VAPOUR ABSORPTION MACHINES

(Under Technical Collaboration with Hitachi Ltd., Japan)

The most energy efficient and reliable

advanced PARAFLOW technology.

VOLTAS AT ITS VERY BEST

VOLTAS OFFERS VAPOUR ABSORPTION MACHINES

WITH STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGY
FROM HITACHI.
Versatility
Versatility is built into Voltas Vapour Absorption Machines.
Single stage (Single Effect) machines can use low-pressure steam as well as hot water to drive the
lithium bromide absorption cycle effectively.
Two Stage (Double Effect) machines are designed to work on Hitachi Patented parallel flow
cycle using medium pressure steam for a lower steam consumption rate with reduced energy cost.
Converting waste into worth
Waste heat sources can be used
to produce cooling. The absorption
machines are also used as a
heat pump by utilising absorption
refrigeration cycle heat energy in the
hot water at outlet of absorber and
condenser circuits for applications
requiring simultaneous cooling and
heating and in co-generation
applications.
Environment protection
Li Br solution as absorbent, non-toxic
lithium molibidate and lithium nitrate
inhibitors and water, as refrigerant are
harmless. Also these machines are
ozone-friendly since no usage of CFC.

Vapour Absorption Machine

PRODUCT RANGE
Voltas' manufacturing range covers the following types of absorption machines.
2

Double Effect - Saturated steam (Pressure 3 to 10 kgs/ cm g) : 11 Models, 80 TR to 1250 TR.

2

Single Effect - Saturated steam (Pressure 0.4 to 1.5 kg/cm g) : 5 Models, 200 TR to 1000 TR.
Single Effect - High Temperature Hot Water (HW at 140C)

: 5 Models, 200 TR to 1000 TR.

Single Effect - Low Temperature Hot Water (HW at 85C)

: 5 Models, 100 TR to 450 TR.

Ask for Voltas Direct Fired Absorption Machines 40 TR to 700 TR using oil, gas or kerosene.

SUPERIOR FEATURES
Technology

For double effect VAM in India, only Voltas offers world's most preferred Parallel-Flow
technology originally patented by Hitachi, now followed by majority of renowned
manufacturers in Japan, USA & other countries.
For details refer page 6,7 & 8.

Highest Efficiency

Voltas Double Effect VAM offers lowest steam consumption when compared with others at
identical operating parameters.

Large Design Margins

Voltas offers standardisation of machine capacity with cooling water inlet temperature at
32C having large design margins compared to machines designed at 29.4C at
identical capacity by others.
Wide range available i.e. 80 TR to 1250 TR, in double effect VAM.

Capacity range
Soft Spray System

In evaporator & absorber section, Hitachi's patented design SS nozzles provided for
pressurised soft spray of refrigerant & absorbent for excellent heat transfer co-efficient &
full coverage of heat transfer areas. Additional benefits are __ no clogging and no need
for automatic cooling water shutoff valve (Absolutely essential in gravity feed system).

HTG-U-tubes

In double effect VAM, U tube design is the best construction to take care of thermal
expansion in high temperature zone. Voltas provides highest quality seamless grade
Cu-Ni-70/30 or SS-316 L tubes compared to others generally provide ferretic grade
cheaper ERW tubes.
At strategic locations on the unit, Sight Glass Assembly is provided. Fused glass
construction ensure no leakage from this port for life time and needs no replacements.

Fused sight glasses

Inhibitors

Backed up by Hitachi's R&D, Lithium Molibidate & Lithium Nitrate mixture. This formula
offers negligible non-congible generation compared to other system. They are totally nontoxic and environment friendly.

PLC based Control Panel

Advanced PLC based System is a standard feature in Voltas VAM, with user-friendly key
board, LED facia and LCD display system.

High Performance Tubes

High performance finned tubes are provided as per requirements, having double
thickness compared to others.

Factory Performance Test

All VAMs mandotorily are performance tested under simulated load conditions at 100%
actual capacity on the most modern test bench in Voltas factory prior to despatch.

