Power Switchgear Assemblies Technical Committee. ‘The intial work on Section 8 of this standard, Calculating Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus, was accom- plished over a period of years by a working group of the IEEE Switchgoar Assemblies Subcommittee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society and published as ANSI/IEEE C37.23-1988, Section 8 reflects changes ‘made since the 1989 edition. These changes are those that were issued to 1970 as corrections and clarifications, and the working group included Fig 5: Curves For Skin Effect of Isolated Round Rod and Tubular Conductors. ‘The Standards Committee on Power Switchgear, the following personnel at the time of approval: W.E. Laubach, Chairman TL White, Secretary W.N, Rothenbubler, Executive View Chairman of High-Voltage Switehgenr Standards H. Telander, Executive Vice-Chairman of Lins Voltage Switchgear Standards DL. Swindler, Executive Vice-Chairman of IEC Activities 37, which reviewed and approved this standard, had orqonization Represented ame o Representative ‘Assocation of lon and Ste! 3.31 Timon ocr Light and Power Group WA Capra BO Craghead B.A Dialer Catt) 1D Hende Dame Sein (A) DT. Westen MI Besehy cat) GR Marke RP Bacon (At) WM CR Janae Navional Betrial Manufacurers Associaton BO. Whee Th Fem GA wisn Tenneae Vainy Authorty 7 Weber 8, Cir Testing ishortaey Group Cree Yio OGraty KW Secon cae) Les Department ofthe Army Compa of Engineers os HER Seyder US Department ofthe tere, Havens of ean Rit Auerbach {US Department ofthe Navy, hava Construcur attain Gener KL Girk ‘Westen Area Power Auton : SIN, 6B Birney Institute of Beto and Rletrones Engi‘The personnel of the NEMA Power Switchgear Assemblies Technical Committee Working Group wo developed this revision were: S.H. Telander, Chairman CH, White, Seeretary M Bose H.Horherst M.Shepnewe Deora WW. tien 1 sainder K Hanke augue Coe Reidy ‘The personnel of the IEEE Working Group of the Switchgear Assemblies Subcommittee, IBEE Switeh: gear Committee, who originally developed Section 8 were: HF. White, Chairman R.A edrarie 6. Metona A.B. Nimatior 8 Conanas N Swern ‘The personnel of the IEEE Switchgear Assemblies, standard were ubcommittee who reviewed and approved this F.C. Farrell, Chairman M4 Joanno A kaha Drews 13 ics i'r eho ACE Olender AGF G8 Petins ‘The personnel of the C37 Subcommittee on Switchgear Assemblies who reviewed and approved this standard were: J.C. Scott, Chairman § Adinson RL Morey Seg Roars. Je LE MeCormick Bi Stade Li WrGeriaey Wi Rothendabler Senger WE Laviich ‘The following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this document for submission to the IBEE Standards Board: ALK Alor Hanes b,c was 1G Anges WE tarper 6.0 Porane Ri Arne KD Mendes CA Ponce SE Aton E 3.6 Ranson 1 Reohie A'5. Rshworth FL Cameeom FC Roe L¥, Chala W.N Hothenbute 40 Cole Cd Schock rave ex CE Deora z teh Rha 6 Fe Paret s 5D. Finy Pe F M 4 2 é 1 Manele 6 LY Moca ®, BA MeMaster B SENioe e He Mety‘When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on December 8, 1985, it had the following membership: James H. Beall, Chairman So Agsharnblt Sohn Bowe 2 Renoset ene Cesterachistd dmant Cohen en S.Corest Denald © Fekenetin Jay Porter Edward Chelotti, Vice Chairman Sava I. Shorr, Secretary Donald. Heiman Ievin N. Howell een Ls Kaeplinger* Teving Keloday George Konomos EOF Lawreace Sohn E May Denaie T. Micbaet™ John P. Ryanati Frank L Rowe Robert Wr Geelbach Jay A. Stevart (Shore "Swanson Robert E: Waler We Wikene Charen 3 WylieSeCTION PAGE 1, Scope : ce : : 8 2. Definitions 8 3, Reforences . 8 4, Service Conditions ‘| : 10 41 Usual Temperature and altitude Service Conditions .........scsre0e+ verre 10 42. Unusual Temperature and Altitude Service Conditions «1... 7 10 43. Other Conditions That May Affect Design and Application 10 5, Ratings n 51 General u 52. Voltages, Current, Temperature Limits, and Lnsulation (BIL) Levels n 6. Tests . eeatteecet eet fe 12 6.1 General 2 62 Design Tests 2 3 Production Tests 13 64 Field Tests 118 7. Construction... 19 7.1 Finishes and Color 19 72 Grounding . ci 18 73. Adjacent and Supporting Sucre. 19 74 Venuitation be PEE Estep aitI) 78 Foree-Cooled...-- : ae ‘| 9 78 Vapor Barriers 20 77 Fire Barriers deste ore 20 78 Insulating Materials for Covering Buses and C 20 79. Terminations : 20 7:0 Switches or Links for Station Service Transformers 20 TAL Secondary Wiring. . 20 & Miscellaneous Accessories 9. Calculating Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus 91 General. eee earetee 92 Conductor Losses......6. 93° Skin Bflects . 94 Bnelosure Losses Ru 95 Power Consumption of Cooling Exupment ae 96 Sample Solutions . 87 Structural Stee! Lasses 10, Bibliography 101 Standards - 102 Other PublicationsFicuRES Big 1 ‘Types of Bus Assemblies 2... ses eesseeeesererers sesseeseeeseneeee Fig2_ Impulse Test Wave Shape Fig3 Test Apparatus ... Fig4 Curves for Skin Effect of Isolated Tubular Conductors Fig5 Curves for Skin Effect of Isolated Round Rod and Tubular Conductors... Fig6 Curves for Skin Effect of Isolated Square Rod and Square Tubular Conductors [1] Fig7 Continuous fsolated-Phase Bus Enclosure Fig Noncontinuous Isolared-Phase Bus Enclosure Fig Layout of Isolated-Phase Bus Installation te i : : : paece a Fig 10 Lose Factors for Noncontinuous Bus Enclosures Fig 11 Loss Factor Deviation Curves for Noncontinuous Bus Bielosures ants ‘Table 1 Metal-Enclosed Bus ~ Limitations of Hottest Spot Temperature Rise Over Outside Average Ambient n ‘Table 2 Rated Short-Cireuit Withstand Current and Rated Short Time Current 2A lolated-Phase Bus. 2B Segregated. and Nonsegregated Phase Bus Table 3 Voltage Ratings BA Isolated: Phase BUs........ecsesseeeesessresssersesseeneeseere . . 3B Nonsegregated Phase Bus. 3B BC Segregated-Phase Bus atest 1d BD DC Bus Duct -..s.0.cssssveseessee Tra ReMi SEA ‘Table 4 Continuous SelfCooled Cur 4A Tsolated-Phase Bus Sadeatisestit testa 4B, Segregated- and Nonsegregated-Phase Bus ue aaa ‘Table 5 Temperature Limits for Insulating Materials et 15 rit Ratings (Amperes)An American National Standard TEEE Guide for Metal-Enclosed Bus and Calculating Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus Scope ‘This standard covers assemblies of metal- enclosed conductors along with associated inter ‘connections, enelosures, and supporting struc tures. When switches and disconnecting inks are jaded, chey shall conform to this standard, Basically, this standard is concerned with per- formance characteristies of enclosed, rather than. ‘open, conductor assemblies. It does not pertain to, busyways or bus assemblies for distribution of ‘electric power less than 600 ¥ consisting of enclosed sectionalized prefabricated bus bars or assoctated structures and fittings, such as feeder Dbusways (indoor or outdoor) and plug-in busways indoor only). If does not include enclosed bus assemblies utilized at voltages in excess of 380 kV (see ANSI/UL 857-1981 [9])! 2. Definitions: 21 The definitions of terms contained in this document, or in other standards referred to in this document, are not intended to embrace all legitimate meanings of the terms, They are appl cable only to the subject treated in this standard. 2.1.1 Metal-Enclosed Bus. An assembly of ‘conductors with associated connections, joints, and insulating supports within a grounded metal enclosure. The conductors may be either rigid or exible "The naners in racks correspond co those ofthe eer ‘nce ted in Section en perce by Bh corres {he beseyrapy in Section 10 2.1.1 Types of Metal-Enclosed Bus Assem- Dlies. (See Fig 1.) In general, three basic types of construction are used: nonsegregated-phase, segre gated-phase, and isolated- phase (1) nonsagregated phase bus. One in whieh all phase conductors are in a common metal encio ‘sure without barriers between the phases. ‘When associated with metal-clad switchgear, the primary bus and connections shall be covered with insulating material equivalent to the switel sear insulation system, (2) segregated phase bus. One in whiel all phase conductors are in a common metal enc sure but are segregated by metal barriers bebween phases, (8) isolated-phase bus. One in whieh each phase conductor is enclosed by an individual metal housing separated from adjacent conductor housing by an air space "The bus may be self cooled or may be forced cooled by means of circulating & gas or liquid. 2.1.2 Metal-Enclosed (As Applied to Metal- Enelosed Bus). Surrounded by a metal case or housing, with provisions for grounding. Fig ‘Types of Bus Assemblies2.1.3 Enclosure. A surrounding ease oF hous- ing used to protect the contained conductor and prevent personnel from accidentally contacting Iive parts, 2.1.3.1 Ventilated Enclosure. An enclosure so constructed as to provide for the circulation of external air through the enclosure to remove heat, fumes, or vapors 2.1.8.2 Nonventilated Enclosure. An enclo sure so constructed as vo provide no intentional ‘ireulation of external air through the enclosure, 2.1.8.4 Dripproof Enclosure. An enclosure usually for indoor application, so constructed or protected that falling drops of biquid or solid par. tieles that strike the enclosure at any angle not greater than 15 degrees from the vertical shall not Interfere with che successful operation of the metal-enclesed bus, 214 Ambient AirTemperature, The terapers ture of the surrounding air Ut comes in contact with equipment NOT: Ambir tmperutar a applied to excl bus Sembee avtageiyperaure ofthe Suan at 2.1.6 Design Tests, Those tests mace to deter rine che adequacy of a particular type, stvle, or model of metalenclosed bus or its component parts to meet its assigned ratings and to operate satisfactorily under normal service conditions or under special conditions, it specified. Used as part of normal predurion The appbesle Dru of hese estes may also be used to eabiate frociieaons of a prewous dex and to sure tht per ormance iw pat bee aerely ected Tes Sats frm pe ‘ors sundar dpe may be ated for curent sgn. ere 2.1.6 Field Tests, ‘Teses made after the assem. bly has been installed at its place of utlization, 2.1.7 Termination (Terminal Chamber). A metal enclosure that contains all necessary mechanical and electrical items to complete the connections to other equipinent. 