1) The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for

(a) nutrition.
(b) respiration.
(c) excretion.
(d) transportation.
ANSWER:-In human beings, the kidneys are a part of the system for excretion.
2) The xylem in plants are responsible for
(a) transport of water.
(b) transport of food.
(c) transport of amino acids.
(d) transport of oxygen.
ANSWER:-In a plant, the xylem is responsible for transport of water.
3) The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires
(a) carbon dioxide and water.
(b) chlorophyll.
(c) sunlight.
(d) all of the above.
ANSWER:-The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll
and sunlight.
4 )The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in
(a) cytoplasm.
(b) mitochondria.
(c) chloroplast.
(d) nucleus.
ANSWER:-The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes
place in
Mitochondria.
5) How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
ANSWER:-Fats are present in the form of large globules in the small intestine. The small
intestine gets the secretions in the form of bile juice and pancreatic juice respectively from

the liver and the pancreas. The bile salts (from the liver) break down the large fat globules
into smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them.
The process takes place in the small intestine.
6) What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
ANSWER: - It moistens the food for easy swallowing. It contains a digestive enzyme called
salivary amylase, which breaks down starch into sugar.
7) What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?
ANSWER:-Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll pigment, and sunlight are the necessary conditions
required for autotrophic nutrition. Carbohydrates and O2 are the by-products of
photosynthesis.
8.) What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some
organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
ANSWER: - Parasitic worms, animal muscles use anaerobic mode of respiration.

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

It occurs in the presence of O2.

It occurs in the absence of O2.

It involves the exchange of

gases.

Exchange of gases is does

not happen.

It occurs in cytoplasm and

mitochondria.

It occurs only in cytoplasm.

It always releases CO2 and H2O.

End products vary

9) How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?

ANSWER:-The walls of the alveoli consist of extensive network of blood vessels. Each
lung contains 300350 million alveoli, making it a total of approximately 700 million in

both the lungs. The alveolar surface when spread out covers about 80 m2 area. This large
surface area makes the gaseous exchange more efficient.
10) What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?
ANSWER:-Deficiency of haemoglobin in blood can affect the oxygen supplying capacity
of blood. This can lead to deficiency of oxygen in the body cells. It can also lead to a
disease called anemia.
11) Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
ANSWER:-Human heart is divided into four chambers the right atrium, the right
ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
Flow of blood in the heart:
The heart has superior and inferior vena cava, which carries de-oxygenated blood fromthe
upper and lower regions of the body respectively and supplies this de-oxygenatedblood to
the right atrium of the heart.
The right atrium then contracts and passes the de-oxygenated blood to the right ventricle,
through an auriculo-ventricular aperture.
Then the right ventricle contracts and passes the de-oxygenated blood into the two
pulmonary arteries, which pumps it to the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenated.
From the lungs, the pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood to the left atrium of
the heart.
Then the left atrium contracts and through the auriculo-ventricular aperture, the
oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle.
The blood passes to aorta from the left ventricle. The aorta gives rise to many arteries that
distribute the oxygenated blood to all the regions of the body.
12) What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?
ANSWER:-

Transport of materials in xylem

Transport of materials in phloem

Xylem tissue helps in the

Phloem tissue helps in the
transport of water and minerals. transport of food.
Water is transported upwards
from roots to aerial parts of

Food is transported in both

upward and downward

plants

directions.

Transport in xylem requires

physical forces such as
transpiration pull.

Transport of food in phloem

requires energy in the form of
ATP.

13) Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with
respect to their structure and functioning.
ANSWER:-

Alveoli
Structure

Nephrons
Structure

(i) Alveoli are tiny balloon(i) Nephrons are

like structurespresent inside the tubular structures present inside
lungs.
the kidneys.
(ii) The walls of the alveoli are
one cell thick and it contains an
extensive network of blood
capillaries.

(ii) Nephrons are made of

glomerulus, bowmans capsule,
and a long renal tube.

Function

Function

(i) The exchange of O2 and

CO2 takes place between the
blood of the capillaries that
surround the alveoli and the
gases present in the alveoli.

