As Biology B 2015 Scheme of Work

AS
and A Level
Biology B
SCHEME OF WORK
AS Biology B
Scheme of work 1-year (AS) Biology B
Pearson Edexcel GCE Biology B

This is an example and may be adapted.
Week
1
Topic
Content of lessons
Carbohydrates
Know the difference between monosaccharides,

disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Know the structure of the hexose glucose (alpha and

beta) and the pentose ribose.
Understand how monosaccharides (glucose,

fructose, galactose) join to form disaccharides
(sucrose, lactose and maltose) and polysaccharides
(starch formed from amylose and amylopectin;
glycogen) through condensation reactions forming
glycosidic bonds, and how these can be split through
hydrolysis reactions.
Lipids
Understand how the structure of glucose, starch,

glycogen and cellulose relates to their function.
Understand how a triglyceride is synthesised

including the formation of ester bonds during
condensation reactions between glycerol and three
fatty acids.
Teaching suggestions
Use of model beads to
construct carbohydrate
molecules.
Spec.
reference
Student
Book
pages
1.1
i, ii, iii, iv
Use of paper shapes to

construct carbohydrate
molecules.
Use of immobilised lactase
to show hydrolysis of the
disaccharide lactose into
the monosaccharides
glucose and galactose.

construct lipids.
1.2
i, ii, iii, iv

construct lipids.
Pearson Education Ltd 2015.
Week
Topic
Inorganic ions
and water
Spec.
reference
Experiments involving
mineral deficiency and
plant growth.
1.6 i
Content of lessons
Know the differences between saturated and

unsaturated lipids.
Understand how the structure of lipids relates to

their role in energy storage, waterproofing and
insulation.
Understand how the structure and properties of

phospholipids relate to their function in cell
membranes.
Understand the role in plants of:
nitrate ions to make DNA and amino acids
calcium ions to form calcium pectate for the

middle lamellae
magnesium ions to produce chlorophyll
phosphate ions to make ADP and ATP.
Student
Book
pages
1.7 i
Understand the importance of the dipole nature of

water leading to hydrogen bonding and the
significance of the following to organisms:
high specific heat capacity
polar solvent
Week
Topic
Proteins
DNA and
protein
synthesis
Content of lessons
surface tension
incompressibility
maximum density at 4C.
Know the structure of an amino acid (structures of

specific amino acids are not required).

construct proteins.
Understand the formation of polypeptides and

proteins (as amino acid monomers linked by peptide
bonds in condensation reactions).

construct proteins.
Understand the role of ionic, hydrogen and

disulphide bonding in the structure of proteins.
Understand the significance of the primary,

secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a
protein in determining the properties of fibrous and
globular proteins, including collagen and
haemoglobin.
Understand how the structure of collagen and

haemoglobin are related to their function.
Know the structure of DNA, including the structure

of the nucleotides (purines and pyrimidines), base
pairing, the two sugar-phosphate backbones,
phosphodiester bonds and hydrogen bonds.

construct nucleic acids.
Understand how DNA is replicated semiconservatively, including the role of DNA helicase,
polymerase and ligase.
Know that a gene is a sequence of bases on a DNA

molecule coding for a sequence of amino acids in a
Interpret diagrams
showing the results
obtained by Meselson and
Stahl.
Extract DNA from onion

tissue.
Spec.
reference
Student
Book
pages
1.3
i, ii, iii, iv,
v
1.4
i, ii, iii, iv,
v, vi, vii,
viii, ix
Demonstrate the relevance
Week
Topic
Content of lessons
polypeptide chain.
Enzymes
Spec.
reference
Know the structure of mRNA including nucleotides,

the sugar phosphate backbone and the role of
hydrogen bonds.
Know the structure of tRNA, including nucleotides,

the role of hydrogen bonds and the anticodon.
Understand the processes of transcription in the

nucleus and translation at the ribosome, including
the role of sense and anti-sense DNA, mRNA, tRNA
and the ribosomes.
Understand the nature of the genetic code, including

triplets coding for amino acids, start and stop
codons, degenerate and non-overlapping nature,
and that not all the genome codes for proteins.
Understand the term gene mutation as illustrated by

base deletions, insertions and substitutions.
Understand the effect of point mutations on amino

acid sequences, as illustrated by sickle cell anaemia
in humans.
Know the structure of enzymes as globular proteins.
Understand the concepts of specificity and the

induced fit hypothesis.
Understand that enzymes are catalysts that reduce

activation energy.
Understand how temperature, pH, substrate and
Student
Book
pages
of experiments that used

