Basic Reservoir Engineering - Part I

GEOPET BACHELOR PROGRAM IN
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
BASIC RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING
3/18/2013
Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lecture, you should be able to understand the
fundamentals of reservoir engineering and do some basic
analyses/calculations as follows:
PVT Analysis
Special Core Analysis

Well Test Analysis
Production Forecast
3/18/2013
References
1. L.P.Dake (1978). Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering,
Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
2. L.P.Dake (1994). The Practice of Reservoir Engineering,

Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
3. B.C.Craft & M.Hawkins (1991). Applied Petroleum

Reservoir Engineering,Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
4. T. Ahmed (2006). Reservoir Engineering Handbook , Gulf

Professional Publishing, Oxford.
3/18/2013
Outline
Key Concepts in Reservoir Engineering
Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Reservoirs
Quantitative Methods in Reservoir Characterization and

Evaluation.
3/18/2013
Part I
Key Concepts in
Reservoir Engineering
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Definition of Reservoir
In petroleum industry, reservoir fluids is a mixture of

hydrocarbons (oil and/or gas), water and other non-hydrocarbon
compounds (such as H2S, CO2, N2, ...)
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Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline or profession of
applying necessary knowledge and utilizing

physical resources in order to design and
implement systems and processes that realize a

desired objective and meet specified criteria.
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Engineering is the discipline and profession of

3/18/2013
Necessary Knowledge
Knowledge about oil & gas reservoirs
Reservoir Rock Properties & Behavior during the
Production Process
Reservoir Fluid Properties & Behavior during the
Production Process
Fluid Flows in Reservoirs
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Necessary Knowledge (contd)

Technical & Scientific Knowledge
Quantitative Methods for Reservoir
Characterization
Quantitative Methods for Reservoir
Evaluation
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10

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11
Physical Resources
In-place Reservoir Resources
Reservoirs energy source resulted from the
initial pressure & drive mechanisms during
production
Available flow conduits thanks to reservoirs
characteristic properties such as permeability
distribution.
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12

3/18/2013
13
Design and Implementation

Design and Implement an Oil Field Development Plan
Plan for producing oil & gas from the reservoirs in the
field: Exploit reservoir energy sources; Design
appropreate well patterns; Select suitable subsurface &

surface facilities ... during the lifecycle of the oil field
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14

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15
Desired Objective
To Maximize the profit resulted from the
recovered oil & gas
To recover as much as possible oil & gas from
the reservoirs
To recover high-quality oil & gas
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16

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17
Specified Criteria
Money associated with hired manpower,
facilities, technologies, ...
Time
Local regulations
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18
Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle
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19
Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle

A lifecycle of an oil field consists of the following stages:
Exploration
Appraisal
Development
Production
Abandonment
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20
Revenue Throughout LifeCycle
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21
Part II
Basic Properties and

Behaviors of
Oil & Gas Reservoirs
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22
Classification of Reservoir Fluids

Volatile Oil
Black Oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
Five Basic
Reservoir
Fluids
2
Critical
point
Dewpoint line
Black Oil
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure
Pressure, psia
Pressure path
in reservoir
Critical
1 point
% Liquid
33
Separator
Separator
Temperature
Temperature, F
Pressure path
in reservoir
Critical
point
Wet gas
% Liquid
Critical
point
3
% Liquid
Separator
Temperature
Temperature
Retrograde Gas
Wet Gas
3/18/2013
Dry gas
% Liquid
2
Separator
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Retrograde gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Separator
Temperature
Dry Gas
23
Pressure-Temperature Diagrams
Used to visualize the fluids production path from
the reservoir to the surface
Used to classify reservoir fluids
Used to develop different strategies to produce
oil/gas from reservoir
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24
Pressure, psia
Phase Diagrams
Single
Liquid
Phase
Region
Initial
Reservoir
State
Critical
Cricondenbar Point
Single
Gas
Phase
Region
Two-Phase
Region
Cricondentherm
% Liquid
Separator
Temperature, F
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25
Pressure, psia
Black Oil
Pressure path
in reservoir Critical
Point Dewpoint line
Black Oil
% Liquid
Separator
Temperature, F
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26
Volatile-Oil
Pressure path 1
in reservoir
Critical
point
2
Pressure
Volatile oil
% Liquid
3
Separator
Temperature, F
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27
Retrograde Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Pressure
Retrograde gas
Critical point
% Liquid
Separator
Temperature
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28
Wet Gas
Pressure
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Wet gas
Critical
point
% Liquid
2
Separator
Temperature
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29
Dry Gas
Pressure
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Dry gas
% Liquid
2
Separator
Temperature
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30
Field Identification
Black
Oil
Initial Producing <1750
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
Initial Stock< 45
Tank Liquid
Gravity, API
Color of StockDark
Tank Liquid
Volatile
Oil
1750 to
3200
Retrograde
Gas
> 3200
Wet
Dry
Gas
Gas
> 15,000* 100,000*
> 40
> 40
Up to 70
No
Liquid
Colored
Lightly
Colored
Water
White
No
Liquid
*For Engineering Purposes
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31
Laboratory Analysis
Phase
Change in
Reservoir
Heptanes
Plus, Mole
Percent
Oil
Formation
Volume
Factor at
Bubblepoint
Black
Oil
Bubblepoint
Volatile
Retrograde
Wet
Oil
Gas
Gas
Bubblepoint Dewpoint No Phase
Change
> 20%
20 to 12.5
< 12.5
< 4*
Dry
Gas
No
Phase
Change
< 0.8*
< 2.0
> 2.0
*For Engineering Purposes