(i) The blood enters

the kidneys through the renal
artery. The blood is entered here
and the nitrogenous waste in the
form of urine is collected by
collecting duct.

(ii) Alveoli are the site of

gaseous exchange.

(ii) Nephrons are the basic

filtration unit.

n Text Questions

Page No: 243

1. What is a good source of energy?
Answer
A good source of energy fulfils the following criteria:
It produces a lot of heat per unit mass.
It does a huge amount of work per unit mass.
It is easily accessible.
It is easy to store and transport.
It is economical.
It produces less amount of smoke.
2. What is a good fuel?
Answer
A good fuel produces a huge amount of heat on burning, does not produce a lot of smoke, and is easily
available.
3. If you could use any source of energy for heating your food, which one would you use and why?
Answer
Natural gas can be used for heating and cooking food because it is a clean source of energy. It does not
produce huge amount of smoke on burning. Although it is highly inflammable, it is easy to use, transport,
and it produces a huge amount of heat on burning.
Page No: 248
1. What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?
Answer
The disadvantages of fossil fuels are:
Burning of coal and petroleum produces a lot of pollutants causing air pollution.
Fossil fuels release oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, etc. that cause acid rain, which affects the soil

fertility and potable water.

Burning of fossil fuels produce gases such as carbon dioxide that causes global warming.
2. Why are we looking at alternate sources of energy?
Answer
Fossil fuels which are traditionally used by human beings everywhere as an energy sources are nonrenewable sources of energy. These sources of energy are limited and will disappear after some time.
They are being consumed at a large rate. Therefore, we should conserve the energy sources. Hence, we
should look for alternate sources of energy.
3. How has the traditional use of wind and water energy been modified for our convenience?
Answer
Earlier, the windmills were used to harness wind energy to do mechanical work such as lifting/drawing
water from a well. Today, windmills are used to generate electricity.In windmills, the kinetic energy of wind
is harnessed and converted into electricity.
Water energy which was used for transportation before is now a good source to generate electricity. Dams
has been constructed on river for generating electricity. Waterfalls were used as a source of potential
energy which was converted to electricity with the help of turbines.
Page No: 253
1. What kind of mirror - concave, convex or plain - would be best suited for use in a solar cooker? Why?
Answer
A concave mirror is used in a solar cooker as it uses heat of the sunlight to cook food. The mirror focuses
all the incident sunlight at a point. The temperature at that point increases, thereby cooking and heating
the food placed at that point.
2. What are the limitations of the energy that can be obtained from the oceans?
Answer
The forms of energy that can be obtained from the ocean are tidal energy, wave energy, and ocean
thermal energy. There are several limitations in order to harness these energies.
Tidal energy depends on the relative positioning of the Earth, moon, and the Sun.
High dams are required to be built to convert tidal energy into electricity.
Very strong waves are required to obtain electricity from wave energy.
To harness ocean thermal energy efficiently, the difference in the temperature of surface water (hot)

and the water at depth (cold) must be 20C or more.

3. What is geothermal energy?
Answer
Geothermal power plants use heat of the Earth to generate electricity. This heat energy of the Earth is
known as geothermal energy.
4. What are the advantages of nuclear energy?
Answer
The advantages of nuclear energy are:
Large amount of energy is produced per unit mass.
It does not produce smoke. It is a clean energy.
Fission of one atom of uranium produces 10 million times the energy released by burning of one atom
of carbon.
Fusion of four hydrogen atoms produces huge amount of energy approximately equal to 27 MeV.
1. Can any source of energy be pollution-free? Why or why not?
Answer
No source of energy can be pollution-free. Every source of energy has some type of pollution. For
example, the wastes of nuclear reaction are very dangerous to the environment.
2. Hydrogen has been used as a rocket fuel. Would you consider it a cleaner fuel than CNG? Why or why
not?
Answer
Hydrogen gas is cleaner than CNG. CNG contains hydrocarbons. Therefore, it has carbon contents.
Carbon is a form of pollutant present in CNG. On the other hand, hydrogen is waste-free. The fusion of
hydrogen does not produce any waste. Hence, hydrogen is cleaner than CNG.
Page No: 254
1. Name two energy sources that you would consider to be renewable. Give reasons for your choices.
Answer
Two renewable sources of energy are :

