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TUGAS
REKAYASA LINGKUNGAN TAMBANG
RUMUS-RUMUS
Disusun Oleh :
FAIZAL AKBAR
D621 13 316
GOWA
2016
1986):
a. Indoor
b. Outdoor
= wet-bulb temperature
=black-globe temperature
=dry-bulb temperature of air
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has adopted the
following threshold limit values for
(ACGIH, 1978):
Work Rest (%)
Temperature
Continuous Work
26.7 C (80.0 F)
28.0 C (82.4 F)
29.4 C (84.9 F)
31.1 C (88.0 F)
It can also calculated from the measured temperatures at various depths. The rock
temperature,
Where:
, in
, at a depth
b. Adiabatic Compression
If the vapor content of the air remains constant, the air flow is considered frictionless
and there is no heat transfer between the shaft walls and the air, the process is known
as adiabatic compression. The increase in dry-bulb temperatures due to adiabatic
compression per 100 m depth is calculated as follows:
c. Machinery
All machines contribute to the heat load of the mine. Whether the machines are run by
diesel and electric.
In this caseof diesel locomotives, these consume about 0.24 kg of fuel per kW hour.
Since the colorifiic value of the fuel is about 44 Mj/kg, the total energy in the quantity
of fuel used becomes:
FIRE IN MINE
Grahams ratio is often expressed as
GR
100 COf
0.265 N 2 f O 2 f
Where:
GR
= Grahams ratio
COf
N2f
O2 f
Where Co N and O are the percentages of the gases present at any given time in a
simple of air coming from the suspected area in a mine. Every mine and every panel
has it own typical value or norm for the make of carbon monoxide depending on
oxidation of the coal and the condition in which it is mined. any analysis showing a
higher value than the norm determined should be immediate invertigation
underground. typical values of the carbon monoxide / oxygen deficiency ratio for
underground coal mines are given below:
0,4 or less normal value
0,5 neccesity for a thorough check-up
1,0 heating is almost certain
2,0 heating is serious, with or without the presense of active fire
3,0 active fire surely exists
The build up of methane percentage in the a ir depends upon the cross sectional area
of the pipe, the percentage of gas in the pipe and the cross sectional area of the
roadway, and can be calculated using the following relationship
Where:
= increase in the percentage of methane in the pipe
CCH4 = percentage of methane in the pipe
A = cross-sectional area of the roadway
LL
= Lower limit explosibility of the mixture flowing over the seat of the fire as
determined by analysis, %.
c
CH4
Qg
Cg
Qa
f = 1/T
f = /2
Where f = frequency of propagating wave (Hz)
T = time period (s)
= angular velocity (radians/s)
X = u x sin t
Xmax = u
V = du/dt = u x x cos t
Vmax = u x = 2/T = 2 fu
A = d2u/dt2 = -u 2sin t
Sinusoidal vibration = angular velocity, u = maximum displacement of particle, T =
time period
I = p2/wc
Where :
I = Intencity , W/m2
P = sound pressure , Pa
N= I x S
N= I x 4r2
Where:
I = Intensity, W/m2
=( )
Where :
I1 = sound intensity at a distance r1 (m) from a point source, W/m2
I2 = sound intensity at a distance r2 (m) from the same source, W/m2
LI2 = LI2 20 log ( )
LI = 20 log ( )
Accoustic Absorption
when a sound wave hits a physical surface it is partially reflected and partially
absorbed; the greater the rigidity of the surface, the grater the reflection
A = S
But, for enclosed spaced is :
A=
Reverberation time
T=
dB = 12.6
where :
dB
Critical Distance
For a spherical source
rg
0.14
rg
0.2
LN = Lav + 10 log
dB
LN = Lav + 10 log
+6
LN = Lav + 20 log
+ 10 log 2
the minimum distance between the point of measurement, walls, and equipment
surface should be about I m and from the corners 2 m