2.1.8 Rated ShortTime Current (Rated for Isolated-Phase Bus). The maximum symmetri cal current that Uw bus must cerry without exceeding a specified total temperature na given time interval 2.1.9 Rated Short-Circuit Withstand Current. ‘The rated shorecireuit. withstand current of metal-enelosed bus is the maximum rms total current that it can carry momentarily without electrical, thermal, or mechanical damage or axsagee ora set permanent deformation. The current shall be the rms value, including the direet-current (de) com. ponent, at the major peak of the maximum cycle as determined trom the envelope of the current wave during a given test time interval 2.1.10 Dew Withstand Voltage Test. A test 10 determine the abibty of the insulating system to withstand specified overvoltages for a specified time without lashover or puncture while com: pletely covered with dew. 2.1.11 Support Components, The components that ade additional strength and rigidity or both to the bus enclosure and are basic subassemblies of the enclosure, 2.2 The following terms are defined in ANSI/TEEE €87.100-1981 [5], and the user is referred to the definitions given therein, For additional defini tlons, see ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1984 (7). barrier basic impulse insulation level (BIL) us boas structure conducting mechanical joint conformance tests continuous-current tests control bus dielectric withstand voltage tests direct-current. component (of a total eurrent) fauk bus ground bus ‘ground contact mpulse withstand voltage live parts production tests silver surfaced or equivalent, symmetrical component (of a total current) (ac component} torminat total (asymmetrical) current withstand voltage 3. References "The following publications shall be used in eom- junetion with this standard) [1] ANSI ©20,1.1982, American National Stan. dard Test Methods for Electrical Power Insulators? ANSI publeatonscan be obtained trom he Sales Depart sent Amarcan Navonal Randards stat, 10 Bead, Newer NV oe(2) ANSI255.1-1967 (R 1973), American National Standard Gray Finishes for Industrial Apparatus and Equipment, [8] ANSI/IREE C37 202-1987, IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad and Station-Type Cubicle Switchgear [4] ANSI/IEEE C37.24-1971 (R 1984), TEEE Guide {or Rvaluating the Effect of Solar Rad ‘Ouedoor Metal Clad Switchgear [5] ANSI/IEBE C37.100-1981, IEEE Standard Definitions for Power Switchgear. (6) ANSI/IEEE Std 4-1978, IEEE Standard Tech. niques for High-Voltage Testi [7] ANSI/IBEE Sed 100-1984, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Blectronies Terms. [8] ANSUUL 857-1981, Safety ways and Associated Fittings. [9] ASTM D1535-80, Method for Specifying Color by the Munsell System. Standard for Bus [10] Federal Specification No A-A:1492, Tape, Gummed, Mending and Reinforcing (Paper and Cloth}, General Services Administration © 4. Service Conditions 4.1 Usual Temperature and Altitude Service Conditions, Metal-enelosed bus assemblies con- forming to this standard shall be suitable for ‘operation at the nameplate rating provided that (1) Ambient air temperature is within the in. its of minus 30 °C and plus 40°. (2) The altitude does not exceed the value for which the voltage and current correction factors (shown in 4.2.) ure equal to 100. (3) The effect of solar radiation can be neglected. Sai ri Denartment, atercan National Standart Ist IBrondeas, New York, NV {0013 o fom the Sart Gantt ‘Thelnaitice ot Bectrkea sid Ebtrorie Engine, 3 Tne, PO Box Lt Poentaway, Ad 88-19) ANSI/UL publiations ean be obtained from she Sales Deyartment, Amerean Nationa Siandards Insite, 1590 ‘Broadway, New York: MY 10018 or Fam Pobieation Sox, Tpderwrers aerator Ine, 238 Meyatn B Nrebrok, ASIN publications can be obtalted fom Sloe Seri, Ameren Sova for Testing ana Mater, 1 Race St Phadeipnse PA 10108. " Feeral Specter cus be obtained trom the Standart fextion bison, Federal Supply Service. General Serics ‘Adtran, Nankiagton, DE 2040 10 OUIDE FOR METAL ENCLO 42 Unusual Temperature and Altitude Service Conditions. The application of meta-enclosed bus assemblies at higher or lower ambient tem peratures or at higher altitudes than specified in 4.1 shall be considered as special, Standard assemblies may be applied at higher ambient temperatures or at higher altitudes than specified in 4.1 but performance may be affected and special consideration should be given to these applications, some of which are stated helow. 42.1 Altitudes, Metal enclosed bus that de- pendson air for an insulating and cooling mediam will have a higher temperature rise and a lower Gielvetrie strength when operated at altitudes above 3800 ft (1000 m) or 6600 ft (2000 m), as shown below. For application at higher altitudes, the rated 1 min power frequeney withstand voltage, the impulse withstand voltage, and continuous cur ent rating of the assemblies shall be multiplied by the following correction factors to obtain the modified racings: For bus with rigid conductors, in air Correction Factors Altitude in Feet Voltage Current 3.300 (1000 ma)" 100 1.00 5.000 (1500 m) 0.95, 090 410.000 (3000 m) O80 098 Por bus with insulated flexible conductors Correction Factors Altitude in Feet Voltage Current 16600 (2000 m)* 1.00 100 8500 (2600 m) 0.95 099 13.000 (3900 m) 80 0.96 NOTES. (1) Intermediate value may be obtained Ly iter Falaton (Gy Cetrection fats for higher vluges re unter study. “And ele 43 Other Conditions That May Affect Design ‘and Application. Where other conditions exist, ‘hey should be brought to the attention of those responsible for the design and application of the metal-enclosed bus, Among such conditions are (Q) Exposure to damaging fumes or vapors, steam, salt air, oil vapors, hot or humid climate, excessive Gust, abrasive dust, dripping water, fall Ing dirt, explosive mixtures of dust or gases, or extreme high or low temperature,[CALOULATING LOSSES IN ISOLATED -PHASE BUS. (2) Unusual installation requirements, space fr ventilation limitations, special duty, frequency or other operating requirements, difficulty of maintenance, building construction, abnormal vibration, shocks, oF seismie disturbances, [NOME The aby ofa bus to withstand seme dscurbanees, bration or shock i generlly dependent on the bul ‘Mrovture and relative on berween euppor pots, end ‘how considerations should he van (8) High wind, ce loads, and snow loads, (4) Installations accessible to the general public (5) Refer to ANSI/IEBE C3 solar radiation effects. (6) Temperature limits of connected equi ment. (See Table 1.) (7) Installations where the rated short-circuit withstand or rated short-time current ratings oF both, specified in Tables 2A and 2B, may be excesded Y2ALOTL [4] for 5. Ratings 5.1 General. The ratings of motal enclosed bus. are designations of operating limits under speci ANSLIERE eras 967 fied conditions of ambient temperature, tempera: ‘Metal-enclosed bus shall have the following rat- ings shown on a nameplate: (2) Maximum voltage (2) Rated continuous current (8) Insulation (BIL) level (A) Frequency (5) Rated short-time current (where appl: cable) (8) Rated short-circuit withstand current (7) Temperature rise of conductor and enclo For force-cooled bus, both the force-cooled and the selF-cooled continuous current rating for the same rated temperature rise shall be 5.2 Voltages, Current, Temperature Limits, and Insulation (BIL) Levels. 5.2.1 Voltages. Maximum operating voltages ‘and corresponding insulation levels, for ac metal enclosed bus for general applications are listed in Tables 34, 3B, and SC. (For de ratings, refer to Table 3D.) 5.2.2 Rated Continuous Current. The continu bus sel-cooled current ratings for metal-enclosed Dus ave listed in Tables 44 and 4B, Limitations of Hottest Spot Temperature Rise Over Outside Average Ambient i of Hott Spot “Temperstre Re Ti of towast Spo “Total Temperate Part of Metab Eton Bas co co us conductor plete sits » 7 ‘Siker surfaced (or equbalent) % 1 keds Welded ies closure ad support strut (0) or bus conductor rated 85°C Ase {2} For hs eanductr rated 80°C Ase & (nls ited by insulation) {unless limite by station) 106 2 o As ite by material lasitistion _ Coetane Terminations ‘Machine, eenaoeme, et Same ax condctor and enchaure tus excopt wn ted Oy fconnested equipment bushing In ‘Se eases, axlmur temperature Fie tobe speed by bus perchaser Terminasions (cable) ‘epled baked jl, Sihrsurtaced (or eualent) “Where encomare and support strarture are isaccearble, 70° rise and 110°C wtal temperature ae permite, n » ” 45 55.2.8 ShortCireuit Withstand Current. The short-circuit withstand current ratings of metal enclosed bus are listed in Tables 2A and 2B, 5.2.4 ‘Temperature Limitations. 5.2.4.1 Limitations of Hottest Spot Temper- ature Rise Over Outside Average Ambient. (See Tables {and 5.) 5.2.4.2 Temperature Limitations for Ambi- lent Air, See service conditions in 4.1 and 42. 