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32
Field Identification
Initial producing
gas/oil ratio, scf/STB
50000
Wet
gas
Dry
gas
Retrograde
gas
Volatile
oil
Black
oil
Dewpoint gas
Bubblepoint oil
0
0
30
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
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33
Primary Production Trends
Time
34
Flui
Time
Time
Time
No
liquid
Time
API
API
Time
Dry
Gas
GOR
GOR
Wet
Gas
Time
API
Time
API
API
Time
Retrograde
Gas
GOR
Volatile
Oil
GOR
GOR
Black
Oil
No
liquid
Time
Exercise 1
Based on the phase diagrams of volatile oil
and retrograde gas, describe some
characteristic properties of these two
reservoir fluids
Name some applications of phase diagrams
in selecting surface facilities
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35
Basic Properties of Natural Gas

Equation-of-State (EOS)
Apparent Molecular Weight of Gas Mixture
Density of Gas Mixture
Gas Specific Gravity
Z-factor (Gas Compressibility or Gas Deviation
Factor)
Isothermal Compressibility
Gas Formation Volume Factor
Gas Viscosity
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36
Gas Equation-Of-State (EOS)

pV = nZRT
Equation of State:
Quantity
Description
Unit/Value
Pressure
psia
Volume
ft3
Mole Number
lb-mol
Gas Deviation
Factor
dimensionless
Temperature
Rankine
R
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Universal Gas
10.73
3/lb-mole. R
constant
psia.ft
Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum
Engineering
- HCMUT
37
Apparent Molecular Weight of a

Gas Mixture
Normally, petroleum gas is a mixture of various
light hydrocarbon (C1-C4). For example:
Component Mole Percent
Molecular
Weight
(lb/lb-mol)
Critical
Critical
Pressure
Temperature
(psia)
(oR)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
C1
0.85
16.043
666.4
343.00
C2
0.04
30.070
706.5
549.59
C3
0.06
44.097
616.0
665.73
iC4
0.03
58.123
527.9
734.13
nC4
0.02
58.123
550.6
765.29
=
Ma
3/18/2013
yM
=
i =1
20.39
38
Density of Gas Mixture

Gas density is calculated from the definition of
density and the EOS
mg
nM a p pM a
g =
=
=
Vg nZRT ZRT
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(lb/ft )
39
Gas Specific Gravity

The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
gas density to that of the air
g M a
Ma
g =
=
=
air M air 28.97
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40
Gas Deviation Factor (Z-factor)

Z-factor in the EOS accounts for the difference in
the behavior of natural gases in compared with ideal
gases.
Z-factor can be expressed as: Z=Z(ppr,Tpr) where
ppr: pseudo-reduced pressure
Tpr: pseudo-reduced temperature
ppc: pseudo-critical pressure
Tpc: pseudo-critical temperature
p
T
=
p pr =
; Tpr
p pc
Tpc
=
p pc
y p ;T
=
yT
i
3/18/2013
ci
pc
i ci
41
Standing-Katz Chart
Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical
pressure and temperature
=
p pc
y p ;T
=
yT
i
ci
pc
i ci
Step 2: Calculate pseudo-reduced

pressure and temperature:
p
T
=
p pr =
; Tpr
p pc
Tpc
Step 3: Use Standings-Katz chart
to determine Z
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42
Dranchuk & Abou-Kassem

