Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
All survey plans are maps but not all maps are plans.
Marine (hydrographic) and air (aeronautical) maps
are generally called charts.
Atlas a bound collection of maps and charts
-- term used for such a volume by the renaissance
cartographer Gerhardus Mercator.
Globe a sphere with a representation of the earth on
its surface, it is the most accurate representation of the
earth. It is set at an angle corresponding to the
inclination of the earths axis and can be rotated.
Planimetric Map a map which shows the earths
surface in the two horizontal dimensions only. It shows
the correct horizontal position of natural and manmade
features such as land forms, bodies of water,
vegetation, buildings, roads, properly boundaries,
political boundaries, etc.
Topographic Map a map using suitable symbols, it
shows the configuration of the earths surface, called
relief, which includes such features as (1) hills and
valleys; (2) other natural features such as trees and
streams; and (3) the manmade features such as
houses, roads, canals, and cultivation.
Relief may be represented by relief models, shading,
hachures, form lines, or contour lines.
Topography features of the surface of the earth
considered collectively as to form. A single feature (such
as a mountain or valley) is called a topographic feature.
Topography is subdivided into hypsography (relief
features), hydrography (water and drainage features)
and culture (manmade features).
Thematic map a map showing one or more themes
or subjects such as distribution of the inhabitants over
the country or its region or the concentration of minerals
Airplane Photography
c.
2.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Graphical/Bar scale:
Lettering
a
considerable
proportion of the information presented on map is
conveyed by the lettered names. Lettering is a
necessary addition for the identification of maps
features.
Notes and Legends explanatory
notes or legends are often of assistance in
interpreting a drawing. They should be as brief as
circumstances will allow, but at the same time should
include sufficient information as to leave no doubt in
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Numbering of lots:
For boundary:
Numbers are drawn clockwise outside the
boundary and in red ink.
American Cartography
The map of the American continent
gradually emerged and by the eighteenth century a
great number of fairly detailed maps were available.
These maps were American on subject only. They were
made by English, French, Dutch or Spanish
cartographers. Colonial cartography developed slowly in
the eighteenth century. British and Spanish army
officers produced many excellent maps and some of
these men were employed later by Washington and
Jefferson, both expert surveyors.
In the early nineteenth century. Army explorers
added much to the knowledge of the newly acquired
territories, and the older states were engaged in surveys
that were more or less detailed. Private map makers
were busy publishing maps and school atlases.
Outstanding is Henry S. Tanners New American Atlas
of 1823, published in Philadelphia. In the mid century,
American cartography was influenced by the
introduction of wax engraving and lithography. The
lithograph country atlases are typical American Atlases.
7.
b.
HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES:
The Reformation of cartography began with the
longitude measurements of the French academy at the
end of the seventeenth century. We refer to the
eighteenth century as the age of reason: the spirit of the
period is reflected in its maps. They are far less
decorative, but much more accurate, than their
seventeenth century Dutch predecessors.
The greatest achievement of the West was the
triangulation and topographic mapping of France,
directed by members of the Cassini family.
This series set the pattern for the national surveys
at the nineteenth century. Large scale topographic maps
and charts of a nation can be produced only by a large
organization. The task of the independent cartographers
was narrowed mostly to small scale maps, a division
which still persists.
The nineteenth century witnessed a great
diversification
of
maps.
Geologic,
economic,
educational, transportation, and other maps required
new approaches to the great enrichment of cartography.
New engraving processes, lithography, wax engraving,
photoengraving, and color printing made new
techniques possible. Map making has become
concentrated in large governmental and private offices,
producing maps by the millions, reaching great masses
of people.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Name
should stretch over approximately 2/3 of the area
to which it relates.
Name
should serve as a central axis of the region.
For
long
linear features, reduce spacing and repeat name.
12.
13.
Align name
with a straight-line feature that is not
horizontal (e.g. road, pier, railroad)
Align name
parallel to the lines of graticule
2.
11.
If the name
is placed outside a relatively linear feature, align
the name along the features trend.
If
the
feature is compact, place the name horizontally
beside it (but not on the horizontal line).
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Name should
associated symbol.
21.
22.
23.
9.
24.
10.
7.
8.
be
placed
above
shapes,
angles and scales must be distorted on most
parts
other terms
of equal area: equivalent, homolographic,
homalographic, authalic, equiareal
2.
3.
SCALE
Equidistance scale between one or two points and
every point on the map, or along every meridian, is
shown correctly.
No
map
projection show scales correctly throughout
the map, but there is usually one ormore lines
on the map along which the scale remains
true.
4.
DIRECTION
Azimuthal or Zenithal directions or azimuths of all
points on the map are shown correctly with respect
to the center
its
MAP PROJECTION
For the representation of the entire surface of the
earth without any kind of distortion, a map must have a
spherical surface; a map of this kind is known as a
globe. A flat map cannot accurately represent the
rounded surface of the earth except for very small areas
where the curvature is negligible. To show large portions
SHAPE
The shape of every small feature of the map is
shown correctly
There are
usually one or more singular points at which
the shape is still distorted.
