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0.1
Algebraic techniques
FP2
EXAMPLE 1
Simplify
4 + 3
x +1 x + 2
Rewrite the fractions so that they each have denominator (x + 1)(x + 2):
4 + 3 4(x + 2) + 3(x + 1)
x + 1 x + 2 (x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 1)(x + 2)
Add the numerators:
4(x + 2) + 3(x + 1)
(x + 1)(x + 2)
Simplify:
7x + 11
(x + 1)(x + 2)
Hence
4 + 3
7x + 11
x + 1 x + 2 (x + 1)(x + 2)
Express
5x 1
as the sum of partial fractions.
(x + 1)(x 1)
5x 1
A + B
(x + 1)(x 1) (x + 1) (x 1)
A(x 1) + B(x + 1)
(x + 1)(x 1)
Compare numerators:
5x - 1 A(x - 1) + B(x + 1)
A=3
5x 1
3 + 2
(x + 1)(x 1) (x + 1) (x 1)
y = 2x + 1
so
x 1
y(x - 1) = 2x + 1
yx - 2x = y + 1
i.e.
(y - 2)x = y + 1
x = y +1
so
y2
FP2
EXAMPLE 4
value of 1.5.
Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
( 1 )( 12 ) (2x) + "
(2)
1
(1 + 2x)2 = 1 + 1 (2x) + 2
2!
2!
= 1 + x 1 x2 + "
2
b Substitute x =
( ( ))
1+ 2 1
4
i.e.
1
2
2(4)
1+ 1 1 1
4
1.5 1.21875
()
1 2
1 + 2
= 1.5
4
Express
x = x(1 x)1
1 x
2!
3!
= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + "
Multiply through by x:
x (1 x) 1 = x (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ")
= x + x2 + x3 + x4 + "
FP2
Hence
x = x + x2 + x3 + x4 + "
1 x
Exercise 0.1
1 Simplify these expressions.
Factorise your answers as far as possible.
a
2 + 4
x + 2 x 1
x
c x + 3 + x +1
e
3 1
x 4 x +1
d 2x + 1 +
x +1
1
2x 1
x 1
x + 4 x +1
4x + 3
(x + 2)(x 3)
c 5x2 6
x 4
x+2
(x + 4)(x + 3)
x2 7
(x 2 1)(x + 2)
b y = 2x + 3
c y = 2x + 1
d y = 1 3x
a y=
x +1
4x
3x + 1
1
(1 + 2x)3
2
c (1 3x)3
1
5 It is given that (1 + x)2 = 1 + 1 x 1 x 2 + 1 x 3 "
16
1
4x)2
x 1
1+ x
FP2
4x + 3
(1 + 3x)(1 2x)
0.2
Inequalities
EXAMPLE 1
x2 - 5x + 4 (x - 1)(x - 4)
The graph cuts the x-axis when y = 0
i.e when (x - 1)(x - 4) = 0
The graph has roots x = 1, x = 4.
x2 - 5x + 4 < 0 is satisfied by
values of x for which the graph
y = x2 - 5x + 4 lies on or below
the x-axis.
EXAMPLE 2
FP2
x2 - 4x + 3 0 0
i.e.
(x - 1)(x - 3) 0 0
(x - 1)(x - 3) = 0 for x = 1, x = 3
Use appropriate values of x to find the sign of f(x) in the intervals
x < 1, 1 < x < 3, x > 3:
f(x) < 0
f(x) > 0
1
x<1
e.g.
f(0) = 3 (>0)
f(x) > 0
x
3
1<x<3
f(2) = -1 (<0)
x>3
f(4) = 3 (>0)
Exercise 0.2
1 Use any appropriate technique to solve these inequalities.
a x2 - 5x + 6 0 0
b 2x2 + 5x - 3 < 0
c 4x2 - 1 > 0
d x2 - 7x + 10 0 5 - x
e x2 - 3x + 2 / 2x + 8
f 2x2 - 2x - 12 > 3 - x
2 Solve the inequality x2 - 2x - 4 < 0
Give your answers in surd form.
3 Use a graphical approach to show that the inequality
x2 - 6x + 10 < 0
has no solution.
4 Solve these inequalities.
FP2
0.3
EXAMPLE 1
y=
x2
y=x 4
y = 4 x2
FP2
You can sketch the graph with equation y = Aekx, where A and k
are constants.
EXAMPLE 2
When x = 0, y = 3e-2(0) = 3,
i.e. the y-intercept of the
graph is 3.
y = 3e2x
Exercise 0.3
1 On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs with these equations.
Label all axis-crossing points with their values and the sections
of the graph with their equations.
a y = |2x + 1|
b y = |2 - 3x|
c y = |x2 + 4x + 3|
d y = |3x - 2x2|
2 On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of these equations.
Label all axis-crossing points with their values, giving answers
in surd form where appropriate.
a y = |x3- 1|
b y = |(x + 3)2 (x - 1)|
c y = |(3 - x)(x2 - 2)|
FP2
0.4
Trigonometry
sin2 q + cos2 q 1
tan 2q 2 tan q2
1 tan q
tan q + 1 sec q
2
cos q
1 + cot q cosec q
EXAMPLE 1
cos 2q + cos q = 0
so
2cos q - 1 + cos q = 0
i.e. (2cos q - 1)(cos q + 1) = 0
This is a quadratic
equation in cos q.
FP2
cos q = 1 when q = 1 p
2
Since 0 / q / p
cos q = -1 when q = p
Hence cos 2q + cos q = 0 has solutions q = 1 p , p for 0 / q / p.
3
10
cos2 q 1 - sin2 q
RHS depends only on sin q.
Exercise 0.4
1 Solve these equations.
Give answers in exact form.
a sin 2q = cos q
for 0 / q / p
b sin 2q = tan q
for 0 / q / p
3cos 2q = cos q
for 1 p q 1 p
2
3sin q + cos q
2 a Express
in the form R sin(q + a),
where R > 0 and 0 < a < 1 p is exact.
2
FP2
2i
A
11
0.5
1.1
Differentiation
d ln ax = 1
(
) x
dx
d ( cos ax ) = a sin ax
dx
2
find dy and d y2 .
If y = xe2x
dx
dx
y=
xe2x
so
dx
dx
dx
dy
= x (2e2x ) + e2x (1)
dx
d ( 2x )
e = 2e2x using the chain rule.
dx
= (2x + 1) e2x
Factorise:
FP2
2
Use the product rule on dy to find d y2 :
dx
dy
= ( 2x + 1) e2x
dx
dx
so
d y
= (2x + 1) (2e2x ) + e2x (2)
dx 2
= 2e2x ( 2x + 2 ) = 4e2x ( x + 1)
Hence
dy
d2 y
= ( 2x + 1) e2x and 2 = 4e2x ( x + 1)
dx
dx
d 2
( y ) = ddy ( y 2 ) ddxy
dx
= 2y
d ( 2)
y = 2y since y2 is being
dy
dy
dx
Exercise 0.5
1 Find
dy
for these equations. Simplify each answer as far as possible.
dx
a y = ex sin x
b y = ln(1 + x2)
c y = x +x 1
d y = ln(sin2 x)
FP2
b f(q) = sin2 q - 1
d xy 2
( )
dx
( )
d x 2 dy
dx
dx
dy
.
dx
d2 y
du
d 2u
2 = 2 dx + x
dx
dx 2
13
0.6
Integration
eax dx = 1 eax + c
cos ( ax ) dx = 1 sin ( ax ) + c
sin(ax) dx = 1 cos ( ax ) + c
a is a non-zero constant.