6. Tests 6.1 General. This section establishes physical ‘and electrieal conditions for tests and methods of determining temperature and test values. All apparatus and devices applicable for vesting of ‘he metal-enclosed bus shall be mounted in their normal locations during tests ‘Tests may be classified as design vests, produc tion tests, conformance tests, and field tests (Refer to definitions in Section 2.) NOTE: Hacopt forthe mate steching and incrrupting device ‘her devices se ah Hastruneat teasers, wih ace cnted indie un ascribe daconnecred Suing “tect tot Such devices tc indvidually trad in noon ‘ance th stands applying to hee IEEE GUIDE FOR METAL-ENCLOSED BUS AND 62 Design Tests. The equipment to be tested shall be in a new and clean condition. Tests shall be made at the factory or manufacturer's test laboratory, unless otherwise specified, The bus conductors may be extended out of the enclosure to permit the attachment of test connections, 6.2.1 Dielectric Tests. The dielectric with stand tests and, where applicable, conductor insulation tests shalt be made to determine the adequacy of the insulation, See 6,2.14 for condue- tor insulation tests. The dielectric withstand tests shall consist of the application of a voage with a value at least ‘equal to the voltages in Table $8, 38, and 3C, Dielectric withstand tests shall be made under the temperature and humidity conditions nor rally obtained under conditions of commercial tosting with appropriate correction factors ap. plied as outlined in ANSU/IEEE Sid 4-1978 [6] Dielectrie withstand tests shall be made as follows: 1) For isolated-phase and segregated-phase ‘us, these tests shall he made from each phase to round, (2) For other types of bus, the tests shall be ‘made phase-to-phase and from each phase-o- ground, ‘Table 2, Isolated Phase Bus Rated Short-Circuit Withstand Current and Rated Short-Time Current Rate Shore Crt Wistand Current” inane As regired by conpected equipmer. ‘ated ShorTne Carvent* “The spmunetrial cure value wal that wwasured ertheend ot ‘Table 2B Segregated: and Nonsegregated Phase Bus Rated Short-Cireuit Withstand Current! _ kA asymmetrical) 167 ms Duration ‘Nominal okoge a Nowsegregates searegatee (0835 se and all de 175; 100150 co on os as ws 7 ia = 60:80: 100 20 33 By oe eo: BS te 8) a NOTE: ‘The power factor ofthe west ict shall te 4-5 lag “For definition of raked shortcicake withstand current, ee 2 ‘For dofintion of vated short tine eure, so 218 (XR rato of 25 wo 66) wth 1 and 2 mses connection ®ANSIIERE [CALCULATING LOSSES IN ISOLATED: PHASE BUS cre esr Table 38 Isolated-Phase Bus ‘Voltage Ratings (atings for application to generator leads)" Tslaion Lave (AV) Maxienan, A pecating ated Prequeney Wistar! (ms) age re te Wahstand Impate caverns ry Gin) Dew (ins) i idetand 25 50 to 0 ue bs a « = Bs cu * ” 1a [NOTE These rating: are compat wor im exces of rogue withstand vlucs of he generators (atings fer applications other than generator leads) Ilion Laws (HV) Main Operas Ratea Frequency Wirhstara (ts) Vonage —EeeEeEe—eeeee de Wiha Input viene) Dew (ns) Bye wittand 15s » 7 no Bs o 1 0 bo = 160 ‘Table 3B Nonsegregated-Phase Bus Voltage Ratings Trsulation Level (HV) Rated Frequency Wits (ems) — dhe Witt Impabe cern) Dey (1 min) Dew (105) Do" watetana 0098 22 — a1 : ia irr 150 ao ry 15000 ano ao mo 6 25800 san 00 BO 2s Bam B00 wun = 10 ‘Table 3C Segregated Phase Bus Voltage Ratings Islan Lave eV) Maissin ee Operting ates Froqooney Withstand (rns) “ota —<=—=E—_— de Witstana Impulse vem) Dry ean) Dew (105)° nt wisn 165 Py a 7 9 ms © wo s 15 so % 0 = 10.axevanee ar3s. ina JERE GUIDE FOR METAL ENCLOSED BUS AND Table 2D DE Bus Duet Voltage Ratings at operting Insulation Level (1) ‘Poa ————e—erarreresvns —__— 0 0a Wien (rms) de Wihetand?| wo 2 a oo a 32 1208 a8 05 hee be a 320 85 wea or seer lads wih invrmediate breakers, sarge protection maybe negueed The beaker Ranaure shoe Pe contacted reeutnerdats "the 10 dew rain doe no: apply‘ inklaion syste containing orga materia, Dew withstand votag ost shal be made ascodance wh 623. Stn rence fe colts heeded Be Witt” dos ok ply any reiemen or a de winand tes on: caimen ‘uugcolunn spon a strene efron sang tetannd roptecetv ase eve tobe appropri and appeal {ubss tthe conespondigpouereqneywihcard tert tales apesiind reach chow oe reecnman adit {Scone recomend frites teens lave 1th my rnlesrone he echoing ator “"pecnus fhe vale vine dots tan taste and des ‘Because o cre vale voltage Gatutonencourtaed when making de withstand ests an varianes in leakage catents actscned wh truussulton stein, anatase oul cetacted er ecommondatons oe spp Sem ‘Sano eats equmene ‘Table 4A Isolated Phase Bus Continuous Self Cooled Current Ratings (Amperes) ‘Curent Ratings Based Upon Temperatre ise Son in Table 1200, 0008 a0 nen sa Hie ie i800 ico iow in 2000 00 220m fond 24000 ‘0 ‘Table 4B Segregated and Nonsegregated Phase Bus Continuous Self-Cooled Current Ratings (Amperes) ‘Nominal Woage ) ‘0698 ac and ‘alee 2h and 16 138 Mea 20 sas oo - — i = 1200 120 00 10 a0 1200 1 ~ = = . = 200 200 20 ico 2000 250 : 7 “ Boo Po bum sco 00 200 ao S00 a) pa a c 100 3500 a sao 00 0 ‘to a0 = = = = ie tm =| sooo = = S000 sou a a z . 00 500 7 : = 000 000 = 4CALCULATING LOSES ATED. PHASE BUS 62.1.1 Rated Frequency Withstand Tests. Alternating-current voltage shall have a erest value equal to 1.41 times the rms value specified In Tables 34, 3B, and 3C. The wave shape shall be as close (0 a sine wave as practicable, The test voltage shall be applied for 1 min. NOTE: Forth east across the opon gap of writes rinks at Tor higher voltage, an nvermectate PoP of We voragesoure thay iFpracteable be eonneced fe ground and te frame ‘tae ably order thatthe voeage between age pare Sith frame ut exceed that specied in Tables 38,3, Sd 3 fen mt acetate feame may he slated from wound, 6.2.1.2 Impulse Withstand Tests. Impulse withstand tests are made to determine the ability fof the bus assembly to withstand momentary overvoltage surges from lightning or momentary system disturbances. Metalenclosed bus shall pass # full wave 1.2/ 50 4s impulse voltage test series. The wave shall ANVIERE ares owe ‘wave impulse voltage (7, of Fig2) equal 10 oF less than 1.2 4s with a erest voltage equal to or exceeding the rated full wave impulse withstand vollage (Tables 9, 3B, and 3C), and with a time to the 50% value of the erest voltage (7, of Fig 2) equal 10 or greater than 50 us, NOTE: In previous editions of standards where th inpuse ‘oltage ls of 15 ya weer defi he the sve 112/09 use terms ofthe paramcters the eure ae tne Dolo talenlosed ns aves designe! und tne In ‘Sccordance withthe preious 1/40 pope ave may be ‘Slated a 12/30 sa rating othe bans of 8 pre egy ‘ted ith 4 20% val tolerance, the capartance of ates spl tow Wh for te equipment toe ain wo produce ats) font time a dort ste 28 while maimeainng te crest lve Ee Moe pd "ie posable ay be ased ath dea Cs. Ta these tet, the pusive a theo negative impuie ‘wilagesal he apple wou causing damage or Base i fashoweroreurs only one test daring ary qo oF te eonscuuse tests, Ur more test shal be ae I he ‘uipment succesfully withstands all thre af the seed ‘Poup of Lest, he Matha tthe fest arp shal con Sitored ns rardom ashewer andthe squire shall Be have a virtual front time, based on the rated full comsideced as faving sucess passed the test, Table 5 ‘Temperature Limits for Insulating Materials’ hse La of Hotes Spot nit of Hoe Spot teat Temperature Rise Tonal Temperacre Seri co ; Cis 190 oo ae 58 ue Chae m0 1 as 2 1 EE St 11086 (BS wrappreprats standard ce te dese Impulse Test Wave Shape Lint So inva materials nay no py iaultion in ciel brokers rather devices For tempersANSYIBEE Carta wer ‘he hare wave shape to detine te impulse test nits sun Fie ‘Toe wae shape (Fe 2), sed to define the Bs. sd scribed hy four poraseters the 0.6, 0.58, 098 and TOR Por ani values Graces wig The tne between te OS nd the DAE values (T ef ig 2) 15076 ys and ie ine vo the Dob vate (7 of Fi) 80 po ue moabured forthe rsa evo. the vt orn staid by the ntereetian fa ne ‘Sawn theo 0.38 and 09 patson che rn of te wave tnd te aor ine (0 of Pig. The vr font (2, oF ‘iti 1.07 rime the tie smteval betes the the DBE pols Fig De wd 62.13 Dew Withstand Voltage Test. 62.1.8. Preparation of Test Specimen. ‘The test specimen shall be placed in a chamber having a temperature of from -10 °C to -15 °C Lunt the specimen is thoroughly cooled, (Cooling may take 10-12) 62.132 Mounting Arrangement. The test specimen shall be mounted in accordance with ‘ANSI-C29,1-1982 [1], Section 3, ma test chamber having a temperature of approximately 25°C. The relative humidity in the test chamber shall not be less than 80%, This may be obtained by passing live steam at atmospheric pressure into the chamber. 