Documentos de Académico
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Documentos de Cultura
Repblica de Colombia
Estatuto de Principios
English P. 21
Igualdad
La administracin debe otorgar idntica oportunidad para participar a todos aquellos que se
encuentren en condiciones de ofertar lo requerido por ella, motivo por el cual los procesos
de seleccin de contratistas, se inspiran, de manera preponderante, en este principio.
Publicidad
Dado el inters pblico inherente a la totalidad de la gestin estatal, la comunidad tiene
derecho a conocer quienes, por qu y como se toman las decisiones que inciden sobre el
desarrollo de aquella.
English P. 20
Transparencia
Las entidades Colombianas tienen la obligacin legal de seleccionar a sus contratistas a
travs de licitacin o concurso pblico y solo excepcionalmente de manera directa en los
casos expresamente dispuestos en la ley.
Seleccin objetiva
En cuanto a las condiciones del contrato y de la oferta, esta favorabilidad en la eleccin no
es discrecional, sino que implica la observancia por parte de las entidades de la ponderacin
detallada, precisa y concreta de los factores de calificacin previstos en los pliegos de
condiciones, de manera que el ofrecimiento ms favorable es aquel que resulte con el ms
alto puntaje o con la mayor calificacin, de acuerdo con los factores establecidos en el
pliego de condiciones y su ponderacin.
Modalidades de Seleccin
English P. 21
Licitacin pblica
Se entiende por licitacin pblica el proceso de seleccin utilizado por las entidades estatales
mediante el cual escoge a sus contratistas a travs de una invitacin de carcter pblico que se
dirige a todas las personas potencialmente interesadas en ejecutar un contrato, para que
P. 3
Concurso de mritos
Corresponde a la modalidad prevista para la seleccin de consultores o proyectos, en los que se
podr utilizar sistemas de concurso abierto o de pre calificacin. En este ltimo caso, la
conformacin de la lista de precalificados se har mediante convocatoria pblica, permitindose
establecer listas limitadas de oferentes utilizando para el efecto, entre otros, criterios de
experiencia, capacidad intelectual y de organizacin de los proponentes, segn sea el caso.
En esta modalidad de seleccin se premia el talento y la experiencia en la contratacin de
consultora por encima del precio, creando las condiciones para un desarrollo vigoroso de esta
rea, responsable, entre otras cosas, de los diseos y de la interventora de las obras publicas.
Seleccin abreviada
La seleccin abreviada corresponde a la modalidad de seleccin objetiva prevista en
aquellos casos en que por las caractersticas del objeto a contratar, las circunstancias de la
contratacin o la cuanta o destinacin del bien, obra o servicio, puedan adelantarse
procesos simplificados (uso de subastas a la inversa, bolsas de productos o compras por
catalogo) para garantizar la eficacia de la gestin contractual.
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Contratacin directa
La contratacin directa es una modalidad de contratacin de carcter excepcional, por lo que su
aplicacin es de carcter restrictivo. En efecto, la ley de Contratacin Publica en Colombia,
prev los siguientes eventos en los cuales es procedente esta modalidad de contratacin:
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English P. 23
P. 5
English P. 24
Como principio general pueden contratar con el Estado las personas legalmente capaces
para celebrar negocios jurdicos, esto es:
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English P. 25
Las garantas en la contratacin estatal son as: los contratistas deben prestar garanta
nica para el cumplimiento de las obligaciones surgidas del contrato y los proponentes
deben prestar garanta de seriedad de los ofrecimientos hechos.
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2.
P. 7
English P. 26
Pliza de seguros.
Fiducia mercantil en garanta.
Garantas bancarias a primer requerimiento.
Endoso en garanta de los ttulos valores.
Cartas de crdito stand by.
Depsito de dinero en garanta.
Este proyecto debe ser lo ms cercano posible al pliego definitivo y abarcar el contenido
integral del futuro pliego de condiciones. El proyecto debe contener toda la informacin y
todas las reglas de juego que regirn en el proceso contractual. Deben ser en su
estructura y contenido, lo ms cercano que sea posible, al proyecto definitivo de pliego de
condiciones. Esto garantizar que los interesados opinen sobre todo su contenido.
English P. 26
P. 9
Sin perjuicio de la publicacin que del contrato celebrado se haga en el Secop, deben
tenerse en cuenta las normas que regulan la publicacin de los contratos en el Diario nico
de Contratacin Pblica, o en su defecto en la Gaceta Oficial de la respectiva entidad
territorial o por algn mecanismo determinado en forma general por la autoridad
administrativa territorial, que permita a los habitantes conocer su contenido.