EXAMPLE 1
= x cos u du
dx
FP2
4x
4x
1 cosu du
4
= 1 sinu + c
4
Replace u with
2x2:
= 1 sin ( 2x 2 ) + c
4
dy
=x
dx
3y2 dy = y3 + c1
x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + c 2
Hence the general solution is given by
y3 = x sin x + cos x + c
i.e.
14
A differential equation is an
equation that involves a derivative.
y =
x sin x + cos x + c
x cos x dx
sec x 1
cos x
dx
dv
= cos x, v = sin x
dx
c = c2 - c1
You only need one arbitrary
constant in the general solution of
a first order differential equation.
dA 1
dt
A
Hence
i.e.
P is inversely proportional to
Q if P 1
Q
FP2
dA = k
dt
A
A dA = k dt
hence 1 A2 = kt + c
k is a constant so k dt = kt + c
i.e.
A=
2kt + c1
A=
so 0 =
2kt + c1
0 + c1
i.e. c1 = 0
Hence A =
2kt
2kt
A=
so
6=
2kt to find k:
2k ( 4 )
36 = 8k
i.e. k = 4.5
Hence the equation for A in terms of t is
A=
2 ( 4.5) t =
9t = 3 t
(2
= 2 1 sin 2q = sin 2q
Exercise 0.6
FP2
xsin x dx
x(2x2 - 1)3 dx
4x(2x + 1)4 dx
xe-x dx
d
1
p
2
0
2
9x2 ln x dx
f
1
16
tan x dx = ln |sec x| + c
sec2 2x dx
dy
= 2xy
dx
b t dx + x = 0
dt
c sec q
d
dy
= ey
dq
dy
= 2xe x y
dx
dy
= y 2 for which y = 1 when x = 1
dx
2
dy
b ( x 2 1) = 2y for which y = 1 when x = 3
dx
c cos2 x
dy
= y for which y = 1 when x = p
dx
FP2
2 sin2 q dq
tan2 q dq
17
0.7
1.1
Complex numbers
EXAMPLE 1
2a
x2 - 6x + 13 = 0
x=
so
( 6 )
=6
( 6 )2 4 (1)(13 )
2 (1)
16
16
= 16 (1)
= 4i
2
6
4
i
=
2
= 3 2i
The equation x - 6x + 13 = 0 has solutions x = 3 2i.
FP2
z = 32 + (3)2
The modulus of z = a + bi
is z =
= 18
a2 + b2
=3 2
For any complex number z = a + bi in the 4th quadrant,
()
arg z = tan ( 3 ) =
3
arg z = tan1 b :
a
tan
(1)
= 1p
4
18
Im
Q
lQ = 1 p
OP = 3, OQ = 4 and PO
3
1
r
3
P
3
Re
Im
(3 )
QP 2 = 32 + 42 2(3)(4)cos 1 p
= 9 + 16 24 1
a2 = b2 + c 2 2bc cos A
4
1
r
3
= 13
P
3
Re
Hence z w = 13
Since (z - w) is represented by
QP , z w = QP.
FP2
Exercise 0.7
1 Solve these quadratic equations.
a x2 - 2x + 10 = 0
b 4x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
c x2 2 2x + 3 = 0
2 Find the exact modulus and argument of these complex numbers.
a 5 + 5i
c
+ 2 3i
b 2 2 3i
d
6 6i
Im
Q
4
O
Re
Answers
Exercise 0.1
1
b
2x + 7
b
( x 4)( x + 1)
6( x + 1)
a
( x + 2)( x 1)
2 x( x + 2)
( x + 3)( x + 4)
y
y = 2 3x
x(4 x + 1)
( x + 1)(2 x 1)
y = (2 3x)
e ( x + 2)( x 2)
( x + 4)( x + 1)
c
3
O
2
1
b
( x + 4) ( x + 3)
1
+ 3
a
( x + 2) ( x 3)
4
+ 1
( x + 2) ( x 2)
3
1
1
( x + 1) ( x 1) ( x + 2)
a x=
y
2y 3
b x=
3
4y 2
c x=
1 y
y 2
d x=
1 y
3( y + 1)
2
3
y = x2 + 4x + 3
y = x2 + 4x + 3
3
y = (x2 + 4x + 3)
3
a 1 - x + x 2 - x3 +
2
y
b 1 - 6x + 24 x2 - 80 x3 +
y = x(3 2x)
y = x(3 2x)
c 1 - 2x - x2 4 x3 -
FP2
a 1 + 2x - 2x2 + 4x3 -
b
a x - 4x2 + 12x3 -
1 +
y = x(3 2x)
3
7
11
x x 2 + x 3 ...
2
8
16
Exercise 0.2
1
a x / 2, x 0 3
d x / 1, x 0 5
e -1/ x / 6
1 5 < x <1+ 5
a -4 < x < -2, x > 0
c x < 0, x -1
1
2
1
1
c x< ,x>
2
2
4
b -3 < x <
x < 5, x > 3
2
b x / -3, -1 / x / 3
Exercise 0.3
1
3
2
c 3 + x + 17x - 11x +
2
9
y
y = (2x + 1)
y = 2x + 1
1
6
O
1
20
Answers
b q = 0, 2 p
a 2 sin q + 1 p
a (1 - 2sin2 q)sin q
c 1 sin 4q
d cos 2q
4
O
b BC = k, 3k
Exercise 0.5
1
x
a ex (cos x + sin x)
c
x
ex
2x
1 + x2
d 2cot x
2
3
a 2
a 3cos 3x
3y2
a u + x du
b 0
b 2sin 4x
dy
dx
c -4sin 8x
dy
b 2 xy + y 2
dx
c x2
d2 y
dy
+ 2x
dx
dx 2
dx
Exercise 0.6
1
1
O
2
3
1
In 3
2
4
y
In 2
c y = -ln |c - sin q|
d y = ln |e x (2x - 2) + c|
a y= x
b y = 2 x 1
( x + 1)
x +1
etan x
a dA = 2 A
dt
a q 1 sin 2q + c
b tan q - q + c
2
c q 1 cos 2q + c
2
b x = 1 i
a x = 1 3i
a z = 5 2 , arg(z ) = 1 p
c x = 2 i
b z = 4, arg(z ) = 1 p
Exercise 0.4
a q = 1p , 1p , 5p
b q = 0, 1 p , 3 p , p
c q = 1p , 1p , 5p
6
2
6
d q = 1p
6
b x=A
Exercise 0.7
f 24ln 2 - 7
a y = Ae x
c y=
5
16
1
1
(2 x + 1)6 (2 x + 1)5 + c
c
6
5
d -1
e 7
3
a sec2 2x dx = 1 tan 2x + c
2
FP2
4
b 1 ( 2 x 2 1) + c
a -x cos x + sin x + c
c z = 4 3 , arg(z ) = 5 p
6
3
z = 2 3 , arg(z ) = p
4
21
Exam-style assessment
Inequalities
1.
