Section 22 - Sulfur Recovery

H
= heat content or
enthalpy, Btu/lb or
Btu/lb-mole
Kp
= equilibrium constant*
LT/D
FIG. 22-1
Nomenclature
Acid Gas
Claus Process
= long ton per day (A long

ton is 2240 lb)
Residence Time
= partial pressure,
atmospheres
Tail Gas Cleanup =

Unit
= total pressure,
atmospheres
For the low pressure, vapor phase Claus reaction

2H2S + SO2 2H2O + 3/x Sx
Kp = ( (PH2O)2(PSx)3/x ) / ( (PH2S)2(PSO2) )
Kp = ( [Mols H2O]2[Mols Sx]3/x ) / ( [Mols H2S]2[Mols SO
KEY
=
=
=
=
Example calculation from the book

Application worksheet for user to fill out
Numbers that must be filled in according to the user's data and specific situation
Numbers that must be filled in according to graphs and charts
2-1
ature
feed stream to sulfur recovery plant consisting
of H2S, CO2, H2O, and usually less than 2 mol
% hydrocarbons
a process in which 1/3 of the H2S in the acid
gas feed is burned to SO2 which is then
reacted with the remaining H2S to produce
sulfur. This is also referred to as the modified
Claus process
the period of time in which a process stream

will be contained within a certain volume or
piece of equipment, seconds
a process unit designed to take tail gas from a
Claus sulfur recovery plant and remove
additional sulfur with the goal of meeting
environmental sulfur emission standards
H2S]2[Mols SO2] ) * ( / Total Mols )3/x 1
ser's data and specific situation

hs and charts
Example 22-1 -- Claus Process Calculation

Feed Gas Conditions:
Plant Size - Feed
H2S
CO2
H2O
Hydrocarbons (as C1)
110
20.7
100
mol %
60.65
32.17
6.2
0.98
100.00
F
psia
LTD sulfur
mols/hr
291.08
154.39
29.76
4.70
479.93
Dry Bulb Temp

Wet Bulb Temp
Air Blower Discharge Temp
Specific Humidity
(from psychometric charts)
The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Enginee
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on t
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an Operational level of accuracy calculation based on rather broad ass
ry Bulb Temp
Wet Bulb Temp
ir Blower Discharge Temp
pecific Humidity
rom psychometric charts)
100
75
180
F
F
F
0.0297
Fig. 11-2
lb-mol vapor/lb-mol dry air
ped using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas
ation and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary
warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particu
atsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to ,
ccuracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves,
Application 22-1 -- Claus Process Calculation

Feed Gas Conditions:
Plant Size - Feed
H2S
CO2
H2O
110
20.7
100
mol %
60.65
32.17
6.2
0.98
100.00
F
psia
LTD sulfur
mols/hr
291.08
154.39
29.76
4.70
479.93
Dry Bulb Temp

Wet Bulb Temp
Air Blower Discharge Temp
Specific Humidity
(from psychrometric charts)
ion as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with G
information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. R
ability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any ot
positions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual proces
ry Bulb Temp
Wet Bulb Temp
ir Blower Discharge Temp
pecific Humidity
rom psychrometric charts)
100
75
180
F
F
F
0.0297
Fig. 11-2
lb-mol vapor/lb-mol dry air
een compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service b
her based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dea
ation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endor
y of such damages.
ng and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
s not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Step 1 Combustion/Reaction Section

Calculate air required to burn 1/3 of the H2S in the feed and for total combustion of hydrocarbons
H2S + 1 O2 H2O + SO2
(32F)
-222,700
(32F)
-345,170
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Find oxygen required

H2S SO2
(1/3)*(3/2)*(moles H2S)
2 * (moles C1)
145.54 mols/hr O2
9.41 mols/hr O2
154.94 mols/hr O2
Total
Assume x=mols of H2S reacting
2H2S + SO2 2H2O + 3/2 S2
x
1/2x
3/4x
(32F)
20,230
Material Balance (Combustion/Reaction Section)
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
O2
S2
S6
S8
Feed Gas
(mol/hr)
291.08
154.39
29.76
Air (mol/hr)
21.91
582.63
154.94
4.70
479.93
Assume P through the burner and furnace is:

Then P=
759.48
19.1
psia
Combustion Products
(mol/hr)
194.05
159.10
158.09
97.03
582.63
1190.89
1.6
1.3
At equilibrium
Kp = ( (PH2O)2(PSx)3/x ) / ( (PH2S)2(PSO2) ) = ( [Mols H2O]2[Mols S2]3/2 ) / ( [Mols H2S]2[Mols SO2] ) * ( / Total Mols )3/x 1
=( [158.09 + x]^2[3/4 x]^3/2 ) / ( [194.05 - x]^2[97.03 - 1/2 x] ) * ( 1.3 / [1190.89 + 1/4 x]
Equilibrium temperature can determined by reading Fig. 22-27 or can be approximated by the following
Equilibrium Temperature (F) = -963.3 + 2131 ln(Kp) - 660.4 ln(Kp)2 + 89.68 ln(Kp)3
x, mol/hr
(assumed)
130
135
140
135.16
Kp (calculated)
19.82
27.68
39.42
27.99
Equilibrium
Temperature (F) from
Fig. 22-27
1880
2090
2390
2100
Determine flame temperature by heat balance for each value of x using the thermodynamic data in Fig. 22-28.
x=
130 moles/hr
Feed Gas
H@
110
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
H2S
291.08
628.5
182,935
CO2
154.39
697.5
107,695
H2O
29.76
640.2
19,049
4.70
655.4
3,083
479.93
312,762
Combustion Air
H@
180
mol/hr
But/lb-mol
Btu/hr
O2
154.94
1084.2
167,980
N2
582.63
1033.2
601,980
H2O
21.91
1221.8
26,760
759.48
796,720
Assume a range in order to interpolate for reaction temperature
Reaction Products
H @ 2100
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
H2S
64.05
20240
1,296,378
CO2
159.10
23560
3,748,293
H2O
288.09
18350
5,286,506
SO2
32.03
24220
775,649
N2
582.63
14820
8,634,515
S2
97.50
17110
1,668,225
1223.39
21,409,566
Heat in
Feed Gas
Combustion Air
=
=
312,762 Btu/hr
796,720 Btu/hr
H2S Combustion
HC Combustion
Claus Reaction
=
=
=
21,607,500 Btu/hr
1,623,430 Btu/hr
(1,314,950) Btu/hr
23,025,462 Btu/hr
By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2165F
x=
135 moles/hr
Feed Gas
H@
H2S
CO2
H2O
O2
N2
H2O
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S2
mol/hr
291.08
154.39
29.76
4.70
479.93
Btu/lb-mol
628.5
697.5
640.2
655.4
mol/hr
154.94
582.63
21.91
759.48
Combustion Air
H@
180
But/lb-mol
Btu/hr
1084.2
167,984
1033.2
601,981
1221.8
26,765
796,730
mol/hr
59.05
159.10
293.09
29.53
582.63
101.25
1224.64
Reaction Products
H @ 2100
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
20240
1,195,178
23560
3,748,293
18350
5,378,256
24220
715,099
14820
8,634,515
17110
1,732,388
21,403,728
Heat in
Feed Gas
Combustion Air
H2S Combustion
HC Combustion
Claus Reaction
110
Btu/hr
182,935
107,695
19,049
3,083
312,762
=
=
=
=
=
312,762 Btu/hr
796,730 Btu/hr
21,607,499 Btu/hr
1,623,431 Btu/hr
-1,365,525 Btu/hr
22,974,896 Btu/hr
x=
140
moles/hr
Feed Gas
H@
H2S
CO2
H2O
O2
N2
H2O
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S2
mol/hr
291.08
154.39
29.76
4.70
479.93
Btu/lb-mol
628.48
697.54
640.19
655.43
110
Btu/hr
mol/hr
154.94
582.63
21.91
759.48
Combustion Air
H@
180
But/lb-mol
Btu/hr
1084.16
167,984
1033.22
601,981
1221.82
26,765
796,730
mol/hr
54.05
159.10
298.09
27.03
582.63
105.00
1225.89
Reaction Products
H @ 2100
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
20240
1,093,978
23560
3,748,293
18350
5,470,006
24220
654,549
14820
8,634,515
17110
1,796,550
21,397,891
Heat in
Feed Gas
Combustion Air
H2S Combustion
HC Combustion
Claus Reaction
182,935
107,695
19,049
3,083
312,762
=
=
=
=
=
312,762 Btu/hr
796,730 Btu/hr
21,607,499 Btu/hr
1,623,431 Btu/hr
-1,416,100 Btu/hr
22,924,321 Btu/hr
Plot x vs. calculated equilibrium tenperature and vs. flame temperatures to get the x-value and temperature that meet the thermo
conditions.
x, mol/hr
(assumed)
130
135
140
Equilibrium
Temperature (F)
1880
2090
2390
Flame Temperature
(F)
2165
2163
2162
Calculation of Reaction Furnace Temperat

3000
2500
2000
f(x) = 51x - 4765

f(x) = - 0.3548333927x + 2211.3997750339
Equil Temp
1500
Temperature, F
Flame Tem
1000
500
0
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
x, moles H2S reacting
Intercept:
x, mol/hr
135.55
Equil. and Flame Temperature (F)

2163.3
By Equations page 22-28
Plot x vs. calculated equilibrium tenperature and vs. flame temperatures to get the x-value and temperature that meet the thermo
conditions.
x, mol/hr
(assumed)
130
135
140
Equilibrium
Temperature (F)
1903
2118
2403
Flame Temperature
(F)
2121
2173
2177
Based on equations on Page 22-28.