Acetabularia.
All students should carry

out the core practical.
Use liver tissue as catalase
source and hydrogen
peroxide as substrate to
measure the effect of
1.5
i, ii, iii, iv,
v, vi, vii
Week
Topic
7
8 and
9
Content of lessons
enzyme concentration affect the rate of enzyme

activity.
different variables on rate

of oxygen production.
Core practical 1: Investigate a factor affecting the

initial rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
Understand how the initial rate of enzyme activity

can be measured and why this is important.
Understand how enzymes can be affected by

competitive, non-competitive and end-product
inhibition.
Use starch suspension and

iodine to measure starch
digestion by use of a
colorimeter opportunity
to create calibration curve.
Know that enzymes catalyse a wide range of

intracellular reactions as well as extracellular ones.
Spec.
reference
Student
Book
pages
Consolidate and recap on Topic 1.

Eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cell
structure and
function
Understand that cell theory is a unifying concept

that states that cells are a fundamental unit of
structure, function and organisation in all living
organisms.

Basic
microscopy
Understand that in complex organisms, cells are

organised into tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Know the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells and the

structure of organelles, including: nucleoid,
plasmids, 70S ribosomes and cell wall. Distinguish
between Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial
cell walls.
Observe cultures of E. coli

stained with crystal violet
and safranin.
Be able to distinguish between Gram positive and

Gram negative bacterial cell walls and understand
why each type reacts differently to some antibiotics.
Interpret electron
micrographs.
2.1
i, ii iii, iv,
v, vi, vii
Week
10
Topic
Viruses
Spec.
reference
Content of lessons
Know the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells and the

functions of organelles, including: nucleus,
nucleolus, 80S ribosomes, rough and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, centrioles,
lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, cell wall, chloroplasts,
vacuole and tonoplast.
Know how magnification and resolution can be

achieved using light and electron microscopy.
Understand the importance of staining specimens in

microscopy.
Core practical 2: Use of the light microscope,

including simple stage and eyepiece micrometers
and drawing small numbers of cells from a
specialised tissue.
Understand that the classification of viruses is based

on structure and nucleic acid types as illustrated by
(lambda) phage (DNA), tobacco mosaic virus and
Ebola (RNA) human immunodeficiency virus (RNA
retrovirus).
Know the lytic cycle of a virus and latency.
Know that viruses are not living cells and so

antivirals must work by inhibiting virus replication.
Know that as viruses can be difficult to treat once

infection has occurred, the focus of disease control
should be on preventing the spread, as exemplified
Student
Book
pages
2.2
i, ii, iii, iv
Week
Topic
Content of lessons
Spec.
reference
Student
Book
pages
by the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.

11
and
12
13
Eukaryotic cell
cycle and
division
Sexual
reproduction in
mammals
Know that the cell cycle is a regulated process in

which cells divide into two identical daughter cells,
and that this process consists of three main stages:
interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.

Understand what happens to genetic material during

the cell cycle, including the stages of mitosis.
Understand how mitosis contributes to growth,

repair and asexual reproduction.
Core practical 3: Make a temporary squash

preparation of a root tip to show stages of mitosis in
the meristem under the light microscope.
Measure cell length at

different distances from
root tip to plot a graph
showing how cell length
changes with distance
from root tip.
Understand how meiosis results in haploid gametes,

including the stages of meiosis.
Understand that meiosis results in genetic variation

through recombination of alleles, including
independent assortment and crossing over.
Understand what chromosome mutations are, as

