Asme Se 446

7 EXAMINATION AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENT (REVISION
2)
7.0 Table of Contents
EXAMINATION AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENT...................................................................1
7
7.0 Table of Contents.....................................................................................................................1
7.1 Requirements for Examination Procedures..........................................................................2
7.1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................2
7.1.2 General .............................................................................................................................2
7.2 Examination of Ferrous Materials ..........................................................................................2
7.2.1 Examination of Plates .....................................................................................................2
7.2.2 Examination of Forgings ................................................................................................2
7.2.3 Examination of Castings ................................................................................................3
7.2.3.1 Radiographic Examination.........................................................................................3
7.2.3.2 Ultrasonic Examination. .............................................................................................4
7.2.3.3 Magnetic Particle Examination. .................................................................................4
7.2.3.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination. ..................................................................................4
7.2.3.5 Reexamination of Repair Areas.................................................................................4
7.3 Examination of Nonferrous Materials ....................................................................................5
7.3.1 Examination of Plates and Forgings .............................................................................5
7.3.2 Examination of Castings ................................................................................................5
7.3.2.1 Examination of Materials............................................................................................5
7.3.2.2 Reexamination of Repair Areas.................................................................................6
7.4 Examination of Bolts, Studs and Nuts...................................................................................6
7.5 Reexamination of Repair Areas..............................................................................................6
7.5.1 General .............................................................................................................................6
7.5.2 Treatment of Imperfections Believed Nonrelevant ......................................................6
7.5.3 Examination of Areas from Which Imperfections Have Been Removed ...................6
7.5.4 Reexamination of Repair Areas .....................................................................................7
7.6 Examination of Welds and Acceptance Criteria ...................................................................7
7.6.1 General .............................................................................................................................7
7.6.2 Examination Techniques ................................................................................................7
7.6.3 Assignment of Weld Joint Categories and Types........................................................7
7.6.4 Choice of Examination Method......................................................................................7
7.6.4.1 Internal Flaws ..............................................................................................................8
7.6.4.2 Surface Flaws ..............................................................................................................8
7.6.4.3 Surface Condition and Preparation (CEN Part 5 Par 6.1.5.3.4) ..............................8
7.6.5 Extent of Weld Examination ...........................................................................................8
7.6.6 Acceptance Standards....................................................................................................8
7.6.6.1 General Requirements................................................................................................9
7.6.6.2 Visual Examination .....................................................................................................9
7.6.6.3 Radiographic Acceptance Standards .......................................................................9
7.6.6.4 Ultrasonic Acceptance Standards.............................................................................9
7.6.6.5 Magnetic Particle Acceptance Standards ................................................................9
7.6.6.6 Liquid Penetrant Acceptance Standards..................................................................9
7.6.7 Supplemental Examination Requirements for Vibratory Service.............................10
7.6.8 Repair by Welding .........................................................................................................10
7.7 Final Examination of Vessel .................................................................................................10
7.7.1 Surface Examination After Hydrotest .........................................................................10
7.7.2 Inspection of Lined Vessel Interior After Hydrotest ..................................................10
7.8 Leak Testing ...........................................................................................................................10
7.9 Acoustic Emission .................................................................................................................10
7.10 Documentation of Examination ............................................................................................10
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ASME Section VIII Division 2 ReWrite
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7.1 Requirements for Examination Procedures

7.1.1 Scope
For Class-1 &2 vessels, the following requirements shall be satisfied in addition to material specifications
given in Section II.
7.1.2
General
a)
Section V shall be applied for the detailed requirements in methods and procedures and the additional
requirements specified within this article.
b)
Nondestructive examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure certified by the
Manufacturer to be in accordance with the requirements of T-150 of Section V.
7.2 Examination of Ferrous Materials

7.2.1
Examination of Plates
a)
Except as permitted in b), all plate 4 in. (102 mm) and over in nominal thickness shall be ultrasonically
examined in accordance with the requirements of SA-435.
b)
When design rules permit credit for the thickness of cladding on plate conforming to SA-263, SA-264,
and SA-265, ultrasonic examination shall be made of the base plate and the bond between the cladding
and the base plate in accordance with SA-578 with acceptance criteria of S-6 of Supplementary
Requirements regardless of the thickness of the plate.
c)
When flat heads, tubesheets, and flanges with integral hubs for butt welding are to be machined from
plate, ultrasonic examinations in accordance with the requirements of Appendix 20 shall be made.
Appendix 20 shall be attached.

7.2.2 Examination of Forgings
All forgings 4 in. (102 mm) and over in nominal thickness shall be examined ultrasonically in accordance with
SA-388, and the acceptance standards shall be in accordance with 7.2.2 c). Rings, flanges, and other
hollow forgings shall be examined using the angle beam technique. For other forgings, the straight beam
technique shall be used.
a) Reference specimens shall have the same nominal thickness, composition, and P-number grouping as
the forging to be examined in order to have substantially the same structure.
b)
The method used in testing forgings shall conform to the following requirements.
1)
For straight beam examination, the transducers shall be 1 in. to 1 1/8 in. (25mm to 29mm) diameter
or 1 in. (25mm) square. The nominal frequency used during examination shall be 2.25 Mc/sec
unless the grain size or microstructure of the material prevents adequate ultrasonic penetration, in
which case the frequency shall be 1 Mc/sec. The instrument shall be set so that the first back
reflection is 75+-5% of screen height when the transducer is placed on an indication-free area of
the forging.
2)
For angle beam examination, a 1 x 1 in. (25 mm x 25 mm) or 1 x 1/2 in. (25 mm x 13mm), 45 deg.
transducer shall be used at a frequency of 1 mc. Angle beam examination shall be calibrated with a
notch of a depth equal to the lesser of 3/8 in. (10 mm) or 3% of the nominal section thickness [3/8
in. (10 mm) maximum], a length of approximately 1 in. (25mm), and a width not greater than twice
in depth.
3)
All conditions, such as surface finish, ultrasonic frequency, instrument settings, type of transducer
and couplant used during calibration, shall be duplicated during the actual examination.
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4)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Insofar as practicable, all forgings shall be examined by the straight beam wave method from two
directions approximately at right angles. Hollow forgings shall be examined from one
circumferential surface and from one surface or surface, normal to their axes. Disk forgings shall be
examined from one flat side and from the circumferential side. Forgings requiring angle beam
examination shall be examined in the circumferential direction, unless wall thickness or geometric
configuration of the forging makes angle beam examination impracticable. The entire volume of
material shall be examined ultrasonically at some state of manufacture, preferably after final heat
treatment. If contours of the forging preclude complete ultrasonic examination after final heat
treatment, the maximum possible volume shall be examined at this stage.
A forging shall be unacceptable:

5)
if straight beam examination results show one or more discontinuities which produce indications
accompanied by a complete loss of back reflection not associated with or attributable to the
geometric configuration;
6)
if angle beam examination results show one or more discontinuities which produce indications
exceeding in amplitude the indication from the calibration notch.
In the case of straight beam examination, the following conditions shall be reported to the purchaser
from his consideration and approval prior to shipment of a forging:
1)
forgings containing one or more indications with amplitudes exceeding adjacent back reflections;
2)
forgings containing one or more discontinuities which produce traveling indications accompanied
by reduced back reflection. (A traveling indication is defined as an indication which displays sweep
movement of the oscilloscope screen at relatively constant amplitude as the transducer is move.)
In the case of angle beam examination, the following conditions shall be reported to the purchaser for
his consideration and approval prior to shipment of the forging:
1)
indications having an amplitude exceeding 50% of the calibration notch amplitude;
2)
clusters of indications located in a small area of the forging with amplitudes less than 50% of the
calibration notch amplitude. [A cluster of indications is defined as three or more indications
exceeding 10% of the standard calibration notch amplitude and located in any volume
approximating a 2 in. (51mm) or smaller cube.]
Additional nondestructive examination procedures or trepanning may be employed to resolve questions