6.2.1.3.8 Resistance Measurement and ‘Voltage Application. The resistance to-ground of the vest specimen shall he measured at 5 min intervals, The measurement shall be made with rmogohmoter with an output voltage between 500 and 1000 V. The voltage shall be applied only long enough to read the resistance. When a reading ‘equals or exceeds the immedistely preceding read. ing, transfer the leads vo a hi-pot set as quickly as possible (less than 6 min). Five minutes after last resistance reading the voltage shall be raised rapidly to the dew withstand voltage. The time to raise the voltage shall not be nore thas 20 NOT: Te restanee measurement shal he mae wih the “han negotiator wotage throughove The mepohmeer re Ing wil rormaly aw to a max and then op Tals hao sae Thea al Seen 02.124 Test Vago and Tine. Thetist voltage we is therated dew wthtand ap wah spproprateaamephere orerton apps, That be held om the tose specimen forte tine indicated nal 1A 86 and 0 82.138 Corectins,Coretns shale mma inacondance ithe 50n ANS! C23 1988 5 ee 6.2.14 Test for Bus Bar Insulation. The insulated bus ba samp shal have ated ie {ene wotage apie rom he conductor fo an Slocede elie covering te outer urbe a {he nual, The alternating current tes ok 16 {EEE GUUDE FOR METAL ENCLOSED BUS AND age shall have a value not Jess than the rated maximum voltage as shown in Tables 3, 38, and 8C. For alternating current, est voltage shall have ‘crest value equal Lo 141 times the ems value and the wave shape shall be as close to a sine ‘wave as practicable. The test voltage shall be ap. plied for 1 min, The bus bar sample shall include typical elbows and jolats. NOTE: Sangesed eateral electrodes ure conduct pal, lead fll oF equaer 62.2 Rated Continuous-Current Tests. Tests shall be conducted to demonstrate the ability of the bus assemblies to meet Ue temperature rise limitations specified in Table 1 while carrying rated continuous current NOTE: tn the flloning paragrapt, the word bus i ued co ‘enote bus nest ‘The bus shall be at least 24 in (60 em) from the floor, exclusive of structaral supports. The test shall be made at an arwbient air temperature Between te lmits of 19°C and 40°C. The ambient air temperature shall be determined by aking the average of the readings of at least four tempera ture messuring devices, such as thermometers oF thermocouples, placed un the side of the bus on the centerline atleast 12 in (39 em) from the bus enclosure and 24 in (00 cm) frm the ends of the bus enclosure “The thermometers shold be immersed ino in 4.cup as follows: A convenient form for euch an 0 cup consists of a metal eylinder with a hole dried partly through it. This hole is flea with oil and ‘he thermometer is placed therein with its bulb immersed. he response of the thermometer 1 various rates of temperature change will depend largely upon the size, kind of material and roass of the containing cup and may’ be further reg Jated by adjusting the amount of ol in the cup, ‘The larger the apparatus under test, the lange should be the metal cylinder that is employed as an oll cup in the determination ofthe cooling air temperature. The smallest size oil eup emploved, inany case shall be a metal cylinder I in (2.5 em) in diameter and 2 in (5 em) high Thermocouples may be used to measure the hottest spot temperatures even though this proc ess may involve driling Holes that destroy some parts used in a design test. ‘The bus sample shall be a thece-phase unit hav ing a inimaune length of 19 (6 m). 1 shall have a least one joint (conductor and enclosure) per Phase (bolted, elamped, or welded). Single-phase applications shall be tested sine phase. Supply‘CALCULATING LOSS 1 SOLATED-FHASE BLS leads (connections) shall be of proper size to pre- vent heat interchange. Ends of the bus shall be sealed. ‘Current shall be of sine wave shape and shall low through all three phases with the current in each phase within 2% of the specified test current value. The test current shall be applied conti ‘ously until the temperature of all bus paris and supports is substantially constant. (Three succes. sive readings at not less than 30 min intervals af hottest-spot temperatures shall show a maxiraum, variation of £1 °C.) 6.2.3 ShortCircait Withstand Current Tests. Short cixcuit withstand current tests shall be made to determine the electrical, thermal, and mechanical adequacy of buses and connections Short-circuit withstand tests of metabenclosed bus shall be made with « three-phase seetion of equipment—a minimum of 19 f (6 m). The power supply may be three-phase or single-phase. Ie three-phase, the bus conductors shall be con: nected together at one end, while the other ends are connected to the power source. If single phase power s used, he circuit shall be arranged. 0 current flow is through two adjacent phase ‘conductors, The force due to a three-phase fault Js approximately 86.6% of that due to a single phase fault of the same current. Therefore, for single-phase testing, the current shall be 7.0% below that shown in Tables 24 and 2B, The min: imam duration of teste shall be 167 me at rated frequency. 6.24 Watertight Tests. The enclosure of a watertight bus assembly shall prevent the entrance ‘astream from a lin (2.5 em) dian eter hose under a head of 35 ft (1 m) (under Now conditions) and with the nozze 10 ft (3 m) from. the equipment, Is directed downward on it over the full length 'at an angle of at least 45 degrees from the horizontal, The test shall be made for 5 min, 6.2.5 Weatherproof Test. The enclosure of a weatherproof bus assembly shall be tested. in accordance with the rain test as described in ANSI/IEEE C37.20.2-1987 (3) 6.2.6 ShoreTime Current Tests. Short-time ‘current tests shall be made for isolated-phase bus to determine that the buses ard connections can carry the test current without exceeding a total temperature of 800°C for copper and 260°C for alumina, Requirements and conditions ure the same as for momentary current tests (823) except the ‘minimum duration of the test is 1 s eee ras inet 6.27 Flame-Retardant Tests for Applied Insu: lation. Applied insulation shall be tested as Tollows: 62.7.1 Test Apparatus. The test apparatus shall consist of the following: (See Pig 3.) (1) ‘Test chamber of sheet metal 12 in (308 mm) wide, 14 in (256 mm) deep, and 24 in (610 mm) high, which is open at the top and which is pro: vided with means for clamping the test specimen at the upper end and supporting it in a vertical Position. (2) Means for adjusting the position of the test specimen, (8) Turvill burner with an attached pilot light and mounted on 2 20-degree angle block. The burn- cr shall have a nominal bore of ¥ in (9.5 mm) and. a length of approximately 4 in (102 mm) above the primary al inlets. (4) An adjustable stee! angle (jig) attached to the bottom of the chamber to ensure the correct location of the burner with relacion to the test specimen Figs ‘Test ApparatusaNsynEE, Career (5) Gas—a supply of ordinary illuminating gas tor equivalent at normal pressure (6) Wateh or clock with a hand that makes one complete revolution per minute. (7) Flame indicators consisting of strips of igammed leaft paper having a nominal thickness of 005 in (127 mm) and a width of 4 in (27 mm), NOTH: The paper used forthe indicts i Anon t che fade 09 50 Restos di material start the same ss {ine deeded iy Feserl Spocsietick No WA 142 (10) 62.7.2 Preparation of Sample. Prepare a copper rod approximately % in (18.0 mm) in diameter, 22 in (S80 mm) im length, with the necessary covering to be tested to a thickness of approximately 0,06-0.125 in (5-817 mm), 62.7.3 Procedure. The test shall be made {in a room that is reasonably free from drafts, akhouh a ventilated hood may be used if air ccarrents do not affect the Mame, One end of the ‘ost specimen approximately 22 in (659 mm) in length shall be clamped in position at the upper fend of the chamber. A paper indicator shall be applied to the specimen so that the lower edge is 10 in (254 mm) above the polnt at which the inner blue cone of the test Name is to be applied. The indicator shall be wrapped once around the specimen with the gummed side toward the conductor. ‘The ends shall be pasted evenly together and shall project 3 in (19.0 mm) from the specimen ‘on the skle opposice vo that which the lame is to be applied, The paper tab shall be moistened only to the extent necessary to permit proper adhe sion, The height of the flame with the burner vertical shall be adjusted to 5 in (127 mom) with an inner blue cone 1¥¢in (381 mm) high, 62.74 Test. The burner, with only the pilot lighted, shall be placed in front of the sample so that the vertical plane through the stem of the burner includes the axis of the specimen, The angle block shall rest against the jig, which shall be adjusted so chat there is @ distance of 1% in (8.1 mm) along the axis of the burner stem between the tip afthe stem and the surface of the specimen, The valve supplying the gus to the burner proper shall then be opened and the fame utomatically applied to the sample. This valve shall be held open for 15 s and then closed for 15 This process shall be repeated four times. During each application of the flame the specimen shall be adjusted, if necessary, $0 that the top of the inner blue cone touches the surface of the speck men, If more than 25°% of the extended portion of 18 {REE GUIDE POR MIETAL- ENCLOSED BUS AND the indicator is burned after the five applications ‘of the flame, the specimen is considered to have ‘conveyed flame. The duration of burning of the ‘specimen after the fith application of the flame shall be noted, and any specimen that continues to burn for more than I tnin shall be consider tu ave failed this test 6.3 Production Testa. Production tests for metal ‘enclosed bus shall be power frequency dielectric tests, mechanical tests, grounding of instra transtormer case tests, and electrical operation and control wiring check. Rated frequency withstand tests shall be made fat the factory, as deseribed in 6.21.1 64 Field Tests. In addition to the following, manufacturer's recommendations should be eon: sulted. 64.1 Tightness. A watertight bus installation may be tested in the field to determine the ade quacy of fleld welds, assembly of bus sections, covers, gaskets, etc, The tightness ean be deter mined by either the watertightness design test method as described in 8,24 or by the air tight ness method deseribed herein Fill the bus (or section) 1a be tested with alr to a pressure of 6 in (15 cm) of water (approxi mately a/in# gauge or 1500 N/m), Cover the field (and factory) welds and joints with soap bubbles to detect escaping air. If the amount of air leaking at a point is excessive, the area shoutd be checked for watertightness. 