3000

3000
2500
2000
f(x) = 50.0507353092x - 4615.6184053173

f(x) = 5.6366026058x + 1396.036342298
Equilibriu
Linear (E
Temperature, F
1500
Flame Tem
1000
Linear (Fl
500
0
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
Intercept:
x, mol/hr
134.91

2148.3
From Eq 22-2
Btu
Eq 22-9
Btu
From Eq 22-6
Btu
Reaction Products (mol/hr)

194.05
159.10
158.09
97.03
582.63
-1 x
1x
-0.5 x
0.75 x
1190.89
psi
atmospheres
O2] ) * ( / Total Mols )3/x 1
- 1/2 x] ) * ( 1.3 / [1190.89 + 1/4 x] )^1/2
+ 0.25 x
he following
Equilibrium
Temperature (F) from
Kp Approximate
Note: Page 22-27 assumes x = 135.16 mol/hr without any

explanation.
1903
2118
2403
2126
data in Fig. 22-28.

Btu/lb-mol
622.2
701.6
641.6
643.0

Btu/lb-mol
1086.7
1030.4
1222.7

Btu/lb-mol
21462
24939
19464
25609
15655
18032
Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551
Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493
H @ 2200
Btu/hr
1,374,655
3,967,700
5,607,344
820,130
9,121,136
1,758,107
22,649,073
=
=
Btu/lbmol
22720
26330
20570
27000
16480
18960
311,551 Btu/hr
795,493 Btu/hr
Btu/hr
1,455,222
4,188,988
5,926,072
864,679
9,601,674
1,848,600
23,885,236
=
=
=
21,607,500 Btu/hr
1,623,430 Btu/hr
(1,314,950) Btu/hr
23,023,024 Btu/hr

Btu/lb-mol
622.2
701.6
641.6
643.0

Btu/lb-mol
1086.7
1030.4
1222.7

Btu/lb-mol
21462
24939
19464
25609
15655
18032
Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551
Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493
H @ 2200
Btu/hr
1,267,345
3,967,700
5,704,662
756,108
9,121,136
1,825,727
22,642,677

=
=
=
=
=
Btu/lbmol
22720
26330
20570
27000
16480
18960
311,551 Btu/hr
795,493 Btu/hr
21,607,500 Btu/hr
1,623,430 Btu/hr
(1,365,525) Btu/hr
22,972,449 Btu/hr
Btu/hr
1,341,622
4,188,988
6,028,922
797,179
9,601,674
1,919,700
23,878,086

Btu/lb-mol
622.2
701.6
641.6
643.0

Btu/lb-mol
1086.7
1030.4
1222.7

Btu/lb-mol
21462
24939
19464
25609
15655
18032
Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551
Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493
H @ 2200
Btu/hr
1,160,034
3,967,700
5,801,980
692,085
9,121,136
1,893,346
22,636,282

=
=
=
=
=
Btu/lbmol
22720
26330
20570
27000
16480
18960
311,551 Btu/hr
795,493 Btu/hr
21,607,500 Btu/hr
1,623,431 Btu/hr
(1,416,100) Btu/hr
22,921,875 Btu/hr
Btu/hr
1,228,022
4,188,988
6,131,772
729,679
9,601,674
1,990,800
23,870,936
nd temperature that meet the thermodynamic equilibrium and heat balance
urnace Temperature
997750339
140
Equil Temp
Linear (Equil Temp)
Flame Temp
Linear (Flame Temp)
142
Note: Page 22-28 assumes temperature of 2127 F without any

explanation.
nd temperature that meet the thermodynamic equilibrium and heat balance
urnace Temperature
urnace Temperature
84053173
342298
Equilibrium Temperature (F)

Linear (Equilibrium Temperature (F))
Flame Temperature (F)
Linear (Flame Temperature (F))
140
142
Note: Page 22-28 assumes temperature of 2127 F without any

explanation.
g examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processi
calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the
es of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purp
(including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , referenc
calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site con
Step 1 Combustion/Reaction Section

Calculate air required to burn 1/3 of the H
H2S + 1 O2 H2O + SO2
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Find oxygen required

H2S SO2
(1/3)*(3/2)*(moles H2S)
2 * (moles C1)
Total
Assume x=mols of H2S reacting
2H2S + SO2 2H2O + 3/2 S2
x
1/2x
3/4x
Material Balance (Combustion/Reaction Section)
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
O2
S2
S6
S8
Assume P through the burner and furnace is:

Then P=
At equilibrium
Kp = ( (PH2O)2(PSx)3/x ) / ( (PH2S)2(PSO2) ) = ( [Mols H2O]2[Mols S2
Equilibrium temperature can determined by reading Fig. 22-27 o
Equilibrium Temperature (F) = -963.3 + 2131 ln(Kp) - 660.4
= 135.16 mol/hr without any

nation.
Determine flame temperature by heat balance for each value of

x=
H2S
CO2
H2O
O2
N2
H2O
Assume a range in order to interpolate for reaction temperature

F

Btu/lb-mol
22709
26329
20581
27003
16483
18959
Btu/hr
1,454,525
4,188,854
5,929,195
864,761
9,603,585
1,848,491
23,889,412
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S2
Heat in
Feed Gas
Combustion Air
H2S Combustion
HC Combustion
Claus Reaction
Note: Page 22-29 calculates Claus Reaction

with 135.16 moles/hr but shows 135 moles/hr
in the example.
x=
H2S
CO2
H2O
O2
N2
H2O

Btu/lb-mol
22709
26329
20581
27003
16483
18959
Btu/hr
1,340,980
4,188,854
6,032,100
797,254
9,603,585
1,919,587
23,882,360
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S2
Heat in
Feed Gas
Combustion Air
H2S Combustion
HC Combustion
Claus Reaction
x=
H2S
CO2
H2O
O2
N2
H2O

Btu/lb-mol
22709
26329
20581
27003
16483
18959
Btu/hr
1,227,434
4,188,854
6,135,004
729,748
9,603,585
1,990,682
23,875,308
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S2
Heat in
Feed Gas
Combustion Air
H2S Combustion
HC Combustion
Claus Reaction
Plot x vs. calculated equilibrium tenperature and vs. flame temp

conditions.
Calculation
3000
2500
2000
Temperature, F
f(x) =
f(x) =
1500
1000
500
0
128
130
ature of 2127 F without any

Intercept:
Plot x vs. calculated equilibrium tenperature and vs. flame temp

conditions.
Based on equations on Page 22-28.
Calculation
3000
Calculation
3000
2500
2000
Temperature, F
f(x) =
f(x) =
1500
1000
500
0
128
130
ature of 2127 F without any

Intercept:
s Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperat
se of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such info
merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
n) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tor
ures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account act
on/Reaction Section
burn 1/3 of the H2S in the feed and for total combustion of hydrocarbons
(32F)
-222,700 Btu
(32F)
-345,170 Btu
145.54 mols/hr O2
9.41 mols/hr O2
154.94 mols/hr O2
(32F)
20,230 Btu
bustion/Reaction Section)
Feed Gas (mol/hr)

291.08
154.39
29.76
Air (mol/hr)
21.91
582.63
154.94
4.70
479.93
759.48
psia

194.05
159.10
158.09
97.03
582.63
1190.89
burner and furnace is:

19.1
Combustion Products
(mol/hr)
194.05
159.10
158.09
97.03
582.63
1190.89
1.6 psi
1.3 atmospheres
(PH2S)2(PSO2) ) = ( [Mols H2O]2[Mols S2]3/2 ) / ( [Mols H2S]2[Mols SO2] ) * ( / Total Mols )3/x 1
=( [158.09 + x]^2[3/4 x]^3/2 ) / ( [194.05 - x]^2[97.03 - 1/2 x] ) * ( 1.3 / [1190.89 + 1/4 x] )^1/2
can determined by reading Fig. 22-27 or can be approximated by the following
e (F) = -963.3 + 2131 ln(Kp) - 660.4 ln(Kp)2 + 89.68 ln(Kp)3
x, mol/hr
(assumed)
130
135
140
135.16
Kp (calculated)
19.82
27.68
39.42
27.99
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
Temperature (F) from Temperature (F) from
Fig. 22-27
Kp Approximate
1880
1903
2090
2118
2390
2403
2100
2126
ature by heat balance for each value of x using the thermodynamic data in Fig. 22-28.
130
moles/hr
Feed Gas
H@
110
F By Equations page 22-28
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
Btu/lb-mol
291.08
628.5
182,935
622.2
154.39
697.5
107,695
701.6
29.76
640.2
19,049
641.6
4.70
655.4
3,083
643.0
479.93
312,762
Combustion Air
H@
180
mol/hr
But/lb-mol
Btu/hr
Btu/lb-mol
154.94
1084.16
167,984
1086.7
582.63
1033.22
601,981
1030.4
21.91
1221.82
26,765
1222.7
759.48
796,730
r to interpolate for reaction temperature
Reaction Products
H @ 2100
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
Btu/lb-mol
64.05
20240
1,296,378
21462
159.10
23560
3,748,293
24939
288.09
18350
5,286,506
19464
32.03
24220
775,649
25609
582.63
14820
8,634,515
15655
97.50
1223.39
=
=
17110
1,668,225
21,409,566
312,762 Btu/hr
796,730 Btu/hr
18032
=
=
=
21,607,500 Btu/hr
1,623,430 Btu/hr
(1,314,950) Btu/hr
23,025,472 Btu/hr
135
moles/hr
Feed Gas
H@
mol/hr
291.08
154.39
29.76
4.70
479.93
Btu/lb-mol
628.5
697.5
640.2
655.4
110
Btu/hr
Btu/lb-mol
182,935
622.2
107,695
701.6
19,049
641.6
3,083
643.0
312,762
mol/hr
154.94
582.63
21.91
759.48
Combustion Air
H@
180
But/lb-mol
Btu/hr
Btu/lb-mol
1084.2
167,984
1086.7
1033.2
601,981
1030.4
1221.8
26,765
1222.7
796,730
mol/hr
59.05
159.10
293.09
29.53
582.63
101.25
1224.64
Reaction Products
H @ 2100
F
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
20240
1,195,178
23560
3,748,293
18350
5,378,256
24220
715,099
14820
8,634,515
17110
1,732,388
21,403,728
=
=
=
=
=
312,762 Btu/hr
796,730 Btu/hr
21,607,499 Btu/hr
1,623,431 Btu/hr
-1,365,525 Btu/hr
22,974,896 Btu/hr

Btu/lb-mol
21462
24939
19464
25609
15655
18032
140
moles/hr
Feed Gas
H@
mol/hr
291.08
154.39
29.76
4.70
479.93
Btu/lb-mol
628.48
697.54
640.19
655.43
110
Btu/hr

Btu/lb-mol
182,935
622.2
107,695
701.6
19,049
641.6
3,083
643.0
312,762
mol/hr
154.94
582.63
21.91
759.48
Combustion Air
H@
180
But/lb-mol
Btu/hr
Btu/lb-mol
1084.16
167,984
1086.7
1033.22
601,981
1030.4
1221.82
26,765
1222.7
796,730
mol/hr
54.05
159.10
298.09
27.03
582.63
105.00
1225.89
Reaction Products
H @ 2100
F
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
20240
1,093,978
23560
3,748,293
18350
5,470,006
24220
654,549
14820
8,634,515
17110
1,796,550
21,397,891
=
=
=
=
=
312,762 Btu/hr
796,730 Btu/hr
21,607,499 Btu/hr
1,623,431 Btu/hr
-1,416,100 Btu/hr
22,924,321 Btu/hr

Btu/lb-mol
21462
24939
19464
25609
15655
18032
ilibrium tenperature and vs. flame temperatures to get the x-value and temperature that meet the thermodynamic equilibrium and heat balan
ature, F
x, mol/hr
(assumed)
130
135
140
Equilibrium
Temperature (F)
1880
2090
2390
Flame Temperature
(F)
2165
2163
2162
Calculation of Reaction Furnace Temperature

3000
2500
2000
f(x) = 51x - 4765

f(x) = - 0.3548739861x + 2211.4053904574
Linear (Equilibrium Temperature (F

1500
1000
500
0
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
x, mol/hr
135.55

2163.3
ilibrium tenperature and vs. flame temperatures to get the x-value and temperature that meet the thermodynamic equilibrium and heat balan
x, mol/hr
(assumed)
130
135
140
Equilibrium
Temperature (F)
1903
2118
2403
Flame Temperature
(F)
2121
2173
2177

3000
rature, F

3000
2500
2000
f(x) = 50.0507353092x - 4615.6184053173

f(x) = 5.6366026058x + 1396.036342298

1500
1000
500
0
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
x, mol/hr
134.91

2148.3
as been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
ness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or servi
whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
ign Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point
From Eq 22-2
Eq 22-9
From Eq 22-6

-x
+x
- 1/2x
+ 3/4 x
+ 1/4 x
.89 + 1/4 x] )^1/2
uations page 22-28

Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551
uations page 22-28

Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493
quations page 22-28

Btu/hr
1,374,655
3,967,700
5,607,344
820,130
9,121,136
1,758,107
22,649,073
=
=
H@
Btu/lbmol
2200
Btu/hr
22720
26330
20570
27000
16480
1,455,222
4,188,988
5,926,072
864,679
9,601,674
18960
1,848,600
23,885,236
311,551 Btu/hr
795,493 Btu/hr

Btu/lb-mol
22709
26329
20581
27003
16483
18959
=
=
=
21,607,500 Btu/hr
1,623,430 Btu/hr
(1,314,950) Btu/hr
23,023,024 Btu/hr
Note: Page 22-29 calculates Claus Reaction

with 135.16 moles/hr but shows 135 moles/hr in
the example.
quations page 22-28

Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551
quations page 22-28

Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493
quations page 22-28
H@
Btu/hr
Btu/lbmol
1,267,345
3,967,700
5,704,662
756,108
9,121,136
1,825,727
22,642,677

=
=
=
=
=
Btu/hr
22720
26330
20570
27000
16480
18960
311,551 Btu/hr
795,493 Btu/hr
21,607,500 Btu/hr
1,623,430 Btu/hr
(1,365,525) Btu/hr
22,972,449 Btu/hr
2200 F By Equations page 22-28

Btu/lb-mol
1,341,622
22709
4,188,988
26329
6,028,922
20581
797,179
27003
9,601,674
16483
1,919,700
18959
23,878,086
quations page 22-28

Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551
quations page 22-28

Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493
quations page 22-28

Btu/hr
Btu/lbmol
1,160,034
3,967,700
5,801,980
692,085
9,121,136
1,893,346
22,636,282
=
=
=
=
=
H @ 2200
Btu/hr
22720
26330
20570
27000
16480
18960
311,551 Btu/hr
795,493 Btu/hr
21,607,500 Btu/hr
1,623,431 Btu/hr
(1,416,100) Btu/hr
22,921,875 Btu/hr

Btu/lb-mol
1,228,022
22709
4,188,988
26329
6,131,772
20581
729,679
27003
9,601,674
16483
1,990,800
18959
23,870,936
et the thermodynamic equilibrium and heat balance
Temperature

et the thermodynamic equilibrium and heat balance
emperature
emperature

ial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitu
ed of the possibility of such damages.

condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
quations page 22-28

Btu/hr
1,454,525
4,188,854
5,929,195
864,761
9,603,585
1,848,491
23,889,412
22-29 calculates Claus Reaction

6 moles/hr but shows 135 moles/hr in
e.
quations page 22-28

Btu/hr
1,340,980
4,188,854
6,032,100
797,254
9,603,585
1,919,587
23,882,360
quations page 22-28

Btu/hr
1,227,434
4,188,854
6,135,004
729,748
9,603,585
1,990,682
23,875,308
manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Step 2 Waste Heat Boiler Duty

Assume that
250
psig steam is generated in the waste heat boiler
Assume temp of the cooled combustion products is
700 F
Distribution of vapor species at the given temperature, ignoring S 7
0.5 mol % S2
45 mol % S6
54.5 mol % S8
mol/hr
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S2
S6
S8
58.50
159.10
293.65
29.25
582.63
101.67
Reaction Products
H @ 2163
F
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
21810
1,275,775
25313
19755
25980
15871
18281
4,027,253
5,801,090
759,847
9,246,727
1,858,564
1224.78
=
=
159.10
293.65
29.25
582.63
0.14
12.94
15.67
1151.87
22,969,256
H=
S2 S6
S2 S8
mol/hr
58.50
16,236,335 Btu/hr
122,500
177,900
H=
H=
1,585,388 Btu/hr
2,788,429 Btu/hr
Total heat duty:

H=
20,610,152
Btu/hr
Note: Partial pressure of sulfur vapor

= ((S2 + S6 + S8) / Total moles) *(Total pressure)
=
0.032
atmospheres
Vapor pressure of sulfur at 700 F from Fig. 22-22 =
0.3
No sulfur is condensed.
The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were dev
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical info
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind includ
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an Operational level o
Fig. 22-21
Cooled Reaction Products

H @ 700
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
5774
337,752
6868
5658
7309
4720
5507
19510
27050
1,092,669
1,661,460
213,771
2,749,994
792
252,497 Note: Page 22-29 shows the Reaction Products enthalpy of S
2
423,985 at 25,623 Btu/lb-mol while Page 22-28 shows 18,278 Btu/lb6,732,921 mol for the same stream.
Fig. 22-29
atm.
eadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Supp
t accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, t
without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions
r members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interru
d to provide an Operational level of accuracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pr
Step 2 Waste Heat Boiler Duty

Assume that
250
psig steam is generated in the waste heat boiler
Assume temp of the cooled combustion products is
700
Distribution of vapor species at the given temperature
0.5 mol % S2
45 mol % S6
54.5 mol % S8
mol/hr
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S2
S6
S8
58.50
159.10
293.65
29.25
582.63
101.67
Reaction Products
H @ 2163
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
21810
1,275,775
25313
19755
25980
15871
18281
4,027,254
5,801,091
759,847
9,246,728
1,858,565
1224.78
22,969,261
H=
S2 S6
S2 S8
=
=
16,236,340 Btu/hr
122,500
177,900
H=
H=
1,585,388
2,788,430
Total heat duty:

H=
20,610,158
Btu/hr
Note: Partial pressure of sulfur vapor

= ((S2 + S6 + S8) / Total moles) *(Total pressure)
=
0.032
atmospheres
Vapor pressure of sulfur at 700 F from Fig. 22-22 =
No sulfur is condensed.
published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae h
ng Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, complete
assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication,
g but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate De
the waste heat boiler

F
Fig. 22-21
mol/hr
58.50
Cooled Reaction Products

H @ 700
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
5774
337,752
159.10
293.65
29.25
582.63
0.14
12.94
15.67
1151.87
6868
5658
7309
4720
5507
19510
27050
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
1,092,669
1,661,460
213,771
2,749,994
792
252,497
423,985
6,732,921
Fig. 22-29
0.3
atm.
All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
A do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial pro
ringement of intellectual property.
ce on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of th
d do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condit
rocessors Association (GPA).

ence herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufa
gal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
ditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
emark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and
mendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Step 3 1st Sulfur Condenser

Assume pressure drop through the condenser:
Process stream further cooled to :
From Fig. 22-22, vapor pressure of sulfur at above temperature:
Distribution of sulfur species is:
14.5 mol % S6
85.5 mol % S8
0.5 psi
350 F
Therefore, if no sulfur condensed there would be:

3.82 mol S6
22.55 mol S8
Uncondensed sulfur
= (0.0011*14.7 / (18.6 - 0.0011*14.7)) * (1151.87 - (3.82 + 22.55))
=
0.98
mol/hr
S6
0.14 mol/hr uncondensed

3.68 mol/hr condensed
S8
Condenser Outlet Conditions

H@
350
F
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
2614
152,907
3050
485,242
2652
778,607
3272
95,698
2225
1,296,343
mol/hr
58.50
159.10
293.65
29.25
582.63
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S2 (vapor)
S6 (vapor)
S8 (vapor)
3.82
22.55
1149.48
8976
12395
H=
3,610,310
34,324
279,489
3,122,610
Btu/hr
Fig. 22-30 H:
S6 (vapor) Sliq
S8 (vapor) Sliq
Fig. 22-29 H:
S2 (vapor) S6 (vapor)
Total Duty:
178.8
123.6
122,500
177,900
Btu/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb-mole
Btu/lb-mole
4,431,044 Btu/hr
126,560 Btu/hr
687,836 Btu/hr
663 Btu/hr
5,674 Btu/hr
The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using e
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and c
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (i
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an Operational level of accuracy cal
0.0011 atm
Fig. 22-20
ted herein were developed using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association
liable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such in
y of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantabi
ble for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising fro
Operational level of accuracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compos
Step 3 1st Sulfur Condenser

Assume pressure drop through the condenser:
Process stream further cooled to :
From Fig. 22-22, vapor pressure of sulfur at above temperature:
Distribution of sulfur species is:
14.5 mol % S6
85.5 mol % S8
0.5 psi
350 F
Therefore, if no sulfur condensed there would be:

3.82 mol S6
22.55 mol S8
Uncondensed sulfur
= (0.0011*14.7 / (18.6 - 0.0011*14.7)) * (1151.87 - (3.82 + 22.55))
=
0.98
mol/hr
S6

S8
Condenser Outlet Conditions

H@
350
F
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
2614
152,907
3050
485,242
2652
778,607
3272
95,698
2225
1,296,343
mol/hr
58.50
159.10
293.65
29.25
582.63
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S2 (vapor)
S6 (vapor)
S8 (vapor)
3.82
22.55
1149.48
8976
12395
H=
3610312
34,322
279,489
3,122,608
Btu/hr
Fig. 22-30 H:
S6 (vapor) Sliq
S8 (vapor) Sliq
Fig. 22-29 H:
Total Duty:
178.8
123.6
122,500
177,900
Btu/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/lb-mol
4,430,960 Btu/hr
126,560 Btu/hr
687,751 Btu/hr
663 Btu/hr
5,674 Btu/hr
published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae h
ng Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, complete
assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication,
g but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate De
0.0011 atm
Fig. 22-20
mation and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calc
t of intellectual property.
information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibi
replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fow
ociation (GPA).
any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or othe
d whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.

properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
nd service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA
n or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Step 4
1st Reheater
One of the principal purposes of reheating is to maintain the process gas above the sulfur dewpoint throughout the catalyst bed.
Assume
20
% H2S conversion to sulfur in the first catalyst bed
Total sulfur as S1 vapor =
65.77
mol/hr
Assume pressure drop for reheater and catalyst bed:
1 psi
New pressure:
17.6
Sulfur vapor pressure (as S1) then is:
65.77/1130.66 * 17.6 =
1.02
=
0.07
atm
Looking at Fig. 22-22, the vapor pressure of sulfur is the above value at about
The preheater outlet temperature is typically set
30 F higher.
Therefore preheater outlet temperature should be set to
475 F
mol
%
S
Sulfur dist. at outlet temperature:
0.255
6
mol % S8
0.745
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
mol/hr
58.50
159.10
293.65
29.25
582.63
0.25
0.73
1124.09
Reheater Heat Duty:
H @ 475
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
3700
4368
3715
4677
3108
12693
17543
1,145,266
H@
216,433
694,890
1,090,828
136,784
1,810,801
3,173
12,806
3,965,716
Btu/hr
ewpoint throughout the catalyst bed.
psi
445 F
Fig. 22-21
350
Btu/hr
152,907
485,242
778,607
95,698
1,296,343
1,275
10,378
2,820,450
g examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas process
d calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the
ies of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purp
r (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , referen
Step 4
1st Reheater
One of the principal purposes of reheating is to maintain the process gas above the sulfur dewpoint through
Assume
20
% H2S conversion to sulfur in the first catalyst bed
Total sulfur as S1 vapor =
65.79
mol/hr
Assume pressure drop for reheater and catalyst bed:
1
New pressure:
17.6
Sulfur vapor pressure (as S1) then is:
65.79/1130.68 * 17.6 =
=
0.07
atm
Looking at Fig. 22-22, the vapor pressure of sulfur is the above value at about
The preheater outlet temperture is typically set
30
Therefore preheater outlet temperature should be set to
475
mol
%
S
Composition at outlet temperature:
0.255
6
mol % S8
0.745
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
mol/hr
58.50
159.10
293.65
29.25
582.63
0.25
0.73
1124.09
Reheater Heat Duty:
H @ 475
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
3700
4368
3715
4677
3108
12693
17543
1,145,233
216,433
694,890
1,090,828
136,784
1,810,801
3,173
12,806
3,965,716
Btu/hr
iation as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation wit
uch information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information
ntability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
ng from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any
mpositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual pro
as above the sulfur dewpoint throughout the catalyst bed.
n the first catalyst bed
psi
1.02
psi
445 F
F higher.
F
Fig. 22-21
H @ 350
Btu/hr
F
152,907
485,242
778,607
95,698
1,296,343
1,275
10,412
2,820,483
mpiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

acy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade
sed on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
eering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band
method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorseme
such damages.
nd actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
es not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Step 5 1st Catalytic Converter
In the temperatur range of 400F-700F prevailing in the catalytic reactors, the Claus Reaction equilibrium involving formation
all be used in equilibrium calculations.
Good approximation (within 1% total overall conversion) obtained if only the reaction to form S
Assume y mols of H2S react
2H2S + SO2 2H2O + 3/8 S8
y
H (32F)
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
1/2y
=
Feed Gas @ 475F

mol/hr
58.50
159.10
293.65
29.25
582.63
0.25
0.73
1124.09
3/16y
-54330 Btu
Outlet Conditions
mol/hr
58.50 - y
159.10
293.65 + y
29.25 - y/2
582.63
0.92 + 3/16 y
1124.03 - .3125 y
At equilibrium
Kp = ( [H2O]2[S8]3/8 ) / ( [H2S]2[SO2] ) * ( / Total Mols )3/8 1
= ( [293.65 + y]^2[0.92 + 3/16 y]^3/8 ) / ( [58.5 - y]^2[29.25 - 1/2 y] ) * ( 1.2 / [1124.03 - .3125 y] )^-5/8
As an alternative to reading Fig. 22-27, the following approximation can be used?
Equil Temp (F) calculated = 1143 - 90.19 ln(Kp) + 3.108 ln(Kp)2 - 0.04539 ln(Kp)3
y, mol/hr (assumed)
36
38
40
38.48
Kp (calculated)
2936.56
3999.71
5601.42
4324.51
Equilibrium
Temperature (F) Fig.
22-27
597
580
566
582
For each assumed value of y, calculate the total outlet stream enthalpy and the overall converter heat balance.
y= 36
At equilibrium temperature, composition is:
36 mol % S6
64 mol % S8
but we are examining only S8 formation here.
H2S
Outlet Stream
mol/hr
22.50
H@
Btu/lb-mol
4804
597
Btu/hr
108,060
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
Heat Balance:
Heat In (Step 4)
Claus Reaction
Total Heat Out
159.10
329.65
11.25
582.63
3.03
5.39
1113.54
5703
4763
6089
3978
16369
22654
=
=
=
907,318
1,570,169
68,488
2,317,441
49,653
122,162
5,143,292
3,965,716 Btu/hr
977,940 Btu/hr
4,943,656 Btu/hr
y= 38
35 mol % S6
65 mol % S8
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
Heat Balance:
Heat In (Step 4)
Claus Reaction
Total Heat Out
Outlet Stream
mol/hr
20.50
159.10
331.65
10.25
582.63
3.08
5.73
1112.93
H@
Btu/lb-mol
4649
5516
4617
5891
3856
15856
21940
=
=
=
580
Btu/hr
95,279
877,540
1,531,152
60,373
2,246,722
48,913
125,692
4,985,670
3,965,716 Btu/hr
1,032,270 Btu/hr
4,997,986 Btu/hr
y= 40
34 mol % S6
66 mol % S8
H2S
CO2
Outlet Stream
mol/hr
18.50
159.10
H@
Btu/lb-mol
4521
5362
566
Btu/hr
83,622
853,017
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
333.65
9.25
582.63
3.13
6.07
1112.31
Heat Balance:
Heat In (Step 4)
Claus Reaction
Total Heat Out
4496
5729
3756
15433
21352
=
=
=
1,500,168
52,976
2,188,483
48,272
129,642
4,856,179
3,965,716 Btu/hr
1,086,600 Btu/hr
5,052,316 Btu/hr
Summary:
y, mol/hr
36
38
40
H (indiv. species)
5,143,292
4,985,670
4,856,179
H (reaction enthalpies)
4,943,656
4,997,986
5,052,316
Calculation of Converter Outlet Temperature
Total Stream Enthalpy, MM BTU/hr
5,200,000.00
5,100,000.00
5,000,000.00
4,900,000.00
4,800,000.00
4,700,000.00
35
36
37
38
y, moles/hr
H (indiv. species)
Intercept:
Kp (calculated)
x, mol/hr
38.02
4011
At converter outlet temperature, composition is:

34.5 mol % S6
65.5 mol % S8
Outlet Stream
H@
581
39
40
41
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
mol/hr
20.48
159.10
331.67
10.24
582.63
3.04
5.77
1112.91
Btu/lb-mol
4658
5527
4625
5903
3863
15886
21982
Btu/hr
95,383
879,291
1,534,089
60,440
2,250,882
48,259
126,780
4,995,125
Heat Balance
Heat In (from Step 4)
=
3,965,716
Claus Reaction
=
1,032,750
Total Heat Out
=
4,998,466
Desired accuracy for convergence ([heat in plus heats of reaction - heat out]/heat in)
The heat in plus heat of reactions equals the heat out within 1%, validating the convergence.
aus Reaction equilibrium involving formation of S 2, S6, and S8 should
ction to form S 8 is considered.
24.03 - .3125 y] )^-5/8
Equilibrium
Temperature (F)
calculated
598
583
567
579
Page 22-30 uses 38.48 mole/hr without explaination.
rall converter heat balance.
Fig. 22-21
Fig. 22-21
Fig. 22-21
et Temperature
37
38
39
40
41
y, moles/hr
enthalpies)
Converter Outlet
Equilibrium
Temperature (F) Fig. Temperature (F)
22-27
calculated
581
583
Fig. 22-21
BTU/hr
BTU/hr
BTU/hr
1.00%
ped using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the ga
mation and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary
g warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a partic
hatsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to
accuracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves
Step 5 1st Catalytic Converter
In the temperatur range of 400F-700F prevailing in the catalytic reactors, the Claus Reaction equilibrium involv
should all be used in equilibrium calculations.
Good approximation (within 1% total overall conversion) obtained if only the reaction to form S
Assume y mols of H2S react
2H2S + SO2 2H2O + 3/8 S8
y
H (32F)
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
1/2y
=
Feed Gas @ 475F

mol/hr
58.50
159.10
293.65
3/16y
-54330 Btu
Outlet Conditions
mol/hr
58.50 - y
159.10
293.65 + y
29.25
582.63
0.25
0.73
1124.09
29.25 - y/2
582.63
0.92 + 3/16 y
1124.03 - .3125 y
At equilibrium
Kp = ( [H2O]2[S8]3/8 ) / ( [H2S]2[SO2] ) * ( / Total Mols )3/8 1
= ( [293.65 + y]^2[0.92 + 3/16 y]^3/8 ) / ( [58.5 - y]^2[29.25 - 1/2 y] ) * ( 1.2 / [1124.03 - .3125 y] )^-5/8
Equil Temp (F) calculated = 1143 - 90.19*ln(Kp) + 3.108*ln(Kp)2 - 0.04538*ln(Kp)3
y, mol/hr (assumed)
36
38
40
38.48
Kp (calculated)
2936.56
3999.71
5601.42
4324.51
Equilibrium
Temperature (F) Fig.
22-27
597
580
566
582
For each assumed value of y, calculate the total outlet stream enthalpy and the overall converter heat balance.
y= 36
36 mol % S6
64 mol % S8
but we are examining only S8 formation here.
H2S
Outlet Stream
mol/hr
22.50
H@
Btu/lb-mol
4804
597
Btu/hr
108,060
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
Heat Balance:
Heat In (Step 4)
Claus Reaction
Total Heat Out
159.10
329.65
11.25
582.63
3.03
5.39
1113.54
5703
4763
6089
3978
16369
22654
=
=
=
907,318
1,570,169
68,488
2,317,441
49,653
122,162
5,143,292
3,965,716 Btu/hr
977,940 Btu/hr
4,943,656 Btu/hr
y= 38
35 mol % S6
65 mol % S8
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
Heat Balance:
Heat In (Step 4)
Claus Reaction
Total Heat Out
Outlet Stream
mol/hr
20.50
159.10
331.65
10.25
582.63
3.08
5.73
1112.93
H @ 580
Btu/lb-mol
4649
5516
4617
5891
3856
15856
21940
=
=
=
Btu/hr
95,279
877,540
1,531,152
60,373
2,246,722
48,913
125,692
4,985,670
3,965,716 Btu/hr
1,032,270 Btu/hr
4,997,986 Btu/hr
y= 40
34 mol % S6
66 mol % S8
H2S
CO2
Outlet Stream
mol/hr
18.50
159.10
H@
Btu/lb-mol
4521
5362
566
Btu/hr
83,622
853,017
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
333.65
9.25
582.63
3.13
6.07
1112.31
Heat Balance:
Heat In (Step 4)
Claus Reaction
Total Heat Out
4496
5729
3756
15433
21352
=
=
=
1,500,168
52,976
2,188,483
48,272
129,642
4,856,179
3,965,716 Btu/hr
1,086,600 Btu/hr
5,052,316 Btu/hr
Summary:
y, mol/hr
36
38
40
H (indiv. species)
5,143,292
4,985,670
4,856,179
4,943,656
4,997,986
5,052,316
Calculation of Converter Outlet Temperat
Total Stream Enthalpy, MM BTU/hr
5,200,000.00
5,100,000.00
5,000,000.00
4,900,000.00
4,800,000.00
4,700,000.00
35
36
37
38
y, moles/hr
H (indiv. species)
Intercept:
Kp (calculated)
x, mol/hr
38.02
4011
At converter outlet temperature, composition is:

34.5 mol % S6
65.5 mol % S8
Outlet Stream
H@
581
39
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6
S8
mol/hr
20.48
159.10
331.67
10.24
582.63
3.04
5.77
1112.91
Btu/lb-mol
4658
5527
4625
5903
3863
15886
21982
Btu/hr
95,383
879,291
1,534,089
60,440
2,250,882
48,259
126,780
4,995,125
Heat Balance
Heat In (from Step 4) =
3,965,716
Claus Reaction =
1,032,750
Total Heat Out =
4,998,466
iers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in coop
he use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such i
or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
tion) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract,
essures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account
aus Reaction equilibrium involving formation of S 2, S6, and S8
tion to form S 8 is considered.
24.03 - .3125 y] )^-5/8
Equilibrium
Temperature (F)
calculated
598
583
567
579
rall converter heat balance.
Fig. 22-21
Fig. 22-21
Fig. 22-21
utlet Temperature
36
37
38
39
40
41
y, moles/hr
ction enthalpies)
Converter Outlet
Equilibrium
Temperature (F) Fig. Temperature (F)
22-27
calculated
581
583
Fig. 22-21
BTU/hr
BTU/hr
BTU/hr
1%
en compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by
er based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
ngineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead
od, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, rec
al control set-point dead-band limitations.
t constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Incinerator
Conversion Efficiency:
98%
Recovery Efficiency (allowing sulfur vapor losses and about 1/2% for
liquid sulfur entrainment):
97%
Tail gas composition:

H @ 300
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6 (vapor)
S8 (vapor)
Sliq (as S1)
mol/hr
3.88
159.1
348.26
1.94
582.65
Btu/lb-mol
2188
2534
2228
2720
1873
0.02
0.22
1.4
1097.47
7501
10360
5078
Btu/hr
8,489
403,159
775,923
5,277
1,091,303
150
2,279
7,109
2,293,690
Excess air, based upon combustion:

50%
Step 1. Calculate oxygen required for combustibles in feed gas; outlet temp
H2S + 1 O2 H2O + SO2
(32F)
-222,700
(32F)
-136,600
(32F)
-808,600
(32F)
-1,063,600
S1 + O2 SO2
S6 + 6O2 6SO2
S8 + 8O2 8SO2
H2S:
S1:
5.82 mol/hr O2
3.28 mol/hr O2
9.10 mol/hr O2
50%
13.65 mol/hr O2
Feed
Air
H@
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
mol/hr
3.88
159.1
348.26
1.94
582.65
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
1.93
557.1
51.33
474.1
S (as S1)
O2
3.28
1099.11
13.65
66.91
492.8
Products
H@
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S (as S1)
O2
1000
Btu/hr
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
159.10
354.07
9.10
633.98
10430
8333
10980
6932
1,659,413
2,950,465
99,918
4,394,749
4.55
1160.80
7404
33,688
9,138,234
Heat Balance
Heat Out
Heat In
9,138,234 Btu/hr
Feed @ 300
Air @ 100
H2S Combustion
S1 Combustion
2,293,690 Btu/hr
32,137 Btu/hr
864,076 Btu/hr
448,048 Btu/hr
3,637,951 Btu/hr
5,500,283 Btu/hr
Heat Gained by Feed Gas
Step 1(b). Calculate net heat release for fuel (assumed methane), base rate
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
H (32F)
-345,100
Fuel
H@
CH4
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
mol/hr
10
Btu/lb-mol
567.7
100
Btu/hr
5,677
10
5,677
Air
H@
100
CH4
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
30
112.81
4.24
147.05
492.8
474.1
557.1
mol/hr
CH4
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
Combustion Products
H@
Btu/lb-mol
10
10
112.81
24.24
157.05
Btu/hr
14,784
53,483
2,362
70,629
1000
Btu/hr
10430
7404
6932
8333
Heat Balance
Heat In
Fuel
Air
C1 Combustion
Heat Out
Net Heat Release of Fuel
5,677 Btu/hr
70,629 Btu/hr
3,451,000 Btu/hr
3,527,306 Btu/hr
1,162,331 Btu/hr
2,364,975 Btu/hr
Step 1(c). Calculate fuel requirement and stack gas rate and composition.
Fuel required = (Heat gained by feed gas / Net Heat Release of Fuel) * Fuel basis
=
23.26
mol/hr
Stack Gas
mol/hr
182.36
410.45
9.10
896.35
27.81
1526.06
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
O2
Total Heat Release

Fuel
8,026,078 Btu/hr
mol %
11.95
26.90
0.60
58.74
1.82
100.00
104,300
74,040
781,999
201,992
1,162,331
H2S (From Step 1)

S (From Step 1)
864,076 Btu/hr
448,048 Btu/hr
9,338,202 Btu/hr
Step 2. Calculate net heat release for fuel at 0.5% excess air using 23.26 mols/hr methane as fuel.
O2 for CH4 combustion
46.51
+ 50%
69.77
O2 for H2S and S1
13.65
83.42
Fuel
H@
100
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
Btu/hr
CH4
23.26
567.7
13,203
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
23.26
13,203
Air
H@
CH4
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
83.42
313.69
11.79
408.90
492.8
474.1
557.1
100
Btu/hr
41,110
148,720
6,568
196,399
Products
H@
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S (as S1)
O2
1000
Btu/hr
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
182.36
406.56
9.10
896.34
10430
8333
10980
6932
1,901,986
3,387,902
99,918
6,213,429
27.81
1522.17
7404
205,885
11,809,120
Heat Balance
Heat Out
11,809,120 Btu/hr
Heat In
Feed
Air
Fuel
H2S Combustion
S1 Combustion
S6 Combustion
S8 Combustion
C1 Combustion
2,293,690 Btu/hr
196,399 Btu/hr
13,203 Btu/hr
864,076 Btu/hr
191,240 Btu/hr
16,172 Btu/hr
233,992 Btu/hr
8,026,078 Btu/hr
11,834,850 Btu/hr
F
These cells are obtained after the
specified number of catalytic
converter stages have been used for
calculations. The calculations for
the second and third stages are not
shown and should be done by hand.
Then put the calculated answers in
these boxes to continue.
Enthalpy from equations on Page 22-28
1000
F
From Eq 22-2
Btu
Eq 22-10
Btu
Page 22-31
Btu
Page 22-31
Btu
Page 22-31 uses methane fuel rate of 22.90 moles/hr without

explaination. At 50% excess, this increases the oxygen demand by 68.7
mole/hr.
Air
100
Btu/hr
1,075
24,335
6,727
32,137
10 mol/hr
page 22-31
Btu
thane as fuel.
mol/hr O2
mol/hr O2
mol/hr O2
mol/hr O2
F
1.00%
ed using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas p
ion and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary a
warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particul
tsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , r
curacy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, s
Incinerator
Conversion Efficiency:
98%
Recovery Efficiency (allowing sulfur vapor losses and about 1/2% for
liquid sulfur entrainment):
Tail gas composition:
mol/hr
3.88
159.1
348.26
1.94
582.65
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S6 (vapor)
S8 (vapor)
Sliq (as S1)
0.02
0.22
1.4
1097.47
H@
Btu/lb-mol
2188
2534
2228
2720
1873
7501
10360
5077.6
Excess air, based upon combustion:

50%
Step 1. Calculate oxygen required for combustibles in feed gas; outlet temp
H2S + 1 O2 H2O + SO2
(32F)
(32F)
(32F)
(32F)
S1 + O2 SO2
S6 + 6O2 6SO2
S8 + 8O2 8SO2
H2S:
S1:
5.82 mol/hr O2
3.28 mol/hr O2
9.10 mol/hr O2
50%
13.65 mol/hr O2
Feed
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
mol/hr
3.88
159.1
348.26
1.94
582.65
Air
mol/hr
1.93
51.33
S (as S1)
O2
3.28
1099.11
13.65
66.91
Products
H@
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S (as S1)
O2
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
159.10
354.07
9.10
633.98
10430
8333
10980
6932
4.55
1160.80
7404
Heat Balance
Heat Out
Heat In
9,138,234
Feed @ 300
Air @ 100
H2S Combustion
S1 Combustion
2,293,690
32,137
864,076
448,048
3,637,951
5,500,283
Heat Gained by Feed Gas
Step 2. Calculate net heat release for fuel (assumed methane) at 50% excess air, base rate
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
H (32F)
=
Fuel
H@
CH4
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
mol/hr
10
Btu/lb-mol
567.7
10
Air
H@
CH4
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
30
112.81
4.24
147.05
492.8
474.1
557.1
Combustion Products
H@
Btu/lb-mol
mol/hr
CH4
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
10
10
112.81
24.24
157.05
10430
7404
6932
8333
Heat Balance
Heat In
Fuel
Air
C1 Combustion
Heat Out
Net Heat Release of Fuel
5,677
70,630
3,451,000
3,527,307
1,162,340
2,364,967
Step 3. Calculate fuel requirement and stack gas rate and composition.
Fuel required = (Heat gained by feed gas / Net Heat Release of Fuel) * Fuel basis
=
23.26
mol/hr
Stack Gas
mol/hr
182.36
410.45
9.10
896.34
27.81
1526.06
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
O2
Total Heat Release

Fuel
8,026,107 Btu/hr
mol %
11.95
26.90
0.60
58.74
1.82
100.00
H2S (From Step 1)

S (From Step 1)
864,076 Btu/hr
448,048 Btu/hr
9,338,231 Btu/hr
Step 2. Calculate net heat release for fuel at 0.5% excess air using 23.26 mols/hr methane as fu
O2 for CH4 combustion
+ 50%
O2 for H2S and S1
Fuel
H@
CH4
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
mol/hr
23.26
Btu/lb-mol
567.7
23.26
Air
H@
CH4
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
83.42
313.69
11.79
408.90
492.8
474.1
557.1
Products
H@
H2S
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
S (as S1)
O2
mol/hr
Btu/lb-mol
182.36
406.56
9.10
896.34
10430
8333
10980
6932
27.81
1522.17
7404
Heat Balance
Heat Out
11,809,123
Heat In
Feed
Air
Fuel
H2S Combustion
S1 Combustion
S6 Combustion
S8 Combustion
C1 Combustion
2,293,690
196,399
13,203
864,076
191,240
16,172
233,992
8,026,107
11,834,879
ers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in coope
e use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such in
or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
ion) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, t
ssures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account a
97%
300
F
Btu/hr
These cells are obtained after the
specified number of catalytic
converter stages have been used for
calculations. The calculations for
the second and third stages are not
shown and should be done by hand.
Then put the calculated answers in
these boxes to continue.
8,489
403,159
775,923
5,277
1,091,303
150
2,279
7,109 From page 22-28
2,293,690
gas; outlet temp
1000
F
From Eq 22-2
-222,700 Btu
Eq 22-10
-136,600 Btu
Page 22-31
-808,600 Btu
Page 22-31
-1,063,600 Btu
Air
H@
Btu/lb-mol
100
Btu/hr
557.1
1,075
474.1
24,335
492.8
6,727
32,137
oducts
1000
Btu/hr
1,659,413
2,950,465
99,918
4,394,749
33,688
9,138,234
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
e) at 50% excess air, base rate
10 mol/hr
page 22-31
-345,100 Btu
Fuel
100
Btu/hr
F
5,677
5,677
Air
100
Btu/hr
14,784
53,483
2,363
70,630
ion Products
1000
Btu/hr
104,300
74,040
782,000
202,000
1,162,340
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
omposition.
e of Fuel) * Fuel basis
r using 23.26 mols/hr methane as fuel.

46.51 mol/hr O2
69.77 mol/hr O2
13.65 mol/hr O2
83.42 mol/hr O2
Fuel
100
F
Btu/hr
13,203
13,203
Air
100
Btu/hr
41,110
148,720
6,568
196,399
oducts
1000
Btu/hr
1,901,987
3,387,903
99,918
6,213,429
0
205,886
11,809,123
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
action - heat out]/heat in)
1.00%
1%, validating the convergence.
been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
ess, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service
hether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
gn Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point d
ation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endors
y of such damages.
not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Enthalpies of Paraffin Hydrocarbons, Combustion Products and Sulfur Compounds