2
Solve the inequality x + 2 < x
2.
3.
4.
x 1
x+3
(b) On the same diagram, sketch the graphs with equations y = |x2 - 5x + 6|
and y = 4x - 8
(c) Hence, or otherwise, solve the inequality |x2 - 5x + 6| < 4x - 8
5.
(a) On the same diagram, sketch the graphs with equations y = |x2 - 9| and
y = |2x - 1|. Label, with their coordinates, the axis-crossing points of
each graph.
(b) Find the values of x where these two graphs intersect. Give answers in
simplified surd form where appropriate.
(c) Hence solve the inequality |x 2 - 9| . |2x -1|
6.
(a) On the same diagram, sketch the graphs with equations y = |2x + a| and
y = |3x + a|, where a is a positive constant. Label, with their coordinates,
the axis-crossing points of each graph.
(b) Hence solve, in terms of a, the inequality |2x + a| < |3x + a|
7.
(a) Sketch the graph with equation y = |x2 - 2kx| where k is a positive constant.
Label the stationary point with its coordinates.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, solve the inequality |x2 - 2kx| - k2, giving your answer
in terms of k.
1
Question
Number
Inequalities
Solution
Marks
x2 + 2 x < 0
x 1
x+2 <0
x 1
M1
M1
A1
A2
5
x+2+ x 0
x+3 2
(x + 1)(x + 4)
0
2(x + 3)
M1
M1 A1
A1
M1 A2
7
3 a
x 1 >0
x 1 x + 3
M1
(x + 1)2
>0
(x 1)((x + 3)
M1 A1
M1 A1
A2
7
4 a
M1oe
M1
M1
A2
(5)
B2
(2)
A2
(2)
9
6
y = 4x 8
y = |x2 5x + 6|
O
2 3
2<x<7
5 a
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
B2
(2)
M1
M1 A1
M1
M1
A3
(6)
A2
(2)
10
B3
(3)
4 3 2 1 O 1 1 2 3 4 x
2
6 a
y = |3x + a|
(0, a)
y = |2x + a|
a
,0
2
a
,0
3
( )( )
b
A1
7 a
A1
(4)
7
B3
(3)
(k, k2)
2k
M1 A1
x2 2kx - k2 = 0, x = k(1 2 )
M1 A1
A2
(4)
7
Exam-style assessment
2
1.
Series
r =1
2.
(a) Express
= 1 n(n + 1)
2
6
in partial fractions.
9r 2 12r 5
(15n + 2 ) ( n 1)
8
=
( 3n + 1) ( 3n 2 )
r = 2 9r 12r 5
n
15
8
, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
r = 6 9r 12r 5
8
A
B
C
+
+
2
1
2
1
2
+
+ 3)
r
r
r
(
)
(
)
(
4r 1 ( 2r + 3 )
r =1
4.
for all r . 1
n (n + 2)
3
=
4r 1 ( 2r + 3 ) ( 2n + 1) ( 2n + 3 )
2
1
1
2
=
r ( r + 1) ( r + 1) ( r + 2 ) r ( r + 1) ( r + 2 )
for all r . 1
r ( r + 14) ( r + 2 )
r =1
4
(c) Deduce
< 1 for all n > 1
1
r
r
+
) (r + 2 )
r =1 (
5.
3
(a) Express 8r 2 2r 1 in the form Ar +
4r 1
B
C , for constants A, B
+
2
r
1
2
r
(
) ( + 1)
and C to be determined.
n
3
(b) Hence find an expression for 8r 2 2r 1 giving your answer in terms of
r =1
4r 1
24
3
(c) Evaluate the series 8r 2 2r 1, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
r =7
4r 1
7.
(a) Express
3r 2
in partial fractions.
r ( r + 1) ( r + 2 )
n
3r 2
n2
=
(b) Hence show that
( n + 1) ( n + 2 )
r =1 r ( r + 1) ( r + 2 )
r ( r +3r1)( r2 + 2 )
r =1
8.
(a) Express
= 8
15
are constants.
3 r = n 1
2
n ( n + 1)
r =2 r r 1
for n > 2
Series
Question
Number
Solution
Marks
1 a
r2 + 2r - r2 + 2r = 4r
A1
r =1
r =1
4 r = [r (r + 2) r (r 2)]
4(1) = 1(3) - 1(-1)
4(2) = 2(4) - 2(0)
4(3) = 3(5) - 3(1)
4(4) = 4(7) - 4(2)
4(n - 2) = (n - 2)(n) - (n - 2)(n - 4)
4(n - 1) = (n - 1)(n + 1) - (n - 1)(n - 3)
4(n) = n(n + 2) - n(n - 2)
Adding:
4(1 + 2 + 3 + + n) = 1 + (n - 1)(n + 1) + n(n + 2)
= 2n2 + 2n
n
2 a
M1 A1
M1 A1
Hence r = 1 n(n + 1)
2
r =1
A1
(5)
6
1 1
3r 5 3r + 1
B1 A2
(3)
(1)
6
9r 2 12
r5
r =2
r =2
( 3r 1 5 3r 1+ 1 )
r = 2,
1 1
r = 3,
+1 1
4 10
+1 1
7 13
r = 4,
..................
1
1
3n 11 3n 5
+ 1 1
3n 8 3n 2
+ 1 1
3n 5 3n + 1
+
r = n - 2,
r = n - 1,
r = n,
M1 A1
Adding:
11
4
1 1 = 45n2 39n 6
3n 2 3n + 1 4(3n + 1)(3n 2)
8
9r 2 12
r5
r =2
Hence
r =2
n
= 8 2 6
6 r = 2 9r 12r 5
8
15n2 13n 2 = (15n + 2)(n 1)
=
9r 2 12r 5 (3n + 1)(3n 2) (3n + 1)(33n 2)
M1 A1
M1
M1 A1
(7)
10
15
r = 6 9r
8
12r 5
15
5
8
2 8
r = 2 9r 2r 5
r = 2 9r 12r 5
(75 + 2)4
= (15 15 + 2)(15 1)
(45 2)(45 + 1)
(15 2)(15 + 1)
= 227 14 77 4
43 46 13 16
= 0.126
10
3 a
b
1 2 + 1
2r 1 2r + 1 2r + 3
r = 1:
1 2 + 1
3 5
r = 2:
+1 2 + 1
3 5 7
r = 3:
+1 2 + 1
5 7 9
..