illustrated by translocations.
Understand how non-disjunction can lead to

polysomy, including Downs syndrome, and
monosomy, including Turners syndrome.
Understand the process of oogenesis and

spermatogenesis.
Understand the events of fertilisation from the first

contact between the gametes to the fusion of nuclei.
Measure mitotic index in

root tissue.
2.3
i, ii, iii, iv,
v, vi, vii
Use Reebops to show the

consequences of
independent assortment.
Interpret human
karyotypes.
Interpret diagrams that

show the similarities and
differences between
oogenesis and
2.4 i, ii, iii
Week
14
Topic
Sexual
reproduction in
plants
15
16
Spec.
reference
Content of lessons
Understand the early development of the embryo to

blastocyst stage.
spermatogenesis.
Understand how a pollen grain forms in the anther

and the embryo sac forms in the ovule.

2.5 i, ii, iii
Understand how the male nuclei formed by division

of the generative nucleus in the pollen grain reach
the embryo sac, including the roles of the tube
nucleus, pollen tube and enzymes.
Core practical 4: Investigate the effect of sucrose

concentrations on pollen tube growth or
germination.
Understand the process of double fertilisation inside

the embryo sac to form a triploid endosperm and a
zygote.
4.2
i, ii, iii, iv,
v, vi
Student
Book
pages
Recap and consolidation of Topic 2.

Cell transport
mechanisms
Know the structure of the cell surface membrane

with reference to the fluid mosaic model.

out the core practicals.
Understand how passive transport is brought about

by:
Demonstrate diffusion
using several pieces of
litmus paper placed at
different distances in a
sealed glass tube, with a
ball of cotton wool soaked
in ammonium hydroxide
solution placed at one end,
diffusion
facilitated diffusion (through carrier proteins

and protein channels)
osmosis.
Understand how the properties of molecules affects
Student
Book
pages
Week
Topic
Content of lessons
how they are transported, including solubility, size
and charge.
all done in a fume

cupboard.
Know that large molecules can be transported into

and out of cells through the formation of vesicles, in
the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.
Core practical 5: Investigate the effect of

temperature on beetroot membrane permeability.
Demonstrate mass flow

using same apparatus but
do not seal glass tube and
blow air through using a
syringe.
Core practical 6: Determine the water potential of

a plant tissue.
Water potential = turgor pressure + osmotic potential
=P+
17
18
10
Surface area to
volume ratio
Gas exchange
Understand the process of active transport,

including the role of ATP.
Know that phosphorylation of ADP requires energy

and that hydrolysis of ATP provides an accessible
supply of energy for biological processes.
Understand how surface area to volume ratio affects

transport of molecules in living organisms.
Understand why organisms need a mass transport

system and specialised gas exchange surfaces as
they increase in size.
Understand how insects, fish and mammals are

adapted for gas exchange.
Spec.
reference
Use different
concentrations of ethanol
to investigate membrane
permeability in beetroot.
Observe mammal red
blood cells placed in
hypertonic, isotonic and
hypotonic salt solution.
Use different cube sizes of

potato to find out how
SA:VOL ratio affects
percentage water uptake.
4.1 i, ii
Use different-sized agar

cubes and potassium
manganate (VII) solution.
4.3 i, ii
Content of lessons
Week
19
Spec.
reference
Topic
Circulation
Core practical 7: Dissect an insect to show the

structure of the gas exchange system, taking into
account the safe and ethical use of organisms.
Understand gas exchange in flowering plants,

including the role of stomata, gas exchange surfaces
in the leaf and lenticels.
Know the structure of the heart, arteries, veins and

capillaries.
Understand the advantages of a double circulatory

system in mammals over the single circulatory
systems in bony fish, including the facility for blood
to be pumped to the body at higher pressure and
the splitting of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Know the sequence of events of the cardiac cycle.
Understand myogenic stimulation of the heart,

including the roles of the sinoatrial node (SAN),
atrioventricular node (AVN) and bundle of His.
Be able to interpret data showing ECG traces and

pressure changes during the cardiac cycle.
Know the structure of blood as plasma and blood