 Sun: The energy derived from the Sun is known as solar energy. Solar energy is produced by the
fusion of hydrogen into helium, fusion of helium into other heavy elements, and so on. A large amount of
hydrogen and helium is present in the Sun. The Sun has billions years more to burn. Therefore solar
energy is a renewable source of energy.
Wind: Wind energy is derived from fast blowing air. Wind energy is harnessed by windmills in order to
generate electricity. Air blows because of uneven heating of the Earth. Since the heating of the Earth will
continue forever therefore wind energy will also be available forever.
2. Give the names of two energy sources that you would consider to be exhaustible. Give reasons for your
choices.
Answer
Two exhaustible energy sources are as follows:
Coal: It is produced from dead remains of plants and animals that remain buried under the earth's crust
for millions of years. It takes millions of years to produce coal. Industrialization has increased the demand
of coal. However, coal cannot replenish within a short period of time. Hence, it is a non-renewable or
exhaustible source of energy.
Wood: It is obtained from forests. Deforestation at a faster rate has caused a reduction in the number of
forests on the Earth. It takes hundreds of years to grow a forest. If deforestation is continued at this rate,
then there would be no wood left on the Earth. Hence, wood is an exhaustible source of energy.
Excercise
1. A solar water heater cannot be used to get hot water on
(a) a sunny day
(b) a cloudy day
(c) a hot day
(d) a windy day
(b) a cloudy day
Page No: 255
2. Which of the following is not an example of a bio-mass energy source?
(a) wood
(b) gobar gas
(c) nuclear energy
(d) coal
(c) nuclear energy
3. Most of the sources of energy we use represent stored solar energy. Which of the following is not
ultimately derived from the Sun's energy?

(a) Geothermal energy

(b) Wind energy
(c) Nuclear energy
(d) Bio-mass
(c) Nuclear energy
4. Compare and contrast fossil fuels and the Sun as direct sources of energy.
Answer
Fossil fuels are energy sources, such as coal and petroleum, obtained from underneath the Earth's crust.
They are directly available to human beings for use. Hence, fossil fuels are the direct source of energy.
These are limited in amount. These are non-renewable sources of energy because these cannot be
replenished in nature. Fossil fuels take millions of years for their formation. If the present fossil fuel of the
Earth gets exhausted, its formation will take several years. Fossil fuels are also very costly.
On the other hand, solar energy is a renewable and direct source of energy. The Sun has been shining for
several years and will do so for the next five billion years. Solar energy is available free of cost to all in
unlimited amount. It replenishes in the Sun itself.
5. Compare and contrast bio-mass and hydro electricity as sources of energy.
Answer
Bio-mass and hydro-electricity both are renewable sources of energy. Bio-mass is derived from dead
plants and animal wastes. Hence, it is naturally replenished. It is the result of natural processes. Wood,
gobargas, etc. are some of the examples of bio-mass.
Hydro-electricity, on the other hand, is obtained from the potential energy stored in water at a height.
Energy from it can be produced again and again. It is harnessed from water and obtained from
mechanical processes.
6. What are the limitations of extracting energy from (a) the wind? (b) waves? (c) tides?
Answer
(a) A windmill requires wind of speed more than 15 km/h to generate electricity from wind energy also
large numbers of windmills are required to get feasible output which covers a large area.
(b) Very strong ocean waves are required in order to extract energy from waves.
(c) Very high tides are required in order to extract energy from tides. Also, occurrence of tides depends on
the relative positions of the Sun, moon, and the Earth.

