Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
2015-2016
CHAPTER:-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC BUMPER AND BRAKE ACTUATION
BEFORE COLLISION
We have pleasure in introducing our new project AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC BUMPER
AND BRAKE ACTUATION BEFORE COLLISION, which is fully equipped by IR sensors
circuit and Pneumatic bumper and braking activation circuit. It is a genuine project which is fully
equipped and designed for Automobile vehicles. This forms an integral part of best quality. This
product underwent strenuous test in our Automobile vehicles and it is good.
The technology of pneumatics has gained tremendous importance in the field of workplace
rationalization and automation from old-fashioned timber works and coal mines to modern
machine shops and space robots. It is therefore important that technicians and engineers should
have a good knowledge of pneumatic system, air operated valves and accessories.
AUTOMATIC
PNEUMATIC
BUMPER
AND
BRAKE
ACTUATION
BEFORE
COLLISION. This system is consists of IR transmitter and Receiver circuit, Control Unit,
Pneumatic bumper system and pneumatic braking system. The IR sensor is used to detect the
obstacle. There is any obstacle closer to the vehicle (with in 3-4 feet), the control signal is given
to the bumper activation system and also pneumatic braking system simultaneously. The
pneumatic bumper and braking system is used to product the man and vehicle. This bumper and
braking activation system is only activated the vehicle speed above 30-40 km per hour. This
vehicle speed is sensed by the proximity sensor and this signal is given to the control unit and
pneumatic bumper and braking activation system.
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Compressor is the air producing machine. They collect the airs from the atmosphere are in the
running of machine are engine. Air compressors are utilized to raise the pressure a volume of air.
Air compressors are available in many configurations and will operate over a very wide range of
flow rates and pressures. Compressed air was expelled by primitive man to give glowing embers
sufficient oxygen to allow them to flare up into a air. During the compression process, the
temperature increases as the pressure increases. This is known as polytypic compression. The
amount of compression power also increases the temperature increases. Compressors are staged
there by reducing the temperature and improving the compression efficiency. The temperature of
the air leaving each age is cooled prior to entering the next stage. This cooling process is called
inter cooling. A metric efficiency also increases with multi-stage compression since the pressure
ratio over the first stage will be decreased. Selections of the air compressor are only the first step
in designing an efficient and disable compressed air system. The air exiting the compressor is
saturated with moisture and will have compressor lubricants (lubricated compressors only).
Other chemicals that have been drawn into the compressor intake may also be present. This
contamination harmful to many processes, pneumatic tools, instruments and equipment.
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Air purification equipment, filters, air dryers, breathing air purifiers, monitoring equipment, used
alone or in combination will remove these contaminants. Selection and purchase of the
compressor and necessary purification equipment can be easily done on compressed air site. Our
application engineers are ready to answer all of your questions and to assist you in placing your
order. And it works in the process of rotation fan and the piston movement with the help of
current supply.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
1.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC BUMPER
AND BRAKE ACTUATION BEFORE COLLISION
CONTROL UNIT
IR TRANSMITTER
POWER SUPPLY
IR RECEIVER
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CHAPETR:-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 PNEUMATICS
The word pneuma comes from Greek and means breather wind. The word pneumatics is the
study of air movement and its phenomena is derived from the word pneuma. Today pneumatics
is mainly understood to means the application of air as a working medium in industry especially
the driving and controlling of machines and equipment.
Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying out the simplest
mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more important role in the development of
pneumatic technology for automation. Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air
which must be made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the
system. When the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed
the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply. The key part of any facility for
supply of compressed air is by means using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine
that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure. Compressor
capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the volume expressed is that
of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature.
The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert Boyle in 1962 and that found that
the product of pressure and volume of a particular quantity of gas.
The usual written as
PV = C
(or) PV = P2V2
In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is about 14.7 Psi and
is of courage capable of maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary
barometer. Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly used system now a
days.
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Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which must be made available in
sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When pneumatic system is
being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question
of compressed air supply. The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means
using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain
pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.
of air compressed and delivered and the volume expressed is that of the air at intake
conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature. Clean
condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which decides the life of a compressor. Warm
and moist suction air will result in increased precipitation of condense from the compressed air.
Compressor may be classified in two general types.