cells, to include erythrocytes and leucocytes
(neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and
lymphocytes).
Know the function of blood as transport, defence,

and formation of lymph and tissue fluid.
Student
Book
pages
Look at prepared slides of

mammal lung tissue.
Use leaf peels or varnish
impressions to calculate
stomatal density in
different species.
Dissect a sheep heart.
Look at prepared slides
showing an artery and a
vein.
4.4
i, ii, iii, iv,
v, vi, vii,
viii, ix
Demonstrate elastic recoil

by suspending a ring of
artery and vein from a
hook on a clamp stand.
Record the length of the
ring once the mass carrier
has been attached to the
free end of the ring. Attach
a 10g mass and record the
length of the ring after the
mass is added. Remove
the mass and record the
length of the ring.
Calculate percentage
change.
Use ECG traces to
11
Student
Book
pages
Week
Topic
Content of lessons
12
20
Circulation
(continued)
21
Transport of
gases in the
blood
Understand the role of platelets and plasma proteins

in the sequence of events leading to blood clotting,
including:
platelets form a plug and release clotting

factors, including thromboplastin
prothrombin changes to its active form,

thrombin
soluble fibrinogen forms insoluble fibrin to

cover the wound.
Spec.
reference
calculate heart rate.

Look at prepared
microscope slides showing
blood cells.
Understand the stages that lead to atherosclerosis,

its affect on health and the factors that increase the
risk of its development.
4.4
Understand the structure of haemoglobin in relation

to its role in the transport of respiratory gases,
including the Bohr effect.
Understand the oxygen dissociation curve of

haemoglobin.
Understand the similarities and differences between

the structures and functions of haemoglobin and
myoglobin.
Understand the significance of the oxygen affinity of

fetal haemoglobin as compared to adult
Interpret graphs that

compare dissociation
curves for different blood
samples, such as warm
and cold blood, llama and
horse blood, and mouse
and elephant blood.
4.5
i, ii, iii, iv
Content of lessons
Week
Spec.
reference
Measure blood pressure.
4.6 i, ii
Topic
Student
Book
pages
haemoglobin.
22
23
Transfer of
materials
between the
circulatory
system and
cells
Know that tissue fluid that is not reabsorbed is

returned to the blood via the lymph system.
Opportunity to also
measure BMI and plot a
graph showing correlation
between systolic blood
pressure and BMI.
Transport in
plants
Understand the structure of xylem and phloem

tissues in relation to their role in transport.

Understand how water can be moved through plant

cells by the apoplastic and symplastic pathways.
Understand how the cohesion-tension model

explains the transport of water from plant roots to
shoots.
Tease apart tinned rhubarb

stained with methylene
blue to look at xylem.
Understand how temperature, light, humidity and

movement of air affect the rate of transpiration.
Understand the strengths and weaknesses of the

mass-flow hypothesis in explaining the movement of
sugars through phloem tissue.
24
25
Understand how the interchange of substances

occurs through the formation and reabsorption of
tissue fluid, including the effects of hydrostatic
pressure and oncotic pressure.
Core practical 8: Investigate factors affecting

water uptake by plant shoots using a potometer.
4.7
i, ii, iii, iv,
v
Prepare or look at stained

sections of plant stems.
Place plant shoots in dye
and cut sections to
observe the location of the
dye.
Determine the tensile
strength of plant fibres.

Classification
Know that the classification system consists of a

hierarchy of domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order,
Use restriction enzymes to

create DNA fragments and
3.1
i, ii, iii, iv,
13
Student
Book
pages
Week
Topic
Content of lessons
family, genus and species.
26
14
Natural
selection
Understand the limitations of the definition of a

species as a group of organisms with similar
characteristics that interbreed to produce fertile
offspring.
Understand why it is often difficult to assign

organisms to any one species or to identify new
species.
Understand how gel electrophoresis can be used to

distinguish between species and determine
evolutionary relationships.
Know that DNA sequencing and bioinformatics can

be used to distinguish between species and
determine evolutionary relationships.
Understand the role of scientific journals, the peer