..
r = n - 2:
1 2 + 1
2n 5 2n 3 2n 1
r = n - 1:
1 2 + 1
2n 3 2n 1 2n + 3
r = n:
1 2 + 1
2n 1 2n + 1 2n + 3
M1 A3
(4)
M1 A1
Adding:
2 1 + 1 =
8n2 + 16n
3 2n + 1 2n + 3 3(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
n(n + 2)
3
3 n
8
=
=
2
2
(
n
8
2
+ 1)(2n + 3)
r =1 (4r 1)(2r + 3)
r =1 (4r 1)(2r + 3)
M1 A1
Hence
B1 A1
(6)
10
4 a
b
LHS = (r + 2) r
r(r + 1)(r + 2)
2
r(r + 1)(r + 2)
n
2
1
= 1
(r + 1)(r + 2)
r =1 r(r + 1)(r + 2)
r =1 r(r + 1)
11
r = 1:
2 6
r = 2:
+1 1
6 12
n
r = n - 1:
1
1
(n 1)n n(n + 1)
1
+ 1
n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)
r = n:
M1 A1
(2)
B1
M1 A1
Adding:
n(n + 3)
1
1
=
2 (n + 1)(n + 2) 2(n + 1)(n + 2)
n(n + 3)
4
Hence r(r + 1)(r + 2) = (n + 1)(n + 2)
r =1
M1 A1
M1 A1
(7)
2
n(n + 3)
4
= 2n + 3n
=
(n + 1)(n + 2) n + 3n + 2
r =1 r(r + 1)(r + 2)
n
Now n2 + 3n < n2 + 3n + 2
As n > 1, n2 + 3n + 2 > 0 so that
n
n2 + 3n < 1
n2 + 3n + 2
r = 1:
43 - 13
r = 2:
+ 73 - 43
..
.
r = n - 1:
+ (3n - 2)3 - (3n - 5)3
r = n:
+ ( 3n + 1) - (3n - 2)3
Adding:
(3n + 1)3 - 1 = 9n (3n2 + 3n + 1)
M1 A1
(2)
B1
M1 A1
M1 A1
B1
n
n
1
2
2
r = n(3n + 3n + 1) + 3 r n
9
r =1
r =1
B1
= 1 [n(3n2 + 3n + 1) + 3 n(n + 1) - n]
2
9
n
= [6n2 + 6n + 2 + 3n + 3 - 2]
18
= n [2n2 + 3n + 1]
6
1
= 6 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
M1 A1
(9)
11
6 a
b
2r
1
1
+
2(2r 1) 2(2r + 1)
M1 A3 (4)
8r 3 2r 1
4r 2 1
r =1
n
1
1
= 2r +
2(2r + 1) 2(2r 1)
r =1
n
n
n
1
1
= 2r + 1
(2r 1)
2
r =1
r =1 (2r + 1)
= n(n + 1) + 1 1 1
2 3
+ 1 1
5 3
+ .....
1 1
2n 1 2n 3
+ 1 1
2n + 1 2n 1
= n(n + 1) + 1 1 1
2 2n + 1
= n(n + 1)
n
2n + 1
n [(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1]
2n + 1
24
24
6
242(51) 36 15
= =
49
13
r = 7 r =1
r =1
558 (3sf)
7 a
b
1+ 5 4
r r +1 r + 2
M1 A3
(4)
n
3r 2
= 1 + 5 4
r +1 r + 2
r =1 r(r + 1)(r + 2)
r =1 r
n
= 1 + 5 4
2 3
1
5
+
1
2 3
1 5 4
+
3 4 5
+.....
1 +5 4
n 1 n n +1
1
5 4
+
n n +1 n + 2
= 1 + 5 1 + 1 4
2 2 n +1 n + 2
= 1 + n + 2 4n 4
(n + 1)(n + 2)
2
= n + 3n + 2 3n 2
(n + 1)(n + 2)
n2
as required.
(n + 1)(n + 2)
8 a
b
B1
M1 A1
(3)
11
1 3+ 2
r 1 r r +1
B1 A1
(2)
3r = n 1 3 + 2
2
r 1 r r + 1
r = 2 r(r 1)
r =1
B1
1 3 + 2
2 3
1
+ 1+ 2
2
4
+1 3 + 2
3 4 5
r = 2:
r = 3:
r = 4:
..
r = n - 2:
+ 1 3 + 2
n 3 n 2 n 1
r = n - 1:
r = n:
+ 1 3+ 2
n 1 n n +1
1 3 +2
n 2 n 1 n
M1 A1
Adding:
1 3 + 1 + 2 3 + 2 = 1 + 2
2 2 n n n +1
n n +1
n
3 r = n 1
Hence 2
n(n + 1)
r = 2 r(r 1)
M1 A1
A1
(6)
8
Exam-style assessment
3
1.
2.
w = z + 1 + 2i , z -1 - 2i
(a) Show that T maps the line y = 2x to part of the real axis in the w-plane.
(b) Find the locus of points in the z-plane which are mapped to the
line u = 0 in the w-plane.
3.
4.
(b) On the same Argand diagram sketch the locus of P and the locus of Q,
marking clearly the point A where the two loci intersect.
(c) Find the complex number a which represents A and express the equation
of the tangent to this circle at A in the form
|z + 1 - 4i| = |z - b| for b a complex number to be stated.
5.
6.
7.
(a) Given that z = cos q + isin q, use de Moivres theorem to show that
zn - 1n = 2isin nq
z
(b) Express 4sin3 q in the form Asin q + Bsin 3q for integers A and B to
be stated.
y
R
O
The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 2 sin3q for 0 - q - p. R is the
region bounded by this curve, the q-axis and the lines q = 0 and q = p
(c) Find the exact volume formed when region R is rotated once around the q-axis.
8.
9.
(z4)
(a) Sketch on an Argand diagram the locus of P. Indicate on your sketch the
position of points A and B.
(b) Given that point Q in this locus is such that AQ = BQ
(i) show that AQ = 5 3,
3
( z 4i )
(a) Use algebra to show that the locus of P is a circle. Give the centre and
exact radius of this circle.