7. On what basis would you classify energy sources as

(a) renewable and non-renewable?
(b) exhaustible and inexhaustible?
Are the options given in (a) and (b) the same?
Answer
(a) The source of energy that replenishes in nature is known as renewable source of energy. Sun, wind,
moving water, bio-mass, etc. are some of the examples of renewable sources of energy.
The source of energy that does not replenish in nature is known as non-renewable source of energy. Coal,
petroleum, natural gas, etc. are some of the examples of non-renewable sources of energy.
(b) Exhaustible sources are those sources of energy, which will deplete and exhaust after a few hundred
years. Coal, petroleum, etc. are the exhaustible sources of energy.
Inexhaustible resources of energy are those sources, which will not exhaust in future. These are unlimited.
Bio-mass is one of the inexhaustible sources of energy.
Yes. The options given in (a) and (b) are the same.
8. What are the qualities of an ideal source of energy?
Answer
An ideal source of energy must be:
Economical
Easily accessible
Smoke/pollution free
Easy to store and transport
Able to produce huge amount of heat and energy on burning
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a solar cooker? Are there places where solar
cookers would have limited utility?
Answer
Solar cooker uses Sun's energy to heat and cook food. It is inexhaustible and clean renewable source of
energy. It is free for all and available in unlimited amount. Hence, operating a solar cooker is not
expensive.
Disadvantage of a solar cooker is that it is very expensive. It does not work without sunlight. Hence, on
cloudy day, it becomes useless.
The places where the days are too short or places with cloud covers round the year, have limited utility for
solar cooker.

10. What are the environmental consequences of the increasing demand for energy? What steps would
you suggest to reduce energy consumption?
Answer
Industrialization increases the demand for energy. Fossil fuels are easily accessible sources of energy that
fulfil this demand. The increased use of fossil fuels has a harsh effect on the environment. Too much
exploitation of fossil fuels increases the level of green house gas content in the atmosphere, resulting in
global warming and a rise in the sea level.
It is not possible to completely reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. However, some measures can be
taken such as using electrical appliances wisely and not wasting electricity. Unnecessary usage of water
should be avoided. Public transport system with mass transit must be adopted on a large scale. These
small steps may help in reducing the consumption of natural resources and conserving
them.Electricity: In Text Solution

1. What does an electric current mean?

Answer: The flow of electric charge is known as electric current. Electric current is carried by
moving electrons through a conductor. Electric current flows in opposite direction to the
movement of electrons.
2. Define the unit of current.
Answer: SI unit of electric current is ampere (A). Ampere is the flow of electric charges
through a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second, i.e. if 1 coulomb of electric charge
flows through a cross section for 1 second, it would be equal to 1 ampere.

Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge.

Answer: We know that charge over 1 electron = 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb
Thus, 1.6 x 10-19 C of charge = 1 electron
Therefore, 1 C of charge

Name a device that helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor.

Answer: Battery or a cell

What is meant by saying that the potential difference between two points is 1 V?
Answer: This means 1 joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 coulomb between two
points.

How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6 V battery?
Answer: Given, Charge Q = 1C, Potential difference, V = 6V
Therefore, Energy i.e. Work done, W =?
We know that,

Thus, required energy = 6 J

On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend?

Answer: Resistance of a conductor depends upon:
a. Nature of conductor
b. Length of conductor
c. Area of cross section of conductor

Will current flow more easily through a thick wire or a thin wire of the same material, when
connected to the same source? Why?
Answer: Since, resistance is indirectly proportional to the area of cross section, thus current
flows easily through a thick wire compared to a thin wire of the same material.

Let the resistance of an electrical component remain constant while the potential difference
across the two ends of the component decreases to half of its former value. What change will
occur in the current through it?
Answer: We know, R = V/I
Therefore, if potential difference between two ends of the component will be halved, and
resistance remains constant, then electric current would also be halved.

1. Why are coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alloy rather than a pure metal?
Answer: Resistivity of alloy is generally higher than that of constituent metals. Alloys do not
get oxidised (burnt) at high temperatures. Due to this, elements of heating appliances are
made of alloys rather than a pure metal.
2. Use the data in Table 12.2 to answer the following
a. Which among iron and mercury is a better conductor?
Answer: Iron
b. Which material is the best conductor?
Answer: Silver
3. Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of three cells of 2 V each, a 5
resistor, an 8 resistor, and a 12 resistor, and a plug key, all connected in series.