2.7 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS:Built for either stationary (or) portable service the reciprocating compressor is by far the most
common type. Reciprocating compressors lap be had is sizes from the smallest capacities to
deliver more than 500 m/min. In single stage compressor, the air pressure may be of 6 bar
machines discharge of pressure is up to 15 bars. Discharge pressure in the range of 250 bars can
be obtained with high pressure reciprocating compressors that of three & four stages. Single
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stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable for pneumatic applications , with
preference going to the two stage design as soon as the discharge pressure exceeds 6 bar ,
because it in capable of matching the performance of single stage machine at lower costs per
driving powers in the range .
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CHAPTER:-3
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MEDIUM DUTY
1.
Plastic
2. Hard drawn
Aluminum tube
3 Hard drawn
Brass tube
HEAVY DUTY
LIGHT DUTY
1. Aluminum stock
(Fabricated)
2. Brass stock
(Fabricated)
3. Aluminum
Castings
MEDIUM DUTY
HEAVY DUTY
Aluminum stock
Hard tensile
(Fabricated)
Castings
Brass stock
(Fabricated)
Aluminum, Brass,
iron or steel Castings.
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MEDIUM DUTY
Aluminum Castings
HEAVY DUTY
Aluminum Forgings,
Brass (Fabricated)
Bronze (Fabricated)
Iron and Steel
Aluminum Castings.
Bronze (Fabricated)
Brass, Bronze, Iron or
Castings
Steel Castings.
MEDIUM DUTY
Aluminum, Brass
HEAVY DUTY
High Tensile
Steel Castings
High Tensile
Steel Fabrication
FINISH
Ground and polished hardened,
REMARKS
Generally preferred chrome
plated
Less scratch resistant than
chrome plated piston rod
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Fig.4.7.1
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2.Frame
The solenoid frame serves several purposes.
magnetized when the current passes through the coil. The magnetized coil attracts the metal
plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching the mounting. They are usually bolted
or welded to the frame. The frame has provisions for receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are
mounted to the solenoid frame, and are made of materials such as metal or impregnated less fiber
cloth.
3.Solenoid Plunger
The Solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The plunger is made of steel
laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so that there will be no movement of
the lamination with respect to one another. At the top of the plunger a pin hole is placed for
making a connection to some device. The solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in one
direction and is usually returned by spring action.
Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover over either the solenoid or the
entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt and other foreign matter, and protects the
actuator. In many applications it is necessary to use explosion proof solenoids.
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Position-1
When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port P gets connected to B and S remains
closed while A gets connected to R
Poisition-2
When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port P and A gets connected to each other and
B to S while port R remains closed.
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3.2.4 b) 3/2 SINGLE ACTING SOLENOID VALVE (OR) CUT OFF VALVE:
The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or solenoid valve.
This solenoid cut off valve is controlled by the electronic control unit.
In our project separate two 3/2 Single acting solenoid valve is used. One solenoid valve
is open/close of vegetable in Hooper cylinder and another one is collecting of vegetable in a
tray cylinder.
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In our pneumatic system there are two types of connectors used; one is the hose connector and
the other is the reducer. Hose connectors normally comprise an adapter (connector) hose nipple
and cap nut. These types of connectors are made up of brass or Al or hardened steel.
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Reducers are used to provide inter connection between two pipes or hoses of different
sizes. They may be fitted straight, tee, V or other configurations. These reducers are made up
of gunmetal or other materials like hardened steel etc.
Hoses used in this pneumatic system are made up of polyurethane. These hoses can with
stand at a maximum pressure level of 10 kg/cm2.
3.4 ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT:Here the 555 IC has been used as a multi vibrator. The output of IC 555 is fed to the input pin
(pin no 14) of CD 4017 continues counting. The output of the IC becomes available at pin Nos.
3, 2 and 4. The output pulse of any one of output pin triggers (Puts ON) the Triac and current
starts flowing across the load connected. This process continues on other pins at different time
intervals and the cycle continues. The frequency interval (Time) of the cycle can be adjusted by
the pre-set look connected to pin 6 of 555 Timer IC.
IC 555 TIMER
The IC SE / NE 555 monolithic circuit is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate
time delays or oscillations. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if
desired. In the timing operations, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and a
capacitor, by the operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are
both accurately contributed with the external RC constants.