review process and scientific conferences in
validating new evidence supporting the accepted
scientific theory of evolution.
Understand the evidence for the three-domain

model of classification as an alternative to the fivekingdom model and the role of the scientific
community in validating this evidence.
Understand how evolution can come about through

natural selection acting on variation bringing about
adaptations.
Spec.
reference
gel electrophoresis to
separate DNA fragments of
different sizes.
v, vi, vii
Use coloured sticks on

grass or use coloured
paper discs on desks, as a
model for natural
3.2
i, ii, iii, iv
Content of lessons
Week
Spec.
reference
Topic
27
Biodiversity
Understand how reproductive isolation can lead to

allopatric and sympatric speciation.
Understand that there is an evolutionary race

between pathogens and the development of
medicines to treat the diseases they cause.
Know that biodiversity can be assessed at different

scales:
Understand how organisms occupy niches according

to physiological, behavioural and anatomical
adaptations.
within a habitat at the species level using a

formula to calculate an index of diversity:
within a species at the genetic level by looking

at the variety of alleles in the gene pool of a
population.
Student
Book
pages
selection.
Present students with
pictures of named
organisms and ask them to
research any physiological,
behavioural and/or
anatomical adaptations.
Use data of the number of

different species and the
population size of each
species in a habitat to
enable calculation of the
biodiversity index.
3.3 i, ii, iii
Understand the ethical and economic reasons

(ecosystem services) for the maintenance of
biodiversity.
15
Week
Topic
Content of lessons
28
16
Spec.
reference
Student
Book
pages
Understand the principles of ex-situ (zoos and seed

banks) and in-situ conservation (protected habitats),
and the issues surrounding each method.

As Biology B 2015 Scheme of Work

Cargado por

Información del documento

Descripción original:

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

As Biology B 2015 Scheme of Work

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

AS

Scheme of work 1-year (AS) Biology B

Pearson Edexcel GCE Biology B

Know the difference between monosaccharides,

Know the structure of the hexose glucose (alpha and

Understand how monosaccharides (glucose,

Understand how the structure of glucose, starch,

Understand how a triglyceride is synthesised

Use of paper shapes to

Use of model beads to

Use of paper shapes to

Pearson Education Ltd 2015.

Scheme of work 1-year (AS) Biology B

Know the differences between saturated and

Understand how the structure of lipids relates to

Understand how the structure and properties of

Understand the role in plants of:

Pearson Education Ltd 2015.

nitrate ions to make DNA and amino acids

calcium ions to form calcium pectate for the

magnesium ions to produce chlorophyll

phosphate ions to make ADP and ATP.

Understand the importance of the dipole nature of

high specific heat capacity

Scheme of work 1-year (AS) Biology B

maximum density at 4C.

Know the structure of an amino acid (structures of

Use of model beads to

Understand the formation of polypeptides and

Use of paper shapes to

Understand the role of ionic, hydrogen and

Understand the significance of the primary,

Understand how the structure of collagen and

Know the structure of DNA, including the structure

Use of paper shapes to

Know that a gene is a sequence of bases on a DNA

Extract DNA from onion

Demonstrate the relevance

Pearson Education Ltd 2015.

Scheme of work 1-year (AS) Biology B

Pearson Education Ltd 2015.

Know the structure of mRNA including nucleotides,

Know the structure of tRNA, including nucleotides,

Understand the processes of transcription in the

Understand the nature of the genetic code, including

Understand the term gene mutation as illustrated by

Understand the effect of point mutations on amino

Know the structure of enzymes as globular proteins.

Understand the concepts of specificity and the

Understand that enzymes are catalysts that reduce

Understand how temperature, pH, substrate and

of experiments that used

All students should carry

Scheme of work 1-year (AS) Biology B

enzyme concentration affect the rate of enzyme

different variables on rate

Core practical 1: Investigate a factor affecting the

Understand how the initial rate of enzyme activity

Understand how enzymes can be affected by

Use starch suspension and

Know that enzymes catalyse a wide range of

Consolidate and recap on Topic 1.

Understand that cell theory is a unifying concept