Answer:
4. Redraw the circuit of Question 1, putting in an ammeter to measure the current through the
resistors and a voltmeter to measure the potential difference across the 12 resistor. What
would be the readings in the ammeter and the voltmeter?

Answer:
The total resistance in the circuit = Sum of the resistances of all resistors
= 5 + 8 + 12 = 25
We know;

Since, resistances are connected in series, thus electric current remains the same through all
resistors.
Here we have, electric current, I = 0.24 A, resistance, R = 12
Thus, potential difference, V through the resistor of 12 = I x R
Or, V = 0.24 A x 12 = 2.88 V
Thus, reading of ammeter = 0.24 A
Reading of voltmeter through resistor of 12 = 2.88 V

Questions, Page 15
1. What is meant by a pure substance?
Solution: A pure substance is one that cannot be separated into different constituents by
physical or chemical processes. A pure substance is one that contains particles of only one type
of a substance.
2. List the points of differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Solution:
Homogeneous mixtures:
They have uniform compositions. The components of homogeneous mixtures are not physically
distinct. Salt in water, sugar in water are examples of homogeneous mixtures.
Heterogeneous mixtures:
They contain physically distinct parts and have non-uniform compositions. Mixtures of sodium
chloride and iron filings, salt and sulphur, and oil and water are examples of heterogeneous
mixtures.
Questions, Page 15
1. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples.
Solution:

Homogeneous mixtures:
They have uniform compositions. The components of homogeneous mixtures are not physically
distinct. Most solutions are homogeneous mixtures. Salt in water, sugar in water are examples
of homogeneous mixtures.
Heterogeneous mixtures:
They contain physically distinct parts and have non-uniform compositions. Mixtures of sodium
chloride and iron filings, salt and sulphur, and oil and water are examples of heterogeneous
mixtures. Suspensions and colloids are also heterogeneous mixtures
2. How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other?
Solution:

3. To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100 g of water at 293

K. Find its concentration at this temperature.
Solution:

Questions, Page 24
1. How will you separate a mixture containing kerosene and petrol (difference in their boiling
points is more than 25C), which are miscible with each other?
Solution: The process of distillation is used for the separation of components of a mixture
containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference
in their boiling points (that is greater than 25C).
2. Name the technique to separate
(i) butter from curd,

(ii) salt from sea-water,

(iii) camphor from salt.
Solution:
(i) Centrifugation
(ii) Evaporation
(iii) Sublimation
3. What type of mixtures are separated by the technique of crystallisation?
Solution: The crystallisation method is used to purify solids.
Questions, Page 24
1. Classify the following as chemical or physical changes:
cutting of trees,
melting of butter in a pan,
rusting of almirah,
boiling of water to form steam,
passing of electric current, through water and the water breaking down into hydrogen and
oxygen gases,
dissolving common salt in water,
making a fruit salad with raw fruits, and
burning of paper and wood.
Solution:
Physical changes: Cutting of trees, melting of butter in a pan, boiling water to form steam,
making a fruit salad with raw fruits
Chemical changes: Rusting of almirah, passing of electric current through water and the water
breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen gases, burning of paper and wood
2. Try segregating the things around you as pure substances or mixtures.
Solution:
Pure substances: water, glass, iron nail, pencil lead, etc.
Mixtures: Air, blood, butter, milk, steel, paper, etc.
End of chapter Exercises, page 29 30
1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the following?
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.
(e) Butter from curd.
(f) Oil from water.
(g) Tea leaves from tea.
(h) Iron pins from sand.

(i) Wheat grains from husk.

(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.
Solution:
(a) Evaporation
(b) Sublimation
(c) Filtration
(d) Chromatography
(e) Centrifugation
(f) Distillation
(g) Sieving
(h) Magnetic separation
(i) Sieving and winnowing
(j) Sedimentation, decantation and filtration
2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words solution, solvent, solute,
dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate and residue.
Solution: Take some water in a pan. Keep the pan over flame. Add sugar and tea leaves, which
are solute into the water in the pan, which is the solvent. Heat the water over the pan till the
sugar, which is soluble in water dissolves in it. Tea leaves are insoluble in water and will remain
suspended. Now add water to the sugar and tea leaves solution and bring the mixture to a boil.
Filter the prepared tea through a sieve. Filtrate should be poured in a cup, while the residue can
be thrown away.
3. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at different temperatures and
collected the data as given below (results are given in the following table, as grams of
substance dissolved in 100 grams of water to form a saturated solution).