642 Dielectric Tests. Rated frequency with- stand tests or de tests made in the Meld shall not ‘exceed 75% of the values shown in Tables 3A, 38, and 3C. 6.423 Forced-Air Cooled Bus. Inspection of ‘and measurements on a forced-air cooled bus should be made and the parameters checked against the manufacturer's specifications. These should include (1) Fan rotation and speed (2) Fan and motor vibration (3) Motor operating voltage and load current {as a check against brake horsepower) (A) Heat exchange coolant flow rate and tem: perature (5) Air balance within the bus system NOT: Ms. systems tae vrata dow which makes ie Imewurercne diffeuke General ir balance checked by Imenruring the temporsate rn ofthe bus une load eo ‘one However, che anufactrers recommendations for the Seite satiation shui te feueateuarine (©) Alarm and indicating device settings and/ or calibration (thermostats, thermometers, pres- sure switehes, ete), 7, Construction 7.1 Finishes and Color. All steel surfaces to be painted shall receive phosphatizing (reatment fr equivalent prior to application of paint. Exter nal and internal surfaces shall be coated with at least one coat of corrosion-resisting paint The preferred color for the finish on metal enclosed bus shall be light gray #01 (see ASTM 1D4535-80 [9]). OTB. (1) See gray Finches for industrial apparatus equp trent ie ANSI 581-1087 2] (2) Incernaldetal parts may have mecale plang or ua Tenth be of pats 72 Grounding. A continuous ground conductor shall be provided in parallel with the bus to ‘ensure that all enclosures are grounded, The ‘ground bus may take the form of a separate bar (copper or aluminum), it may be the enclosure itself, or it may be the supporting structure if a continuous electrical path can be provided of the same short-circuit withstand current rating as the main bus conductors. The ground bus shall he capable of carrying the rated short-circuit cur rent of the bus. ‘The ground conductor is preferably connected to the station ground at one point ony, although more connection points are satisfactory ifinduced current loops have been avoided. Induced vole ages across insulated Joints in the housing should be kept as low as possible and preferably below 2.V during rated current operation 7.8 Adjacent and Supporting Structure. For high-current installations, consideration should be given to the problem of induced cireulating ‘current in nearby metallic members, such as sup. port beams, reinforcing rods, ete. Suitable insu: lated gaps in the steel work to eliminate closed loops and amortisseur bands around steel mem bers will aid in solving the problem. Tr Is recommended that the suggested proce dures be followed to the extent that ground cur- rents in any adjacent metallic material be kept below 10% of the bus phase currents or low enough so temperature rise is within the lawits shown in Table 1 rt ANSLIREE 7A Ventilation. Widely fuctuating ambient air temperatures for any one section of bus necessi tate consideration of the resulting enclosure air temperature; form of ventilation with filtered breathers or means for air circulation should be provided. Ifthe insulation system is organic, heat ters may be used tw control condensation inside the bus enclosure, 7.5 ForceCooled. Auxiliary equipment may be used to force-cool the metal enclesed bus, Bither ‘2 gas, aliquid, or combination of these media are satisfactory for force-cooled bus, The system may be of the open ot of the recireulatory type. Pre: cautions shall be taken to prevent transmittal of are products between phases. A force-cooled bus will carry a lower-than-normal current when the cooling mediuin is not being clrculated, and both the force: and self-cooled values of current shall be indicated in the rating. 7.8.1 Forced-Air Cooled, Isolated-Phase Bus. Forced-air-cooled, isolated-phase bus generally consists of the following components, 7.5.1.1 Isolated-Phase Bus Structure with Provisions for Connection to a Cooling Unit. Connections between the bus structure and the cooling unit should provide for vibration isolation, Electrical insulation shall be provided at such eonneetions to prevent circulating currents be ‘ween the two compone 7.5.1.2 Cooling Unit with Necessary Air Duet and Connections to the Bus Structure.” Cooling units may be of the recireulatory type, the nonrecirculatory or “once through” type, oF of a type convertible from recireulatory to nonrecir ceulatory 7.5.1.2.1 Recirenlatory Cooling Units. Ro- circulatory cooling units consist of a motor-driven Tan: a suitable eat exchanger (generally air to ‘water);* and provisions to admit air lost by leak ito che system through filtered openings in duet. Cooling air is circulated through the bus assem. bly by the motor-driven fan, After completing the circulation, the eooling air is returned to the eoo!- ing unit through the air duct, is cooled by being TAdaonal indicating devices fans, motors, and heat: ‘hanger may be added tothe bane equipment outhned to Drove rendaney "special consideration shall be gen to the drive motor such that under any operlingeandinone st wilnot econ horsepower Fan "the het exchange construction shal be such that post bie candensation wi note carti te Ee faaxsvirne earag.iser passed through the heat exehanger, and returns to the motor-driven fan for recirculation through the bus, 7.5.1.2.2 Nonrecirculatory or “Once “Through” Cooling Units, Nonrecireulatory cool- ing units consist of a motor-driven fan' and pro- sions to admit filtered ambient air into the sys tem, The filtered cooling aie is circulated through the bus assembly by the motor-driven fan and, after completing the circulation, is exhausted to the atmosphere 75.12.38 Convertible-Type Cooling Units, Convertible cooling units have provisions to con- vert from a recirculatory cooling system to a non- recirculatory or “once through’ system when the heat exchanger is out-of-service 7.5.1.8 Indleating Devices. Suitable devices ‘on the bus aystem and cooling units shall be pro vided to perform the following functions: (2) Indicate the bus eonduetor temperature at possible hot spots, (2) Indicate, for alarm purposes, bus over temperature at possible hot spots, (3) Indicate, for alarm purposes, loss of cooling air to the bus system. (4) Indicate, for alarm purposes, insufficient ‘or excessive conlant flow to the heal exchanger, '5) Indicate, for alarm purposes, accumulation ‘of water in the heat exchanger deain pat 7.5.14 Means to Transfer Cooling Air Be- ‘tween Phases. When cooling ai is transferred between phases, means shall be provided to reduce the possibility of the transfer of ionized air between phases due to a phase-to-ground fault ia the bus. Grounded deionizing baffles, grids, or sim ilar means shall be provided for this purpose. If necessary for air balancing adjustable dampers shall be provided, Such dampers shall have provi sions for locking in any position, and their open and elosod positions shall be indicated, 7.6 Vapor Barriers. Self-cooled metal-enclosed bus having sections loeated inside and outside a Duilding, 50 that ambient temperature may be appreciably different at the same moment, shall nelude sealing means or baifles to prevent an interchange of air between the sections or have a suitable air drying system. 127 Fire Barriers, Self-cooled buses may propa ale smoke and fire from one part of the building to another unless barriers are installed at stra. ie Pootate 8 {ek GUIDE FOR METAL-ENCLOSED BLS AND tegic locations. Fire barriers to prevent passage of fire and smoke may be required at all Nloor-lines of vertical buses and in horizontal runs of buses whenever the buses pass through walls designated as“fire walls.” 7.8 Insulating Materials for Covering Buses and. Connections, If insulation is provided on the bbus conductors, it shall be tested for dielectric strength and fame resistance as outlined in 62.1 and 6.2.7. Where joints are required to be made up on the job site, insulating materials shall be supplied for application in aceordance with the ‘manufacturer's instructions, 7.9 Terminations. The bus is electrically at. tached to the studs of generators or transformer bushings or switch terminal pads, usually with exible braid or multiple laminations depending fon the degree of flexibility required Similar flexible connections may be required in long, straight runs of bus to provide for tempera: ture expansion or contraction, or where the bus crosses building vibration isolation joints. ‘The terminating equipment at the generator may require seal off bushings or baffles with pro- vision for escape to the atmosphere of hydrogen from leaks in or around the generator bushings. 7.10 Switches or Links for Statlon-Service ‘Transformers. Generator bus frequently has tap connections to statlon-servico transformers through group-operated switches or disconnect. ig links. Switches shall be designed to interrupt only the magnetizing current of the transformer and should not be operated to close onto an ener sized bus unless designed for closing duty. Links should be easily removable, but should only be removed when the bus is de-energized. The swvitches and links shall be eapable of carrying the vated short-circuit current in that section of bus, 7.11 Secondary Wiring. Secondary devices and their wiring shal be isolated by grounded metal barriers from all primary circuit elements except, for short lengths of wire, such as at instrument eansformer terminals. 