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Subject : Mathematics
Topic : Diffrential Equations
Index
1. Theory
2. Short Revision
3. Exercise (Ex. 1 to 5)
4. Assertion & Reason
5. Que. from Compt. Exams
6. 34 Yrs. Que. from IIT-JEE
7. 10 Yrs. Que. from AIEEE
:______________________
Roll No.
:______________________
: (0755) 32 00 000,
1 of 35 Difrential Equations
STUDY PACKAGE
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
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An equation involving independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the dependent variables is
called a differential equation. There are two kinds of differential equation:
1.1
Ordinary Differential Equation : If the dependent variables depend on one independent variable
x, then the differential equation is said to be ordinary.
dy
dz
+
= y + z,
for example
dx
dx
d3 y
dy
+ xy = sin x ,
dx
for example
2.
+2
dy
+ y = ex ,
dx
3/2
dy 2
dy
dy
1
+
, y=x
k 2 =
+ k 1 + dx
dx
dx
dx
Partial differential equation : If the dependent variables depend on two or more independent
variables, then it is known as partial differential equation
2
d2 y
1.2
dx
y2
2
2
z
2z
+y
= ax, z + z = 0
x
y
2
x
y2
n
dm y 1
dm1y 2
dy k
f 1 (x, y) m + f 2 (x, y) m1 + ........ fk(x, y) = 0
dx
dx
dx
The above differential equation has the order m and degree n1.
Example :
Find the order & degree of following differential equations.
(i)
(iii)
d2 y
dx 2
dy
y
+
=
dx
1/ 4
dy d2 y
sin dx + 2 = y
dx
dy d2 y
+
dx dx 2
(ii)
y= e
(iv)
ey xy + y = 0
Solution.
4
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
6
d2 y
= y + dy
dx 2
dx
d2 y
dx
d2 y
dx
d3 y
order = 2, degree = 4
dy
= ny
dx
order = 2, degree = 1
dy
= sin1 y
dx
order = 2, degree = 1
3
e dx
d2 y
+y=0
dy d y
+ 1
dx dx 3 = n
(ii)
Ans.
order = 5, degree = not applicable.
5
e
dx
(iv)
2 of 35 Difrential Equations
Introduction :
1.
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
Differential Equation
d2 y
dx 2
Ans.
order = 2, degree = 2
2.
d2 y
+ b2y = 0
dx 2
Show the differential equation of the system of parabolas y2 = 4a(x b) is given by
Ans.
d2 y
3.
dy
y
+ =0
dx 2
dx
Form a differential equation of family of parabolas with focus origin and axis of symmetry along the
x-axis.
2
Ans.
4.
dy
dy
y2 = y2 + 2xy
dx
dx
5.
3 of 35 Difrential Equations
3.
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
(iii)
dy 1 / 2
+ y
dx
Variables separable : If the differential equation can be put in the form, f(x) dx = (y) dy w e
say that variables are separable and solution can be obtained by integrating each side separately.
Example :
Solution.
dx =
x
y
1
x + 1 dx = 1 y dy
Solution.
n x + x = y ny + c
ny + nx = y x + c
xy = ceyx
dy
Solve :
= (ex + 1) (1 + y2)
dx
The equation can be written asdy
= (e x + 1)dx
1+ y2
Integrating both sides,
tan1 y = ex + x + c.
Example :
Solve : y x
Example :
Solution.
2 dy
dy
= a y +
dx
dx
dx
1
=
x + a y(1 ay ) dy
1
dx
a
= +
x + a y 1 ay dy
Integrating both sides,
n (x + a) = n y n (1 ay) + n c
cy
n (x + a) = n 1 ay
cy = (x + a) (1 ay)
where 'c' is an arbitrary constant.
6.1.1 Sometimes transformation to the polar co-ordinates facilitates separation of variables. In this
connection it is convenient to remember the following differentials:
If x = r cos ; y = r sin then,
(i)
x dx + y dy = r dr (ii) dx2 + dy2 = dr2 + r2d2
(iii) x dy y dx = r2d
If x = r sec & y = r tan then
(i)
x dx y dy = r dr (ii) x dy y dx = r2 sec d.
Example :
Solve the differential equation xdx + ydy = x (xdy ydx)
Solution.