(b) Given that p = z 2 , where z is the complex number which
z 4i
(1 + w ) (1 + w2 )
w4
Question
Number
Solution
Marks
1 a
M1
M1
M1 A1
(4)
= 8 cos4 q 8 cos2 q + 1
b
24
1
1
Hence cos q = ,
2 6
cosq = 1 , 1
2
6
1
1
3
cosq =
q = p , p for 0 q p
2
4 4
1
cosq =
q = 1.150! , 1.991! for 0 q p
6
2
M1
w=
k \, k 1
k +1
w = 0 + iv =
x + iy
x + iy + 1 + 2i
B1
A1
B1
x + iy
(x + 1) i( y + 2)
(x + 1) + i( y + 2) (x + 1) i( y + 2)
M1
x 2 + x + y 2 + 2y + i(y 2x)
(x + 1)2 + (y + 2)2
B1
(3)
B1
M1
A1
(6)
9
3 a
B2
(2)
2
1
1
2
z = 3 + iw = 3 + i(u + iv)
w 1
u + iv 1
M1
(3 v) + iu (u 1) iv
(u 1) + iv (u 1) iv
M1
(3u + v 3) + i(u2 u 3v + v 2)
(u 1)2 + v 2
B1
A1
(4)
B2
(2)
4 a
10
(x - 3)2 + y2 = 4[ x2 + (y - 3)2]
x2 + 2x + y2 - 8y + 9 = 0
(x + 1)2 + (y - 4)2 = 8
C(-1, 4), radius = 2 2
M1
B1
A2
(4)
B3
(3)
y
8
A
6
3r
4
4
2
b = -5 + 8i
A1
A1
(2)
9
5 a
(2
4 4 3i = 8 1 3 i
2
q = p , r = 8
B1oe
A1
z 3 = 8e
i p + 2np
3
M1
A1
i p + 2np
3
z = 2e 3
If n = 0, then z0 = 2e
If n = 1, then z1 = 2e
b
i p
i 5p
9
and z3 = 2e
i 7p
A2
(6)
B2
(2)
y
z1
2r
3
x
r
z0
z2
2
|z0| = |z1| = |z2| = 2 and the angle between any two distinct
roots p and q = 2p ,
3
p + q = 2 2 cos p = 2
3
6 a
z4 = 4 3 + 1 i
2
( 6 ) ( 6 )
z = 2 cos ( p + np ) + i sin ( p + np )
24
2
24
2
B1oe
M1 A1
(3)
11
B1oe
B1
M1
A2
A1
(7)
B2
(2)
z1
z0
O
z3
z2
B2oe
(2)
|p - q| = 2 or 2 2
11
7 a
zn = cos nq + isin nq
z-n = cos nq - isin nq
zn - z-n = 2i sin nq
1
(2i sin q)3 = z z
M1
M1
A1
(3)
= z3 - 3z + 3 13
z
= z 3 13 3 z 1z
z
= 2i sin 3q - 6i sin q
Hence 4 sin3 q = -sin 3q + 3sin q
so A = 3, B = -1
p
= p 3 cosq + 1 cos 3q
= 16 p
3
M1
M2
A1
(4)
12
8 a
b
M1 A1
M1
B1
M1
A2
(2)
(5)
B3
y
4
r
4
Area = 1 r 2q = 1 8 3 p
2
w =
M1
= 3p
A1
z + 2i
= 2 (using part a above)
z3i
M1oe
9 a
B
O
B3
(3)
2r
3
Angle ABQ = p , AB = 42 + 32 = 5
6
M1
AQ = 5
M1 A1
ii
(2)
14
A
4 arg(z + 3i)
A1
arg(z 4)
(5)
1
cos p
6
)
2 (3
= 5 2 = 5 3
2
3 3
2
Area = 1 5 3 sin 2p = 25 3
12
M1 A1
(5)
8
10 a
M1
B1
M1
A2
( z 4i )
(5)
B1
p = 2 cos p + i sin p = 1 + i
4
M1 A1
4ip 2
, substitute p = 1 + i:
ii z =
p 1
M1 A1
(6)
B3
(3)
z = 4i 4 2 = 4 + 6i
i
c
14
12
10
(2, 8)
6
(0, 4)
4
2
O (2, 0)
14
11 a
B1
i 2 np
z=e5
M1
If n = 0, then z0 = ei0 = 1
If n = 1, then z1 =
2 pi
e5 ,
If n = 2, then z3 =
4 pi
e5 ,
i
ii
A1
z2 =
2 pi
e 5
A2
z4 =
4 pi
e 5
A2
(7)
A1
M1
A1
(3)
(w5 1) = (w 1)(w4 + w3 + w2 + w + 1) = 0
Hence w4 + w3 + w2 + w + 1 = 0
w3 + w2 + w + 1 = -w4
(1 + w)(1 + w )
= 1
w4
2
10
Exam-style assessment
4
1.
dy
1
= 2y, where 0 < x < p ,
dx
4
2.
dy
1
= 4x (y 4), where x >
dx
2
(a) Find the general solution of this differential equation, giving your
answer in the form y = f(x)
(b) Given that the curve passes through the point P(0, 5) find the equation of C.
3.
(a) Express
2 in partial fractions.
y2 1
dy
+ 1 = y2 ,
dx
where y > 1, x > 0, and for which y = 2 when x = 1 is given by y = 1 + x
3
1 x
4.
(b) Hence find the particular solution of this differential equation for which y = 1
3
when x = 0. Sketch the graph of this solution.
5.
dy
+ 2ytan x = 1
dx
(b) Hence show that the particular solution of the given equation for which y = 1
when x = 1 p is given by y = 1 sin 2x.
4
2
6.
7.
8.
dy
+ (x + 2)y = x
dx
dy
- y = 2y2x
dx
dy
- xy = 2y( y + x)
dx
(1)
(a) Show that the substitution y = ux transforms equation (1) into the differential
2u ( u + 1)
equation du =
dx
(2)
(b) Hence show that the general solution of equation (1) can be expressed as
y=
Ax 3 ,
1 Ax 2
Question
Number
Solution
Marks
1 a
dy
= 2 cos 2x dx
sin 2x
y
B1
M3
A1
-2 = k sin p , then k = -4
M1 A1
y = -4sin 2x
A1 ft
(4)
(3)
y
O
r
4
B1
2 a
dy
= 4x dx
y 4 2x + 1
B1
ln |y - 4| =
M2
(2 2x2+ 1)dx
ln |y - 4| = 2x - ln |2x + 1| + ln c
y 4 = ce
2x
B1
2x + 1
2x
y = 4 + ce
2x + 1
A1
5=4+c
c=1
(6)
A1
2x
y=4+ e
A1 ft
(2)
8
1 1
y 1 y +1
M1 A1
(2)
2dy
= dx
2
x
y 1
B1
1 1 dy = dx
y 1 y + 1
x
M1
ln y 1 = ln x + ln c
M2oe
2x + 1
3 a
M1
y +1
y 1
= kx
y +1
A1
k = 1 since y = 2 when x = 1
y - 1 = yx + x
y = 1+ x
1 x
A1
M1
A1
(8)
10
4 a
dy
+ x y= x
dx x 2 + 1
x
x 2 +1dx
1 ln(x 2 +1)
= e2
M1 A1
x2 + 1
x(x 2 + 1) 2 dx + c
y(x 2 + 1) 2 =
1
M1
y(x 2 + 1) 2 = 1 (x 2 + 1) 2 + c
M1 A1
c=0
A1
y = 1 (x2 + 1)
3
A1ft
B2
5 a
(3)
B1
10
2 (tan x ) dx
=e
2 ln cos x
= sec 2 x
M1
M1 A1
Substitute y = 1 and x = p , c = 0
A1
(7)
(3)
Particular solution:
y=
6 a
b
tan x
1
= sin x cos x = sin 2 x
2
2
sec x
dx
= kx(20 x )
dt
dx
= kdt
x(20 x)
(1)
M1 A1
K+C=0
x
= ( t 1) 1 ln 3
20 20 x
10
= ( t 1) 2 ln 3 = ( t 1) ln 9 = ln 9t 1
i.e. ln x
20 x
Hence 1 ln
A1
B1 M1 A1
Therefore
(3)
6
M1
1+ 1
1
dx = kt + c
x 20 x
20
1 ln x
= Kt + C
20 20 x
Substitute x = 10 and t = 1:
M1 A1
(1)
(2)
M1
A2
M1 A1
(11)
x
= 9t 1 as required
20 x
When t = 2,
x
=9
20 x
7 a
Let u = x, then du = dx
Let dv = exdx, v = ex
B1
xe x dx = xe x - e x dx = (x - 1)e x + c
b
dy x + 2
x
+
y=
dx
x +1
x +1
M1 A1
M1
x+2
x +1 dx
=e
1+ x +1 dx
= ( x + 1)e x
x
(x + 1)e x dx = xe x dx
x +1
x
(x + 1)e x y = (x - 1)e x + c so y = ( x 1) e +x c
( x + 1) e
(x + 1)e x y =
(3)
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
10
8 a
dy
= u + x du
dx
dx
M1
x u + x du ux = 2u2 x 3
M1
du = 2u2 x
dx
A1
u-2du = 2x dx
B1
1 = x2 + c
u
x = x2 + c
y
y = 2x
x +c
M1 A1
c=0
A1
1
y=
x
A1oe
dx
(3)
B1
A1
(5)
y
2
B1
O
(3)
11
9 a
Substitute y = ux and
dy
du
=u+x
in (I):
dx
dx
B1
A1
(3)
du = 2 dx
u(u + 1)
x
( u1 u 1+ 1) du =
2dx
x
B1
ln u - ln(u + 1) = 2ln x + ln A
M1
u = Ax 2
u +1
M1
u - Ax2u = Ax2
M1
Ax 2
1 Ax 2
u=
y
x
Substitute u = :
y=
c
M1
Ax 3
1 Ax 2
2 =
y=
A
, then A = 2
1 A
2 x3
1 2 x2
Bloe
A1
(6)
A1
A1
Substitute y = x:
x=
2x 3
1 2x 2
M1
x(4x2 - 1) = 0
(0, 0), (0.5, 0.5) and (-0.5, -0.5)
B1
A2
(6)
15
Exam-style assessment
5
1.