of interpretation of ultrasonic indications.
7.2.3 Examination of Castings

Castings shall be examined by radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, and liquid penetrant methods of
examination as provided herein and shall meet the requirements of 7.2.3.1 to 7.2.3.4, inclusive. Radiographic
examination, and when required ultrasonic examination, of castings shall be made after at least one
austenizing heat treatment, except austenitic castings not requiring heat treatment may have radiographic
and ultrasonic examination performed at any stage of manufacture. Magnetic particle or liquid penetrant
examinations shall be made after final heat treatment and after final machining of machined areas.
7.2.3.1
Radiographic Examination.
All parts of castings regardless of thickness shall be fully radiographed in accordance with the procedures of
Article 2 of Section V. The radiographs shall be compared to the appropriate Radiographic Standard listed
below, and the maximum acceptable severity levels for imperfections shall be as follows:
a) for castings having radiographed thickness up to 2 in. (51 mm), SE-446, Standard Reference
Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 in. (51 mm) in Thickness, and with maximum severity levels as
follows:
Thickness
Thickness
Imperfection
< 1 in.
1 in. to < 2 in.
A Gas porosity
1
2
B Sand and slag
2
3
C Shrinkage (four types)
1
3
D Cracks
0
0
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b)
E Hot tears
0
0
F Inserts
0
0
G Mottling
0
0
for casting having radiographed thickness from 2 in. to 12 in. (51 mm to 305 mm), SE-186, Standard
1
Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled [2 to 4 /2 in. (51 to 114 mm)] Steel Castings or SE-280,
1
Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled [4 /2 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm)] Steel Castings as
appropriate, and with maximum severity levels as below:
Thickness
Thickness
Imperfection
2 to 4 1/2 in. Over 4 1/2 to 12 in.
A Gas porosity
2
2
B Sand and slag inclusion 2
2
C Shrinkage
Type 1
1
2
Type 2
2
2
Type 3
3
2
D Cracks
0
0
E Hot tears
0
0
F Inserts
0
0
7.2.3.2
Ultrasonic Examination.
All parts of ferrous casting over 12 in. (305 mm) thick shall be examined by ultrasonic methods in
accordance with the procedures of Article 5 of Section V. Castings with imperfections shown by
discontinuities whose reflections exceed a height equal to 20% of the normal back reflection, or which reduce
the height of the back reflections by more than 30% during movement of the transducer 2 in. (51 mm) in any
direction are unacceptable unless other methods of nondestructive testing such as radiographic examination
demonstrate to the satisfaction of the vessel Manufacturer and the Inspector that the indications are
acceptable or unless such imperfections are removed and the casting is repaired.
7.2.3.3
Magnetic Particle Examination.
Castings of magnetic material shall be examined on all surfaces by a magnetic particle method in
accordance with the methods of 7.10.6.5. Castings with imperfections shown by Type I indications or by
indications exceeding Degree I of Type II, III, IV, and V of ASTM E 125, Reference Photographs for Magnetic
Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings, are unacceptable unless the imperfections are removed and
casting is repaired.
7.2.3.4
Liquid Penetrant Examination.
Castings of nonmagnetic material shall be examined on all surfaces by a liquid penetrant method in
accordance with the methods of 7.10.6.6. Castings with cracks and linear imperfections exceeding the
following limits are unacceptable:
1
a) linear imperfections resulting in more than six indications in any 1 /2 in. 6 in. (38 mm152 mm)
1
rectangle or 3 /2 in. (89 mm) diameter circle with these taken in the most unfavorable location relative to
the indications being evaluated;
1
b)
linear imperfections resulting in indications more than /4 in. (6 mm) in length for thicknesses up to /4 in.
3
1
(19 mm), one-third of the thickness in length for thicknesses from /4 in. (19 mm) to 2 /4 in. (57 mm), and
3
1
/4 in. (19 mm) in length for thicknesses over 2 /4 in. (57 mm) (aligned acceptable imperfections
separated from one another by a distance equal to the length of the longer imperfection are acceptable);
c)
all nonlinear imperfections which are indicated to have any dimension which exceeds /32 in. (2.4 mm).
7.2.3.5
Reexamination of Repair Areas
All weld repairs of depth exceeding 1 in. (25 mm) or 20% of the section thickness, whichever is the lesser,
shall be inspected by radiography and by magnetic particle examination or liquid penetrant examination in
accordance with 7.10.6, if the material is magnetic, or by liquid penetrant examination, if it is nonmagnetic.
Where the depth of repairs is less than 20% of the section thickness or 1 in. (25 mm), whichever is the
1
lesser, and where the repaired section cannot be radiographed effectively, the first layer of each /4 in. (6
mm) thickness of deposited weld metal and the finished weld surface shall be examined, as indicated
previously, by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination. The finished surface examination shall be
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made after any heat treating operation that are applied to the casting. Weld repairs resulting from ultrasonic
examination shall be examined by ultrasonic methods.
7.3 Examination of Nonferrous Materials
7.3.1
Examination of Plates and Forgings
a)
All plates and forgings 4 in. and over in nominal thickness shall be ultrasonically examined in
accordance with the applicable requirements of the ASTM standards and ASME specifications listed in
d). Insofar as practicable, all soild rectangular forgings shall be examined by the straight beam
technique from two directions at approximately right angles.
b)
Hollow forgings including flanges and rings 4 in. and over in nominal thickness, in addition to a) above,
shall be examined using the angle beam technique by either the contact method or the immersion
method. Reference specimens and acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with 7.2.2. Hollow
forgings shall be examined from one face or surface normal to the axis and in the circumferential
direction unless the wall thickness or geometric configuration makes angle beam examination
impracticable. Disk forgings shall be examined from one flat side and from the circumferential surface.
c)
The entire volume of metal shall be ultrasonically examined at some state of manufacture. For heat
treated material, examination after final heat treatment is preferred, but if the contour of the forging
precludes complete examination at this stage, the maximum possible volume of the forging shall be
reexamined after final heat treatment.
d)
Applicable ASTM standards and ASME specifications are:

SE-114 Ultrasonic Testing by the Reflection Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves Induced
by Direct Contact;
SE-214 Immersed Ultrasonic Testing by the Reflection Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal
Waves;
E 127 Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks;
SB-548 Ultrasonic Testing of Aluminum Plate.
e)
In straight beam examination, the transducers shall be 3/4 in. to 1 1/8 in. (19mm to 29mm) in diameter
or 1 in. (25mm) square. The nominal frequency shall be appropriate for the material being examined.
The instrument shall be set so that the first back reflection is 75+-5% of the screen height when the
transducer is placed on an indication-free area of the forging.
f)
In angle beam examination by the contact method, a 1 x 1 in. (25 mm x 25 mm) or 1 x 1.5 in. (25 mm x
38mm), 45 deg. transducer shall be used at an appropriate frequency.
g)
In angle beam examination by the immersion method, a 3/4 in. (19 mm) diameter transducer oriented at
an appropriate angle of inclination shall be used at an appropriate frequency.
h)
Angle beam examination shall be calibrated with a notch of a depth equal to the lesser of 3/8 in. (10
mm) or 3% of the nominal section thickness, a length of approximately 1 in. (25mm), and a width not
greater than two times the depth.
i)
Material shall be unacceptable (unless repaired in accordance with 3.3.6.2.2) if straight beam
examination shows one or more discontinuities which produce indications accompanied by a complete
loss of back reflection not associated with or attributable to the geometric configuration, or if angle beam
examination results show one or more discontinuities which produce indications exceeding that of the
calibration notch.
7.3.2
Examination of Castings
7.3.2.1
Examination of Materials
All nonferrous castings shall be examined in accordance with the following.
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a)
Each casting shall be subjected to 100% visual examination in accordance with 7.10.6.2 and to liquid
penetrant examination on all surfaces in accordance with 7.2.3.4. These examinations shall be
performed following the final heat treatment applied to the casting.
b)
All parts of castings shall be subjected to complete radiographic examination and the radiographs shall
be compared with the radiographic standards of ASTM E 272, Reference Radiographs for Inspection of
High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings. Acceptable castings must meet Class 1
standards, if wall thickness is less than 1 in. (25mm)., or Class 2 standards, if 1 in. (25mm). or over, as
defined in the ASTM Specification.
c)
All parts of castings in excess of 12 in. (305 mm) in thickness shall be ultrasonically examined in
accordance with the procedures given in SE-114. Any imperfections whose reflections do not exceed a
height equal to 20% of the normal back reflection or do not reduce the height of the back reflection by
more than 30% during movement of the transducer 2 in. (51 mm), in any direction, shall e considered
acceptable. The above limits are established for the use of transducers having approximately 1 sq. in.
(25mm sq.) of area.
7.3.2.2
All weld repairs of depth exceeding 1 in. (25 mm) or 20% of the section thickness, whichever is the lesser,
shall be examined by radiography in accordance with 7.3.2.1 b) and by liquid penetrant examination. Where
the depth of repairs is less than 20% of the section thickness or 1 in. (25 mm), whichever is the lesser, and
1
where the repaired section cannot be radiographed effectively, the first layer of each /4 in. (6 mm) thickness
of deposited weld metal and the finished weld surface shall be examined, as indicated previously, by liquid
penetrant examination. The finished surface examination shall be made after any heat treating operations
that are applied to the casting. Weld repairs resulting from ultrasonic examination shall be examined by
ultrasonic methods.
7.4 Examination of Bolts, Studs and Nuts
For Class-1 &2 vessels, examination of bolts, studs, and nuts bolting covered by Table 4 of Subpart 1 of
Section II, Part D shall be subject to examination as follows.
a) Visual examination shall be applied to the areas of threads, shanks, and heads of final machined parts.
Discontinuities such as laps, seams, or cracks are unacceptable.
b)
All bolts, studs, and nuts over 2 in. (50 mm) nominal bolt size shall be examined by the magnetic
particle method of 7.10.6.5 or by the liquid penetrant method of 7.10.6.6. This examination shall be
performed on the finished component after threading or on the material stock at approximately the
finished diameter before threading and after heading (if involved). Linear nonaxial indications are
unacceptable. Linear axial indications greater than 1 in. (25 mm) in length are unacceptable.
7.5 Reexamination of Repair Areas