Relative
angles at each point are correct and the local
scale in every direction around any one point
is constant.
Meridians
intersect parallels at 90, just as they do on
earth.
5.
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Mercator Projection all
rhumblines (lines of constant direction are
shown as straight lines)
b.
Gnomonic Projection all
great circle path, orthodrome or geodesic
(shortest route between points on a sphere)
are shown as straight lines
c.
Stereographic all small
circles, as well as great circles, are shown as
circles on the map
a.
A. Cylindrical Projection
In making a cylindrical projection, the
cartographer regards the surface of the map as a
cylinder that encircles the globe, touching it at the
equator. The parallels of latitude are extended outward
from the globe, parallel to the equator, as parallel planes
intersecting the cylinder. Because of the curvature of the
globe, the parallels of latitude nearest the poles when
projected onto the cylinder are spaced progressively
closer together, and the projected meridians of
longitude are represented as parallel straight lines,
perpendicular to the equator and continuing to the North
and South poles. After the projection is completed, the
cylinder is assumed to be slit vertically and rolled out
flat. The resulting map represents the world's surface as
a rectangle with equally spaced parallel lines of
longitude and unequally spaced parallel lines of latitude.
The shapes of areas are increasingly distorted toward
the poles, but the size relationship of areas on the map
is equivalent to the size relationship of areas on the
globe.
The familiar Mercator projection, developed
mathematically by the Flemish geographer Gerardus
Mercator, is related to the cylindrical projection, with
certain modifications. A Mercator map is accurate in the
equatorial regions but greatly distorts areas in the high
latitudes. Directions are represented faithfully, and this
is especially valuable in navigation. Any line cutting two
or more meridians at the same angle is represented on
a Mercator map as a straight line. Such a line, called a
rhumb line, represents the path of a ship or an airplane
following a steady compass course. Using a Mercator
map, a navigator can plot a course simply by drawing a
line between two points and reading the compass
direction from the map.
B. Azimuthal Projection
This group of map projections is derived by
projecting the globe onto a plane that may be tangent to
it at any point. The group includes the gnomonic,
orthographic, and stereographic plane projections. Two
other types of plane projections are known as the
azimuthal equal area and the azimuthal equidistant;
they cannot be projected but are developed on a
tangent plane. The gnomonic projection is assumed to
be formed by rays projected from the center of the
earth. In the orthographic projection the source of
projecting rays is at infinity, and the resulting map
resembles the earth as it would appear if photographed
from outer space. The source of projecting rays for the
stereographic projection is a point diametrically opposite
the tangent point of the plane on which the projection is
made.
The nature of the projection varies with the
source of the projecting rays. Thus the gnomonic
projection covers areas of less than a hemisphere, the
orthographic covers hemispheres, the azimuthal equal
area and the stereographic projections map larger
areas, and the azimuthal equidistant includes the entire
globe. In all these types of projection, however (except
in the case of the azimuthal equidistant), the portion of
the earth that appears on the map depends on the point
at which the imaginary plane touches the earth. A planeprojection map with the plane tangent to the surface of
the earth at the equator would represent the equatorial
region, but would not show the entire region in one map;
with the plane tangent at either of the poles, the map
would represent the polar regions.
Because the source of the gnomonic projection is
at the center of the earth, all great circles, that is, the
conformal
meridians
are equally spaced straight lines
parallels
are unequally spaced straight lines, closest
near the equator, cutting meridians at right
angles
scale is true
along the equator, or along two parallels
equidistant from the equator
loxodromes
, or rhumblines, are straight lines
poles are at
infinity; great distortion of area in polar
regions; suitable for east west extents
used
for
navigation
2.
Transverse Mercator
Conformal
Central
meridian, each meridian 90 from central
meridian, and equator are straight lines
Other
meridians and parallels are complex curves
Scale
is
true along central meridian, or along two
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Equal area
form of conic projection using two
standard parallels
Scale along
the parallels is too small between
the standard parallels and too large
beyond them
Parallels
are unequally spaced arcs of
concentric circles, more closely
spaced at the north and the south
edges of the map
Meridians
are equally spaced radii of the
same circles, cutting parallels at
right angles
There is no
distortion in scale or shape along
two standard parallels, normally, or
along just one
Poles are
arc of great circles
East-west
expanse
2.
Aphylactic
Meridians
and
parallels
are
equidistant
straight
lines,
intersecting at right angles
3.
