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Maurice B. Dusseault
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Copyright 2005, ARMA, American Rock Mechanics Association
This paper was prepared for presentation at Alaska Rocks 2005, The 40th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS): Rock Mechanics for Energy, Mineral and Infrastructure
Development in the Northern Regions, held in Anchorage, Alaska, June 25-29, 2005.
This paper was selected for presentation by a USRMS Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted earlier by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by ARMA/USRMS and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position of USRMS,
ARMA, their officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper for commercial purposes without the written consent of ARMA is prohibited.
Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgement of where
and by whom the paper was presented.
ABSTRACT: Percussion drilling attracts the oil and gas industries for its potential to provide faster rate of penetration (ROP) than
traditional rotary drilling, especially in hard formations. However, frequent mechanical failures, poor understanding and therefore
control of drilling operations have limited its applications in the field. The objective of this research is to advance the fundamental
understandings of the physical mechanisms involved in percussion drilling, thereby facilitating more efficient and lower cost
drilling and exploration of hard-rock reservoirs. A geomechanical model is presented in this paper to simulate the percussion
drilling process. The numerical simulation for rock failure is based on a Mohr-Coulomb model with strain-softening behavior,
Rayleigh damping to dissipate excessive oscillation energy, and a fatigue/damage algorithm to update rock properties due to cyclic
loading. Important mechanisms for rock failure during percussion drilling, such as aggressive tensile failure due to wave reflection
at the rock impact surface, compressive failure due to high axial loading stress, and rock fatigue due to cyclic loading, are captured
in the simulation. The insights gained from this study improve the understanding of percussion drilling, and may facilitate
development of a simulation tool to better characterize this promising technology.
1. INTRODUCTION
Percussion drilling has long been recognized to
have the potential of drilling faster than
conventional rotary drill, especially in some hard
formations such as granite, sandstone, limestone,
dolomite, etc. [1-5]. For example, in Western
Canada air hammer methods have expedited well
drilling processes by as much as 23 days in one
case, compared to normal mud rotary drilling [4].
With the same Weight on Bit (WOB) and Rotation
per Minute (RPM), it has been demonstrated that
percussive-rotary method could be 7.3 times faster
than the conventional rotary method [5].
Other attractions of percussion drilling include
lower requirement for WOB, less contact time
between bit and rock, longer bit life, less hole
deviation, and the generation of larger cuttings [6].
Some additional applications of percussion drilling
have been proposed recently, such as using hammer
impacts as steady seismic signals to estimate rock
properties [7], or as a steerable drilling device to
provide down-hole rotation [8], or sources for
down-hole electricity generation, etc.
3. MODELLING EFFORTS
1.5m
15 MPa
1.5m
0.178cm
0.5m
(Pa)
12.5 MPa
3.0m
1.5m1.5m3.0m
0.178 (m)
12.5 (MPa)
15 (MPa)
6 (m/s)
5
610-4(s)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
Strain
0.005
0.006
0.007
zz > z
2 cos( )c o
1 + sin( )
=0
3
1 sin( )
1 sin( )
2.25 (g/cm3)
12 (GPa)
7.25 (GPa)
10.24 (MPa)
30 (degrees)
1.2 (MPa)
0.9987
-0.0313
0
10.24
30
410-4
9.86
29
610-4
9.52
28.5
110-3
8.52
28
(2)
210-3
8.06
26
ps
> ps
(3)
(4)
(5)
2
v = v max sin
t
T
(6)
Tensile strength
1.8
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
1.6
10
1.4
9.5
1.2
1
0.8
8.5
0.6
0.4
7.5
5m/s
10.5
0.4
11
3.5. Damping
When a stress wave passes through rock, part of its
energy is lost as a result of internal friction.
Rayleigh damping is applied in this research, and
the two parameters in the algorithm are a critical
wave frequency related to rock mass and modulus,
and a damping ratio describing how much range of
the frequency can be efficiently damped [13].
310-4sec
0.2
0
0
3
4
Number of Cycles
0.8
5m/s
Failure Advancement (m)
310 sec
-4
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
5m/s
(Pa)
310-4sec
Elements failed
in tension when
bit retreats
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.