Taking x = r cos, y = r sin
x2 + y2 = r2
2x dx + 2ydy = 2rdr
xdx + ydy = rdr
.........(i)
y
= tan
x
dy
d
y
d
dx
= sec2 .
dx
x2
xdy y dx = x2 sec2 . d
xdy ydx = r2 d
........(ii)
Using (i) & (ii) in the given differential equation then it becomes
r dr = r cos. r2 d
4 of 35 Difrential Equations
6.1
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
6.
x + y2
y +1
6.1.2
Example :
Solution.
= c where = c
x2 + y2
2
(y + 1) = c(x2 + y2)
Equations Reducible to the Variables Separable form : If a differential equation can be reduced into a variables separable form by a proper substitution, then it is said to be
dy
Reducible to the variables separable type. Its general form is
= f(ax + by + c) a, b 0. To
o
dx
solve this, put ax + by + c = t.
dy
Solve
= (4x + y + 1)2
dx
Putting 4x + y + 1 = t
dy
dt
4+
=
dx
dx
dy
dt
=
4
dx
dx
Given equation becomes
dt
4 = t2
dx
dt
= dx
(Variables are separated)
t2 + x
Integrating both sides,
dt
= dx
4 + t2
4x + y + 1
1
t
1
=x+c
tan1
=x+c
tan1
2
2
2
2
Example :
Solution.
dy
sin1 = x + y
dx
dy
= sin (x + y)
dx
putting x + y = t
dy
dt
=
1
dx
dx
dt
1 = sin t
dx
Integrating both sides,
dt
dx
1 + sin t =
Solve
1 sin t
cos
(sec
2
2
dt = x + c
t sec t tan t ) dt = x + c
tan t sec t = x + c
1 sin t
=x+c
cos t
t
t
cos sin
2
2
t
t =x+c
cos + sin
2
2
t
tan = x + c
4 2
dt
= 1 + sin t
dx
dt
1 + sin t = dx
5 of 35 Difrential Equations
y
2
= cos d
r2
1
= sin +
r
1
=
2
x + y2
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
dr
Ans.
4.
Solve : xy
5.
Solve
6.
7.
x2 + y2 +
Ans.
dy
= ex + y + x2ey
dx
3.
y n (y + 1) = nx
= ex +
1
+c
x
y
=c
x
x3
+c
3
Ans.
Ans.
y = x + n |x (1 + y)| + c
Ans.
ey x = x + c
dy
= sin(x + y) + cos (x + y)
dx
Ans.
log tan
dy
= x tan (y x) + 1
dx
6.2
Homogeneous Differential Equations :
Ans.
sin (y x) = ex + c
dy
= 1 + x + y + xy
dx
dy
= 1 + ex y
dx
Solution.
x+y
+1 = x + c
2
f ( x, y )
dy
=
where f and g are homogeneous function of
g( x, y )
dx
x and y, and of the same degree, is called homogeneous differential equaiton and can be solved
easily by putting y = vx.
y 2
y
dy
Solve 2 + x 1
x
dx
Putting y = vx
dy
dv
=v+x
dx
dx
dv
=0
2v + (v 2 1) v + x
dx
Example :
ey
v+x
x
dv
2v
= 2
dx
v 1
dv
v(1 + v 2 )
=
dx
v2 1
v2 1
v(1 + v
2v
dv =
dx
1
dv = n x + c
v
2
n (1 + v ) n v = n x + c
1 + v
1+ v2
.x
n
v
x2 + y2
n
y
x2 + y2 = yc'
=c
=c
where
c = ec
Example :
Solution.
x2 y2
dy
=
2xy
dx
6 of 35 Difrential Equations
2.
1.
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
x+y
+x+c=0
tan
2
4
Self Practice Problems :
6.2.1
dv
1 v2
=
dx
2v
dx
n (1 + v 2) = nx + c
x = 1, y = 1
v=1
n 2 = c
y 2
n 1 + 2 . x = n2
x
2
2
x + y = 2x
=
dX
dX
2 X + 2h + Y + k 4
X + 2Y + (h + 2k 5)
=
2 X + Y + (2h + k 4)
h & k are such that
h + 2k 5 = 0 & 2h + k 4 = 0
h = 1, k = 2
dY
X + 2Y
=
which is homogeneous differential equation.
dX
2x + Y
Example :
Solution.