La publicacin electrnica de los actos y documentos descritos debe hacerse en la fecha de
su expedicin, o, a ms tardar dentro de los tres (3) das hbiles siguientes. El plazo general
de su permanencia se extender hasta dos (2) aos despus de la fecha de liquidacin del
contrato, o de la ejecutoria del acto de declaratoria de desierta segn corresponda.
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P. 11
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En los procesos de seleccin por licitacin, seleccin abreviada y concurso de mritos, se har
la convocatoria pblica una vez evaluadas las observaciones y propuestas presentadas por los
interesados a los proyectos de pliego de condiciones, documentos y estudios previos.
Es relevante el conocimiento de este trmino por parte de los proponentes, debido a que
dependiendo de lo que se diga en el informe de evaluacin, ellos podrn realizar las observaciones
que consideren necesarias para aclarar el contenido de sus ofertas. (Ley 80 de 1993 Art.30 Num. 8)
Factores y criterios que sern tenidos en cuenta para la evaluacin y la adjudicacin del
contrato. La capacidad jurdica, administrativa, operacional y financiera as como la
experiencia y la capacidad de organizacin sern objeto de verificacin para aceptar la
participacin de un oferente, mas no ser objeto de calificacin o puntaje.
P. 13
En las licitaciones pblicas, los pliegos de condiciones de las entidades estatales debern
sealar el momento en el que, con anterioridad a la presentacin de las ofertas, los oferentes y
la entidad revisarn la asignacin de riesgos con el fin de establecer su distribucin definitiva
El objeto de esta audiencia ser la de realizar por parte de los interesados unas propuestas,
basadas en observaciones que tengan al proyecto de pliego de condiciones en lo que se
refiere a cmo fueron tipificados los riesgos previsibles por parte de la entidad, o en cuanto
a la cuantificacin de los mismos, o en cuanto a quin es el que soportar tales riesgos, y en
general a lo que tenga que ver en la tipificacin, estimacin y asignacin de los riesgos
previsibles en el desarrollo y ejecucin del contrato.
De lo anterior puede concluirse que los pliegos deben conocerse antes de la audiencia.
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2.
Antes del acto de apertura del proceso, sobre las observaciones al proyecto de
pliego en materia de riesgos.
O en la misma audiencia de que trata el artculo 30 del estatuto de contratacin,
que se refiere a la audiencia de aclaraciones, que ms adelante se explicar.
Lo importante de esta audiencia que el oferente debe saber es que se discutir sobre los
riesgos previsibles, es por el equilibrio econmico del contrato.
Los interesados en ofertar deberan asistir a estas audiencias, pues es la oportunidad que la ley les
otorga de participar de manera activa en la consecucin de sus propios intereses. Adicionalmente,
porque al presentar las ofertas se entiende que se acepta, por parte del proponente, la distribucin de
los riesgos previsibles, que estaban contenidos en el pliego de condiciones.
Orden de elegibilidad
El orden de elegibilidad resulta de:
-
P. 15
Qu es el acto de adjudicacin?
El acto de adjudicacin es un acto administrativo que profiere la entidad, mediante el cual se
designa al oferente escogido. A partir de ese momento se convierte en el adjudicatario, es
decir el futuro suscriptor del contrato.
English P. 34
Se debe constituir la pliza nica de cumplimiento. Con respecto a esta garanta es preciso recordar que
como excepcin al rgimen habitual de seguros consagrado en el Cdigo de Comercio, la garanta nica
de cumplimiento no se termina automticamente por incumplimiento en el pago por parte del contratista,
los cual se mantiene vigente con la Ley 1150 de 2007, razn por la cual no es necesario que las entidades
pblicas contratantes exijan a los contratistas adjuntar los recibos de pago.
English P. 34
La liquidacin del contrato tiene como propsito hacer un ajuste final de cuentas y de
finiquitar el negocio mediante el reconocimiento de saldos a favor de alguna de las partes o
de declararse a paz y salvo, segn el caso.
Repblica de Colombia
Statute of principles
The following are the overriding principles:
Equality
The Administration must give equal opportunities for participation by all those who are in a
position to make an offer for what the Administration requires, and therefore the processes of
selection of contractors are inspired dominantly by this principle.
Publicity
Given the public interest inherent to all activities of the State, the community is entitled to
know who takes decision which affect its development, and why and how they are taken.