dy
2.
An object is oscillating about a fixed point P. After t seconds the object is x metres
from P where x is modelled by the differential equation
d2x
+ 4x = 0
dt 2
(a) Given that x = 3 when t = 0 and when t = 1 p , solve this differential equation to
4
show that x = 3cos 2t + 3sin 2t
(b) Express x in the form R sin (2t + a), where R > 0 and 0 < a < 1 p are both exact.
2
(c) Hence find the maximum possible distance of the object from point P.
Give your answer in simplified surd form.
3.
d2y
dy
+4
+ 5y = 2cos x - 8sin x
2
d
x
dx
(b) Find the particular solution of this differential equation for which at
dy
x = 0, y = -1 and
= -1
dx
6.
dt
(b) Hence show that the particular solution of this differential equation for
which x = -2 when t = 0 and for which dx = 6 when t = 3 is given by
x = (t - 1) e
7.
1t
2
dt
+ t +1
2x 2
(1)
dy
=
(a) If y = 1 , where u is a function of x, show that
dx
an expression for
d2y
.
dx 2
1 du
and find
u2 dx
d y
dy
2 + 4y2 (2y - 1) = 0
d
dx 2
x
d 2u
can be expressed as 2 + 4u = 8
dx
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
Question
Number
Solution
Marks
1 a
aux.eqn.: m 2 + km = 0, m = 0, m = -k
gen. soln. y = A + Be -kx
M1 A2
M1 A1
(5)
B1
B1
(2)
6
2 a
aux. eqn.: m2 + 4 = 0, m = 2i
gen. soln.: x = Acos (2t) + Bsin (2t)
Substitute x = 3 and t = 0, then A = 3.
Substitute x = 3 and t = p , then B = 3.
M1 A2
M2
A1
A1
M1 A1
(7)
R = 3 2 , a = tan 1 1 = p
x = 3 2 sin 2t + p
c
3 a
A1
max.x = 3 2 metres
A1
M1
m = 4
A1
64
C.F.: y = e
= 1 i
2
1 x
(A cos x + B sin x)
P.I.:
y = pcos x + qsin x
(4)
11
A1
B1
dy
= -psin x + qcos x
dx
d 2y
= -pcos x - qsin x
dx 2
1x
2
M3
A2
A1
(10)
A2
A1oe
B1 A1
(5)
15
4 a
B1
M1
dy
d 2y
= De x and 2 = De x
dx
dx
If y = Dex then
M1
-4De = 16e
D = -4
y = Ae +
Be3x
4ex
dx
dy
(1)
(2)
M1 A1
M1
(5)
x = 1 ln 2
2
( 21 ln 2, 0)
c
A1
(2)
B1
(1)
8
1 ln 2
2
Substitute x = 1 ln 2 in to the DE to give d y2 = 16e 2 = 16 2 > 0
dx
5 a
y = 3xe2x
M1
dy
= 3e2x + 6xe2x
dx
M1
d 2y
= 6e2x + 6e2x + 12xe2x = 12e2x + 12xe2x
dx 2
d 2y
3 dy + 2y = (12 9)e2x + (12 18 + 6)xe2x = 3e2x
2
dx
dx
M1 A1
M1 A1
A1
A1
dy
= Ae x + 2Be2x + 3e2x + 6xe2x
dx
dy
Substituting x = 0, y = -1 and dx = 1:
M1
At x = 1 then y = 2 e > 0
At x = 0 then y = -1
Change of sign, therefore curve C crosses the x-axis.