Let
Now, substituting Y = vX
dY
dv
=v+X
dX
dX
dv
1 + 2v
X
=
v
dX
2+v
2+v
dx
2 dv =
X
1 v
1
3
dv = n X + c
+
2
(
v
+
1
)
2
(
1
v )
1
3
n (v + 1)
n (1 v) = n X + c
2
2
v +1
n
= nX2 + 2c
(1 v )3
( Y + Y)
X2
= e2c
( X Y) X2
X + Y = c(X Y)3
where e2c = c1
x 1 + y 2 = c ( 1 y + 2)3
x + y 3 = c (x y + 1)3
3
Special case :
(A)
In equation (1) if aB = Ab, then the substitution ax + by = v will reduce it to the form in which
variables are separable.
7 of 35 Difrential Equations
at
dv =
v+x
1+ v
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
y = vx
dy
dv
=v +
dx
dx
2v
Putting u = 2x + 3y
du
dy
= 2+3.
dx
dx
1 du
u 1
2 =
3 dx
2u 5
du
3u 3 + 4u 10
=
dx
2u 5
2u 5
dx = dx
7u 13
1
2
9
1.du
. du = x + c
7
7 7u 13
2
9 1
u .
n (7u 13) = x + c
7
7 7
9
4x + 6y
n (14x + 21y 13) = 7x + 7c
7
9
3x + 6y
n (14x + 21y 13) = c
7
In equation (1), if b + A = 0, then by a simple cross multiplication equation (1) becomes an
exact differential equation.
(B)
Example :
Solution.
x 2y + 5
dy
= 2x + y 1
dx
Cross multiplying,
2xdy + y dy dy = xdx 2ydx + 5dx
2 (xdy + y dx) + ydy dy = xdx + 5 dx
2 d(xy) + y dy dy = xdx + 5dx
On integrating,
Solve
y2
x2
y=
+ 5x + c
2
2
2
2
x 4xy y + 10x + 2y = c
2xy +
(C)
where
c = 2c
dy
x
dy
y
x
= y x tan
dx
x
Ans.
x 2 + y 2 = e x tan
Ans.
x sin
1 y
y
=C
x
3.
x + 2y 3
dy
= 2x + y + 3
dx
Ans.
x + y = c (x y + 6)3
4.
x + y +1
dy
= 2 x + 2y + 3
dx
Ans.
5.
3 x + 2y 5
dy
= 3 y 2x + 5
dx
Ans.
6.3
dy
=0
...........(1)
dx
Where M and N are functions of x and y is said to be exact if it can be derived by direct differentiation
(without any subsequent multiplication, elimination etc.) of an equation of the form f(x, y) = c
dx
e.g.
y2 dy + x dx +
= 0 is an exact differential equation.
x
8 of 35 Difrential Equations
Solution.
Solve
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
2x + 3 y 1
dy
= 4 x + 6y 5
dx
Example :
xdy ydx
y
ln
=
d
xy
x
x2 y2
x +y
1 y
= d tan
x
(f)
xdy + ydx
= d(ln xy)
xy
1
= d xy
xdy + ydx
(g)
xdy ydx
(e)
xdy ydx
Example :
Solve : y dx + x dy =
Solution.
ydx + xdy =
x2 + y2
xdy ydx
x2 + y2
d (xy) = d (tan y/x)
Integrating both sides xy = tan1 y/x + c
1
Example :
Solution.
x2
2.
6.4
Ans.
Ans.
n (xy ) + ey = c
2ex/y + y2 = c
When the dependent variable and its derivative occur in the first degree only and are not multiplied together,
the differential equation is called linear
The mth order linear differential equation is of the form.
dm y
dm1y
dy
m1 + .................... + Pm1 (x) dx + Pm (x) y = (x),
dx
dx
where P0(x), P1(x) ..................Pm(x) are called the coefficients of the differential equation.
dy
NOTE :
+ y2 sinx = lnx is not a Linear differential equation.
dx
Linear differential equations of first order :
dy
The differential equation
+ Py = Q , is linear in y..
dx
where P and Q are functions of x.
Integrating Factor (I.F.) : - It is an expression which when multiplied to a differential equation converts it
into an exact form.