Also called
Conical Orthomorphic
Parallels
are unequally spaced arcs of
concentric circles, more closely
spaced at the north and the south
edges of the map
Meridians
are equally spaced radii of the
same circles, cutting parallels at
right angles
Scale
is
true along two standard parallels,
normally, or along just one
Pole in the
same hemisphere as standard
parallel is a point; other pole is at
infinity
Conformity
fails at each point
East-west
expanse
No angular
distortion at any parallels, except at
the poles
Bipolar Oblique Conic Conformal
Two oblique
conic projections, side by side, but
with poles 104 apart
Meridians
and parallels are complex curves,
intersecting at right angles
Scale
is
true
along
two
standard
transformed parallels on each conic
projection, neither of these lines
following any geographical meridian
or parallel
4.
Very small
deviation from conformality, where
the two conic projections join
Specially
developed for a map of the
Americas
Used only
in spherical form
Polyconic Projection
Curvature
of the circular arc for each of the parallel on
the map is the same as it would be following
the unrolling of a cone which had wrapped
around the globe tangent to the particular
parallel of latitude, with the parallel traced
onto the cone
Instead of a
single cone, a series of conical surfaces may
be used
For
the
sphere, each parallel has a radiusproportional
to the cotangent of latitude
Aphylactic
Parallels of
latitude (except for equator) are arcs of circles
but ore not concentric
Central
meridian and equator are straight line; all
other meridians are complex curves
Scale
is
true along each parallel and along the central
meridian, but no parallel is :standard
Free
of
distortion only along the central meridian
AZIMUTHAL PROJECTIONS
1.
Orthographic
2.
Stereographic
3.
Gnomonic
4.
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area
OTHER PROJECTIONS
1.
Heterodral Projection
2.
Cassini
3.
Star Projection
4.
Bonne
5.
Sinusoidal
MAPS AND PLANS OF SURVEYS
STANDARD BASE MAPS
MAPS AND PLANS OF ALL LAND SURVEYS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
SHALL
BE
PLOTTED
ON
APPROPRIATE
STANDARD
BASE
MAPS
PROJECTED UPON SPHEROIDAL QUADRANGLE OF
CLARKES SPHEROID OF 1866. (SEC.349 DAO NO.
9812 S. 1998)
THE STANDARD BASE MAPS OF THE PHILIPPINES
SHALL BE CLASSIFIED INTO: (SEC.350, DAO NO.
9812 S. 1998)
- CADASTRAL MAPS (CM)
- BARANGAY BOUNDARY AND INDEX MAPS
(BBIM)
- MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY AND INDEX MAPS
(MBIM)
- MUNICIPAL BASE MAPS
- PROVINCIAL BASE MAPS
- REGIONAL BASE MAPS
CADASTRAL MAPS
THE CADASTRAL MAPS SHALL COMPRISE
AREAS WITHIN SPHEROIDAL QUADRANGLE OF
ONE MINUTE OF ARC IN LATITUDE AND ONE
MINUTE OF ARC IN LONGITUDE AND SHALL BE
DRAWN IN THE PHILIPPINE PLANE COORDINATE
SYSTEM (PPCS) PRS 92 TO THE STANDARD
SCALE OF 1:4000 ON DRAFTING MATERIAL OF
STABLE
BASE
OF
UNIFORM
SIZE
OF
APPROXIMATELY
54
x
54
CENTIMETERS.
SECTIONAL CADASTRAL MAPS SHALL BE DRAWN
ON LARGER SCALES ON THE SAME MATERIALS
AND OF THE SAME SIZE AS THE STANDARD
CADASTRAL MAPS TO SHOW TRACTS OF LAND
WHICH OTHERWISE WILL APPEAR TOO SMALL ON
THE STANDARD SCALE OF 1:4000.
1.
2.
CLAIMS
AS
3.
RELATION
WITH
ANY
CADASTRAL OR PUBLIC LAND SUBDIVISION
SURVEY PROJECT OR RESERVATION (IF
SURVEY IS NEAR A KNOWN RESERVATION),
AS XXXXXXXXX
4.
IF LOT IS A PORTION OF
UNDECREED
CADASTRAL
LOT,
THE
CADASTRAL LOT NUMBER PERTAINING TO
SAID PORTION, AS:
LOT 7=LOT 5000, CAD-69
5.
ADVERSE
E)
XXXXXXXXX
DESCRIPTION OF CORNERS AS
XXXXXXXXXX
FOR
SURVEY
INSIDE
CLASSIFIED / UNCLASSIFIED FOREST:
THIS SURVEY IS WITHIN CLASSIFIED /
UNCLASSIFIED FOREST AND THEREFORE
SHALL NOT BE THE BASIS FOR
REGISTRATION OR TITLING PURPOSES.
B)
C)
FOR
COMPLEX
SUBDIVISION: THIS SUBDIVISION SURVEY
IS IN CONFORMITY WITH THE APPROVED
SUBDIVISION SCHEME.
(SEC.378, DAO 98-12 S. 1998)
B)
C)
D)
F)