Correlation
F ( =
R1 r
r)
R2
1 0
+ R3 r2 R4 r5 + R5 r2 (1 + A11 r2 ) exp( A11 r2 ) +=
r = 0.27 p pr / ( ZTpr )
R1 =
A1 + A2 / Tpr + A3 / Tpr3 + A4 / Tpr4 + A5 / Tpr5
R2 = 0.27 p pr / Tpr
R3 =
A6 + A7 / Tpr + A8 / Tpr2
R4
A9 ( A7 / Tpr + A8 / Tpr2 )
R5 = A10 / Tpr3
A1 = 0.3265; A2 = 1.0700; A3 = 0.5339
A4 = 0.01569; A5 = 0.05165; A6 = 0.5475
A7 = 0.7361; A8 = 0.1844; A9 = 0.1056
A10 = 0.6134; A11 = 0.7210
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43
Exercise 2
Component
yi
Mi
Tci,R
pci
CO2
0.02
44.01
547.91
1071
N2
0.01
28.01
227.49
493.1
C1
0.85
16.04
343.33
666.4
C2
0.04
30.1
549.92
706.5
C3
0.03
44.1
666.06
616.4
i - C4
0.03
58.1
734.46
527.9
n - C4
0.02
58.1
765.62
550.6
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44
Wichert-Aziz Correction Method

Corrected pseudo-critical temperature:
T pc = T pc , o R
Corrected pseudo-critical pressure:
p pcTpc
p pc =
,
psia
Tpc + yH 2 S (1 yH 2 S )
Pseudo-critical temperature adjustment factor
=
120
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(( y
H2S
+ yCO2
0.9
yH 2 S + yCO2
1.6
) + 15 ( y
0.5
H2S
yH 2 S 4.0 ,
45
Exercise 3
Given the following real gas composition,
Component
C1
C2
CO2
H2S
Mole fraction
0.76
0.07
0.1
0.07
Determine the density of the gas mixture at 1,000

psia and 110 F using Witchert-Aziz correction
method.
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46
Sutton Correction Method

Step1: Calculate the parameters J and K:
2
0.5
Tc
Tc o
1
2
yi
J
+ yi
, R/psia
3 i
pc i 3 i
pc i
Tci
, o R/psia
K = yi
pci
i
Step 2: Calculate the adjustment parameters:

FJ
1 Tc
y
3 pc C
7+
0.5
Tc
2
+ y

3 pc
C7+
J = 0.6081FJ + 1.1325 FJ2 14.004 FJ yC + 64.434 FJ yC2

7+
Tc
p
c
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7+
2
3
0.3129 yC7+ 4.8156 yC7+ + 27.3751 yC7+
C7+
47
Sutton Correction Method (cont.)

Step 3: Adjust the parameters J and K
J = J J
K = K K
Step 4: Calculate the adjusted pseudo-critical
terms
2
K
T pc =
J
T pc
p pc =
J
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48
Correlations for Pseudo Properties

of Real Gas Mixture
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49
Isothermal Compressiblity of
Natural Gas Mixture
By definition, the compressibility of the gas is
1 dV
cg =
V dp
or
cg=
1 1 dz

p z dp T
Isothermal pseudo-reduced compressibility:
c
cg p=
=
pr
pc
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1
1 dz

p pr
z dp pr
Tpr
50
Gas Isothermal Compressiblity Correlation by

Matter, Brar & Aziz (1975)
cg
=
1
0.27
2
p pr
z Tpr
dz
r T pr
1+
r dz
z d r T
pr
dz
4
2
2 4
2
=+
+
+
+
T
T
T
T
A
A
A
2
exp
(
)
(
1
2 r
3 r
4 r
8 r
8 r
8 r )
d r Tpr
A5
A2 A3
T1 =A1 +
+ 3 ; T2 =A4 +
Tpr Tpr
Tpr
T3
0.27 p pr
A5 A6
A7
; T4 =
; T5
=
3
Tpr
Tpr
Tpr
3/18/2013
A1
0.3150624
A5
-0.61232032
A2
-1.04671
A6
-0.10488813
A3
-0.578327
A7
0.68157001
A4
0.5353077
A8
0.68446549
51
Gas Formation Volume Factor

By definition, the gas FVF is
Bg =
V p ,T
Vsc
Combining the above equation with the EOS yields
zT
Bg = 0.02827
p
zT
Bg = 0.005035
p
3/18/2013
(ft 3 /scf)
(bbl/scf)
52
Gas Viscosity Correlation Method by