Optional Features

Different MOC of tubes i.e. Cu-Ni, SS or other special requirements can be offered
in evaporator, absorber and condenser.
Connectivity for communication, data logging, history charts, mimics to PC at remote
location and or to BMS, DCS Systems.
High performance tubes in absorber section.
Bearing wear monitors for canned motor pumps.
Narrow approach at installation site exist, then unit can be supplied in 2 or 3 major
sections as per need.
Automatic purge system avoiding need of removal of non-condensible gases through
purge pump.
For any other specific optional requirements, please ask Voltas for confirmation.

SINGLE EFFECT MODELS HAU-D,N,H,L.

Single effect absorption machines work on low-pressure steam or hot water as heat source. A negligible
amount of electrical energy is required to operate them.
FEATURES
Unique single shell leak tight construction
maintaining excellent hermatic conditions.
Perfect protection from thermal stresses due to
floating end type generator design.
Simple but efficient capacity control by steam
condensate throttling.
Better safety margin against crystallization.

Easily openable water boxes.

Efficient soft spray arrangement in evaporator and
absorber sections for full coverage of heat transfer
area.
High performance tubes in evaporator for best
approach there by possible to get consistent chilled
water outlet temperature.
Fully factory performance tested unit under
simulated load conditions.

SINGLE EFFECT - VAPOUR ABSORPTION MACHINE

Sight glass

Chilled water
suspension cutout
Automatic
start/stop
relay

Vacuum Manometer
Refrigerant
level guage

Condenser

Generator

Evaporator
Control
panel
Absorber
Drain control
valve

Refrigerant
pump
Vacuum pump
Solution-Heat Exchanger

Solution pump
Absorber level gauge

WORKING OF SINGLE EFFECT MACHINES HAU - D, N, H, L.

This is the Refrigeration cycle description.
OPERATION

Voltas single effect absorption

machine consists of two sections in
one shell. The lower section houses
the evaporator and the absorber,. The
upper section houses the generator
and the condenser. The pressure in the
lower section is of the order of 6 mm
Hg (abs) while the pressure in the upper
section is about 70 mm Hg(abs).
LiBr-Water combination is used in the
operation of vapour absorption
cycle. Water acts as the refrigerant
and LiBr as the absorbent. Solution
pump, refrigerant pump, heat
exchanger, purge unit and the control
panel complete the machine.

the absorber through a misteliminator. Concentrated LiBr-Water

solution is sprayed over the absorber
tube bundle. The refrigerant vapour
is absorbed by the strong solution
being sprayed and heat of
absorption is removed by cooling
water passing through the absorber
tubes. The weak solution form the
absorber is sent by the solution pump
to the generator for recovering the
refrigerant water vapour.
3. GENERATOR

Weak solution from absorber is

heated in the generator with the help

of low pressure steam / hot water.
The refrigerant water vapour is
evaporated and goes to the
condenser. The strong solution is sent
down to the absorber for further
absorption of water vapour.
4. HEAT EXCHANGER

To recover the heat energy form the

strong solution returning to absorber
a heat exchanger is used. The cold
weak solution being pumped from
the absorber picks up excess heat
from the strong solution.
This
improves cycle efficiency.
5. CONDENSER

The water vapour evaporated in the

generator at a higher temperature
and pressure is condensed to liquid
form in the condenser where the heat
of condensation is picked up by the
cooling water from the absorber inlet
circulating in the condenser tubes.
The condensed refrigerant water is
returned to the evaporator through
an expansion device.

1. EVAPORATOR

Refrigerant pump sprays the water

over the evaporator tube bundle. The
water to be chilled that is circulating
in the evaporator tubes, gets cooled
as the refrigerant water in the shell
evaporates because of extremely low
pressure in the evaporator shell.
2. ABSORBER

L i B r - H 2O C Y C L E

Concentrated
solution
Mixed solution
Diluted
solution
Refrigerant

DOUBLE EFFECT MODELS - HAU-W - H, N, S.

