Signs and abbreviations

used in summary:
= means is or was
means lead to
// means opposite to
WofO is William of
Orange

1.16

HISTORY
THE DUTCH REVOLT
Causes Of The Dutch Revolt

Netherlands in 1500s:
- Part of Spain
- Collection of provinces that all had different governments, laws and languages
Why was Alva sent?
Outbreaks of discontent iconoclasm
WofOs army was not strong enough revolts were crushed
Philip II heard of revolt sent Alva
Alvas policies
- disbanding Margarets army
- setting up his own army
- Council of Troubles = able to arrest, torture and punish people without trials
= enforced Catholicism
= imposed central government
What caused the Dutch revolt?
- Religious motive:
Spain = Catholic // Netherlands = mostly protestant lead to tension
- Political motive:
Noblemen wanted to keep their independence // Spain wanted to centralize the
_power
- Economic motive:
Alva set extra taxes to pay army economical situation (= already weak) even
_worse

1.18

The Dutch Revolt

(see page three for all the important dates)

- WofOs army was crushed in a battle with Alva WofO raised a bigger,stronger
army
- Meanwhile Alva started repressing the Netherlands even more (esp. rebels)
- WofO invaded Holland was made Stadtholder of the province

1.19

William Of Orange

- Often called the father of the country

- Did NOT want to create an independent country // wanted to have political and
_religious freedom

1.20

Towards A Republic

- After WofO was assassinated the Netherlands = looking for leader

- Netherlands asked Henry III, who refused
- Netherlands asked Elizabeth I, who sent the Earl of Leicester
- Leicester was not a good governor-general
- His army was badly led Parmas army went on winning
- Leicesters choices angered Holland Leicester returned to England
- No one to rule provinces decide to become a republic

2.1

How The Republic Was Governed

- Each province has a provincial estate

- Provincial estates make decisions for the province
- Provincial estates send members to the States General
- States general consists of two parts:
- Council of State = politics, army
- Council of Finance = set exchange rates, set taxes
- States general makes all important decisions (decisions have to be unanimous)
The States General had two leaders:
-The Stadtholder:
- in charge of military
- always from the house of Orange
- The Lands Advocate / Grand Pensionary
- in charge of financial things and negotiations with other countries
- never from the house of Orange, always from Holland

2.2

Back To War

Stadtholder = Maurice of Orange (M)

Grand Pensionary / Lands Advocate = Johan Van Oldenbarneveld (J)
M wants to fight Spain // J wants peace talks
M opposes Arminians (= form of Christianity) // J supports them
^^ causes tension between M and J
More tension:
- J makes Sharp Resolution
- Sharp Resolution = law that says militia have to swear loyalty to their town instead
=of the Stadtholder
- M persuades States General to give him more power
- M arrests J
- J is executed

2.8 War At Sea

- at first, merchant ships = used for war
- countries had no large permanent navy
- The Dutch Republic became the strongest sea power
- a new economic idea came: mercantilism
- Mercantilism means:
- colonies only trade with the mother country
- colonies must only produce raw materials
- colonies can only import manufactured goods
- trade can only be done by own ships
- England passed navigation acts
- Navigation acts are:
- goods imported to England had to be carried in English or English
____
colonies ships
- Most exports from colonies could only go to England
- Any other exports from colonies had to be carried in English ships
- Only English ships could sell fish in England
- The Navigation acts made England stronger, and the Republic weaker
- there were three wars with England
- Michiel de Ruyter built new warships, set up an efficient system of supplies and
=made sure the navy had professional officers

2.16

The Scientific Revolution

When?
- in 17th century
- successor (= opvolger) of the Renaissance
What?
- large improvements in science
- by use of:
- communication
ideas were printed in books and pamphlets
- experiments
not only seeing, also experiencing
- international contact
contact between different countries
- technological improvements
new inventions made science easier
How?
- scientists used maths to explain their theories

2.18

The Dutch East India Company

- a.k.a. the VOC

- set up in 1902
- before that, it was just smaller companies that traded in the East Indies
- now, only the VOC could trade in the East Indies
- the VOC became the most successful trading company in the world
- by 1669 it was the richest private company in the world
- the VOC started falling when coffee, tea and cotton were needed more
- the VOC had no colonies that produced these products
- the English and French took the opportunity and became more successful
- the VOC officially stopped in 1795

2.20

Trade and Empire

- the Republic had colonies in South America (a.k.a. the West Indies) and in SouthaEast Asia (the East Indies)
- the WIC (West India Company) traded in the West Indies
- the WIC was set up in 1621
(see Powerpoint in the elo for VOC/WIC comparison)

2.21

A Golden Age?

Why was it a golden age?

Why wasnt it a golden age?

- the country was wealthy

- it had the worlds best trading
_company
- there was a lot of religious
atoleration
- many of the greatest minds of
_Europe were born here, e.g.
_Grotius, Rembrandt, Huygens

- there were many wars

- there were religious and political
-disagreements which led to
--------outbreaks of violence
- not all provinces had a say in
=the decisions for the country

Important words
unanimous = without disagreement
issues = something being discussed
to negotiate = to talk together and reach an agreement
obituary = note about someones death
truce = stopping to fight for a time
seldom = hardly ever
deceptive = misleading, cunning, sneaky

Important times
Iconoclasm (most important year): 1566
Sea beggars capture Brill: 1572
November 1573: Alva is replaced by the Spanish king
July 1575: Holland and Zeeland made William of Orange their ruler
November 1576: Spanish soldiers rampaged Antwerp: 7,000 people killed.
January 1579: the Union of Arras (Unie van Atrecht)
Later in January 1579: Union of Utrecht
June 1580: Wiliam of Orange outlawed by Phillip II
July 1581: Act of Abjuration (= the northern provinces ending their oath of allegiance
to Philip II of Spain)
July 1584: William of Orange is murdered
1588: The Republic of the United Netherlands
1609 1621: Twelve-year truce

Extra tips for tests:

1. - be able to put things in context: if you have a cause, you must be able to
_ explain why it is important
- Think empathetically
2. - Study not only the sources, but also the bold-printed words
- look them up in the glossary
- also look up pif-words
3. - Read the source thoroughly
- use elements from the source in your answer (quote from
_refer to _describe)
4. - learn chronology!!!!
5. - Argue! Give arguments in favour and against!