F
32
60
77
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,200
2,400
2,600
2,800
3,000
2
C1
3
C2
4
C3
5
nC4
6
iC4
7
nC5
0
232
374
568
1,445
2,394
3,426
4,548
5,759
7,053
8,424
9,867
11,380
12,950
14,570
16,260
17,990
19,770
21,600
23,480
25,400
27,360
29,360
33,470
37,730
42,110
46,600
51,200
0
337
548
841
2,216
3,762
5,476
7,352
9,380
11,550
13,850
16,280
18,830
21,480
24,230
27,080
30,010
33,030
36,120
39,280
42,510
45,800
49,140
55,980
63,000
70,180
77,480
84,910
0
470
765
1,176
3,128
5,345
7,817
10,530
13,460
16,590
19,910
23,400
27,050
30,850
34,780
38,850
43,030
47,320
51,710
56,200
60,770
65,430
70,160
79,820
89,720
99,830
110,100
120,600
0
631
1,027
1,577
4,184
7,132
10,410
13,990
17,850
21,970
26,330
30,900
35,680
40,640
45,780
51,080
56,520
62,110
67,820
73,640
79,580
85,620
91,750
104,300
117,100
130,100
143,400
156,900
0
615
1,002
1,543
4,117
7,052
10,330
13,920
17,800
21,950
26,330
30,930
35,740
40,730
45,890
51,220
56,690
62,290
68,030
73,870
79,830
85,880
92,030
104,600
117,400
130,500
143,800
157,300
0
768
1,249
1,919
5,094
8,693
12,700
17,100
21,850
26,940
32,320
37,980
43,890
50,030
56,390
62,940
69,690
76,600
83,660
90,870
98,210
105,700
113,200
128,700
144,600
160,900
177,500
194,500
d Sulfur Compounds
8
nC6
9
N2
10
O2
0
911
1,483
2,280
6,054
10,340
15,110
20,340
25,990
32,030
38,410
45,110
52,100
59,360
66,860
74,580
82,520
90,640
98,940
107,400
116,000
124,800
133,700
151,800
170,400
189,500
209,000
228,900
0
195
314
474
1,173
1,873
2,577
3,285
3,999
4,720
5,449
6,186
6,932
7,687
8,450
9,221
10,000
10,790
11,580
12,380
13,190
14,000
14,820
16,480
18,150
19,830
21,530
23,240
0
202
325
493
1,232
1,983
2,742
3,508
4,279
5,053
5,833
6,616
7,404
8,197
8,996
9,800
10,610
11,430
12,250
13,080
13,920
14,760
15,610
17,330
19,070
20,830
22,620
24,420
11
Air
0
195
313
473
1,169
1,870
2,576
3,289
4,010
4,740
5,479
6,227
6,985
7,751
8,526
9,308
10,100
10,900
11,700
12,510
13,320
14,140
14,970
16,630
18,310
20,010
21,720
23,430
12
H2
0
196
315
476
1,173
1,870
2,565
3,261
3,956
4,651
5,346
6,043
6,741
7,441
8,144
8,850
9,561
10,280
11,000
11,720
12,450
13,190
13,940
15,440
16,980
18,540
20,130
21,740
13
CO
0
195
314
475
1,174
1,877
2,584
3,297
4,017
4,746
5,484
6,231
6,988
7,754
8,528
9,312
10,100
10,900
11,710
12,520
13,340
14,160
14,990
16,660
18,350
20,050
21,760
23,490
14
CO2
0
245
396
604
1,543
2,534
3,566
4,635
5,736
6,868
8,028
9,215
10,430
11,660
12,920
14,200
15,490
16,800
18,130
19,470
20,820
22,180
23,560
26,330
29,140
31,970
34,830
37,710
g examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processi
calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the
es of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purp
(including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , referenc
15
H2O
16
S2
17
SO2
18
SO3
19
H 2S
20
CS2
0
229
368
557
1,388
2,228
3,075
3,928
4,789
5,658
6,537
7,428
8,333
9,253
10,190
11,150
12,120
13,110
14,120
15,150
16,200
17,270
18,350
20,570
22,860
25,200
27,600
30,040
0
215
347
526
1,319
2,132
2,960
3,800
4,650
5,507
6,372
7,241
8,116
8,996
9,881
10,770
11,660
12,560
13,460
14,370
15,280
16,190
17,110
18,960
20,830
22,710
24,610
26,520
0
263
426
649
1,657
2,720
3,824
4,961
6,124
7,309
8,515
9,740
10,980
12,240
13,520
14,810
16,120
17,440
18,770
20,120
21,470
22,840
24,220
27,000
29,820
32,660
35,520
38,410
0
338
547
835
2,148
3,541
5,000
6,516
8,084
9,699
11,360
13,050
14,780
16,550
18,340
20,160
21,990
23,850
25,730
27,630
29,540
31,460
33,390
37,300
41,240
45,200
49,200
53,220
0
225
362
547
1,360
2,188
3,040
3,920
4,831
5,774
6,749
7,753
8,784
9,842
10,920
12,020
13,150
14,290
15,440
16,620
17,810
19,020
20,240
22,720
25,260
27,850
30,480
33,160
0
299
482
734
1,862
3,038
4,255
5,506
6,786
8,091
9,417
10,760
12,120
13,500
14,890
16,280
17,690
19,110
20,530
21,960
23,400
24,840
26,280
29,190
32,110
35,040
37,980
40,930
21
COS
0
272
440
670
1,707
2,797
3,930
5,100
6,302
7,531
8,786
10,060
11,360
12,670
14,000
15,350
16,700
18,070
19,450
20,840
22,240
23,640
25,050
27,890
30,760
33,640
36,540
39,460
ciation as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation w
such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such informatio
hantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
ing from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or an
ompositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual pr
22
S6
23
S8
0
743
1,200
1,826
4,618
7,501
10,450
13,440
16,460
19,510
22,580
25,670
28,770
31,880
35,010
38,150
41,300
44,460
47,640
50,820
54,020
57,240
60,460
66,960
73,500
80,090
86,720
93,380
0
1,029
1,661
2,526
6,384
10,360
14,430
18,580
22,780
27,050
31,380
35,770
40,210
44,710
49,250
53,850
58,470
63,140
67,820
72,520
77,230
81,940
86,640
96,040
105,400
114,700
124,000
133,200
compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

ficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by tr
based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
gineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-b
ation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endors
y of such damages.
ise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
As an alternative to interpolating Fig. 22-28 for molar enthalpies in BTU/lbmole, the following equations can be used in the not
C T2 where T = temperature (F)
H2S
CO2
H2O
CH4
Temperature Range (F)
32
700
A
-241
-295
-264
-233
32
700
B
7.71
8.84
8.19
7.51
32
700
C
0.00125
0.002
0.00387
0.00412
1600
2600
A
-1523
-2178
-181
1600
2600
B
9.49
11.97
7.62
1600
2600
C
0.000693
0.000449
0.000826
tions can be used in the noted temperature ranges. These equations are in the form Molar Enthalpy = A + B T +
O2
N2
SO2
S2
S6
S8
Sliq (as S1)
-238
7.29
0.000387
-220
6.91
0.000203
-616
7.24
0.000242
-322
9.60
0.00189
-1652
12.07
0.000434
-254
7.75
0.00069
-479
8.38
0.000207
-905
27.21
0.00284
-1236
37.39
0.00436
-515
16.35
0.00764
s published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing indust
on spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and G
uracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or no
ng without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or re
n based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc
a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas P
mation is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Refere
, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other le
ons, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process con
and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name
warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limita
hod, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, re
tual control set-point dead-band limitations.
ot constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Sheet
Conditions
Note
Process calculations for a Claus sulfur recovery unit are complicated by the
existence of various species of gaseous sulfur(S 2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8)
whose equilibrium concentrations in relation to each other are often not
precisely known, and by the number of side reactions involving other feed
gas components such as CO2, hydrocarbons, ammonia, etc., which take
place simultaneously. These calculations are usually carried out by
computer with equilibrium conditions and compositions.
A data base which is often utilized for these Claus plant calculations is the
JANAF (Joint Army Navy Air Force) tables.
Reasonably accurate process calculations can be carried out manually,
however, if side reactions are ignored. The following example illustrates a
simplified method of calculating the significant process parameters for a
100 LT/D (feed) Claus plant.
Note: Page 22-27 assumes x = 135.16 mol/hr without any explanation.
Step 1
Note: Page 22-29 calculates Claus Reaction with 135.16 moles/hr but shows 135 moles/hr in
the example.
Note: Page 22-28 assumes temperature of 2127 F without any explanation.
Step 2
Step 5
Incinerator
Note: Page 22-29 shows the Reaction Products enthalpy of S2 at 25,623 Btu/lb-mol while
Page 22-28 shows 18,278 Btu/lb-mol for the same stream.
Page 22-30 uses 38.48 mole/hr without explaination.
Page 22-31 uses methane fuel rate of 22.90 moles/hr without explaination. At 50% excess, this
increases the oxygen demand by 68.7 mole/hr.

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Section 22 - Sulfur Recovery

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H

= long ton per day (A long

Tail Gas Cleanup =

For the low pressure, vapor phase Claus reaction

Example calculation from the book

the period of time in which a process stream

H2S]2[Mols SO2] ) * ( / Total Mols )3/x 1

ser's data and specific situation

Example 22-1 -- Claus Process Calculation

Dry Bulb Temp

Application 22-1 -- Claus Process Calculation

Dry Bulb Temp

Step 1 Combustion/Reaction Section

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Find oxygen required

Material Balance (Combustion/Reaction Section)

Assume P through the burner and furnace is:

By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2165F

By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2163F

By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2162F

Calculation of Reaction Furnace Temperat

f(x) = 51x - 4765

x, moles H2S reacting

Equil. and Flame Temperature (F)

By Equations page 22-28

Based on equations on Page 22-28.

Calculation of Reaction Furnace Temperat

Calculation of Reaction Furnace Temperat

f(x) = 50.0507353092x - 4615.6184053173

x, moles H2S reacting

Equil. and Flame Temperature (F)

Reaction Products (mol/hr)

O2] ) * ( / Total Mols )3/x 1

- 1/2 x] ) * ( 1.3 / [1190.89 + 1/4 x] )^1/2

Note: Page 22-27 assumes x = 135.16 mol/hr without any

data in Fig. 22-28.

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2121F

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2173F

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2177F

nd temperature that meet the thermodynamic equilibrium and heat balance

Linear (Equil Temp)

Linear (Flame Temp)

Note: Page 22-28 assumes temperature of 2127 F without any

nd temperature that meet the thermodynamic equilibrium and heat balance

Equilibrium Temperature (F)

Note: Page 22-28 assumes temperature of 2127 F without any

Step 1 Combustion/Reaction Section

Find oxygen required

Material Balance (Combustion/Reaction Section)

Assume P through the burner and furnace is:

Equilibrium temperature can determined by reading Fig. 22-27 o

Equilibrium Temperature (F) = -963.3 + 2131 ln(Kp) - 660.4

= 135.16 mol/hr without any