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SUPPLY (Vcc)
DISCHARGE
IC
NE 555
OUTPUT
RESET
THERSOLD
CONTROL
PIN NO: 1
It is ground terminal.
PIN NO: 2
The trigger voltage to the
lower
comparator
is
of
voltage,
the
supply
when
trigger
state
and
becomes high.
output
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It is the output terminal, in low state output is equal to zero and when at higher state output is
equal to Vcc.
PIN NO: 4
It controls the flip flop directly. It turns the device to its original position when reset pin is
connected to ground the output is approximately equal to zero. When reset is not used it is
connected to Vcc.
PIN NO: 5
It is the control voltage terminal. It is connected to ground through a capacitor of 0.01 F. Any
external voltage at pin: 5 will change both the threshold voltage and the trigger voltage reference
level.
PIN NO: 6
Threshold voltage of upper comparator is applied from this terminal. The resistor Rt connected to
Vcc and pin: 6 is grounded by an external capacitor. The output is high capacitor charges by
resistor Rt. When the capacitor changes to the threshold level, the output becomes low.
PIN NO: 7
It is the discharge pin for external capacitor. Usually pin: 7 is connected with pin: 6 directly to by
a resistor. When the output becomes low then the external capacitor discharges by internal
discharge transistor remains at cut-off and the external capacitor charges to Vcc.
PIN NO: 8
It is the positive supply terminal. A dc voltage from +5 to + 15 can be applied.
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But when
supply voltage Vcc. This because that, the charge rate of CT and the reference voltage to
the threshold comparator are all directly proportional to the supply voltage.
3.4.2 IC 555 SPECIFICATION
Supply Voltage (Vcc)
4.5 to 15V
3 to 6mA
10 to 15mA
Output Current
200mA (maximum)
Power dissipation
600mw
Operating temperature
0-70degreeCelsius.
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The simple wheel and braking arrangement is fixed to the frame stand .This wheel 16 inch
diameter of air filled rubber tyres ,consist of a 4 wheels are needed. and bearing size16mm
inner 32 mm outer and 16mm shaft. These wheels are not fabricated it is purchased.
3.6 STAND:
3.7 BUMPER:
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3.8 IR SENSOR
Operating Voltage 5v
Sensitivity up to - 30cm-Adjustable
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at outer wavelengths and sensitivity of polarization. Sensors using film are characterized by the
sensitivity of film and the transmittance of the filter, and nature of the lens. Scanner type sensors
are specified by the spectral characteristics of the detector and the spectral splitter. In addition,
chromatic aberration is an influential factor. The radiometric characteristics of optical sensors are
specified by the change of electro-magnetic radiation which passes through an optical system.
They are radiometry of the sensor, sensitivity in noise equivalent power, dynamic range, signal to
noise ratio (S/N ratio) and other noises, including quantification noise. elements. IFOV is defined
as the angle contained by the minimum area that can be detected by a scanner type sensor. For
example in the case of an IFOV of 2.5 mille radians, the detected area on the ground will be 2.5
meters x 2.5 meters, if the altitude of sensor is 1,000 m above ground. In our project IR
transmitter and IR receiver are used to detect the obstacle. These sensors are fitted at the front
side of the vehicle.
Fig 3.8.1
IR Sensor Rays
The IR transmitting circuit is used in many projects. The IR transmitter sends 40 kHz (frequency
can be adjusted) carrier under 555 timer control. IR carriers at around 40 kHz carrier frequencies
are widely used in TV remote controlling and ICs for receiving these signals are quite easily
available. The transmitted signal reflected by the obstacle and the IR receiver circuit receives the
signal and giving control signal to the control unit. The control unit activates the pneumatic
breaking system, so that break was applied.
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3.8.3 LED
...
Fig 3.8.3 LED 8,657-Reads
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources. The light emitted from LEDs
varies from visible to infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate on low voltage and power.
LEDs are one of the most common electronic comp..
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An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays
in the range of 760 nm wavelength. Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide...
3.8.5 Preset
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3.9 RELAY
Operation:When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is
mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection
with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a
force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually this is a
spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are
manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high
voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.