INTRODUCTION

Double effect absorption machines work on medium

pressure saturated steam and a negligible amount of
electrical energy is required to operate them.
Voltas double effect vapour absorption machines use
medium pressure saturated steam (pressure of 3 to 10
2
kg/cm g) to produce a refrigeration effect. It can also
provide simultaneous heating by utilizing the heat that is
removed during the vapour absorption cycle.
At standard operating conditions steam consumption of
Voltas, double effect steam absorption machines is just
about 4 . 3k/g hr TR .
Under the technical collaboration with Hitachi Ltd.,
Japan, Voltas manufactures the world famous Parallel
Flow vapour absorption machines patented by Hitachi.
These machines are surprisingly compact and are well
known for their reliability and energy efficiency.
OPERATION
Hitachi patented parallel flow solution cycle

In the double effect vapour absorption cycle employing

the parallel flow principle, the weak solution from the
absorber is pumped simultaneously to two generators,
a high temperature generator and a low temperature
generator. Since the solution is pumped simultaneously
to the two generators, the high temperature generator

can be located at a lower level. Whereas in the Series

Flow double effect machines used by other
manufacturers, the high temperature generator has to
be placed above the low temperature generator to
allow draining of solution from a high temperature
generator to a low temperature generator. Therefore, the
overall height of the Voltas parallel flow machines is
g reat ly red u
c e d .
Further more, the parallel flow method also contributes
to increased safety levels, reliable cycle and easy
maintenance. Comparison of parallel flow and series
flow cycles can be seen in the diagram given below.
THE SOLUTION CONCENTRATION AT THE
ABSORBER INLET (WHERE THE TEMPERATURE
IS VERY LOW IN THE CYCLE) IS LOWER IN
PATENTED PARALLEL FLOW CYCLE, UNIQUE
IN VOLTAS-HITACHI MACHINES THUS
ENSURING SAFE OPERATION, AWAY FROM
THE CRYSTALLIZATION ZONE, WHEREAS
SERIES FLOW MACHINES OF OTHER
MANUFACTURERS OPERATING AT HIGHER
CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE
CLOSER TO CRYSTALLIZATION ZONE, ARE
MORE PRONE TO CRYSTALLIZATION

Comparison of Parallel Flow and Series Flow on Duhring Diagram

WORKING OF DOUBLE EFFECT MACHINES HAU-W- H,N,S.

This is the Refrigeration cycle of the patented Parallel Flow method.
1. EVAPORATOR
4. LOW TEMPERATURE GENERATOR

The refrigerant pump sprays the water over the

evaporator tube bundle. The water to be chilled,
circulating in the evaporator tube gets cooled, as the
refrigerant water evaporates because of extremely
low pressure in the evaporator.
The refrigerant water vapour goes to the absorber
through the mist-eliminator. Concentrated LiBr-water
solution is sprayed over the absorber tube bundle. The
refrigerant vapour is absorbed by the strong solution
being sprayed and the heat of absorption is removed by
cooling water passing through the absorber tube. Weak
solution from the absorber is sent by the solution to the
high temperature and low temperature generators to
recover the refrigerant water vapour.

The hot evaporated water vapour from high

temperature generator is used to heat the weak solution
that has been pumped into the low temperature
generator to concentrate it.
5. CONDENSER

The water vapour evaporated in the generator at a

higher temperature and pressure is condensed to
liquid form in the condenser, where the heat of
condensation is picked up by the cooling water from
an absorber outlet circulating in the condenser tubes.
The condensed refrigerant water is returned to the
evaporator through an expansion device.
6,7. HEAT EXCHANGERS

To recover the heat energy from the strong solution

returning to the absorber, two heat exchangers are
used. The cold weak solution being pumped from the
absorber picks up excess heat from the strong solution
in the heat exchangers. This improves cycle efficiency.
The adjoining diagram explains the operation of the
ParallelFlowCycle.

