Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Middle
13%
33%
Bottom 2
Diam.
41%
Top 2
Diam.
46%
Top 1/3
44%
38%
Bottom 1/3
45%
Pull
Probes
From
Bottom
To Top
CSL
Cross-hole Sonic Logging
Top view of pile with
4 access tubes
test all paths
Fill Tubes
with water
Transmit
Receive
Limitations / Disadvantages
Needs access tubes (steel tubes preferred)
Wait min 3 days prior to test (7 days preferred)
Cannot evaluate concrete cover
temporary casing
5.5 ft diameter, 72 to 92 ft (20 ft rock socket)
CSL Results:
Arrival delays of 50 to 100% on all profiles
Core Results
Tools dropped from 88 to 91 ft
Recovered 7 concrete, 38.75 void, 21.25 sandstone
of top
Core results
Core samples compression tested
Compressive strength
6000 to 7000 psi
Small hammer
impact device
(defect)
Advantages
Cost Effective
Apply to any or even all concrete pile/shaft
minimal pile preparation
Finds MAJOR defects
Sometimes test piles in structure
Limitations / Disadvantages
Best use: CFA/ACIP or drilled shafts
Solid section of concrete needed
Limited to 30 to 50 L/D
Difficult interpretation for highly non-uniform
Cannot locate defect quadrant
Gamma-Gamma Logging
Advantages
Gives data on concrete cover
perhaps to 3 inch range
rad.energy halved every 2
Compliments CSL testing
Disadvantages
Needs many PVC access tubes (3 inch range)
(steel access tubes generally preferred for CSL)
100%
90%
Testing Coverage
80%
70%
GGL
CSL
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
3
10
70
60
50
40
30
S46
S37
S28
20
31
28
25
S10
22
19
16
13
10
S19
Temperature
80
S1
Data Interpretation
Cage alignment
110
120
Degrees F
130
140
Data Interpretation
Cage Alignment
150
0
5
10
15
Depth (ft.)
20
A1
A2
25
30
35
40
45
50
AVG
Data Interpretation
Local Defect near C2
Data Interpretation
Local Defect
Degrees F
90
110
130
150
10
15
Depth (ft.)
20
C1
C2
25
30
35
40
45
50
Average
C2
C1
CSL
Tubes
Remove probe
Transfer water from second tube into first
Repeat scan in second tube
Continue for all remaining tubes
H2O Container
TAP
TIP
Computer
Future: Wireless
transmission from
TAP to computer,
and offsite
Thermal
wires
25
Thermal wires
eliminate need for
access tubes
Scatter Creek
Shaft A
70
Temperature (deg F)
80
90
100
110
120
Field Observations:
Scatter Creek, Florida
10
T1
No cage eccentricity
15
Depth (ft)
T2
20
T3
T4
25
Avg
30
signature (approximate
1 diameter temperature
roll-off top and bottom)
35
Good Shaft
40
No Correction for
Over-pour Concrete
Temperature (deg F)
Method Shaft
70
90
110
130
150
0
Average
10
Grnd Surf
Depth (ft)
20
TOS
30
WT
40
BOC
50
TOLime
TOR
60
BOS
70
Effective
Diam.
80
Theoretical
Diam.
90
100
0
10
No Correction for
Tremie filling /
volume
Shape of avg.
profile mimics
diameter from
concrete yield
Average temp. is
determined for a
given truck yield
(diam.)
Shaft Details
Halstead Medows Bridge
Tubes (3) and T-wires (4 +2 Grad)
002
Tube 2
001
Tube 3
49 ft long
~18% more concrete required
003
000
Tube 1
Abutment 2
Pier 2
SW-SM
SM
SM
Abutment 2
Pier 2
70
90
110
130
-5
-10
-15
Refusal
Depth (ft)
-20
000
001
-25
003
004
Average
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
Temperature (F)
3D Representation
Abutment 2 Pile C
Sequoia Abutment 2 Pile C
Shaft Radius (ft)
-2
-1
-3
-5
-5
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
Depth (ft)
Depth (ft)
-3
30
35
35
40
40
45
45
50
50
55
55
60
60
-2
-1
Abutment 2
Pier 2
15
20
25
30
-10
-20
Depth (ft)
009 radius
010 radius
011 radius
-30
012 radius
Cage
18 inches
average
-40
-50
-60
3D Representation
Pier 2 Pile C
Sequoia Pier 2 Pile C
Shaft Radius (ft)
-2
-1
-3
-5
-5
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
35
Depth (ft)
Depth (ft)
-3
30
35
40
40
45
45
50
50
55
55
60
60
65
65
-2
-1
-1
-3
-5
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
35
Depth (ft)
Depth (ft)
-3
-5
30
35
40
40
45
45
50
50
55
55
60
60
65
-2
-1
Summary
Significant improvements in NDT technology over the
last 20 years.
CSL, PIT and Gamma Gamma continue to provide
useful information
Thermal Integrity Profiling promising for determining
Integrity of 100% of shaft
Cage location and alignment
Concrete cover