If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to dissipate the
energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a
spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit components. Some automotive relays already
include that diode inside the relay case. Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of
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a capacitor and resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized
with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This "shading ring"
creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the armature during
the AC cycle.[1]
By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay is made
with a thruster or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical isolation an opts
coupler can be used which is a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor.
3.11 Features
Printed circuit mounts 10A relay
Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
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CHAPTER:4
A power supply is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output
load or group of loads. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less
often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
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gives P=VxI = 30 *0.1 = 3W - a huge power output - the 7805 would get very hot and go into
thermal shutdown!
Function
Name
Input
Ground (0V)
Ground
Output
Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current
capability of 100 mA
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Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC
gets too hot
Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components
Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit successfully
as part of many electronics projects
1. RESISTOR
Resistor
Passive
Electronic symbol
(Europe)
(US)
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A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that
is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).The primary
characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working voltage and the
power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less
well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum
permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends
upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by
design. Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits.
Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be
physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.
4.6 CAPACITOR
.
Capacitor
Passive
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Electronic symbol
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated
conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in
farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference
between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage
current
leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the
dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power
supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency
equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.
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equipment (e.g., radio receivers) from about 1930 through the 1950s, and in discrete transistor
equipment from the 1950s through the 1980s. As of 2007, ceramic disc capacitors are in
widespread use in electronic equipment, providing high capacity & small size at low price
compared to other low value capacitor types.
Ceramic capacitors come in various shapes and styles, including:
bare leadless disc, sits in a slot in the PCB and is soldered in place, used for UHF
applications
Fig 4.8 Axial lead (top) and radial lead (bottom) electrolytic capacitors
An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting liquid as one of its
plates with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types. They are valuable in relatively
high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply
filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations in
rectifier output. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be
conducted but DC should not.
Electrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance, allowing filters made with them to have
very low corner frequencies.
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4.9 Transistor
.
4.10 Usage
The bipolar junction transistor, or BJT, was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and
70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice
for many analog circuits such as simple amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of
manufacture. Desirable properties of MOSFETs, such as their utility in low-power devices,
usually in the CMOS configuration, allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital
circuits; more recently MOSFETs have captured most analog and power applications as well,
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including modern clocked analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters,
Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic
devices.
Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered
applications.
Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 30
years.
Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of micro
phonics in audio applications.
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4.12 Limitations
Silicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,000 volts (SiC devices
can be operated as high as 3,000 volts). In contrast, electron tubes have been developed
that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts.
Silicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic
pulse, such as generated by an atmospheric nuclear explosion.
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electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled.
[14]
Collector current is approximately (common-emitter current gain) times the base current. It
is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed
for high-power applications.
Unlike the FET, the BJT is a lowinput-impedance device. Also, as the baseemitter voltage
(Vbe) is increased the baseemitter current and hence the collectoremitter current (I ce) increase
exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers -Moll model. Because of
this exponential relationship, the BJT has a higher trans conductance than the FET.
Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct by exposure to light, since absorption of photons in
the base region generates a photocurrent that acts as a base current; the collector current is
approximately times the photocurrent. Devices designed for this purpose have a transparent
window in the package and are called phototransistors.
CHAPTER:-5
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40 mm
6 kg/cm
C 45
36 kg/mm
Pressure x Area
p x (d / 4)
6 x {( x 4 ) / 4 }
73.36 Kg
Design Stress(y)
y / F0 S
36 / 2
P / ( d / 4 )
18 Kg/mm
4 p / [ y ]
4 x 75.36 / { x 18}
5.33 =
2.3 mm
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2.3 mm
15 mm
= Cast iron
= 250 N/mm =
2500 gf/mm
Working Stress
= 4
Working stress ( ft )
ri { (ft + p) / (ft p ) -1 }
Where,
Ri
ft
0.019 cm = 0.19 mm
2.5 mm
40 mm
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40 + 2t
40 + ( 2 x 2.5 )
Approach stroke
160 mm
Length of threads
2 x 20 =40mm
12 mm
20 mm
160 + 40 + 12 + 20
232 mm
230 mm
45 mm
5.3 SPECIFICATION
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Stroke length
Quantity
Seals
End cones
Cast iron
Piston
EN 8
Media
Air
Temperature
0-80 C
Pressure Range
8 N/m
Quantity
Seals
End cones
Cast iron
Piston
EN 8
Media
Air
Temperature
0-80 C
Pressure Range
8 N/m
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Technical data
Max pressure range :
0-10 x 10 N/m
Quantity
0.635 x 10 m
Pressure
0-8 x 10 N/m
Media
Air
Quantity
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10 x 10 N/m
Temperature
0-100 C
Fluid media
Air
Material
Brass
5.8 Hoses
Technical date
Max pressure
10 x 10 N/m
Outer diameter
6 mm = 6 x 10 m
Inner diameter
3.5 mm = 3.5 x 10
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The outstanding advantage of pneumatic system is the control valve which consistently
applies a specified load with minimum effort.