8, Miscellaneous Accessories Metal-enclosed bus equipment installations will usually include such accessories or auxiliaries as potential transformers, compartments, surge equip. ‘ment, and generator neutral connections. Current‘CALCULATING LOSSES IN ISOLATED PHASE US transformers may also be mounted in the bus, High-current rated bus will usually inelude bush- {ngs having provision for mounting a current transfor. Allsuch accessories shall conform to the dielee trie test requirements of this standard. In adi: tion, the connections shall be arranged with seals for baffles to prevent faults in the units from reaching the main conductors. Otherwise, cubl cles are constructed in accordance with the requirements for station-type equipment. Devices such as instrument transformers, however, may not withstand the dielectri¢ tests of the equip- ment and should be disconnected when such tests ure made, Locations of current transformers shall be co- ‘ordinates with joines in the bus so that current transformers are accessible 9. Calculating Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus 8.1 General. The information in this standard is applicable to all forms of isolated-phase bases ‘operating in 2e power systems. [Lis not meant 10 apply to other forms of open or enclosed buses, although some of the material will be useful in ost bus applications All conductors carrying electric current will produce power losses. This standard covers meth ‘ods for calculating eonductor and enclosure Iosses at bus operating temperatures, including skin elfeet. In malking power loss calculations, the JR losses in the enclosure are considered. Means for determining such losses for varions bus contig: rations are included. Ifthe bus is foree-cooted, the power requirements of the cooling equipment will be included in the tocal power loss. For high-current installations, consideration should be given to the problem of induced mag: netic heating and induced circulating current is eurly metallic members such as support beams and reinforcing rods, The standard also contains references to assist in the estimation of heating effects of adjacent structural members. Such induced currents should be minimized to reduce extraneous losses. Methods of reducing eddy eur- rent and hysteresis losses and elin due to circulating currents are indicated, 9.2 Conductor Losses 1 General. The loss in P= PR, ach conductor is ANSIPER, Gran st where #, = conductor resistance at the appropriate temperature with skin effect corrections for the applieable frequeney 1. = conductor current It is convenient for the purpose of this standard to determine the losses per unit length of conduc. ‘or. Ths, i, is expressed in mierohins per foot (u04fe) and Tin kiloamperes ems (Arms), P. will be expressed in watts per foot (W/ft). ‘The conductor resistance may be obtained from tables or caleulated from its dimensions and resistivity, Equation L1 may be used (o ealeulate ‘the resistance of round hollow conductors. ‘The current for which the loss is ealculated ‘shall be the rated continuous current 9.22 Temperature Effects 92.2.1 Conductor Operating Temperature. ‘The losses should be calculated for the operating temperature of the conductor, The maximum operating temperature linn set by this standard {or isolated: phase bus conductors follows: Maximum Temperature Limit of Hottest Spot (°C) Bus conductor with plain connection joints 0 Rus conductor with silver, or equivalent, contact surfaces 105 The maximum temperature limit is based on 40 °C ambient. The total temperature of the bus conductor at Current below fullload and at other ambients) can be approximated by using the following For a 105 °C bus: Bus temperature (°C at % load) (load). gg anven -[(28#)"- ce] ean Fora 10°C as ad ansion «[(282)". oo] ena) ‘The suggested value of exponent is 1,7 for self= cooled buses and 2.0 for force-cooled buses, 9.2.2.2 Change in DC Resistance with Tem- perature. Most tables list che de resistance of conductors at 20 °C. The resistance at otherOras temperacures may be determined from the follow. ing formula: Ry» Rag [Lt Hy ty) where io = temperature resistance coefficient at 20°C ty = 20°C ‘The temperature resistance coefficient depends upon the material used for the bus conductor and its conductivity. For 100% conductivity copper, ‘3, = 0.003985; for 96% conductivity copper, aay ~ 0.00885, The above equation may be written By = Roy {L4 hay t= tad (Bq 4) where y= conductivity ky = constant depending upon material For aluminum, and when 7 is expressed in percent of the annealed copper standard, ky = 0.000066. 9.9 Skin Effects. fn the curves shown in Figs 4 and 5 (for round conductors and enclosures) and SER GUIDE FOIE METAL BNCLOSED BUS AND. Fig 6 (for square conductors), the skin effect fac. tor Roc/Ry, 1s plotted against VP TOV, for various conductor thickness/diameter ratios ‘where the resistances are in microhis per foot ‘Phe data in Pigs 4 and 5 for values of t/d of 0.03, and greater and all data in Fig6 are derived from formalas given in Dwight [B10]. In Figs 4 and 5, data for values of ¢/d of 0025 and less have beer calculated to extend the range of v7" 10777R,. to cover values for largediameter enclosures igure 6 ean also be used in conjunction with oo channels arranged to form a square conductor without introducing appreciable error. These curves apply for both copper and aluainum con ductors, The curves can be used for all tempera: tures within operating ranges ‘The heat Toss, in watts per single phase foot, enerated in bus conductors is P= PR, a where R, = conductor resistance at the appropriate temperature with skin effect curreetions for the applicable frequency 1 = conductor current Figs Curves for Skin Effect of Isolated Tubular Conductorsbop el [CALCULATING LOSSES IN ISOLATED-PHASE B'S Edis | PANEL YT Hh i Lh] Hy Pret esas | TT HE 5ANSI/IERE, Cera uae eprint from HB. ight, Matrial Oe and Caner New IWRE GUIDE POR MEAL-ENCLOSED BUS AND Yorke MeGraw Hil, 185, th permission from the pubis Fig 6 Curves for Skin Effect of Isolated Square Rod Ic is convenient for the purposes of this stan- dard to determine the losses per unit length of conductor. Thus, if R is expressed in microhims per foot (uft/f) and Fin kiloamperes (kA) ems, P, ‘willbe expressed in watts per foot (W/R). 94 Enclosure Losses 9.4.1 Definitions. A continuous isolated please ‘bus enclasure (see Fig 7) is one in whieh the con- secutive sections surrounding the same phase conductor are electrically connected to each other ‘over the length of the installation and cross connected to the enclosures of the other phases fat the extremities of the installation, #0 as to permit longitudinal current Now in the enclo- sures, Electric onnection-to-ground may be made ‘and Square Tabular Conductors [810] aatany convenient point (This type of enclosure is referred to as a bonded enclosure) ‘A noncontinuous isolated-phase bus enclosure (see Fig) is one in which the consecutive enclo sure sections surrounding the same phase eon. ductor are electrically msulated! from each other 80 as to prevent longitudinal current ow across the enclosure joints. Each enclosure section is connected to a ground bus at one point only. (This type of enclosure is referred to as an insu lated enclosure.) The enclosure tactor is a parameter defined as Fallows: 2 Apr Dte pees (8a 8)CALCULATING LOSSES IN ISOLATED: PHASE BUS sre oon aa, Fig? ‘Continuous Isolated-Phase Bus Enclosure Figs enclosure mean diameter = d - ¢ nelosure outside diameter ‘enclosure wall thickness 2af frequency resistivity of the enclosure material constant depending on units used (for lunits of the SI system, k= 10°F) For practical computations, (2 may be ex pressed in the following alternate fori: (ea?) where R, ~ resistance of enclosure per unit length ky = constant (i, is expressed in yf/M and Fin He, ke = 0.1915) "The spacing factor isthe ratio D/S, where Ds the enclosure mean diameter and S is the spacing of conductor centerlines, with D and $ in the ‘same units, ‘The virtual enclosure loss is a fictitious loss, based upon the assumption that the enclosure current is the same as Ue conductor current, ‘expressed by /R,, where R, isthe enclosure longi tudinal resistanee and is the conductor current. 25 ANSITEEE erases The lass factor Ks number relating the atu enclosure loss to the virtual loss defined pre- viously. The value of dependson the installation parameters, the (ype of enclosure (continuous or ‘oncontinuous) and the retative magnitudes and phase angles of the conductor currents in each particular arrangement 9.4.2 Power Loss in Enclosures. Currents owing inthe main conductors induce volkage in the enclosures, The voltages cause currents that How in patterns, depending on how the enclo sures are inverconnected. Current flow in the enclosures produces heat loss, which may be expressed in the form, P.> KP Ry where fc i eas) * loss factor, forthe total loss in all three enclosures ofa three-phase ran or both enclosares of a singe phase tap for the particular enclosure and arrangement. (single phase tap refers to the comnec- tions to one transformer ofa three-phase bank as shown in Fig 9) ac resistance of the particular enclosure corrected to the operating temperature of the enclosure 1 = tine current in the main conductors of the bus run. (Even when the losses in single-phase taps are unbalanced, three phase balanced rans are considered.) 