Forces acting on a Ship

..worse than rocket science!

Space Ship Handling

First Newtons Law

An object remains at rest or at a constant velocity (uniform
motion), with respect to an inertial reference frame, unless
acted upon by a force.

A Space Ship will maintain a constant velocity (uniform

motion), unless acted upon by a force (Warp Reactors, Black
Holes Gravity fields etc..).

Second Newtons Law

The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to, and in
the same direction as, the net force acting on the body, and
inversely proportional to its mass.
F is the net force acting on the object
m is the mass of the object
a is the acceleration of the object
v is velocity
t is time

A big Space Ship will require more Force to obtain the same
acceleration (..or difference in velocity) of a smaller Space
Ship having the same initial speed.

Second Newtons Law Uniform acceleration

Second Newtons Law - Considerations

The linear momentum is the product of the mass and velocity
of an object

p = mv

F is the net force acting on the object

m is the mass of the object
p is the linear momentum
t is time

A big Space Ship and a small Space Ship subjected to the

same Force will acquire the same momentum...
Their velocity, though, will be very different!!!

Law of conservation of momentum

In a closed system (one that does not exchange any matter
with the outside and is not acted on
outside
the
total momentum is constant (Example = Bullet from a gun...)

Third Newtons Law

When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second
body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to that of the first body.

Gas ejected at high velocity by rockets will exert a reaction

Force on the Space Ship that will be accelerated, changing
its momentum.

Centre of Mass of a Body

The center of mass is the unique point at the center of a
distribution of mass in space, that has the property that the
weighted position vectors relative to this point, sum to zero.

Applying Forces on a Space Ship

Translation

Applying Forces on a Space Ship

Rotation

Applying Forces on a Space Ship

Roto - Translation
Arm

Torque or Moment of Force

Torque (or moment of force) is the tendency of a force to
rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot.
Torque () is defined as the cross product of the lever-arm
distance (r) and force (F), which tends to produce rotation.

Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of

as a twist to an object.

Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia arises as a combination of mass and
geometry of rigid bodies in which the mass is constrained to
rotate around an axis. It defines their resistance to a change
in angular velocity about the axis of rotation.

Angular Momentum
For a rigid body rotating around an axis of symmetry, the
Angular Momentum (L) is the product of the body's Moment
of Inertia (I) (remember mass??!!) and its angular velocity ()
(remember linear velocity??!!)

L = I
L = r x mv
p = mv

Moment of Inertia vs Angular Momentum

Levers
A lever is a machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod
pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. A lever amplifies an
input force to provide a greater output force, which is said to
provide leverage. The ratio of the output force to the input
force is the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever.

Levers

..actually..

BackintheWater!!!

Floating Vessel - Static

Buoyancy
Buoyancy is a force exerted by a fluid that opposes the
weight of an immersed object.
This can occur only in a reference frame which either has a
gravitational field or is accelerating due to a force other than
gravity defining a "downward" direction.

Buoyancy
The magnitude of that force (Archimedes' principle) is
equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise
occupy the column, i.e. the displaced fluid.
An object whose density is greater than that of the fluid in
which it is submerged tends to sink.

CentreBuoyancy
The center of buoyancy of an object is the centroid of the
displaced volume of fluid.

CentreofGravity
Center of gravity is the point in a body around which the
resultant torque due to gravity forces vanish. Near the
surface of the earth, where the gravity acts downward as a
parallel force field, the center of gravity and the center of
mass are the same.

Stability Surface

The stability of a buoyant object at the surface remain stable,

even if the centre of gravity is above the centre of buoyancy,
provided that when disturbed from the equilibrium position, the
centre of buoyancy moves further to the same side that the
centre of gravity moves, thus providing a positive righting
moment.
If this occurs, the floating object is said to have a positive
metacentric height.

Floating Vessel - Dinamic

Airfoils Hydrofoils
Any object with an angle of attack in a moving
fluid, such as a flat plate, a building, or the
deck of a bridge, will generate an aerodynamic
force (called lift) perpendicular to the flow. and
a force parallel to the flow (called drag).
Airfoils or Hydrofoils are more efficient lifting
shapes, able to generate more lift (up to a
point), and to generate less drag.

AirFoils

Drag &Lift

Lift
Drag

Angle of attack = 10

Lift
Drag

Angle of attack = 25
Lift

Drag
Angle of attack = 45

Drag&Lift
0%

Lift
Drag
C of P

25%

50%

75%

100%
0

10

20

30

Angle of attack

40

50

HullResistance

HullResistance

For our purposes we can simplify

and consider mainly:
Wave making resistance
Frictional skin resistance