3. HIGH TEMPERATURE GENERATOR

The weak solution is headed by the steam from the

generator tubes. Due to the heat supplied in the high
temperature generator, the weak solution of lithium bromide
and water gets concentrated and refrigerant water is
separatedbyevaporation.

L i B r - H 2O C Y C L E

L
T
G

HTG

Para
Flow

EXCLUSIVE FEATURES
Exclusive Features of Hitachi Parallel Flow Cycle
Higher Corrosion Allowance

Lower
First-Stage
Generator
Pressure

Lower
First-Stage
Generator
Temperature

Lower Solution
Flow Rate

Less
Heating
Energy
Input

Increased Efficiency

Enabling
Floor installation
of First-Stage
Generator

Compact
Design &
Single
Package
Unit

Highly reliable since no

site welding is required

Higher Operational Allowance

on fouling of condenser/
absorber tubes

Scope of Supply
Items

1. Equipment

2. Testing

Scope of supply

Remarks

Absorption chiller main unit

Factory supply

Cooling water connection piping

Piping between absorber and condenser

Foundation bolts

Vibration-isolator (rubber pads)

Optional item

Refrigerant water

First charge only

Steam inlet control valve

Pneumatic type (loose supply)

Steam inlet pressure gauge

Steam inlet shut-off valve

Drainage back pressure setting valve

Steam-safety valve

Other safety and control devices

For details refer to Voltas

LiBr solution

First charge only

Factory performance tests

Only one unit when multiple units are ordered

Customer witness tests

Optional

Shipping

Shipped on truck or trailer (Optional)

Unloading etc.

Optional items

3. Transportation
Note: O indicates Scope of supply by Voltas
x indicates Out of scope of supply by Voltas

PLANN ING AND CONSTRUCTION

STEAM PIPING SCHEMATIC FOR SINGLE EFFECT MACHINE

PIPING SCHEMATIC FOR TWO EFFECT MACHINE

(A) WATER SIDE

Voltas scope of supply

(B) STEAM AND CONDENSATE SIDE

Voltas scope of supply
Separate
shipment
Voltas supply

DIMENSIONS
Dimensions and weights

Single Effect

20D
19D
H-19D H-20D
L-19D L-20D

Models HAU-

200N
H-200N
L-200N

16D
18D
H-16D H-18D
L-16D L-18D

Length (L)

3290

4815 7185 7275 8975

Width (W)

1750

2180 2180 2560 2560

Height (H)

2055

2885 2920 3290 3290

Tube replacement length

3200

4300 6600 6600 8300

Rigging weight (t)

5.0

11.0 13.0

17.4 22.1

All dimensions in mm

Double Effect

(A- side)

(B- side)

Layout Dimensions

Overall Dimensions and Weight

Model: HAU - W -

80S

1 2 0 S 2 0 0 N 2 5 3 1 0 H2 5 4 0 0 H2 5 5 0 0 H2 5 6 0 0 H 2 5 7 0 0 H2 5 8 0 0 H 2 5 1 0 0 0 H2 5 1 2 5 0 H2 5

Length (L)

2460

2870

3370

4600

4600

5600

6600

7500

8610

8670

8670

Width (W)

1495

1720

1800

2130

2130

2130

2130

2130

2330

2670

3350

Height (H)

1902

2126

2060

2515

2515

2580

2600

2670

2670

2830

3300

4.1

5.5

6.5

11.6

15.0

16.0

20.0

25.5

26.0

30.0

42.0

Rigging weight (t)

Installation Layout Requirements

2 0 0 N 25 3 0 0 H 25 4 0 0 H 25 5 0 0 H 25 6 0 0 H 25 7 0 0 H 25 8 0 0 H 25 1 0 0 0 H 25 1 2 5 0 H 25

Model: HAU - W -

80S

120S

4460

4870

5570

6600

6600

7600

8600

9500

10610

10670

10670

1705

1930

2200

2450

3300

4300

5300

6300

7300

7300

7300

2495

2720

2800

3840

3840

3840

3840

3840

4330

4670

5350

500

500

500

855

855

855

855

855

1000

1000

1000

1495

1720

1800

2130

2130

2130

2130

2130

52330

2670

3350

500

500

500

855

855

855

855

855

1000

1000

1000

All dimensions in mm

10

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
Double Effect Steam Models : HAU - W - H, N, S.
Model