9.43 Temperature Effects 9.4.3.1 Enclosure Operating Temperature. The lass should be calculated at the assumed operating temperature ofthe enclosure, or atthe ‘maximum temperature specified by this standard, sis appropriate for the installation, The maxi- snum limit of total temperature st by this stan- dard forthe bus enclosure is Accessible parts 80°C Nonaccessible parts 110°C ‘The interpretation given here is that those por- tons of the enclosure in which currents are induced will be accessible. The effects of local hot spots due to current crowding and deviations due to normal ventilation and external heat sources and heat sinks may be ignored in loss calcalations, 94.82 Continuous Enclosures. The tempera: ture rise of each of the continuous enclosures in a three-phase installation and for force-cooled dbuses will be refatively uniform. The total temper- ature at conductor currents below full load and fat ambients other than 40°C can be approxi ‘mated by the followingANSIIEEE, Grae MERE OLIDE FOR METAL ENCLOSED BUS AND Fig Layout of Isolated-Phase Bus Installation enclosure temperature (°C at % load) y«| mc = ambient + (ea) L Reco ~ He (Bq 10) where p= resistivity of enclosure material at 20 °C L_ = length of bas enclosure D = enclosure mean diameter t= enclosure wall thickness Enclosures are generally made of aluminum of specified conductivity. Since losses are usually determined per unit length, it is convenient to determine Bq for unit length in the units used. For a length of one foot, with D and tin inches, and conductivity expressed in percent, Eq becomes FE unm) R, Diy ut (Bq) Since the temperature at which the losses are desired is generally different from 20 °C, Ras determined by Eqs 10 or LI must be adjusted to the appropriate temperature. Formulas for tem- perature corrections are given in 92:22 944 Skin Effect. In many cases, skin effect correction will not be necessary for the enclosure. However, it should be checked by use of factors obtained in the curves shown in Figs 4,5, and 6. 94.5 Loss Factor 94.5.1 Continuous Circular Enclosures. 1evoltage Induced in acircular enclosure by the ‘current in the conductor that it surrounds causes a longitudinal current flow in the continuous ‘enclosure, This current returns through the en ‘lasures of adjacent phases. The enclosure longi final eurrent is very nearly equal in magnitude to the conductor current, lagging by somewhat less than 180 degrees. Due to the opposite polarities of conductor and enclosure currents, the magnetic ‘lx is mainly contained within the enclosure. The sum of the conduetor and enclosure current is equal to the effective magnetizing current, which establishes the magnetic field external to the cenelosure. The effective mangetizing current will vary from 2-L0% of the conductor current, For this reason, and because the magnetizing and enclosure currents are very nearly 90 dé apart, for most installations the magnitude of the enclosure current will equal that of the conductor ccarrent.‘CALCULATING LOSSES IN ISOLATED-PHASE BUS ‘As shown in Niemoller [B13], nogleeting the impedance of cross connections, the current I, in the continuous enclosure is related to the eon: uctor current / in the following manner: de ( 2 log 2S ex 42. efor esi we38)] cat tia enclosure factor S/D = reeiprocal of the spacing factor If (is greater than 7, the value off, as calcu lated from Eq 12 will fall between 0.985 and 1.000. However, the actual value of 1,/1 will be some- what less due fo the impedance of cross connec tions, If tis assumed that the impedance of the ross connection is equivalent to the impedance of an enclosure of length S de T os ee! (11g? [cor (set oe 3)| whore, is derived empirically as follows heres (res) (5) (iss where E. = length of bus enclosure D = enclosure mean diameter S- = spacing of conductor center lines (213) L Ts ) eons ‘and Z, D, and S should be expressed in the same units in this equation Under sueh conditions, the less factor & for use in Bg ¥ is given in the following: Por the total loss in the three enclosures of a balanced three-phase run 7 7) in one conductor is T and 1/V/3 in the other Pwo x-a For the total loss in the two enclosures of a single-phase power tap Gresicer 9.4.52 Noncontinuous Cireular Enclosures. Since there is no externa return path the voltage induced in « noncontinuoas enclosure bythe cur- Tent in the conductor that is surrounds cannot cause longitudinal current flow; however, non uniform volkages are induced in che adjacent enclosures. These nontiniform voltages cause loeat current flow in each insulated enclosure section, The enclosure currents flow in nonuniform pattorns. The magnitade end phase angle ofthe current density in the longitudinal direction are functions ofthe angular postion of the enclosare filaments The Rov pattern depends on the mag ide and phase angle of the conductor cu rents, the spacing factor DiS, and the enclosure factor 1 ‘The loss per unit length of enclosure is evshae ated by intograting, over the circumference that constitutes its cross section, the °K losses pro- luced in all the elementary filaments. The resi ofthis integration is expressed as the lows factor K to be used with Eq 8. The value of K depends principally on the parameter 1/8 and to a lesser extent on the parameter 1, The extreme values of? expected im practicl installations are 8 and 96. The wersus D/S curves at 1? ~ 10 and for different specified conditions are plotted in Fig 10. The curves are based on formulas given in Dwight [#10 and Conangla and White [BQ]. The los fac tors show in Fig 10 may be used fr installations when the conductor center lines are parallel and coplanar, and the enclosure factor T= lies between Sand 55, Curves A, B, and C of Fig 10 cover three-phase installations, For these curves, the K factor in volves the tual oss inal three encawures and fs related to the folline current Curve A's applicable toa three phase rum carry ing balanced currents. Curves B and Care appr cable to that pertion ofa three-phase installation falling between single-phase taps. where one con- ductor carves the flltine current and the other two conductors carry the phase current 1/3. Curve B applies when one ofthe outside conduc tors carries the ine current F; eurve © apples when the center conductor carries the line cur rent L Carve D of Fig. 10 38 applicable to a two conductor, single-phase tap and involves the total loss in both enclosures, For the convenience of srouping catvalations as shown in the sample Soliton inchided in this standard, the K factors of Curve D are als related o the full-line currentIBS GUIDE FOR METAL-ENCLOSED BUS AND Loss Factors for Noncontinous Bus Enclosures § g $208 06 SPACING FACTOR O75) Fig 10 1.0 relate Curve D to the actual single-phase ‘current, the & factor must be multiplied by three, Percent deviation of K versus D/S curves are also plotted in Fig 11. Curve E is applicable to Dalanced three-phase installations and is used in conjunction with Curve A. The curves show the percent that the value of Kat 2 = 6 and 55 deviates from the value of K at J = 10, Deviation of K at other intermediate values of 12 can be approximated by interpolation. Curve E ean also bbe used in conjunetion with Curves B and D with only slight error. Curve F should be used in com: junction with Curve C, 9.5 Power Consumption of Cooling Equipment. ‘The power consumed by blowers, fans, circulating ‘pumps, ete, used for force-cooling the buses should be considered a power loss in the evaluation of designs. Power requirements for cooling equip- ‘ment should be stipulated by the manufacturer. 9.6 Sample Solutions. An isolated-phase bus Installation is considered extending from the ter- minal of the 330 MVA, 20 kV generator to three single-phase, step-up transformers. The overall 28 mensions of the layout (Fig 9) are given in the following Conductor: Round-tube 61% conductivity aluminum Main three-phase bus: 145 inch outside diameter, O47 inch wall 85 inch outside diameter, 0.875 inch wall ‘Transformer taps: Enclosure: Round 57% conductivity afurninurn 295 inch outside diameter, 0:25 inch wall Phase spacing: 41 inch Construction: Noncontinuous enclosure Ratings: Self cooled, based on conductor 65 °C rise aver 40°C ambient ‘Main bus, 10 KA; taps, 6 kA Losses are to be calculated assuming operation at the fulltoad rating of the generator, 9500 A, and a 40°C ambient temperatureCGALCULATING LOSSES IN ISOLATED: PHASE. BUS [EVTATION OF K FROM VALUES SHOWY ON CURVE & Fig Loss Factor Deviation Curves for Noncontinuous Bus Enclosures 9.1 Percent Loading Main conductors: 2500 Tow Single phase taps 2500/5 He BOOTS 109 = oats 9.62 Bstimated Operating Temperatures. For conductors, Bq 1 is used. Main comeuctors: ‘Temperature = 40 + [(0.95)!7 +65] = 986°C Single-phase taps: ‘Temperature = 40 + [(0.914) 958°C For enclosures, Fa 9 Is used. Marin conductors: ‘Temperature = 40 + ((0.95)!7 -40] = 767°C Single phase taps: "Temperature ~ 40+ [(0.914)!7 - 40] = 743°C cara 987 9.6.3 DC Resistances. Bq 11 is used. Main conductor: 145 in; t = 0.47 in; ae Oat) O47 OF 0.644 ai/ft at 20°C 61 (at 20°C) was Single phase taps. d= 85 in;¢ = 0375 in; y = 61 (at 20°C) 260) 575) “O37 - Recs = BE = 108 40/te a 20°C Brelosures: 29.5 in; = O25 in; y ~ 87 (at 20°C) 259 TO35) ome 0.621 gti) at 20 9.64 Corrections for Operating Temperature. Bg 4 is used, Main conductor: Temperature * 99.6 °C; 61% conductivity Racca [1 * 0.000066 - 61(98.6 - 20)), 644 (1.520) = 0850 0/ft at 996°C ‘Single-phase taps: Temperature * 95.9 °C; 61% conductivity z, Raga, {1 + 0.000066 - 619539 - 209] 904 (1.306) = 1821 0/fe at 959°C Pnelosures: Average temperature 7% conductlity Rca, [1 + 0.000066 - 57(7827 - 203) = 21 (1.213) ~ 0758 nytt a 767°C Recio08) 160" Raven) 9.6.5 Skin Effect Correction Main conductor: = 205.5 -\ Sar Tasr 29Rue = 108 Ryconss > 108 0850 = 0918 nyt at 996°C Single-phase taps £288 ogg, [SHE as a7 35 BV 1821 rom Fig = 104 Bac = LOE Ruc59) = 104-1921 1.800 A at 959°C pnctosires Hee £2 B25 