7.5.1 General
Unacceptable imperfections shall be removed and reexamination made to assure complete removal.
Whenever an imperfection is removed by chipping or grinding and subsequent repair by welding is not
required, the excavated area shall be blended into the surrounding surface so as to avoid sharp notches,
crevices, or corners. Where welding is required after removal of an imperfection, the area shall be cleaned
and welding performed in accordance with a qualified welding procedure.
7.5.2 Treatment of Imperfections Believed Nonrelevant
Any indication of an imperfection which is believed to be nonrelevant shall be regarded as a defect unless,
on reevaluation, it is shown by reexamination by the same method or by the use of other nondestructive
methods and/or by surface conditioning that no unacceptable imperfection is present.
7.5.3 Examination of Areas from Which Imperfections Have Been Removed
After an imperfection is thought to have been removed and prior to making weld repairs, the area shall be
reexamined by either a magnetic particle method or by a liquid penetrant method to ensure that the
imperfection has been eliminated.
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7.5.4
a)
After repaired by welding, the repaired area shall be blended into the surrounding surface so as to avoid
sharp notches, crevices, or corners, and reexamined by either a magnetic particle method or by a liquid
penetrant method.
b)
The area repaired by welding shall be examined by radiography and all the methods of examination that
were originally required for the affected area, except that, when the depth of the repair is less than the
radiographic sensitivity required, re-radiography may be omitted.
AF-104.3(b), which describes as follows, is discarded judging that AI-513 is to be adopted.

The area repaired by welding shall be examined by radiography in accordance with Article I-5 when the
depth of the weld deposit exceeds either 3/8 in. (10 mm) or one-half the material thickness.
7.6 Examination of Welds and Acceptance Criteria

7.6.1 General
All welding shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of Section 6 of this standard using
qualified welders or welding operators.
When they can be used (see 7.6.4), permanent backing strip and joggle joint are to be fitted and adjusted
such that the quality of the weld achieved is the same as a conventional single-sided butt weld. The weld is
to be subject to the same type of NDT and acceptance criteria as a single sided butt weld.
All finished welding shall be subject to visual examination. In addition, depending on the vessel class and the
joint quality factor, the finished welds shall be subject to NDT to the extent defined in Tables 7.1 7.10 for
that joint category and type of weld.
All welding shall be subject to in process testings, especially welds of vessel class 3 not required to be
subject to NDT under Table 7.1 7.10 shall be specifically subject to visual examination at the "fit-up" and
"chip back of second side sound metal" stages.
Testing of welding shall include ensuring that both procedures and welding personnel are qualifies and
approved and that there is a means of identification of welders and/or operators to their work.
7.6.2 Examination Techniques
( To be re-arranged)
Given below are the various NDT techniques used in this standard and for each the principle method
standard is listed:
a) visual examination, as specified in 7.10.6.2.
b)
examination by radiographic testing, as specified in 7.1.2.1
c)
examination by ultrasonic testing, as specified in 7.1.2.2
d)
examination by magnetic particle testing, as specified in 7.1.2.3
e) examination by liquid penetrant testing, as specified in 7.1.2.4

However, in addition to the "method" standard it is necessary to show the relationship between this standard
and for each technique the standard or criteria used for characterization assessment (i.e. imperfection
character assessment) and the acceptance criteria. This is illustrated in Table 7.11.
7.6.3 Assignment of Weld Joint Categories and Types
The weld joint categories used in Table 7.1 Table 7.10 are specified in (4. ...). The weld types are
specified in 6.1.3.2.
7.6.4 Choice of Examination Method
Visual examination shall be carried out on all welds including visual examination associated with the other
required non-destructive testings.
Non-destructive testing of welded joints for final acceptance purpose shall depend upon the vessel class, the
joint quality factor and the material of the welded joints under consideration.
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Tables 7.1 7.10 describes the NDT in terms of scope of coverage and technique options for surface and
volumetric testing.
The selection of technique for volumetric testing, alone or in combination is as described in Table 7.12 and
as elaborated below in 7.10.4.1, while for surface testing it is 7.10.4.2 below. Table 7.11 gives details of the
source of acceptance criteria that shall be satisfied.
7.6.4.1
Internal Flaws
The choice as to whether radiographic or ultrasonic examination is used shall be as described in Table
7.12.However, it is noted that both methods have advantages and disadvantages in so far as detection,
identification and sizing are concerned. Radiography (RT) is particularly suitable for the detection and
identification of volume imperfections such as cavities and incomplete penetration where a gap exists.
Ultrasonic examination (UT) is very suitable for the detection and sizing of plane imperfections such as
cracks, lack of fusion and tight incomplete penetrations in ferric steels.
The choice in Table 7.12 is based on the most suitable method to the relevant application in relation to the
material type and thickness.
It is possible that other important consideration such as joint geometry, sensitivity of the material to cracking
in welding process, may have an overriding influence of method different from that in Table 7.12 The
manufacturer shall record the basis for such a choice.
In exceptional cases or where the design or load bearing on the joint is critical, particularly for partial
penetration joints, it may be necessary to employ both methods on the same joint or seam.
7.6.4.2
Surface Flaws
It is noted that magnetic particle methods (MT) and liquid penetrant methods (PT) do not indicate the depth
of surface imperfections and their application is to ensure that no unacceptable surface imperfections are
present.
For ferritic steels MT is preferred. For austenitic steels, PT shall be employed.
In exceptional cases and particularly for ferritic partial penetration joints where design or load on the joint is
critical, it may be necessary to employ both methods on the same joint.
7.6.4.3
Surface Condition and Preparation (CEN Part 5 Par 6.1.5.3.4)
Many parameters, either individually or in combination can affect the ability of a non-destructive technique to
detect imperfections of a given size and orientation with respect to the conditions of the test surface.
Detection of short imperfections is highly dependent on the surface condition of the weld and the detection
media used. For each technique the following criteria shall be used.
a) radiography: surfaces shall be dressed only where ripples or weld surface irregularities will interfere with
interpretation of the radiographs satisfying acceptance criteria in 7.10.7-2;
b)
ultrasonics: surface shall be dressed when the surfaces that will be in contact with the probe inhibit the
scanning process. It is noted that depending on the profile and surface condition, dressing of the weld
area may be necessary even when contact is only to be made with parent metal. Acceptance criteria
shall satisfy 7.10.7-3;
c)
magnetic particle: the surface shall be free of a foreign matter which would interfere with interpretation
of the test and shall, where necessary, be dressed to permit assurate interpretation of indications.
d)
It is noted that for this standard that all indications identified by MT technique shall satisfy Table ----- and
that all crack like indications detected, irrespective of surface conditions, are unacceptable.
e)
liquid penetrant: the surface shall be free from any foreign matter which would interfere with the
application and interpretation of the test. Care should be taken to avoid masking of flaws by distortion of
surface, surface layers by any dressing/grinding process which may be necessary.
It is noted that for this standard that all indications identified by PT technique shall satisfy Table ---- and that
all crack like indications detected, irrespective of surface conditions, are unacceptable.
7.6.5 Extent of Weld Examination
The extent of non-destructive testing is given by Tables 7.1 7.10 as a percentage value. This percentage
value reflects the extent of non-destructive testing of the total length of the welded joint.
7.6.6
Acceptance Standards
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7.6.6.1
General Requirements
Acceptance standards for welds shall be as stated in the following paragraphs, while the acceptance
standards for material adjacent to the weld or beneath the weld or weld buildup shall be as stated in 7.3
through 7.8.
7.6.6.2
Visual Examination
The criteria used to assess the acceptability of imperfections for visual examination shall be as given in
Table 7.13.
7.6.6.3
Radiographic Acceptance Standards
Welds that are shown by radiography to have any of the following types of imperfections are unacceptable:
a) any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration; .
b)
any other linear indication which has a length greater than:

1)
1/4 in. (6 mm) for t up to 3/4 in. (19 mm), inclusive ;
2)
t/3 for t over 3/4 in. (19 mm) to 21/4 in. (57 mm) .inclusive;
3)
3/4 in. (19 mm) for t over 21/4 in. (57 mm); where t= thickness of the weld excluding any allowable
reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is
the thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of
the throat of the fillet shall be included in t.
internal root weld conditions are acceptable when the density change as indicated in the radiograph is not
abrupt (such that radiographs can be interpreted); linear indications on the radiograph at either edge of such
conditions shall be unacceptable as provided in b) above;
any group of aligned, rounded indications having an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, unless
the minimum distance between successive indications exceeds 6L in which case the aggregate length is
unlimited, L being the length of the largest indication;
rounded indications in excess of those shown as acceptable in Table 7.14.
7.6.6.4
Ultrasonic Acceptance Standards
All indications which produce a response greater than 20% of the reference level shall be investigated to the
extent that the operator can determine the shape, identity, and location of an such indications and evaluate
them in terms of the acceptance standards given in a) and b) below.
a) Where indications are interpreted to be cracks, lack of fusion, or incomplete penetration, they are
unacceptable regardless of discontinuity or signal amplitude.
b)
Indications are unacceptable if the amplitude exceeds the reference level, or indications have lengths
which exceed:
1)
1/4 in. (6 mm) for t up to 3/4 in. (19 mm) , inclusive (where t is the thickness of the weld being
examined; if a weld joins two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of
these two thichesses) ;
2)
t/3 for t over 3/4 in. (19 mm) to 21/4 in. (57 mm), inclusive;
3)
3/4 in. (19 mm) for t over 21/4 in. (57 mm) .
7.6.6.5
Magnetic Particle Acceptance Standards
All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:
a) relevant linear indications;
b)
relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16 in.(4.8 mm);
c)
four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) or less, edge-to-edge.
7.6.6.6
Liquid Penetrant Acceptance Standards
All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:
7-10
Revision 2
________________________________________________________________________________________________
a)
relevant linear indications;
b)
relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16 in.(4.8 mm);
four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) or less, edge-to-edge.
7.6.7 Supplemental Examination Requirements for Vibratory Service
Pressure vessels to be used under severe cyclic conditions shall be examined to the extent specified herein
or to any greater extent specified in the engineering design. Acceptance criteria are as stated in ----and in
Table---- , for severe cyclic conditions, unless otherwise specified.
a) Visual Examination. The requirements of 7.10.6.2 shall apply for the all welding joints of pressure
holding parts.
b)
Other Examination. All category A and B butt welds shall be examined by 100% radiography in
accordance with 7.10.6.3 or (if specified in the engineering design) by 100% ultrasonic examination in
accordance with 7.10.6.4. Category D ---- , welds which are not radiographed shall be examined by
magnetic particle or liquid penetrant methods in accordance with 7.10.6.5.
c)
Certification and Records. The requirements of 7.12 apply.
7.6.8 Repair by Welding

The areas to be repaired shall be rewelded by qualified welders using qualified welding procedures.
7.7 Final Examination of Vessel
7.7.1 Surface Examination After Hydrotest
In case of Class 1 vessels, all surfaces of pressure boundary components including internal and external
surfaces and weld metal shall be examined by wet magnetic particle method (if ferromagnetic) or by liquid
penetrant method (if nonmagnetic) over the entire surface of welds of the vessel or component after
hydrotest, unless accessibility prevents meaningful interpretation and characterization of defects.
Acceptance criteria shall be 7.10.6.5.
7.7.2 Inspection of Lined Vessel Interior After Hydrotest
When it is observed that the test fluid seeps behind the applied liner during or after hydrotest, the fluid shall
be driven out and the lining shall be repaired by welding in accordance with 6.1.3.4.5 d).
7.8 Leak Testing
When so specified by the user, leak testing shall be carried out in accordance with Article 10 of Section V in
addition to hydrostatic test as per 8.2 or pneumatic test as per 8.3.
The choice of the leak testing technique to be employed should be based on the suitability for the particular
part/system being tested.
7.9 Acoustic Emission
When so specified by the user, acoustic emission examination shall be carried out in accordance with Article
12 of Section V during hydrostatic test or pneumatic test.
Acoustic emission can be used to supplement other non destructive examination methods. It shall not be
used as a substitute to other non destructive examination methods.
The objective of acoustic emission monitoring during a pressure test is to reliably detect subcritical crack
growth or other material damage which threatens structural integrity wherever it may occur in the vessel and
enhance safety by helping to avoid an unexpected failure. It may be applied to new or previously pressurized
vessels.
7.10 Documentation of Examination
The examination reports shall contain at least the following:
a) General information
Revision 2
7--11
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1)
2)
Identification of the test object:

i)
Material, dimensions, shape of the weld, welding process, heat treatment, temperature
and surface condition.
ii)
Scope of testing, stage of manufacture, circumstances of examination
Contract requirements:
i)
Specifications (method description and acceptance criteria)
ii)
Guidelines
iii)
Customer requirements
iv)
Place and date of examination
v)
Any deviation from this standard, by special agreement
vi)
Identification of testing company
vii) Certification and name of operator

viii) Identification of inspection authority
Specific NDT methods
1)
Radiography
i)
Test arrangement technique and class, required IQI sensitivity according to this standard.
ii)
Test arrangements techniques.
iii)
System of marking used.
iv)
Film position plane
v)
Radiation source, type and size of focal spot and identification of equipment used
vi)
Film. screens and filters
vii) Tube voltage and current used or source activity

viii) Time of exposure and source-to-film distance
2)
ix)
Processing technique: manual/automatic
x)
Type and position of image quality indicator
xi)
Results of examination including data on film density, reading of IQI
Ultrasonic testing
i)
Equipment
ii)
Maker and type of ultrasonic instrument with identification number
iii)
Maker, type, nominal frequency and angle of incidence of probes used
iv)
Identification of references blocks used with sketch
v)
Couplant medium
vi)
Examination technique
vii)
Examination level, extent of examination, location of the scanning areas
viii)
Identification of probe position, time base range
ix)
Method and values used for sensitivity setting (gain setting for reference levels and
values used for transfer corrections)
x)
Reference levels
xi)
Results of parent material examination
7-12
Revision 2
________________________________________________________________________________________________
xii)
xiii)
3)
Tabular summary (or sketches) providing the following information for recorded
indications: coordinates of indication, maximum echo amplitude, type and size of indication
and the results of evaluation according to specified acceptance levels.
Magnetic particle testing

i)
Parent and weld material
ii)
Type of magnetization, current type, detection media, viewing condition
iii)
Results of performance test
iv)
4)
Results of the examination
indications: coordinates of indication, type and size of indication and the results of
evaluation according to specified acceptance levels.
Penetrant testing
i)
Designation of the penetrant system used, giving the manufacture's name and product
designation as well as the batch number
ii)
evaluation according to specified acceptance levels.
5)
Visual testing
i)
ii)
Examination devices used