HAU - W: 2Stage Steam

Chilling capacity (Nominal)

Steam pressure (saturated)
Temperature
Chilled
water

Cooling
water

80S

120S

RT

80

120

200N25 310H25
200

400H25 500H25 600H25 700H25 800H25 1000H25 1250H25

310

400

500

Kg/cm g

700

600

800

1000

1250

8.0

12 CIn

70C Out

m3/h

49

73

121

187

242

302

363

423

484

605

755

Piping Size

in

10

10

12

12

Temperature

Flow rate

320C In

37.40C Out

m3/h

83

125

208

322

416

520

624

728

832

1040

1300

in

10

12

12

12

14

16

KW

1.3

2.1

4.7

5.8

6.9

7.6

9.6

9.6

15

15

16.6

kg/h

344

516

860

1333

1720

2150

2580

3010

3440

4300

5375

Steam piping size

in

Drain piping size

in

Flow rate
Piping Size

Elect. Reqt:(415 V,50Hz,30)

Flow rate
Steam

Units

Single Effect High Temp. And Low Temp. Hot Water Models : HAU - H/ L-N, D
HAU - H: 1Stage High Temp. Hot Water

Model
Chilling capacity (Nominal)
Temperature
Flow rate
Temperature

200N

16D

18D

RT

200

400

630

m3/h

12 C In
121

242
0

32 C In

381
-

19D

20D

200N

16D

18D

800

1000

100

180

283

7 C Out

14 C In
605

484

61

109
0

31 C In

37.4 C Out

172
-

19D

20D

360

450

9 C Out
218

273

36 C Out

m3/h

170

340

536

680

850

191

344

541

688

860

kW

3.6

7.6

7.6

9.6

11.0

3.6

7.6

7.6

9.6

11.0

Flow rate

t/h

36

72

114

144

180

89

161

252

321

401

H. W. Temp

Flow rate

Hot
water

Units

HAU - L: 1Stage Low Temp. Hot Water

140 C In

115 C Out

85 C In

80 C Out

Single Effect Steam Models : HAU - D, N

HAU : 1Stage Steam

Model
Chilling capacity (Nominal)
Chilling capacity (saturated)
Temperature
Chilled Flow rate
water
Piping size
Cooling Temperature
water
Flow rate
Piping size
Elect. Reqt:(415 V,50Hz,30)
Flow rate
Steam piping size
Steam
Drain piping size

Units
RT
Kg/cm2g
0
C
m3/h
in
0
C
m3/h
in
kW
kg/h
in
in

200N
200

121
5
170
6
3.6
1700
4
1

16D
400
120C In
242
8
0
32 C In
340
8
7.6
3400
6
2

18D
630

381

19D
800

70C Out
484
10
12
0
41 C out
536
680
10
12
7.6
9.6
5355
6800
8
10
2
3

Notes:
20D
1000

605
12
850
14
11.0
8500
12
4

1. Steam pressure and steam flow

rates mentioned above are for Dry
Saturated steam.
2. Fouling factor for CHW, CW and HW
considering as 0.0001 metric units.
3. Above are the nominal chilling
capacities based on duty conditions
given in the table. For capacities,
steam consumption, etc, at duty
conditions other than above, contact
your nearest Voltas office or refer
quotations.
4. Specifications and data are subject
to change without notice.

11

Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Business Group

Voltas House B, T. B. Kadam Marg, Chinchpokli, Mumbai 400 033.
Tel.: 4617777. Fax: 3771970.

(Product development is a continuous process in Voltas, hence specifications and technical data are subject to alterations without notice.)