Documentos de Académico
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WESTERN ,
CIVILIZATION
Sources, Images, and Interpretations
Seventh Edition / Volume I: To 1700
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WESTERN ,
CIVILIZATION
Sources, Images, and Interpretations
Seventh Edition / Volume I: To 1700
DENNIS SHERMAN
John Jay College, City University of New York
Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis
Bangkok Bogot Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
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2006025069
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a Web site does not indicate an endorsement
by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these site.
www.mhhe.com
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World Civilizations:
Sources, Images, and Interpretations (co-author); The West
in the World: A Mid-Length Narrative History; a series of
introductions in the Garland Library of War and Peace;
several articles and reviews on nineteenth-century
French economic and social history in American and
European journals; and several short stories in literary
reviews.
Advisory Editor
Raymond Grew, University of Michigan
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CONTENTS
vii
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Contents
Preface
xv
Using this Book
xvii
Part One
Civilizations of the Ancient World
Primary Sources
Visual Sources
Secondary Sources
Primary Sources
Visual Sources
30
Secondary Sources
Primary Sources
ix
CONTENTS
Visual Sources
Education (figure)
45
The Womens Quarters (figure)
45
The Dying Niobide: The Classical Balance (figure)
The Old Market Woman: Hellenistic Individualism
(figure)
46
Geography and Political Configurations in Greece
(map)
46
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45
Secondary Sources
Secondary Sources
76
59
Secondary Sources
Visual Sources
Part Two
Visual Sources
72
Primary Sources
Primary Sources
Primary Sources
84
85
Visual Sources
Secondary Sources
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CONTENTS
Daniel D. McGarry, An Evaluation of
Feudalism
92
Jo Ann McNamara and Suzanne F. Wemple, Sanctity and
Power: The Dual Pursuit of Medieval Women
93
Primary Sources
The Quran
96
Hasan al-Basr, Letter to Umar II:
Islamic Asceticism
97
Avicenna, Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar
97
The Institutes of Justinian: Byzantium and the Legacy of
Roman Law
99
Ibn Fadlan, The Rus: Cross-Cultural
Contact
100
Visual Sources
Secondary Sources
115
115
Secondary Sources
Primary Sources
Visual Sources
127
Secondary Sources
Primary Sources
Visual Sources
10
Primary Sources
xi
xii
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CONTENTS
Visual Sources
Secondary Sources
11
Visual Sources
12
152
Secondary Sources
The Renaissance
Primary Sources
Visual Sources
Primary Sources
Part Three
Secondary Sources
13
The Reformation
Primary Sources
Visual Sources
179
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CONTENTS
Sebald Beham, Luther and the Catholic Clergy Debate
(figure)
179
Peter Paul Rubens, Loyola and Catholic Reform
(figure)
181
Secondary Sources
14
Visual Sources
Primary Sources
Visual Sources
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Part Four
Visual Sources
15
16
Secondary Sources
202
xiii
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
xiv
CONTENTS
17
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Primary Sources
Visual Sources
Secondary Sources
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Preface
I
compiled Western Civilization: Sources, Images, and Interpretations with three main goals in mind. First, I
wanted to show readers the variety of sources historians use to write about history. Therefore, I have included
not only primary documents, but also visual and secondary sources. Second, this collection is intended to be relatively concise, so I wanted the sources to get to the
point. To do that, I have carefully edited each selection
to highlight its historical meanings as efficiently as possible. Third, I sought to structure the book in a way that
makes sense to the reader and does not dominate the
organization of a course that may be following a textbook
or using other books. To this end, I arranged the sources
along chronological lines, beginning with the origins of
Western civilization in the ancient Near East and gradually
moving up to the present. From time to time, this chronological approach is modified, such as with the treatment of
the Renaissance in one chapter, to account for the nature
of the era and the organization of most courses.
This book thus provides a broad introduction to the
sources historians use, the ways in which they interpret historical evidence, and the challenges they face in studying
the evolution of Western civilization over the past 6,000
years. Each selectionwhether a document, photograph,
or mapis presented with an introduction, commentary,
and questions designed to provide meaningful context and
to facilitate readers understanding of the selections historical significance. I have also selected sources that provide a
general balance among political, economic, social, intellectual, religious, and cultural history. However, different
chapters highlight particular themes that are important for
understanding certain eras. For example, some chapters
offer more sources on social and womens history, while
others might emphasize political and religious history.
A book of this size can contain only a small portion of
the historical material that is available. Thus, Western
Civilization is truly an introduction. Indeed, it is my hope
that the materials presented here will serve primarily as a
jumping-off point for further exploration into history and
the historians discipline.
xvi
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PREFACE
Acknowledgments
McGraw-Hill and the author would like to thank the
following reviewers for their many helpful comments
and suggestions: David Bernatowicz, Cuyahoga Community College; Cynthia Carter, Florida Community
CollegeNorth Campus; William E. Kinsella, Jr.,
Northern Virginia Community College; Suzanne Cloud
Tapper, Rowan University; David Valone, Quinnipiac
College.
Dennis Sherman
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xviii
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follow the headnote to each source will help you identify the important information contained in the sources.
4. Who Created the Source, and Why? To critically examine a source, ask yourself four questions. First, who
created the source? Knowing the author or creatora
religious figure? scholar? worker?may give you clues to
the point expressed in the view reflected in the source.
Second, what might be the authors biases and assumptions, such as political sympathies, group allegiances, or
religious beliefs? Discerning these can give you valuable
information that the author did not intend to convey.
Third, why was the document written or created? Perhaps the author was trying to advocate a particular point
of view or satisfy the wishes of a powerful group. Identifying the motivation behind the source sheds further
light on its meaning. Fourth, who were the sources intended readers or viewers? Were they scholars? nobles?
women? Knowing this can help you interpret a documents message or decipher the meaning of a painting.
Each kind of sourceprimary, visual, and
secondaryposes its own challenge to historians who
are trying to analyze them critically. Some primary
documents, for example, may be forgeries or contain errors. There may also be inconsistencies within the document. These problems call into question the credibility of a document. The kind of primary source may limit
its usefulness as well. For example, a law may not tell
you anything about whether people followed it or
whether it was enforced. And just because a book was
published doesnt necessarily mean that it was widely
read at the time. A formal written statement may reveal
less about an individuals feelings and actual behavior
than a diary entry can. Moreover, language constantly
evolves, so the meanings of words and phrases may have
changed over time. To fully understand a primary
source, try to imagine yourself living during the time and
in the society in which the source was first created.
Visual sources require especially careful interpretation. For example, a painters intentions can be difficult to discern. Furthermore, a particular painting
might mean something completely different to a
sixteenth-century viewer than it does to a twentyfirst-century viewer. Similarly, it makes a great difference whether a photograph was posed or spontaneous.
Scholars differ greatly over how to interpret sources
such as paintings, ceramics, and coins. Therefore, the
descriptions that accompany the visual sources in this
book are open to debate. They are designed primarily
to show you how historians use visual materialsas
unwritten evidence of what people in the past valued,
thought, did, and found interesting.
Maps are a special kind of visual source. In this
book, they are intended to shed light on relationships,
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Context
xix
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Barbarian Europe
Classical Greece
Hellenistic Civilization
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
Germanic Societies
Byzantium
The Rus
Medieval Europe
Scientific Revolution
Early Modern Europe
Enlightenment
Industrialization
French and Democratic Revolutions
Islam
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CONSIDER: Possible reasons for the various connections within the chart; what might
be added to this chart to make it more useful.
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