(4)
M1
A2
A1ft
(9)
A1
A1
(2)
15
6 a
M1 A1
A1
M1
dx = 2 pt + q
dt
d 2x = 2 p
dt 2
2
4 d 2x + 4 dx + x = 8 p + 8 pt + 4q + pt 2 + qt + r
dt
dt
= t2 + 8t + 7
Comparing the coefficients of t2, t,:
p = 1, q = 0 and r = -1
The general solution is
x = Ae-0.5t + Bte-0.5t + t2 - 1
b
M2
A3
A1
(10)
dx
-0.5t
+ Be-0.5t -0.5Bt e-0.5t + 2t
dt = -0.5Ae
Substituting (t = 0, x = -2) and dx = 6 at t = 3:
dt
-2 = A - 1, then A = -1, B = 1,
Particular solution: x = -e-0.5t + te-0.5t + t2 - 1
= e-0.5t(t - 1) + (t - 1)(t + 1)
= (t - 1)(e-0.5t + t + 1)
A2
M1 A1
(6)
16
7 a
dy
= u + x du
dx
dx
M1
d 2y
du + x d 2u
=
2
dx
dx 2
dx 2
M1
2x 2 2 du + x d u2 + (5x 4)x u + x du
dx
dx
dx
M1
+ (4 - 5x + 3x2)(ux) = 10x3sin 2x
2
4x du + 2x 2 d u2 + 5xu + 5x 2 du 4u 4x du
dx
dx
dx
dx
M1
A1
M1
m = -1, 3
A1
A1
B1
dx
dx
(5)
M2
dx
2
2 d u2 = 8 p sin 2x 8q cos 2x
A1oe
dx
Total:
-(5p + 10q)sin 2x + (10p - 5q) cos 2x = 10 sin 2x
Then p + 2q = -2 and 2p - q = 0
A2
p = 2, q = 4
5
A1
(10)
A1
(1)
16
8 a
y = u-1
dy 2 du
= u
as required
dx
dx
( )
d 2y
= 2u 3 du
2
dx
dx
2
u 2 d u2
( dx ) u
dx
2 ( dy ) = 2u ( du )
dx
dx
2
M1oe
dx
2
u 1 d y2 = 2u 4 du
M1oe
(2)
d 2u
dx 2
M1
2
d u + 8u 3 4u 2 = 0
dx 2
M1
Multiply by -u3:
d 2u + 4u = 8
dx 2
Aux. eqn.: m2 + 4 = 0, m = 2i
C.F.: u = Acos 2x + Bsin 2x
P.I.:
2
u = k, d u2 = 0, then k = 2
dx
( ) ( )
Substituting 0, 1 and p , 1 :
4 3
3
1
= Acos 2x + Bsin 2x + 2
y
A = 1 and B = 1
1
cos 2x + sin 2x + 2
Min. value is 1
2+ 2
M1 A1
A1
(4)
A1
A1
(5)
M1
A2
A1
Hence y =
ii
A1
(5)
16
9 a
y = x-1v
dy 2
= x v + x 1 dv
dx
dx
B1oe
2
d 2y
= 2x 3v x 2 dv x 2 dv + x 1 d v2
2
dx
dx
dx
dx
B1oe
2
d 2y
3
2 dv
1 d v
=
2
x
v
2
x
+
x
dx
dx 2
dx 2
B1oe
2
2
x d y2 = 2x 2v 2x 1 dv + d v2
dx
dx
dx
(2 + 2x) dy = 2x 2v + 2x 1 dv 2x 1v + 2 dv
dx
dx
dx
(2 + x)y = 2x-1v + v
(i) + (ii) + (iii):
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
d 2v + 2 dv + v = x 2 + 6x + 6
dx
dx 2
Aux. eqn.: m2 + 2m + 1 = 0
(m + 1)2 = 0, then m = -1
C.F.: v = Ae-x + Bx e-x
v = px2 + qx + r
M1
A1
(5)
M1 A1
A1
M1oe
dv = 2 px + q
dx
P.I.:
d 2v = 2 p
dx 2
d 2v + 2 dv + v = 2 p + 4 px + 2q + px 2 + qx + r
dx
dx 2
A3
A1
A1
A1
(12)
17
Exam-style assessment
6
1.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the first two non-zero terms, in ascending powers
f(x) = tan x
(a) Find f (1) (x), f (2) (x) and f (3) (x).
(b) Show that, if x is sufficiently small that terms in x4 and higher powers
can be ignored, then
tan x = x + 1 x 3
3
0.2
0.1
3tan x
dx.
x
(11 + 22xx ) 2x + 83 x
f(x) = ln (4 - x),
x<4
x2
dy
+ y2 = x - 1
dx
(a) Given that y = 2 when x = 1 find a series solution for y, in ascending powers
of (x - 1), up to and including the term in (x - 1)2.
(b) Hence estimate the value of y when x = 1.2
6.
7.
2
For the differential equation (x + 2) d y2 y dy = x ,
dx
dy
= 3 when x = 0.
where y = 2 and
dx
dx
2
For the differential equation (x2 - 1) d y2 - 2y = (3x + 1)(x - 1),
dx
dy
= -1 when x = 0.
dx
(a) Show that the first three non-zero terms in a series solution for y, in
ascending powers of x, is
y = x + 1 x 2 + 2 x 3 + . . .
2
6
Question
Number
1 a
Marks
(6) ( 6)
f (x) = 6cos 6x f ( p ) = 6
6
f (x) = -36sin 6x f ( p ) = 0
6
f (x) = -216cos 6x f ( p ) = 216
6
sin6x = 6 ( x 1 p ) + 36 ( x 1 p )
6
6
A1
M1 A1
A1
A1
A1
M1
= 1 6 x p + 36 x p
2
6
6
6)
6)
= 3 x p + 18 x p
2 a
(6)
M1
A1
f (x) = sec2 x
f (x) = 2sec xsec x tan x
= 2sec 2x tan x
f (x) = 4sec x sec x tan x tan x + 2sec2x sec2x
= 4sec2x tan2x + 2sec4x
M1 A1
M1 A2
2
3
tan x f (0) + xf (0) + x f (0) + x f (0)
M1
2!
(3)
3!
A1
M1 A1
(5)
3
= x + x 2
3!
3
= x+ x
A1
0.2
c
0.1
3tan x dx
x
0.2
0.1
3 + x2 dx = 3x + x
3
(5)
0.2
0.1
= 0.302(3 dp)
10
3 a
A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
ln(1 + x) x 1 x 2 + 1 x 3
A1
ln(1 + 2x) 2x 2x 2 + 8 x 3
A1
3
ii ln(1 2x) = 2x 2x 2 8 x 3
3
A1
(8)
M1
= x x2 + 4 x3 + x + x2 + 4 x3
B1
= 2x + 8 x 3
A1
(2)
8 = 13
3 64 24
M1 A1
(5)
15
4 a
M1
B1
dx
M1
M1 A1
(5)
ln
( 4 1 x ) =
ln(4
x)
M1oe
f (5)(2) 4! 2 5
=
= 1
5!
5!
160
M1 A1
(3)
8
5 a
Substituting y = 2 and x = 1: dy = 4
2
2
2x dy + x 2 d y2 + 2y dy = 1 d y2 = 25
dx
dx
dx
dx
when x = 1
M1 A1ft
y 2 4(x 1) + 25 (x 1)2
M1 A1ft
y 2 - 4(0.2) + 12.5(0.2)2
= 1.7
M1
A1ft
A1
dx
(5)
(2)
7
6 a
A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
ecos x 1 1 1 x 2
M1 A1
(7)
1 1 x 2 = 2x
2
x + 4x - 2 = 0
M1
x = 2 6
c
7 a
a 2 + 6 = 0.45 (2 dp)
A1
M1
Substituting y = 2 and
2
dy
= 3, x = 0 then d y2 = 3
dx
dx
( )
3
d 2y
+ (x + 2) d y3 dy
2
dx
dx
dx
2
3
y d y2 = 1 d y3 = 13
dx
dx
2
y 2 + 3x + 3x + 13 x 3
8 a
12
Substituting y = 0,
d 2y
dy
= -1 when x = 0, then 2 = 1
dx
dx
2
3
3
2x d y2 + (x 2 1) d y3 2 dy = 6x 2 d y3 = 4 when x = 0
dx
dx
y x + 1 x 2 + 2 x 3
2
3
dx
dx
dy
= 2x ln(1 + x) + (x 2 + k)(1 + x)1
dx
Substituting x = 0 and dy = -1, then k = -1
dx
M1
A1
M1 A1ft
M1 A1ft
(5)
M1 A1ft
(2)
7
A1
M1 A1ft
A1
A1
1 1
1
The coefficient of x4 = 2 + 4 = 4
A1
(4)
M1 B1oe
M1
( x 2 1) x
(3)
12
A1
x 2 + x 3 x 4 + ...
2
3
4
ii
(2)
(3)
(2)
9
Exam-style assessment
7
1.