According to its Constitution, Colombia is a Social State of Law, founded on the prevalence of the
general interest, and one of its essential purposes is to serve the community and to promote
general prosperity, and guarantee the principles, duties and rights contained in the Constitution.
Transparency
In order to achieve the purposes of the State, goods and services must be acquired by public
agencies through contracts. Therefore, the object of a contract is no more than the
acquisition of goods and services designed to achieve the purposes of the State legally,
harmoniously, and effectively.
Objective selection
Colombian State agencies are legally obliged to select their contractors through tenders or public
contests, and only exceptionally by direct appointment, in cases expressly stated in the law.
With regard to the conditions of contract and offer, this favourability in choice is not discretionary,
but implies that the entities concerned engage in detailed, accurate and specific weighting of the
factors of scoring or classification given in the Terms of Reference, such that the most favourable
offer will be that which obtains the highest score, or with the highest classification, in accordance
with factors established in Terms of Reference, and their weighting.
Modes of selection
Public tender
A public tender is a selection process used by State agencies, to select contractors through a
public invitation addressed to all persons potentially interested in performing the contract, so
that they, on equal conditions and objective criteria, guaranteed by the Terms of Reference,
may present their bids, and the most favourable bid will be chosen.
In practice, public tenders are reserved for projects of a complex, high-value nature.
P. 21
Contests of merit
This is the mode suited for the selection of consultancy projects, in which systems of open
competition or preliminary qualification can be used. If preliminary qualification is used, the
list of the qualifying candidates will be formed by a public invitation, so that a limited list of
offers can be drawn up, using, amongst other things, criteria of experience, intellectual
capacity, and organization of the proposers, as the case may be.
In this mode of selection, talent and experience in consultancy contracting is valued more
than price, creating conditions for vigorous development of the area, with responsibility,
amongst other things, for designs and inspection of public works.
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Manifest urgency;
Contracting loans;
Short process
A short process is a mode of objective selection for cases in which the characteristics of the
object to be contracted, the circumstances of contracting, or the amount or purpose of the asset,
work or service allow simplified processes to be applied, such as reverse auctions, product
exchanges, mail order purchases, in order to guarantee the effectiveness of contractual activities.
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Direct contracting
Direct contracting is a mode is an exceptional one, since its application is of a restricted
nature. In effect, the Procurement Law in Colombia provides for the following events in which
this mode of contracting is in order:
P. 23
Bid bond: The bond covers the risk of signature of the contract at the time of
award, and therefore, if the award-winning contractor decides not to sign the
contract, the guarantee will be called upon.
The term is equal to that of the award, and the insurance company covers the
loss arising from failure to sign the contract, and whatever other express
obligation there may be.
2.
Performance guarantee: This is valid throughout the term of the contract, and
covers losses which may arise due to breach by the contractor in the course of
work. The risks covered by the guarantee are: performance of the object of the
contract, following the terms, conditions and specifications agreed; fidelity for the
downpayment; employer liability; quality and stability of work or service, function
of equipment and provision of spares; and third-party liability to cover damages
caused to third parties by reason of the performance of a State contract. The
validity of the guarantee is the same as the term of the contract, since it is directly
related to it, and it is understood that this is the time period within which the loss
must occur. That is to say, the enforcement of the performance bond does not
need to be exercised within the term of the bond itself.
Article 4 of Decree 433/2008 establishes requirements which offers or bids must satisfy,
principally, the description and value of the work, the financial studies, and any other studies
required to develop the work, the analysis of foreseeable risks, social and ecological impact
of the work, technical and financial conditions, a bond covering the quality of studies for three
years, and the experience and financial capacity of the proposer or bidder.
4.
Private individuals who are able to oblige themselves, and without the
ministrations or authorization of another;
Legal persons, whose capacity is limited to the pursuit of their corporate object;
Consortia and temporary unions, which are figures used as an instrument of
cooperation between companies, when they require to undertake an economic
task of particular importance, which will allow them in some way to distribute
risks which may be implied in the activity undertaken, bring in the financial and
technological resources, and improve the availability of equipment, as the case
may be, but maintaining the legal independence within the consortium; or
Project companies or future associations.
P. 25
Insurance policy;
Escrow;
Bank guarantees payable on the first demand;
Endorsement of securities in guarantee;
Standby letters of credit; or
Cash deposit in guarantee.
Stage 2: Publications of the project of the draft Terms of Reference, and public
invitation
What is the draft Terms of Reference?