evaluation to specified acceptance levels.
Table 7.1 - Nondestructive Examination (Carbon Steels, Including TMCP and Microalloyed Steels)
Vessel Class
Joint Quality Factor
Joint
Category
Type
of
Weld
1B
1B
2B
1B
FP
FP
FW
1B
FP
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
Category A, Type 1,
longitudinal shell butt
welds and other
Category A, Type 1 butt
welds.
Category B, Type 1
circumferential butt
welds.
Category B, Type 2
welds.
Circumferential butt
welds at forged flat
heads with hubs and
weld neck flanges.
Full penetration corner
welds, shell thk. > 2.5 in.
welds, shell thk. 2.5 in.
Fillet welds for loose
type flanges.
Type 1 butt welds at
integrally reinforced
nozzles.
Full penetration nozzle
attachment welds,
openings > 6 in. dia. in
shells > 2.5 in. thick.
1.0
1.0
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Type of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
(AD-411)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
(AD-412)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
RT or UT
MT or PT
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
10%
100%
100%
-
10%
10%
-
100%
100%
-
MT or PT
MT or PT
MT or PT
(6)
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
100%
100%
10%
10%
100%
100%
Spot
?
100%
100%
10%
100%
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
10%
100%
-
Spot
-
Applicable
Paragraphs
(AD-413)
(AD-413)
(AD-413)
(AD-413)
Applicable
Figures
(AD-701.1),
(3-310.1)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
(4)
(3310.1(b))
(AD-414)
(AD-613.1)
(AD-414,
AD-601)
(AD-610.1)
7-13
(7)
Visual
only
(7)
Visual
only
Spot
(7)
Spot
-
(7)
Visual
only
Visual
only
(7)
Visual
only
Visual
only
Visual
only
(7)
(?)
Visual
only
(7)
(?)
Visual
only
Table 7.1 - Nondestructive Examination (Carbon Steels, Including TMCP and Microalloyed Steels)
Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type
of
Weld
FP
FP +
FW
(pads)
FW
PP
Attachments
B
FP
FP+F
W
PP+F
W
FW
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
attachment welds,
Openings 6 in. dia. or
openings > 6 in,
diameter in shells 2.5
in. thick.
attachment welds with
pads; screwed fitting
types of welded nozzles.
Fillet welded studded
pad type or screwed
connections to shell.
Partial penetration weld
(4)
1.0
1.0
2
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Applicable
Paragraphs
Applicable
Figures
Type of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
(AD-414,
AD-601)
(AD-610.1)
RT or UT
MT or PT
(5)
100%
100%
10%
100%
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
100%
100%
10%
100%
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
100%
(N/A ?)
100%
10%
100%
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414.1)
(AD-621.1)
MT or PT
(5)
100%
(N/A ?)
100%
10%
100%
Spot (?)
Visual
only
MT or PT
(5)
100%
100%
100%
100%
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AF-227.1)
7-14
Table 7.2 - Nondestructive Examination (Low Alloy Steels)

Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
1B
1B
2B
1B
FP
FP
FW
1B
FP
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
Category A, Type 1,
welds and other
welds.
Category B, Type 1
welds.
Category B, Type 2
welds.
heads with hubs and
weld neck flanges.
welds, shell thk. > 2.5
in.
welds, shell thk. 2.5
in.
type flanges.
nozzles.
attachment welds,
1.0
1.0
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
(AD-411)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
N/A
100%
-
Spot
-
(AD-412)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
N/A
100%
-
Spot
-
RT or UT
MT or PT
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
10%
100%
100%
-
N/A
N/A
100%
100%
-
MT or PT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
N/A
100%
-
MT or PT
(6)
100%
100%
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
Applicable
Paragraphs
(AD-413)
(AD-413)
(AD-413)
(AD-413)
Applicable
Figures
(AD701.1),
(3-310.1)
(AD701.3),
(3-310.1)
(AD701.3),
(3-310.1)
(4)
(7)
Visual
only
(7)
Visual
only
Spot
(7)
Spot
-
(7)
Visual
only
Visual
only
Spot
-
(7)
Visual
only
100%
Visual
only
N/A
N/A
Visual
only
N/A
100%
-
Spot
-
100%
-
Spot
-
N/A
(3310.1(b))
(AD-414)
(AD613.1)
(AD-414,
AD-601)
(AD610.1)
7-15
N/A
(7)
(?)
Visual
only
(7)
(?)
Visual
only
Table 7.2 - Nondestructive Examination (Low Alloy Steels)

Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
attachment welds,
FP +
FW
(pads)
FW
PP

types of welded
nozzles.
pad type or screwed
Attachments
B
FP
FP+FW
PP+F
W
FW
(4)
1.0
1.0
2
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Applicable
Paragraphs
Applicable
Figures
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
(AD-414)
(AD612.1)
MT or PT
100%
N/A
N/A
100%
(?)
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414)
(AD612.1)
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414.1)
(AD621.1)
MT or PT
(5)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spot (?)
Visual
only
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AF-227.1)
MT or PT
(5)
7-16
N/A
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
Table 7.3 - Nondestructive Examination ( Cr-Mo and Cr-Mo-V Low Alloy Steels (Cr>1 /2 %) )
Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
1B
1B
2B
1B
FP
FP
FW
1B
FP
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
Category A, Type 1,
welds and other
welds.
Category B, Type 1
welds.
Category B, Type 2
welds.
heads with hubs and
weld neck flanges.
in.
in.
type flanges.
nozzles.
attachment welds,
1.0
1.0
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-411)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
100%
N/A
100%
-
N/A
N/A
(AD-412)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
100%
N/A
100%
-
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
RT or UT
MT or PT
N/A
(?)
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
100%
N/A
100%
100%
-
N/A
N/A
MT or PT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
100%
N/A
100%
-
N/A
N/A
MT or PT
(6)
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
100%
N/A
100%
-
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
-
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
Applicable
Paragraphs
(AD-413)
(AD-413)
(AD-413)
Applicable
Figures
(AD701.1),
(3-310.1)
(AD701.3),
(3-310.1)
(AD701.3),
(3-310.1)
(AD-413)
(3310.1(b))
(AD-414)
(AD-613.1)
(AD-414,
AD-601)
(AD-610.1)
7-17
(4)
100%
N/A
N/A
100%
-
Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
attachment welds,
FP +
FW
(pads)
FW
PP

types of welded
nozzles.
pad type or screwed
Attachments
B
FP
FP+FW
PP+F
W
FW
(4)
1.0
1.0
2
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Applicable
Paragraphs
Applicable
Figures
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent
of NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
100%
N/A
N/A
100%
(?)
N/A
N/A
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(AD-414.1)
(AD-621.1)
MT or PT
(5)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(AF-227.1)
MT or PT
(5)
7-18
N/A
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
1B
1B
2B
1B
FP
FP
FW
1B
FP
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
Category A, Type 1,
welds and other
Category A, Type 1
butt welds.
Category B, Type 1
welds.
Category B, Type 2
welds.
heads with hubs and
weld neck flanges.
in.
in.
type flanges.
nozzles.
attachment welds,
(4)
1
1.0
2
1.0
0.85
3
1.0
0.85
0.70
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-411)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
(AD-412)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
RT or UT
MT or PT
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
10%
100%
100%
-
10%
10%
-
100%
100%
-
MT or PT
MT or PT
100%
10%
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
MT or PT
(6)
100%
100%
10%
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
Applicable
Paragraphs
(AD-413)
(AD-413)
(AD-413)
(AD-413)
Applicable
Figures
(AD701.1),
(3-310.1)
(AD701.3),
(3-310.1)
(AD701.3),
(3-310.1)
(7)
Visual
only
(7)
Visual
only
Spot
(7)
Spot
-
(7)
Visual
only
Visual
only
Spot
-
(7)
Visual
only
100%
Visual
only
N/A
N/A
Visual
only
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
(?)
-
100%
-
10%
100%
-
Spot
(?)
-
(3310.1(b))
(AD-414)
(AD613.1)
(AD-414,
AD-601)
(AD610.1)
7-19
(7)
Visual
only
(7)
Visual
only
Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
attachment welds,
FP +
FW
(pads)
FW
PP

types of welded
nozzles.
pad type or screwed
Partial penetration
weld connections to
shell.
Attachments
B
FP
FP+FW
PP+F
W
FW
(4)
1
1.0
2
1.0
0.85
3
1.0
0.85
0.70
Applicable
Paragraphs
Applicable
Figures
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-414)
(AD612.1)
MT or PT
100%
N/A
N/A
100%
(?)
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414)
(AD612.1)
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414.1)
(AD621.1)
MT or PT
(5)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spot (?)
Visual
only
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AF-227.1)
MT or PT
(5)
7-20
Table 7. 5 - Nondestructive Examination (Austenitic Stainless Steels)

Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
1B
1B
2B
1B
FP
FP
FW
1B
FP
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
Category A, Type 1,
welds and other
welds.
Category B, Type 1
welds.
Category B, Type 2
welds.
heads with hubs and
weld neck flanges.
in.
in.
type flanges.
nozzles.
attachment welds,
1.0
1.0
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-411)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
(AD-412)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
100%
-
10%
10%
-
100%
100%
-
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
100%
10%
Applicable
Paragraphs
Applicable
Figures
RT or UT
MT or PT
(AD-413)
(AD-701.1),
(3-310.1)
RT or UT
MT or PT
(AD-413)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
MT or PT
MT or PT
(AD-413)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
MT or PT
(6)
(AD-413)
(AD-613.1)
(AD-414,
AD-601)
(AD-610.1)
100%
-
(7)
Visual
only
(7)
Visual
only
Spot
(7)
Spot
-
(7)
Visual
only
Visual
only
Spot
-
(7)
Visual
only
100%
Visual
only
Visual
only
MT or PT
100%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
10%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
(?)
-
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
(?)
-
(3310.1(b))
(AD-414)
(4), (6)
7-21
(7)
Visual
only
(7)
Visual
only
Table 7. 5 - Nondestructive Examination (Austenitic Stainless Steels)

Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
attachment welds,
FP +
FW
(pads)
FW
PP

types of welded
nozzles.
pad type or screwed
Attachments
B
FP
FP+FW
PP+F
W
FW
(4), (6)
1.0
1.0
2
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Applicable
Paragraphs
Applicable
Figures
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
100%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
10%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
100%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
10%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414.1)
(AD-621.1)
MT or PT
(5)
100%
(N/A?)
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
(PT)
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
(PT)
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Spot (?)
Visual
only
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AF-227.1)
MT or PT
(5)
7-22
Table 7. 6 - Nondestructive Examination (Ferritic or Martensitic Stainless Steels)

Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
1B
1B
2B
1B
FP
FP
FW
1B
FP
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
Category A, Type 1,
welds and other
welds.
Category B, Type 1
welds.
Category B, Type 2
welds.
heads with hubs and
weld neck flanges.
in.
in.
type flanges.
nozzles.
attachment welds,
1.0
1.0
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-411)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
N/A
100%
-
(AD-412)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
N/A
100%
-
100%
-
N/A
100%
-
N/A
100%
100%
-
100%
-
N/A
100%
-
Applicable
Paragraphs
Applicable
Figures
RT or UT
MT or PT
(AD-413)
(AD-701.1),
(3-310.1)
RT or UT
MT or PT
(4)
(AD-413)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
MT or PT
MT or PT
(AD-413)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
MT or PT
(6)
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
N/A
100%
-
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
(AD-413)
(3310.1(b))
(AD-414)
(AD-613.1)
(AD-414,
AD-601)
(AD-610.1)
7-23
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
100%
-
Table 7. 6 - Nondestructive Examination (Ferritic or Martensitic Stainless Steels)

Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
attachment welds,
FP +
FW
(pads)
FW
PP

types of welded
nozzles.
pad type or screwed
Attachments
B
FP
FP+FW
PP+F
W
FW
(4)
1.0
1.0
2
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Applicable
Paragraphs
Applicable
Figures
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
100%
(PT)
N/A
N/A
N/A
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(AD-414.1)
(AD-621.1)
MT or PT
(5)
100%
100%
(PT)
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
(PT)
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
(AF-227.1)
MT or PT
(5)
7-24
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
Table 7. 7 - Nondestructive Examination (High Cr Ferritic or Martensitic Stainless Steels (Cr>20%) and Duplex Stainless Steels)
Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
1B
1B
2B
1B
FP
FP
FW
1B
FP
FP
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
Category A, Type 1,
welds and other
welds.
Category B, Type 1
welds.
Category B, Type 2
welds.
heads with hubs and
weld neck flanges.
in.
in.
type flanges.
nozzles.
attachment welds,
attachment welds,
1.0
1.0
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-411)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
(AD-412)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
Applicable
Paragraphs
Applicable
Figures
RT or UT
MT or PT
(AD-413)
(AD-701.1),
(3-310.1)
RT or UT
MT or PT
(4)
100%
-
100%
-
(7)
Visual
only
(7)
Visual
only
(7)
Visual
only
Visual
only
(7)
100%
-
10%
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
(7)
Spot
-
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
Visual
only
100%
10%
100%
Visual
only
N/A
100%
-
Spot
(?)
-
Visual
only
Visual
only
(AD-413)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
MT or PT
MT or PT
(AD-413)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
MT or PT
(6)
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
(AD-413)
(3-310.1(b))
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
(PT)
10%
-
(7)
(AD-414)
(AD-613.1)
(AD-414,
AD-601)
(AD-610.1)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
(?)
-
Visual
only
(AD-414,
AD-601)
(AD-610.1)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
10%
100%
Spot (?)
Visual
only
7-25
(7)
Table 7. 7 - Nondestructive Examination (High Cr Ferritic or Martensitic Stainless Steels (Cr>20%) and Duplex Stainless Steels)
Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
FP +
FW
(pads)
FW
PP
Attachments
B
FP
FP+FW
PP+F
W
FW
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
openings > 6 in,
in. thick.
types of welded
nozzles.
pad type or screwed
1.0
1.0
0.85
1.0
(4)
3
0.85
0.70
Applicable
Paragraphs
Applicable
Figures
Type of
NDE
(5)
Extent of
NDE
(PT)
Extent of
NDE
(PT)
Extent of
NDE
(PT)
Extent of
NDE
(PT)
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
100%
(PT)
N/A
10%
(PT)
N/A
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
10%
(PT)
N/A
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414.1)
(AD-621.1)
MT or PT
(5)
100%
100%
(PT)
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
10%
(PT)
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
(PT)
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
Spot (?)
Visual
only
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AF-227.1)
MT or PT
(5)
7-26
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
(4)
Table 7. 8 - Nondestructive Examination (Steels Whose Tensile Properties Have Been Enhanced by Heat Treatment)
Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
1B
1B
2B
1B
FP
FP
FW
1B
FP
FP
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
Category A, Type 1,
welds and other
welds.
Category B, Type 1
welds.
Category B, Type 2
welds.
heads with hubs and
weld neck flanges.
in.
in.
type flanges.
nozzles.
attachment welds,
attachment welds,
1.0
1.0
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-411)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
100%
N/A
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
(AD-412)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
100%
N/A
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
100%
N/A
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
Applicable
Paragraphs
(AD-413)
Applicable
Figures
(AD-701.1),
(3-310.1)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
MT or PT
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(AD-413)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
MT or PT
(6)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(AD-413)
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
100%
N/A
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(AD-413)
(3310.1(b))
(AD-414)
(AD-613.1)
(AD-414,
AD-601)
(AD-610.1)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
100%
(AD-414,
(AD-610.1)
RT or UT
100%
100%
N/A
100%
100%
N/A
7-27
100%
(4)
Table 7. 8 - Nondestructive Examination (Steels Whose Tensile Properties Have Been Enhanced by Heat Treatment)
Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
FP +
FW
(pads)
FW
PP
Attachments
B
FP
FP+FW
PP+F
W
FW
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
openings > 6 in,
in. thick.
types of welded
nozzles.
pad type or screwed
1.0
1.0
0.85
1.0
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
100%
Applicable
Paragraphs
AD-601)
Applicable
Figures
Type of
NDE
MT or PT
(5)
Extent of
NDE
100%
Extent of
NDE
100%
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
N/A
N/A
(AD-414.1)
(AD-621.1)
MT or PT
(5)
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-28
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
MT or PT
(5)
0.70
N/A
N/A
(AF-227.1)
3
0.85
N/A
N/A
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
Table 7. 9 - Nondestructive Examination (Layered Vessels)

Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
1B
1B
2B
2B
2B
1B
2B
2B
2B
2B
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
Category A and B joint
in the inner shell and in
the inner
Category A joints in
layer
layer 1/8" through 5/16"
in thickness
in thickness
in thickness
Joints in interlocking
strips of helically wound
construction joint.
[Step welded girth joint]
Category B step welded
girth joints in layer 1/8"
through 5/16" in
thickness
through 5/8" in
thickness
through 7/8" in
thickness
girth joints in layer over
(4)
1.0
1
1.0
2
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Applicable
Paragraph
s
Applicable
Figures
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AF820.20a)
(AF820.20b.4)
----
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
----
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(AF820.20b.1)
(AF820.20b.2)
----
RT or UT
MT (DC)
N/A
100%
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
----
RT or UT
MT (DC)
10%
100%
10%
100%
N/A
N/A
10%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(AF820.20b.3)
----
100%
100%
100%
100%
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(AF820.20b.5)
----
RT or UT
MT (DC)
MT
(6)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(AF820.20c.1)
AD-1117.2
b-1, b-2
RT or UT
MT (DC)
N/A
100%
N/A
10%
N/A
N/A
N/A
10%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT (DC)
N/A
100%
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
10%
100%
10%
100%
N/A
N/A
10%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
100%
100%
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
(AF820.20c.2)
(AF820.20c.3)
(AF820.20c.4)
AD1117.2d-2
7-29

Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
1B
1B
1B
2B
D
D
1B
FP
PP
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
7/8" in thickness
Category A full
thickness welding of
solid section to layered
section
Applicable
Paragraph
s
Applicable
Figures
(AF820.20d)
AD1117.2.a,b3,c,d-1, elf,
1117.5a-1,
b-1
AD=1117.1
a,c,d,e,f,
AD1117.2d1,e,f,
1117.6a,e
AD1117.3a,b,c
,d,
AD-1117.3
f
Full thickness welding

of solid section to
layered section
(AF820.20d)
Flat head and tube

sheet weld joints
(AF820.20e)
Flat head and tube

sheet weld joints (step
welded girth joint)
Nozzle and
communicating
chamber to layered
shell or layered head
Full thickness welding
of solid section to
layered section
Nozzle and
communicating
chamber to layered
Nozzle and
communicating
chamber to layered
(AF820.20e)
(AF820.20f)
AD1118.1e,f,g,
h
(AF820.20d)
AD-1118.
(AF820.20f)
AD1118.1a,b,c
-1,c-2,d
(AF820.20f)
AD1118.1i,j,k,l
(4)
1.0
1
1.0
2
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
MT or PT
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
100%
RT or UT
N/A
N/A
100%
MT or PT
Same as Category B step welded girth joint
RT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
RT or MT
100%
100%
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
MT or PT
100%
100%
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
7-30

Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
Transitio
n weld
FW
Transition welds
Transitio
n weld
Buildup
Transition welds
B
FP
FP+FW
PP+F
W
FW
Attachment welds
Attachments
Applicable
Paragraph
s
(AF820.20h.1)
(AF820.20c.2)
(AF820.20g)
(4)
1.0
1
1.0
2
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Applicable
Figures
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
AD-1117.1,
1117.2a,b1,b-2,b3,c,d-1,d-2,
1117.4 and
1117.5
AD1117.2.e, f
MT or PT
100%
100%
N/A
100%
N/A
N/A
RT or UT
100%
100%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
100%
N/A
MT or PT
(5)
7-31
100%
100%
N/A
100%
Table 7. 10 - Nondestructive Examination (Non-ferrous Alloys)

Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
1B
1B
2B
1B
FP
FP
FW
1B
FP
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
Category A, Type 1,
welds and other
welds.
Category B, Type 1
welds.
Category B, Type 2
welds.
heads with hubs and
weld neck flanges.
in.
in.
type flanges.
nozzles.
attachment welds,
1.0
1.0
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-411)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
(AD-412)
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
100%
-
10%
10%
-
100%
-
Applicable
Paragraph
s
Applicable
Figures
RT or UT
MT or PT
(AD-413)
(AD-701.1),
(3-310.1)
RT or UT
MT or PT
(4)
(7)
Visual
only
(7)
Visual
only
(7)
100%
-
Spot
(7)
Spot
-
Visual
only
Visual
only
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
-
(7)
Visual
only
100%
10%
100%
Visual
only
Visual
only
100%
-
100%
-
(AD-413)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
MT or PT
MT or PT
(AD-413)
(AD-701.3),
(3-310.1)
MT or PT
(6)
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
MT or PT
100%
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
(?)
-
RT or UT
MT or PT
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
-
10%
-
100%
-
Spot
(?)
-
(AD-413)
(3310.1(b))
(AD-414)
(AD-613.1)
(AD-414,
AD-601)
(AD-610.1)
7-32
(7)
Visual
only
(7)
Visual
only
Table 7. 10 - Nondestructive Examination (Non-ferrous Alloys)

Vessel Class
Joint
Category
Type of
Weld
Weld Description,
Limitations,
Remarks
(4)
1.0
1.0
2
0.85
1.0
3
0.85
0.70
Applicable
Paragraph
s
Applicable
Figures
Type of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
Extent of
NDE
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
100%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
10%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414)
(AD-612.1)
MT or PT
100%
(N/A?)
100%
(PT)
10%
(PT)
100%
(PT)
Spot (?)
Visual
only
(AD-414.1)
(AD-621.1)
MT or PT
(5)
100%
(N/A?)
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
(PT)
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
10%
(PT)
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
(PT)
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Spot (?)
Visual
only
Spot (?)
Visual
only

attachment welds,
FP +
FW
(pads)
FW
PP
Attachments
B
FP
FP+FW
PP+F
W
FW

types of welded
nozzles.
pad type or screwed
(AF-227.1)
MT or PT
(5)
7-33
Notes:
For vessels for which a fatigue analysis is not required and when materials over 1/2 in. (13mm) thick do not include SA-515 Gr. 70, SA-204, and SA-299,
examination method substitutions may as follows.
(a) Visual examination may be substituted for MT or PT as follows:
Category Weld Type
Conditions
1
C
FP & PP When thinner of materials joined < /2 in. (13 mm)
1
1
D
FP
When thinner of materials joined < /2 in. (13 mm) and thicker of materials joined < 1 /4 in. (32 mm)
Pad FW Wherever pads are permitted
1
1
Attachments All
When thinner of materials joined < /2 in. (13 mm) and thicker of materials joined < 1 /4 in. (32 mm)
1
(b) MT or PT may be substituted for RT or UT for butt type welds in Category C locations when the thinner of the materials does not exceed /2 in. (13
mm) and the normal diameter of the opening does not exceed 10 in. (254 mm).
(c) All welds made by the electron beam welding process shall also be ultrasonically examined for their entire length in accordance with the requirements
of Article 9-3.
Ultrasonic examination in accordance with Article 9-3 may be substituted for radiography for the final closure seam of a pressure vessel if the
construction of the vessel does not permit interpretable radiographs in accordance with Code requirements. The absence of suitable radiographic
equipment shall not be justification. The written examination procedure shall be available to the Inspector and shall be proven by actual demonstration to
the Inspector to be capable of detecting and locating discontinuities described in this Divsion.
Welding on forged bottles of SA-372 Types IV & V materials is limited to seal welds after final treatment. See AF-741 for minor attachment and repair
welds permitted before final heat treatment. All welds permitted shall be examined before and after pressure test.
(4) See Table 2.1.2 for P-No. and Group No. designations and thickness limitations for each vessel Class and the applicable Joint Quality Factor.
(5) The examination shall be performed after PWHT, if done (see)
(6) All austenitic chromium-nickel alloy steel welds, both butt and fillet, in vessels whose shell thickness exceeds
in. (19 mm) shall be 100% examined by liquid penetrant (PT) method (see).
(7) One spot shall be examined on each vessel for each 50 ft (15.2 m) increment of weld or fraction thereof.
(See paragraph
7-34
DEFINITIONS:
Category A Locations: Longitudinal welded joints within the main shell, communicating chambers, transitions in diameter, or nozzles; any welded joint
within a sphere, within a formed or flat head, or within the side plates within a flat-sided vessel; circumferential welded joints connecting hemispherical
heads to main shells, to transitions in diameter, to nozzles, or to communicating chambers.
Category B Locations: Circumferential welded joints within the main shell, communicating chambers, nozzles or transitions in diameter, including joints
between the transition and a cylinder at either the large or small end and circumferential welded joints connecting formed heads other than hemispherical
heads to main shells, to transitions in diameter, to nozzles, or to communicating chambers.
Category C Locations: Welded joints connecting flanges, Van Stone laps, tube sheets or flat heads to main shell, to formed heads, to transitions in
diameter, to nozzles, or to communicating chambers and any welded joint connecting one side plate to another side plate of a flat sided vessel.
Category D Locations: Welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles to main shells, to spheres, to transitions in diameter to heads or
to flat sided vessels; nozzles at the small end of a transition in diameter when designed in accordance with XX.XXX (?); and those joints connecting
nozzles to communicating chambers.
Type 1 Butt Joints: Butt joints produced by double-welding, having complete penetration (FP) and full fusion, or by other means which produce the
same quality of deposited weld metal on both inside and outside weld surfaces. Weld joints using metal backing strips which remain in place are
excluded.
Type 2 Butt Joints: Single-welded butt joints having backing strips which remain in place.
NOMENCLATURE:
B = butt weld
FP = full penetration weld, except butt weld
PP = partial penetration weld
FW = fillet weld
RT = radiographic examination
UT = ultrasonic examination
MT = magnetic particle examination
WFMT = wet fluorescent magnetic particle examination
PWHT = postweld heat treatment
TMCP = thermo-mechanical control process
7-35
7-36
Revision 2
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 7.11 - NDT Techniques, Method, Characterization, Acceptance Criteria