Polar coordinates
(a) Show that (x - 2)2 + (y - 1)2 = 5, where (x, y) are the cartesian coordinates
of any point on C.
(b) Hence sketch the polar curve C.
2.
1
r
6
i=
1
r
2
C2
C1
l
The diagram shows the polar curves C1 and C2 with equations given by
C1: r = cos 2q 0 - q - 1 p
and
C2: r = sin q
4
0 - q - 1p
2
4.
B
O
The diagram shows the polar curve with equation r = a(1 + 2cos q) for 0 - q - 2 p ,
3
where a is a positive constant. The curve crosses the initial line at the pole and at
point A. The line p is a tangent to this curve at point B and is perpendicular to the
initial line, as shown.
(a) Find the polar coordinates of point A, giving your answer in terms of a
(b) Show that, for this curve, rcos q = a(cos q + cos 2q + 1)
(c) Hence find, in terms of a, the distance OB.
2
(d) Show that the area of triangle OAB is 3a 15
16
5.
6.
i=
1
r
2
i=0
The diagram shows the polar curve with equation r 2 = 2 3 sin 2q for 0 - q - 1 p ,
the initial line and the half-line q = 1 p . A tangent to this curve at point A,
2
parallel to the initial line, is also shown.
(b) Hence, by using implicit differentiation, show that point A has polar
coordinates
3, 1 p .
3
7.
i=r
i= 0
The diagram shows the curve with polar equation r = 2 - cos 2q for 0 - q - p.
The curve is enclosed by a rectangle formed by the half-lines q = 0, q = p and the
tangents parallel and perpendicular to the initial line, which touch the curve at
points P, Q and R respectively, as shown.
(a) Express r sin q in terms of sin q only.
8.
L
P
C
R
initial line
The diagram shows the polar curve C and the straight line L with equations
given by
C: r = 2(cos q - sin q)
and
L: r 1 sec 1 p q
2
0 - q - 1p
4
0 - q - 1p
4
C and L intersect at point P. Point Q is where L crosses the initial line. R is the
finite region bounded by C, PQ and the initial line and which does not contain
the pole.
(a) Show that P has polar coordinates P
( 3 1, 61 p ).
9.
C1
C2
C2
i=r
C1
l
The diagram shows the polar curves C1 and C2 with equations given by
C1: r = 2(1 + sin q)
0-q-p
0-q-p
10.
1
1
The diagram shows the polar curve C with equation r 2 = 2a2cos 2q for 4 p q 4 p ,
where a > 0 is a constant. Tangents to the curve at point A and point B, parallel to
the initial line, have been drawn.
(a) Show that, for any point (r, q ) on C, r 2 sin2 q = a2(cos 2q - cos2 2q)
(b) Hence, using implicit differentiation, find in terms of a the polar coordinates
of points A and B.
(c) Show that triangle OAB is equilateral and find its area in terms of a.
(d) Find, in terms of a, the exact area of the finite region bounded by the curve
and the line AB and which does not contain the pole.
Polar coordinates
Question
Number
Solution
1 a
Multiply by r:
r2 = 4r cos q + 2r sin q
Usin g r2 = x2 + y2, x = rcos q and y = rsin q
x2 + y2 = 4x + 2y
(x 2)2 + (y 1)2 = 5
Marks
M1
M1
M1 A1
(4)
B3
(3)
7
2 a
3 a
M1oe
M1oe
M1 A1
r 2 = sec p = 2 , r = 2
M1 A1
cos2 q = sin q
1 2sin2 q = sin q
2sin2 q + sin q 1 = 0
(2 sin q - 1)(sin q + 1) = 0, sin q = 1
A1
Hence q = p
A1
(2 6 )
P 1 ,p
b
A(0, 1), P
AP =
3 + 9 = 1 3
16 16
2
(2)
6
B1
M1
A1
( 43 , 14 ) in Cartesian form
(4)
(5)
A2
M1 A1
(4)
9
4 a
r = a(1 + 2cos 0) 3a
( ( 14 )) = 21 a
Hence OB = a 1 + 2
d
(2 )
16
1
=
15
4
( )(
So Area = 1 (3a) 1 a 1 15
2
2
4
= 3 a 2 15, as required
16
5 a
r = 2 + 2cos i
B2
x
2
ii
2
2a
2+a
x
B2
(4)
Area
p
=2
0
1 r 2dq
2
(2 +
2 cosq ) dq
2
M1
(4 + 4
2 cosq + 2 cos2 q ) dq
M1
(5 + 4
2 cosq + cos 2q ) dq
M1
=
0
= 5q + 4 2 sinq + 1 sin 2q
= 5p
M2
A1
(6)
6
6 a
r2 sin 2q
= 2 3 sin 2q sin 2 q
= 2 3 sin 2q 1 2 cos 2q
=
M1
= 3 sin 2q 1 sin 4q
b
M1
M1 A1
(4)
M1 A1
(2)
dq
1
2
p
2
p
3
3, 1 p
3
M1 A1
1
2
0
3 : 3 3 then ratio is 1 : 3
4
4
M1 A1
A1
(5)
17
7 a
( )
( ) (
M1
A1
(2)
M1
A1
A1
(3)
M1
A1
M1
A1
A1
A2
(7)
M1 A1
(2 - cos 2q)2 dq
M1
0
p
2
0
p
2
=
0
M1
M1
= 9p
A1
Shaded Area = 6 2 9 p
4
A1
(7)
19
8 a
1
2 cos p q
4
2(cosq sinq ) =
2(cosq sinq ) =
M1
M1
M1
cosq = 3
M1
2
Hence q = p and r = 2 cos p sin p =
6
6
6
P 3 1, p
6
b
c
3 1
A2
A1
(7)
M1
A1
(2)
M1 A1
p
6
M1
= 2 (1 - 2cos q sin q) dq
M1
0
p
6
p
6
= 2 [q + cos2 q ]0
M1 A1
=p 1
3 2
A1
M1 A1
(9)
18
9 a
A1
r = 2 1 + sin p = 2 + 2
M1
P 2 + 2, p
A1
M1
(4)
M1
A1
(2)
M1
M2
=5+4 2
A1
(4)
10
10 a
= 2a 2 1 cos 2q cos 2q
M1
M1 A1
(3)
AB = 2 a sin p = a,
A2
(7)
M1
A1
y = r sin q y2 = r2 sin2 q
y2 = a2(cos2 q - cos2 2q)
2y = dy = a2(-2sin 2q + 4cos 2q sin 2q )
dq
dy
= 0 -2sin 2q + 4cos 2q sin 2q = 0
dq
2sin 2q (2cos 2q - 1) = 0
sin 2q = 0, cos 2q = 1
2
1
q = 0, q = p
6
Clearly, q = 1 p corresponds to point A and q = 1 p to point B
6
6
1
At A and B, cos 2q = and hence r2 = 2a2 cos 2q
2
2
=a
3 a2
4
(2)
Area bounded
by curve and lines OA and OB
p
6
= 2 1
2
p
6
r2dq
2a2cos 2qdq
=
0
6
= [ a 2 sin 2q ]0
3 a2
2
3 a2
3 a2
=
4
3 a2
4