Draft Terms of Reference, as the name suggests, is a proposal for the final conditions of the
Terms of Reference. It is a draft, and it is presented to the public so that all interested parties may
be aware of it, study it, and then make observations or put questions they consider relevant.
The draft should be as close as possible to the final Terms of Reference, and should cover the
entire contents of the future final Terms of Reference. The draft must contain all the information
and all the rules of the game, which will be applied to the contractual process. The structure and
content of the draft should be as close as possible to the final Terms of Reference. This will
ensure that the interested parties will express their opinions on the entire content.
The electronic publication of the acts and documents described must be set up on the date of
issue, all within the next three working days. The general term for it to remain there will be up to
P. 27
2 years after the date of liquidation of the contract or the effective date of the administrative
act declaring abandonment, as the case may be.
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The system satisfies most of the requirements of publicity in the process of public
procurement. In time, it also allows the public to consult all kinds of information with regard to
the contracting process.
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The principal objective is to guarantee transparency and publicity in the selection of privatesector contractors.
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The record of the hearing for a clarification of Terms of Reference, and general
clarifications presented in the selection process, and replies to the same;
Note of record of the hearing for the allocation of foreseeable risks;
The administrative act suspending the process;
The act of revocation of the administrative act of opening the tender;
Addenda to the Terms of Reference;
Evaluation report on bids or proposals;
The report verifying the enabling requirements for access to the process of
the dynamic formation of the offer in a public tender;
The administrative act awarding the contract. In the case of a tender, the
record of the public hearing of the award must also be provided;
The record of the declaration of abandonment;
The contract, and supplements or suspensions and information on sanctions imposed
in the course of execution of performance of the contract, or subsequently;
Record of liquidation by mutual agreement, or the administrative act of
unilateral liquidation;
Where is the Procurement portal? The Procurement portal is at http://www.
contratos.gov.co; and
This contains all the information required by users to interact with the
information system.
P. 29
In the selection process for a tender, short process or contest of merit, the public invitation is
made after evaluation of the observations and proposals presented by interested parties to
the Terms of Reference, documents and previous studies.
It is important that this term be known to bidders or proposals, since they may make
observations on the content of the evaluation report if they need to clarify the content of their
offers or bids (Law 80/1993, Section 30.8)
The competency to issue it lies with the legal representative of the entity, who can also
delegate this function.
The following are factors and criteria which will be taken into account in the evaluation and
award of contract:
A number of risk factors may arise during the performance of the contract, such as changes in
economic, political and social circumstances which may mean that flows are not complied with, or
that expected results are not achieved, thus altering the economic equilibrium of contractual
relations. These events may be attributable to the parties, or may be alien to them.
P. 31
This is at the discretion of the contracting entity, and the hearing may take place:
It should be noted that those interested in the process may request clarifications within the
term of the tender, and the contracting entity is bound to answer them in writing, with a copy
to all those who acquired the Terms of Reference.
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2.
Prior to the act opening the process, with respect to observations on risk
matters in the draft Terms of Reference; or
At the same hearing described in Article 30 of the Procurement Law, referring
to the hearing for clarifications, as explained below.
The important point about this hearing that the bidder/proposer needs to know is that the
discussion will be on foreseeable risks, and this refers to the economic equilibrium of the contract.
The award must be made at a public hearing, where the head of the contracting entity or his
delegate will take part, and all the bidders/prospers and other interested parties will participate.
Prospective bidders/proposers must attend these hearings, because this is the opportunity
which the law gives them to play an active part in securing their own interests. Further, the
presentation of a bid or proposal is tantamount to an acceptance by the bidder/proposer of
the distribution of foreseeable risks, which are contained in the Terms of Reference.
At this hearing, and after the award has been announced, the interested parties may make their
observations on the reply given by the entity to the observations made on the evaluation reports.
Order of eligibility
The order of eligibility is the result of:
From this, it may be concluded that the Terms of Reference must be known prior to the hearing.
The act of award may not be subject to any kind of condition, nor may the bid/proposal, since
this is a regulated action, and although it enjoys a certain degree of discretion, it must be
motivated. The motivation must explain the reasons which led the contracting entity to
choose the bid awarded as the best, so that conflict will not arise with the other bidders.
P. 33
Signature of contract
If the successful bidder/proposer fails to sign the contract within the term indicated, the bid
bond will be called as a penalty, without prejudice to action for the recognition of damages
not covered by the value of the deposits or the guarantee.
At this point, the second-best bid may be awarded the contract, in a motivated act.