NDT Technique
(Abbreviation)
Visual Examination (VT)
Radiography (RT)
Ultrasonic Examination
(UT)
Magnetic Particle Testing
(MT)
Liquid Penetrant Testing
(PT)
Method
7.10.8.2
7.1.2.1
7.1.2.2
Characterization and
Acceptance Criteria
7.10.7.1
7.10.7.2
7.10.7.3
7.1.2.3
7.10.7.4
7.1.2.4
7.10.7.4
Revision 2
7-37
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 7. 12 - Selection of Non-Destructive Testing Technique for Determining Internal Flaws in Full
Penetration Joints
Material and
type of joint
Ferritic
butt joints
Parent material normal thickness t in millimeters

t<8
8.<:t<15
15.<t<40
40.<t<60
1), 2)
1), 2)
RT
RT or (UTB)
RT or UTB
UTB or (RT)
60.<t.<:l00
2)
UTB + tandem
or UTD or
(RT)
UTB or (RT)
t>100
2)
UTD or (RT)
Ferritic
RT
RT or (UTB)
RT or UTB
UTB or (RT)
UTD or (RT)
T-joints
Austenitic
RT
RT
RTor (UTD)
UTD or RT
UTD or (RT)
UTD or (RT)
butt joints
Austenitic
RT
RT
RT or (UTD)
UTD or RT
UTD or (RT)
UTD or (RT)
T-joint
NOTE 1: Where two or three techniques are shown, the least preferred technique is shown between
brackets
NOTE 2: For ultrasonic examination, the testing level is indicated, where UTB refers to ultrasonic
examination-level B.
6) UTD requires a specific written procedure, For ferric materials, mechanised UT is preferred, This
can be either mechanised pulse echo (PE) or time of flight diffraction method (TOFD), For
austenitic materials with t > 40mm,mechanised PE is preferred,.
7-38
Revision 2
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 7.13 - Visual examination acceptance criteria

Category No.
1
2
IDENTIFICATION OF IMPERFECTIONS
Type of Imperfection 1)
Cracks (all)
Gas cavity (all)
Shrinkage cavity (all)
MAXIMUM PERMITTED
Definition of maximum permitted 2)
Not permitted
Diameter: d = 2 mm or depth h = 1
mm with additional conditions that :
- it does not occur at a stop or
restart
- it is not systematic on the same
weld for pressure welds or load
carrying attachment welds
Slag inclusions (all)

Flux inclusions (all)
Oxide inclusions (all)
Metallic inclusions (all)
Not permitted when occurring at

the surface (shall be removed by
grinding for example)
4.1
Lack of fusion (all)
Not permitted
4.2
Lack of penetration
Not permitted if a full penetration

weld is required
Revision 2
7-39
________________________________________________________________________________________________

Category No.
5
5.1
Undercut
MAXIMUM PERMITTED
T > 16 mm h = 0.5 mm long
imperfections
5.2
Shrinkage Groove
Long imperfections not permitted

Short imperfections : h = 1 mm, a
smooth transition is required
5.3
Excess weld metal
h = 1 mm + 0,15b
transition is required
5.4
Excessive convexity
h= 1 mm + 0,15b smooth transition

Is required
5.5
Excessive penetration
h = 1 mm + 0,6b, maximum 4 mm
5.6
Local protrusion
5.7
Overlap
Occasional
local
protrusion
exceeding h (see 504) Is permitted
with a maximum that shall be
related to the operation conditions .
Not permitted
5.8
5.9
5.10
Linear misalignment
Angular misalignment
Sagging
See section --- of this standard

See section --- of this standard
Long Imperfections: not permitted
Short Imperfections : permitted if h
< 0,1t < 1 mm.
5.11
5.12
Burn through
Incompletely
groove
Not permitted
Short Imperfections : permitted if h
< 0,11 < 1 mm.
5.13
Excessive asymmetry
of fillet weld.
filled
h = 2 mm + 0,15a
smooth
7-40
Revision 2
________________________________________________________________________________________________

Category No.
5.14
Root Concavity
5.15
5.16
6.1
Root porosity
Poor restart
Stray flash or
strike
6.2
Spatter
6.3
Torn surface
6.4
Grinding mark
6.5
Chipping mark
6.6
Underflushing
arc
MAXIMUM PERMITTED
Short imperfections: h = 1 mm a
smooth transition Is required
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted, grinding is required
plus MT or PT to insure that no
crack is left
Shall normally be removed from all
pressure parts and from both load
carrying attachment weld. Isolated,
non systematic
spatter may
however
be
permitted
on
components made from steel 1. : in
the special case of circumferential
welded fins which are attached to
tubes by a mechanized welding
process,
spatter
shall
be
minimized, but any produced may
remain, regardless of the material
or heat treatment involved.
Not permitted, shall be ground, a
smooth transition is required
Not permitted, shall be flushed by
grinding. a smooth transition is
required
Not permitted, shall be flushed by
grinding, a smooth transition Is
required
Not
permitted,
any
local
underflushing shall be related to
the
design
characteristics
(calculated thickness + corrosion
allowance = minimum thickness for
base material) (Thickness shall be
measured by ultrasonic method in
case of doubt
1) The following symbols are used:

a : nominal fillet weld throat thickness
b : width of weld reinforcement
d: diameter of pore
h : height of imperfections
t : wall or plate thickness
2) short imperfection : one or more imperfections of total length not greater than 25 mm in any 100 mm
length of weld or a maximum of 25 % of the weld length for a weld shorter than 100 mm. long
imperfections : one or more imperfections of total length greater than 25 mm in any 100 mm length of the
weld or a minimum of 25% of the weld length for a weld shorter than 100 mm
.
Revision 2
7-41
________________________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 7.14 - RADIOGRAPHIC ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR ROUNDED INDICATIONS (Examples

Only)
Maximum Size of Acceptable
Rounded Indication, in.
Maximum Size of Nonrelevant

Indications, in.
Less than 1/8

1/8
3/16
1/4
Random
1/4 t
0.031
0.047
0.063
Isolated
1/3 t
0.042
0.063
0.083
1/10 t
0.015
0.015
0.015
5/16
0.078
0.104
0.031
3/8
0.091
0.125
0.031
7/16
0.109
0.146
0.031
1/2
0.125
0.168
0.031
9/16
0.142
0.188
0.031
5/8
0.156
0.210
0.031
11/16
0.156
0.230
0.031
3/4 to 2, incl.
0.156
0.250
0.031
Over 2
0.156
0.375
0.063
Thickness t, in.
Figure 7.1
Illustration of Welded Joint Locations Typical of Categories A,B,C, and D

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7 EXAMINATION AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENT (REVISION

7.1 Requirements for Examination Procedures

7.2 Examination of Ferrous Materials

Appendix 20 shall be attached.

A forging shall be unacceptable:

indications having an amplitude exceeding 50% of the calibration notch amplitude;

Additional nondestructive examination procedures or trepanning may be employed to resolve questions

7.2.3 Examination of Castings

Examination of Plates and Forgings

Applicable ASTM standards and ASME specifications are:

7.5 Reexamination of Repair Areas

Reexamination of Repair Areas

AF-104.3(b), which describes as follows, is discarded judging that AI-513 is to be adopted.

7.6 Examination of Welds and Acceptance Criteria

examination by radiographic testing, as specified in 7.1.2.1

examination by ultrasonic testing, as specified in 7.1.2.2

examination by magnetic particle testing, as specified in 7.1.2.3

e) examination by liquid penetrant testing, as specified in 7.1.2.4

any other linear indication which has a length greater than:

1/4 in. (6 mm) for t up to 3/4 in. (19 mm), inclusive ;

relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16 in.(4.8 mm);

relevant linear indications;

relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16 in.(4.8 mm);

Certification and Records. The requirements of 7.12 apply.

7.6.8 Repair by Welding

Identification of the test object:

Scope of testing, stage of manufacture, circumstances of examination

Specifications (method description and acceptance criteria)

Place and date of examination

Any deviation from this standard, by special agreement

Identification of testing company

vii) Certification and name of operator

Test arrangements techniques.

System of marking used.

Film position plane

Film. screens and filters

vii) Tube voltage and current used or source activity

Processing technique: manual/automatic

Type and position of image quality indicator

Results of examination including data on film density, reading of IQI

Maker and type of ultrasonic instrument with identification number

Maker, type, nominal frequency and angle of incidence of probes used

Identification of references blocks used with sketch

Examination level, extent of examination, location of the scanning areas

Identification of probe position, time base range

Results of parent material examination

Magnetic particle testing

Parent and weld material

Type of magnetization, current type, detection media, viewing condition

Results of performance test

Results of the examination

Examination devices used

Table 7.2 - Nondestructive Examination (Low Alloy Steels)

Table 7.2 - Nondestructive Examination (Low Alloy Steels)

Full penetration nozzle

Full penetration nozzle

Full penetration nozzle

Table 7. 5 - Nondestructive Examination (Austenitic Stainless Steels)

Table 7. 5 - Nondestructive Examination (Austenitic Stainless Steels)

Full penetration nozzle

Table 7. 6 - Nondestructive Examination (Ferritic or Martensitic Stainless Steels)

Table 7. 6 - Nondestructive Examination (Ferritic or Martensitic Stainless Steels)