yeas, (OE. | B a” 85 Vig From Fig i = 1.005 Rye ~ 1.005 Ryecan = 1.008 0763 aft at 767°C engin’ = GB: 09186 Ta (bgt 188 (a4 +200) no @nt opis 017 ON ee nat oats a1 He QI 1a (48288) ‘ota omductor Ios, See Fig 9.6.7 Enclosure Loss Enclosure factor: Fa 7 is used. 01916 60. O78; (which ies between 6 and 55) = 15.18 30 {ERE GUIDE FOR METAL ENCLOSED BUS AND Spncing factor: ‘Three-conducior rans and single-phase taps (eee Fig 9) 2 aos. oan) #41 = a7 ‘Two-conductor, single-phase run (see Fig 9): 2 os -0as) + a-an = 02st 9.6.8 Continuous Enclosure Construction Cross-Connection Factor: Eq \4 is used. Threecondtuctor, balanced current raw: length = 100 f, sp Lin, DIS = 0713, 100-12 Too eat k, *[p- = 0967 + {(0.038) i = 0.991 12) ons] Three-conduetor, unbalanced-current rin: length» 80 f, spacing = 41 in, D/S « 0713, 360 401 [co.102) (07197) = 0971 ans| - eal (30-12) +41 7 = 0308 « Teocanductor, single phase ran lenuth = 90 t spacing’ 2-41 = 82 n, D/S = 0967 21). aay 28), asa] 0.80 30-12 wine’ ((" = 0814 + |(0.186) (0.357)) Tueanductor,singophase taps: Tenth 3020.60 spacing Alin DIS wea: [i (0-12) + al ~ Ter = 0946 + 10054) (713) = o985 ona ons] Loss Pactor: Since [2 = 15.18, from Bq 12 evs [oor {a voe2 3)CALCULATING LOSSES IN ISOLATED PHASE BUS Tareecomductor, balanced current men: Tup-conductor, single-phase run «SF Twe-conductor, single phase taps = 2 consoy? - 0516 3 (0.880 16 - E (4) = Z 0985) 047 For each portion, the enclosue loss Is KI2R,L PR, = (95)" +0757 = 683 Witt Poin —_—_ Rg > eth Tareovntvcor baaeenl Gd 2610 100 Thromfncorvobaases LM 30 Twocondutansingephase €B O56 90 Boga ie ‘8 cen ae Total encase, Total Operating Loss at 9.5 kA (with Contin ous Baclesuere Construction): Pag = Pe B, © 40956 + 27048 = 68.003 W 9.6.8 Noncontinuous Enclosure Construction. Equation 7 is used, with A to suit, as follows: ‘Three conductor, balanced casrrent run: length = 100 fe; D/S = 0.713, Figure 10, Curve A: K= 1.65; Curve B: deviation = 1% 2 K'= 185 (1.01) 67. (Factor K covers total loss in three enclosures.) ‘Throe-conductor, unbalanced-eurrent run with tino current in outside conductor: length « 90 DiS = 0718, Fgure 10, Curve 125; Curve B: deviation = 1% = K = 1125 Cony 118. Factor covers tla less inter enclosures) ‘Troconductor, singlephase run length = 80 fi; D/S = 0357. Figure 10, Curve D: K = 00025; Curve E: deviation, less than 1%, can be ignored, (Factor K covers total loss in two enclosures.) a ‘Tweo-comductor, singlephase taps: length = 8 - 20 * 60 ft; D/S = 0.713. Figure 10, Curve D: K'= 0.28; Curve B: deviation © 1%“. K= 028 (1.01) =0.283, (Factor K covers total loss in two enclosures.) For each portion, the enclosure loss is = KIB, L BPR, = 0757 -(95)* = 683 Wife Toneeconducion bleed 83 LAT 100 1146 ‘Tiveecondvetor, unbalanced 683 148 30 = 2208 ‘Tworconducion ngkephase O83 0025 90 = GL Single taps 93 0285 69 = 1160 ‘Teta enclosure ls F 26850. Force-Cooting Loss: In this case, there is none. Total Operating Loss at 9.5 KA (with Comtinu- ‘ons Enclosure Construction) = PL. P, = 40956 + 14958 = 55908 W 9.7 Structural Steel Losses. This section is in ‘cluded to point our additional losses that could ‘ceur if due consideration is not given to the rela tionship of the bus to nearby structural members and piping. The data will assist the user in deter- ‘mining where correetive measures are required or in estimating the magnitude of losses in existing installations. If @ troublesome condition is sus pected during the design stage, is recommended that corrective measures be adopted at that tine. Losses in structures external to the bus installs tion should be excluded from loss ealeulations used in economic evaluations, since such hteat losses cannot be predicted with any great aceu. racy. Losses in structural steel near conductors car rying heavy eurrents are caused by: (2) Circulating currents flowingin closed meta lie loops that link the magnetic flux assoclated ‘with the conductor currents. These loops usually include structural members running in a direc: tion parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bus run, The circulating current lose is avoided by breaking the electrical continuity of the loops, by physical gaps, or with insulation inserted at some convenient pola, (2) Hysteresis and eddy currents due to ux contained in magnetic material members. Steel supports or pipes in close proximity, and running in a direction normal to the longitudinal axis of the bus run, are likely to heat up due to this effect‘The magnetic fx in such members is minimized by using low-resistance short-circuited bands at locations where they pass over the main con. ductors. ‘The supporting structure furnished as part of fan wolated phase bus installation should include insulated joints and short-circuited bands in the proper locations to avoid or minimize losses due to these fleets, With such measures, the losses in ‘he supporting structure are negligible and should not be considered in overall loss evaluation, The continuous enclosure construction consti: tutes a means for minimizing losses in nearby structures. Other recognized means are the open ing of closed conductive loops to avoid circulating currents, the installation of short-circuited bands around steel members to reduce the magnetic ‘lux in them, and the interposition of amortisseur aids or plates to shield the structural renbers Thom the Mux produced by the conductor curreets. 10. Bibliography 10.1 Standards. The following pertinent stan: dards are suggested for further study and better understanding of this standard: [BI] ANSI 37.11.1979, American National Stan dard Requirements for Electrical Control for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Sym- metrical Current fasis or a Total Current Basis IR] ANSI C84.1-1982, American National Stan- dard Voltage Ratings for Electric Power Systems, and Equipment (60 He), (83) ANSI/IEEE C37.13-1981, IEEE Standard for Low-Voltage AC Power Cireult Breakers Used in Enclosures IBA] ANSI/TERE €37.26-1972, IEE Guide for Methods of Power Factor Measurements for Low Voltage Inductive Test Circuits (B5] ANSI/IEE C57.13-1978, IEBE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers, BO] ANSI/TEEE Std_1-1986, TBEE Standard General Principles for Temperature Limits in the Ey Rating of Flectrieal Fquipment and for the Eval: ‘vation of Electrical Insulation, [B7] ANSIIEEE Sta 142-1982, TEER Recom: mended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 188] ANSU/NFPA 70-1987, National Blectrieat Coae 102 Other Publications. It is recommended that those responsible for the layout of isolated-phase hous, study the material listed, particularly (B14] to circumvent possible troublesome conditions in the eunly stages of design: [B9] CONANGLA, A. and WHITE, H. F. Isolated: Phase Bus Enclosure Loss Fuetors, IEEE Trane. ‘actions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS.87, pp 1622-1628, July 1968, [BLO] DWIGHT, 1 B. Blectrioat Golds and Con. ductors, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1945, [BLL] DWIGHT, H. B. Some Proximity Effect Formulas for Bus Enclosures, [BEE Transactions ‘on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS83, PP 1167-1172, Dee 1964, [B12] PLGAR, B,C, REHDER, RH. and SWERD- LOW, X. Meashred Losses in Isolated:Phase Bus and Comparison With Calculated Values. BEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS $7, 1724-1730, Aug 1968. [B13] NIEMOLLER, A. B. Isolated-Phase Bus Enclosure Currents. IEEE Transactions on Poser mparatus «nd Systems, vol PAS-87, pp 1714- 1718, Aug 1968. |BL4} SWERDLOW, N. and BUCHTA,M. A. Peacei cal Solutions of Inductive Heating Problems Result Ing from High-Current Buses. AIEF Transactions ‘on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol 78, part ITB, pp 1786-1746, 1959 (Feb 1960 section NOTE. Swerdow and Huchta ave data for estimating the ‘verage temperature duet hsterene and oy corents rge current They abo ge data the efecto SHEL flencon end on methods for determing power ls by {termination oft energy los from te ate! by eadiation fapd convection. Avough-peimariy concerted wh ne ‘hone boss they Inte rales for application che dat to Iplied phe busesC37 Complete 1987 Edition ‘The documents in the C37 series include definitions, applications guides, test methods and proce- ‘dures, requirements, and specifications for eireuit breakers. switchgear, fuses, relays, and substations Purchased separately, the standards in this book of more than two thousand! pages would cast nearly $550, At $75 this is probably the most remarkable standards bargain you can ever expect to encounter. This collection includes 62 standards, 15 supplements and 17 draft documents. Users of C37 will experience a degree of convenience in utilizing this valuable collection that will save weeks, possibly months, of waiting time each and every time itis consulted, Draft documents have been included in the format in which they are currenily under consideration, ‘They are unedited and may contain errors in spelling and inaccuracies regarding the other documents they reference. Because these draft documents are stilt under review and subject to change priar to publication, both the draft and the current ANSI-approved standards are included in this collection, Users should be cautioned that both editorial and substantive changes may occur in the draft documents prior to final approval and publication Available from American National St Wiley-Interscience, A Di ‘New York 10158 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-1331 ds Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018 ion of John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York,