2.
From thin foils to metal sheets can be pierced according to desirable shapes.
3.
4.
5.
Multiple cylinder systems can be put into action according to the need of pressing
effort.
6.
In modern payer plants this pneumatic system can be used for loading press roll.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Operation is very smooth and in this system we can get more output by applying less
effort.
12.
This system can be effectively used for punch mark in industrial materials such as
industries name, address or number of product.
5.10 LIMITATIONS
Hard and thick materials can not be riveted.
Even a bit of leakage may result in power loss.
Due to the linkages there will be frictional losses.
Maintenance will be more due to the number of moving parts.
Stroke length is fixed.
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CHAPTER:-6
BUMPER AND BREAK ACTUATION METHDOLOGY
downwards.
The punch/rivet is guided by a punch/rivet guide who is fixed such that the punch/rivet is
clearly guided to the die. The materials are in between the punch/rivet and die. So as the
punch/rivet comes down the materials are sheared to the required profile of the punch/rivet and
the blank is moved downwards through the die clearance. When the piston is at the extreme
point of the stock length, the exhaust valve is opened and the air is exhausted through it and the
pressurized air come in at the top of the piston and it pushes the piston downwards. So the one
side of the air is pulled downwards and the other side is lifted upwards. So the punch/rivet is
therefore pulled upwards from the die. Now the piston reaches the bottom point of the required
stroke length. Now the material is fed and the next stroke of the piston is made ready. When the
material is correctly positioned then this machine is again actuated automatically. The time
duration of the succeeding punching is adjusted with the help of control timing unit.
6.1 ADVANTAGES
1. It able to Increase the sureness in braking system.
2. Braking system able to give fast response.
3. System able to increase the pre-crash safety.
4. System able to provide more safety to the passengers.
5. System plays an important role to save human
6. Life in road accidents.
6.2 LIMITATIONS
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6.3 APPLICATIONS
1. This system may be applicable in all types of light vehicles like cars, Rickshaws, Tempos.
2. This system also successfully installed in the heavy vehicles like buses, trucks, trailers, etc.
CHAPTER:-7
IMAGES
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Fig7.4 Polishing
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CHAPTER:-8
8.0 WORKED MODEL
Bumper
IR Sensor
Relay
Wheel
Single acting
pneumatic
cylinder
Transformer
Stand/Frame
Motor
1400 rpm
Solenoid
Valve
V-belt Pully
Single acting
pneumatic
cylinder
Electric
wires
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CHAPTER:-9
CONCLUSION
This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our limited
knowledge. We are feeling that we have completed the work within time successfully. The
PNEUMATIC BUMPER & BRAKE FOR FOUR WHEELER is working with satisfactory
conditions. Thus we have prepared an PNEUMATIC BUMPER & BRAKE FOR FOUR
WHEELER which helps to know the how to achieve low cost product.
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CHAPTER-10
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CHAPTER-11
REFERENCES
[1] Erik Coelingh, etal, Collision Warning with Auto Brake, Sweden, ppn: 07-0450.
[2] Dr. Kripal Singh, Automobile Engineering Vol. 1, Standard Publishers Distributors New
Delhi- 110 006
[3] S. P. Patil, Mechanical System Design, Second Edition, JAICO Publishing House,
Mumbai 400 001
[4] Dr.Sanjiy.K.Bhatia, Dr.George.M.Lacy, InfraRed Sensor Simulation, Missouri,(2009)
[5] Dr.Eung Soo Kim,Fabrication of Auto Braking System Using Sensor, International Journal
Of control And Automation, Vol-2, and no1.