Carr, Kobayashi and Burrows (1954)
Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical properties and the
corrections to these properties for the presence of
nonhydrocarbon gases (CO2, H2S, N2)
Step 2: Obtain the (corrected) viscosity of the gas
mixture at one atmosphere and the temperature of
interest
=
1 + N + CO + H S
1
uc
Step 3: Calculate the pseudo-reduced pressure and

temperature, and obtain the viscosity ratio (g/1)
Step 4: Calculate the gas viscosity from 1 and the
viscosity ratio (g/1)
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53
Carrs Atmospheric Gas Viscosity

Correlation
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54
Gas Viscosity Ratio Correlation
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55
Standings Correlation for

Atmospheric Gas Viscosity
1 = 1.709 105 2.062 106 g (T 460 ) +
8.118 103 6.15 103 log ( g )
uc
N2
=
yCO2 9.08 103 log ( g ) + 6.24 103

y N 2 8.48 103 log( g ) + 9.59 103
=
H2S
yH 2 S 8.49 103 log( g ) + 3.73 103
=
CO2
=
1 + CO + N + H S
1
uc
3/18/2013
56
Dempseys Correlation for Gas

Viscosity Ratio
g
ln Tpr =
a0 + a1 p pr + a2 p 2pr + a3 p 3pr +
1
Tpr a4 + a5 p pr + a6 p 2pr + a7 p 3pr +
Tpr2 a8 + a9 p pr + a10 p 2pr + a11 p 3pr +
Tpr3 a12 + a13 p pr + a14 p 2pr + a15 p 3pr
3/18/2013
a0 = 2.46211820
a1 = 2.970547414
a2 = 2.86264054 (101)
a3 = 8.05420522 (103)
a4 = 2.80860949
a5 = 3.49803305
a6 = 3.60373020 (101)
a7 = 1.044324 (102)
a8 = 7.93385648 (101)
a9 = 1.39643306
a10 = 1.49144925 (101)
a11 = 4.41015512 (103)
a12 = 8.39387178 (102)
a13 = 1.86408848 (101)
a14 = 2.03367881 (102)
a15 = 6.09579263 (104)
57
Exercise 4
A gas well is producing at a rate of 15,000 ft3/day
from a gas reservoir at an average pressure of 2,000
psia and a temperature of 120F. The specific
gravity is 0.72.
Calculate the vicosity of the gas mixture using both
graphical and analytical methods.
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58
Properties of Crude Oil

Oil density and gravity
Gas solubility
Bubble-point pressure
Oil formation volume factor
Isothermal compressibility coefficient of
undersaturated crude oils
Oil viscosity
These fluid properties are usually determined by laboratory
experiments. When such experiments are not available,
empirical correlations are used
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59
Crude Oil Density

The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a
unit volume of the crude oil at a specified
pressure and temperature.
mo
o =
Vo
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(lb/ft 3 )
60
Crude Oil Gravity

The specific gravity of a crude oil is defined as the
ratio of the density of the oil to that of water.
o
; w 62.4 (lb/ft 3 )
o =
=
w
oAPI
is usually used to reprensent the gravity of

the crude oil as follow
API =
3/18/2013
141.5
-131.5
The API gravity of crude oils

usually ranges from 47 API for
the lighter crude oils to 10 API
for the heavier crude oils.
61
Black Oil Model
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62
Gas Solubility Rs
Rs is defined as the number of standard cubic feet
of gas dissolved in one stock-tank barrel of crude
oil at certain pressure and temperature.
The solubility of a natural gas in a crude oil is a
strong function of the pressure, temperature, API
gravity, and gas gravity.
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63
Gas Solubility Rs
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64
Standings Correlation for Rs
1.2048
x
=
Rs g
+ 1.4 10
18.2
=
x 0.0125 API 0.0009 (T 460 )
3/18/2013
65
Characteristics of Reservoir Rocks

Porosity
Permeability
In-situ Saturation
3/18/2013
66
Porosity
V pore Vbulk Vmatrix

=
=
Vbulk
Vbulk
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67
Porosity
Porosity depends on grain packing, NOT grain size
Rocks with different grain sizes can have the same
porosity
Rhombohedral packing
Pore space = 26 % of total volume
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Cubic packing
Pore space = 47 % of total volume
68
Rock Matrix and Pore Space
Rock matrix
3/18/2013
Pore space
69
Pore-Space Classification
Total porosity
Total Pore Space V pore