Pdx
I.F for linear differential equation = e
(constant of integration will not be considered)
after multiplying above equation by .F it becomes;
Pdx
Pdx
dy Pdx
.e
+ Py . e
= Q. e
dx
d
Pdx
( y. e Pdx ) = Q. e
dx
P0(x)
+ P1(x)
Pdx
+C.
y. e Pdx = Q. e
NOTE : Some times differential equation becomes linear if x is taken as the dependent variable and y as
independent variable. The differential equation has then the following form :
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
(d)
9 of 35 Difrential Equations
M N
The necessary condition for (1) to be exact is y = x .
(ii)
For finding the solution of Exact differential equation, following exact differentials must be remembered :
y
xdy ydx
= d
(c) 2(x dx + y dy) = d (x2 + y2)
(a) xdy + y dx = d(xy)
(b)
2
x
x
NOTE : (i)
P=
10 of 35 Difrential Equations
3x 2
1+ x3
3x2
F = e P.dx = 1+ x 3 dx = e n(1+ x
e
General solution is
y(F) =
= 1 + x3
Q(IF).dx + c
sin2 x
1+ x
y (1 + x3) =
(1 + x3) dx + c
1 cos 2x
dx + c
2
1
sin 2x
y(1 + x3) =
x
+c
2
4
y(1 + x3) =
Example :
Solution.
dy
+ y = 2 n x
dx
dy
1
2
+
y=
dx
xnx
x
1
2
P=
,Q=
xnx
x
Solve : x nx
General solution is
2
.nx.dx + c
y. (n x) =
x
y (n x) = (n x)2 + c
Example :
Solution.
dx
dt
1
t
, Q=
t
1+ t 2
1
t dt = ent = 1
t
General solution is 1
t
1
.
dt + c
x- =
t 1+ t2
t
x
= tan1 t + c
t
putting x = /4, t = 1
/4 = /4 + c
c=0
x = t tan1 t
Solution.
dy
3x 2
sin2 x
+
y=
3
dx
1+ x
1+ x3
dy
+ Py = Q
dx
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
dx
dy + P1 x = Q1.
where P1 and Q1 are functions of y.
P1 dy
The .F. now is e
Example :
Solve
2 cot x dx
z. sin2 x =
2 cos x. sin
General solution is -
x. dx + c
2
sin3 x + c
3
Bernoullis equation :
dy
Equations of the form
+ Py = Q.yn, n 0 and n 1
dx
where P and Q are functions of x, is called Bernoullis equation and can be made linear in v by
dividing by yn and putting y n+1 = v. Now its solution can be obtained as in (v).
dy
y cos x = xy3 ex .
e.g. : 2 sin x
dx
y2 sin2x =
6.4.2
Example :
Solution.
dy y y 2
=
(Bernoulli's equation)
dx x x 2
2
Dividing both sides by y
1 dy 1
1
= 2
..... (1)
2 dx
xy x
y
Solve :
1
Putting y = t
1 dy dt
=
y 2 dx dx
differential equation (1) becomes,
dt t
1
=
dx x x 2
dt t
1
dt
+ = 2 which is linear differential equation in
dx x
dx
x
IF = e x
dx
= enx = x
General solution is 1
t. x = 2 . x dx + c
x
tx = nx + c
x
y = nx + c
Self Practice Problems :
1.
Solve : x (x2 + 1)
2.
Solve : (x + 2y3)
3.
Solve : x
4.
dy
= y (1 x2) + x2 nx
dx
dy
=y
dx
dy
+ y = y2 log x
dx
Solve the differential equation
dy
xy2 2y3 = 2x3 given y = 1 at x = 1
dx
Ans.
x 2 + 1
x y = x n x x + c
Ans.
x = y (c + y2)
Ans.
y (1 + cx + log x) = 1
Ans.
y3 + 2x3 = 3x6
11 of 35 Difrential Equations
0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL, (M.P.)
IF = e
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
y = px + f(p),
..............(10), where p =
dy
dx
m=c
..... (ii)
dx
x +1
or
x + 1 3m2 = 0
m2 =
..... (iii)
3
Eliminating 'm' between (i) & (ii) is called the general solution of the given equation.
y = cx + c c3 where, 'c' is an arbitrary constant.
Again, eliminating 'm' between (i) & (iii) is called singular solution of the given equation.
y = m (x + 1 m2)
1/ 2
x + 1
y=
3
1/ 2
x + 1
y=
3
x + 1
x + 1
2
(x + 1)
3
3/2
x + 1
y=2
3
4
y2 =
(x + 1)3
27
27y2 = 4 (x + 1)3
Self Practice Problems :
1.
Solve the differential equation
dy
dx
Ans.
General solution : y = cx + 2/c where c is an arbitrary constant
Singular solution : y2 = 8x
dy
Solve : sin px cos y = cos px sin y + p where p =
dx
Ans.
General solution : y = cx sin1 (c) where c is an arbitrary constant.
Y = mx + 2/m
2.
where, m =
Singular solution :
y=
Orthogonal Trajectory :
x 2 1 sin1
x2 1
x2
An orthogonal trajectory of a given system of curves is defined to be a curve which cuts every member of
a given family of curve at right angle.
Steps to find orthogonal trajectory :
(i)
Let f (x, y, c) = 0 be the equation of the given family of curves, where 'c' is an arbitrary constant.
(ii)
Differentate the given equation w.r.t. x and then eliminate c.
12 of 35 Difrential Equations
Clairauts Equation :
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
7.
Find the orthogonal trajectory of family of straight lines passing through the origin.
Family of straight lines passing through the origin is y = mx ..... (i)
where 'm' is an arbitrary constant.
Differentiating wrt x
dy
=m
..... (ii)
dx
Eliminate 'm' from (i) & (ii)
dy
x
y=
dx
dx
dy
Replacing
by dy ,
we get
dx
dx
y = dy x
x dy + y dy = 0
Integrating each term,
x2 y2
+
=c
2
2
x2 + y2 = 2c
which is the required orthogonal trajectory.
Example :
Solution.
2 x dx + y dy = 0
Integrating each term,
y2
=c
2
2
2
2x + y = 2c
which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
x2 +
Find the orthogonal trajectory of family of circles touching x axis at the origin.
Ans.
x2 + y2 = cx
where c is an arbitrary constant.
3.
Find the curves for which the portion of the tangent included between the co-ordinate axes is
bisected at the point of contact.
Let P (x, y) be any point on the curve.
Equation of tangent at P (x, y) is -
13 of 35 Difrential Equations
Example :
Solution.
(iv)
dy
dx
by
in the equation obtained in (ii).
dx
dy
Solve the differential equation obtained in (iii).
Hence solution obtained in (iv) is the required orthogonal trajectory.
Replace
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
(iii)
Y y = m (X x) where m =
dy
is slope of the tangent at P (x, y).
dx
mx y
, 0 & B (0, ymx)
Co-ordinates of A
m
= 2x
m
mx y = 2mx
mx = y
dy
x=y
dx
dy
dx
+ y =0
x
xy = c
Example :
Solution.
Example :
of
which
Solution.
=0
1 1 3
1
1
9
2.1 + 2 . . . 2 .
1.
=0
2 2 2
4
4
4
= 0
2x2 + 3xy + y2 + x + y = 0
(x + y) (2x + y) + (x + y) = 0
(x + y) (2x + y + 1) = 0
x+y=0
or
2x + y + 1 = 0
The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa
the point of contact. Find the equation of the curve satisfying the above condition and
passes through (1, 1)
Let P (x, y) be any point on the curve
Equation of tangent at 'P' is Y y = m (X x)
mX Y + y mx = 0
Now,
y mx
2 = x
1
+
m
v+x
=
dx
2v
x
dv v 2 1 2v 2
=
dx
2v
14 of 35 Difrential Equations
P(
x,
y)
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
y2
x 2 + 1 = c
x
c=2
x2 + y2 2x = 0
Example :
Solution.
Find the nature of the curve for which the length of the normal at a point 'P' is equal to the radius
vector of the point 'P'.
Let the equation of the curve be y = f(x). P(x, y) be any point on the curve.
dy
Slope of the tanget at P(x, y) is
=m
dx
P(x,y)
m =
1
m
y2
x2
=
+
2
2
x2 y2 = 2
x 2 y2 = c
(Rectangular hyperbola)
Again taking as ve sign
x
dy
= y
dx
y dy = x dx
y2
x2
=
+
2
2
2
2
x + y = 2
x2 + y2 = c
(circle)
G(x+my,0)
15 of 35 Difrential Equations
dv =
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
2v
dx
x
+1
n (v 2 + 1) = n x + n c