(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated solution of
potassium nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313 K?
(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water at 353 K and leaves the
solution to cool at room temperature. What would she observe as the solution cools?
Explain. (c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has the highest solubility at
this temperature?
(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?

Solution:
(a) Since 62 g of potassium nitrate is dissolved in 100g of water to prepare a saturated solution
at 313 K, 31 g of potassium nitrate should be dissolved in 50 g of water to prepare a saturated
solution at 313 K.
(b) The amount of potassium chloride that should be dissolved in water to make a saturated
solution increases with temperature. Thus, as the solution cools some of the potassium chloride
will precipitate out of the solution.
(c) The solubility of the salts at 293 K are:
Potassium nitrate 32 g
Sodium chloride 36 g
Potassium chloride 35 g
Ammonium chloride 37 g
Ammonium chloride has the highest solubility at 293 K.
(d) The solubility of a salt increases with temperature.
4. Explain the following giving examples.
(a) saturated solution
(b) pure substance
(c) colloid
(d) suspension
Solution:
(a) At any particular temperature, a solution that has dissolved as much solute as it is capable of
dissolving is said to be a saturated solution. Few examples of saturated solutions are soft drinks
and nitrogen in Earths soil.
(b) A pure substance is one that cannot be separated into different constituents by physical or
chemical processes. A pure substance is one that contains particles of only one type of a
substance. Pure substances can be elements or compounds. Some examples of pure substances
are iron, water, oxygen, etc.
(c) Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particle size is too small to be seen with
the naked eye, but is big enough to scatter light. Smoke, paint, butter are few examples of
colloids.
(d) Materials that are insoluble in a solvent and have particles that are visible to naked eyes
form a suspension. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture. Some examples of suspension are
water with chalk particles, sandy water and water with stones
5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture.
soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered tea.
Solution:
Homogeneous soda water, air, vinegar, filtered tea

Heterogeneous wood, soil

6. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is pure water?
Solution: Perform the electrolysis of water, i.e., pass the electricity through it, so that the water
molecules break into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen are gases at room
temperature. Thus, they will be released in the air. If after the complete electrolysis of water,
some residue is left, then the water is not pure. If no residue is obtained, the water is pure.
7. Which of the following materials fall in the category of a pure substance?
(a) Ice
(b) Milk
(c) Iron
(d) Hydrochloric acid
(e) Calcium oxide
(f) Mercury
(g) Brick
(h) Wood
(i) Air.
Solution: Ice, iron, hydrochloric acid, calcium oxide, and mercury are pure substances.
8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.
(a) Soil
(b) Sea water
(c) Air
(d) Coal
(e) Soda water.
Solution: Sea water, air, and soda water are solutions.
9. Which of the following will show Tyndall effect?
(a) Salt solution
(b) Milk
(c) Copper sulphate solution
(d) Starch solution.
Solution: Colloids show Tyndall effect. Milk is a colloid. Thus, it will show Tyndall effect.
Therefore, the correct answer is (b).
10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures.
(a) Sodium
(b) Soil
(c) Sugar solution

(d) Silver
(e) Calcium carbonate
(f) Tin

(g) Silicon
(h) Coal
(i) Air

(j) Soap
(k) Methane
(l) Carbon dioxide
(m) Blood

Solution:
Elements: sodium, silver, tin, and silicon.
Compounds: calcium carbonate, soap, methane, and carbon dioxide.
Mixtures: soil, sugar solution, coal, air, and blood.
11. Which of the following are chemical changes?
(a) Growth of a plant
(b) Rusting of iron
(c) Mixing of iron filings and sand
(d) Cooking of food
(e) Digestion of food
(f) Freezing of water
(g) Burning of a candle.
Solution: Rusting of iron, cooking of food, digestion of food, and burning of candle are
chemical changes.