=
Bulk Volume
Vbulk
Effective porosity
Interconnected Pore Space

e =
Bulk Volume
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70
Permeability
Permeability is a property of the porous
medium and is a measure of the capacity of

the medium to transmit fluids
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71
Absolute Permeability
When the medium is completely saturated
with one fluid, then the permeability
measurement is often referred to as specific

or absolute permeability
3/18/2013
72
Effective Permeability
Effective permeability is a measure of the
fluid conductance capacity of a
porous
medium to a particular fluid when the

medium is saturated with more than one
fluid
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73
Relative Permeability
Relative permeability is defined as the ratio
of the effective permeability to a fluid at a
given saturation to the effective permeability

to that fluid at 100% saturation
3/18/2013
74
Calculating Relative Permeabilities

Oil
Water
Gas
3/18/2013
k ro
k eo
=
k
k rw
k ew
=
k
k rg =
k eg
k
75
Darcys Law
q
Direction of flow
q
k p
v
=

A
L
3/18/2013
v: Velocity
q: Flow rate
A: Cross-section area
k: Permeability
: Viscosity
L: Length increment
p: Pressure drop
76
Fluid Saturation
Fluid saturation is defined as the fraction of pore
volume occupied by a given fluid
Saturation =
Vspecific fluid
Vpore
Phase saturations
Sw = water saturation
So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation
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77
In-Situ Saturation
Rock matrix
3/18/2013
Water
Oil and/or gas
78
Exercise 5
Given the following reservoir data:
Bulk Volume Vb
Porosity
Water saturation Sw
Calculate:
1. Pore volume occuppied by water
2. Pore volume occupied by hydrocarbon
3/18/2013
79
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

Solution Gas Drive
Gas Cap Drive
Water Drive
Gravity drainage drive

Combination drive
3/18/2013
80
Reservoir Energy Sources

Liberation, expansion of solution gas
Influx of aquifer water
Expansion of reservoir rock
Expansion of original reservoir fluids

Free gas
Connate water
Oil
Gravitational forces
Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs

Oil
producing
wells
Oil
A. Original Condition
Oil
producing
wells
B. 50% Depleted
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82
Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs

Formation of a Secondary Gas Cap
Wellbore
Secondary
gas cap
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83
Gas-Cap Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Oil producing well

Oil
zone
3/18/2013
Gas cap
Oil
zone
84
Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs

Edgewater Drive
Oil producing well
Oil
Zone
Water
Water
Cross Section
3/18/2013
85
Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs

Bottomwater Drive
Oil producing well
Oil
Zone
Water
Cross Section
3/18/2013
86
Gravity Drainage Drive in Oil

Reservoirs
Gas
Gas
Oil
Gas
Point C
Oil
Point B
Oil
Point A
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87
Combination Drive in Oil Reservoirs

Gas cap
Oil zone
Water
Cross Section
3/18/2013
88
Pressure and Gas/Oil Ratio Trends

100
Water drive
Reservoir pressure,
Percent of original
80
60
Gas-cap drive
40
20
Solution
-gas drive
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
Cumulative oil produced, percent of original oil in place
3/18/2013
89
Exercise 6
1. How can we identify different reservoir drive
mechanisms?
2. Rank in descending order typical reservoir drive

mechanisms in terms of efficiency
3. How does knowledge about reservoir drive mechanisms

help us in designing an oil field development plan?
3/18/2013
90

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GEOPET BACHELOR PROGRAM IN

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Special Core Analysis

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

2. L.P.Dake (1994). The Practice of Reservoir Engineering,

3. B.C.Craft & M.Hawkins (1991). Applied Petroleum

4. T. Ahmed (2006). Reservoir Engineering Handbook , Gulf

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Quantitative Methods in Reservoir Characterization and

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

In petroleum industry, reservoir fluids is a mixture of

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

applying necessary knowledge and utilizing

implement systems and processes that realize a

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

implement systems and processes that realize a

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Necessary Knowledge (contd)

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

implement systems and processes that realize a

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

implement systems and processes that realize a

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Design and Implementation

appropreate well patterns; Select suitable subsurface &

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

implement systems and processes that realize a

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

implement systems and processes that realize a

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Revenue Throughout LifeCycle

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Basic Properties and

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Classification of Reservoir Fluids

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

*For Engineering Purposes

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

*For Engineering Purposes

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Primary Production Trends

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Basic Properties of Natural Gas

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

Gas Equation-Of-State (EOS)

Apparent Molecular Weight of a

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT