Ihd 7

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Intro to Middle Childhood

During primary schools.
Age between 7-12
Slow physical growth but fast intellectual
development.
Improvement in cognitive skills.
Improvement in socialization skills and the
ability to cope with emotions.
The strong role of peer groups. i.e.: peers rate
attractiveness and popularity based on
competence and appearance
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Physical Development
African Americans mature faster in terms of
bone growth, percent fat, # of baby teeth.
Asians has the slowest growth rate.
Very rare for Asians to reach puberty at this
age. Usually only happens around 12-15 yrs
of age.
Physical size difference is very normal.
But if they fall in either extreme, may lead to
inferiority peers rating.
Growth & body

Slow growth.
Adds 5 or 6 pounds and 2 inches a year.
11 yrs old girls grow faster. They are taller
and heavier than boys.
At 12 or 13 yrs old boys overtake the girls.
Girls retain more body fat and matures faster.
This characteristic persist through adulthood.
They will also be thinner and smaller due to
the changes in the body proportion.
They will grow taller.
Growth & body

Muscles are getting bigger and they are
getting stronger.
Child will be able to kick and throw the ball
farther than in their earlier years.
Increase in lung capacity gives greater
endurance and speed.
Variations in size and strength depends on
the nutrition of the food they eat.
At the end of this stage will lead to puberty
and maturation.
Motor development
More skilled in controlling their bodies.
Feel more comfortable with bodies and they
practice better motor skills and coordination.
Improve in games and sports like soccer,
baseball and rollerblading.
Which specific skills are developed depends
on their environment
Girls will start to jump rope and boys will be
throwing balls girls have greater flexibility
than boys.
Boys have greater forearm strength throw
balls better, but cant really jump rope.
Brain development
Brain and nervous system develops capacity, speed,
efficiency of a childs mental process increases.
Children are making more efficient use of their memory
space. One improvement - Faster response time.
More adept and exposed to more complex tasks.
Dyslexia: Problem in learning to read.
It is classified as a brain disorder.
Frustrating for the child. Its like reading a book upside
down.
Child at higher risk of lower achievement in school. May
lead to the child dropping out of school.
Limit the occupational opportunities.
Health & fitness

Children are much healthier at this age. Rate of
illness is decreasing.
The most common illness however, is upper
respiratory infection.
May have 4 to 6 acute (severe but lasting a short time)
illness in a year.
Usually accidents or injuries happen more than
illnesses.
They still need adult supervision and care at this age.
Play sports, basketball, football, baseball and etc.
Juvenile violent crimes are increasing especially in
older members of the age group peer influence.
Role of play & exercises

Participate in physical education usually offered as
classes in school.
Unless suffering from illness or disable, children this
age enjoy in physical activities.
Taking parts in various extra curricular activities
either indoor or outdoor track sports, football,
softball, etc.
There have been an increases in the number of
participants in extra co-curriculum activities..
Role of play & exercises

Children should develop a regular routine of physical
activity and maintain it throughout school to keep
their immune + cardiovascular sys healthy.
Leads to positive attitude.
Reduce stress and improve mental health level.
Most children would say that sports activity is one of
their favorite activities.
Question? Today most children spend time indoors
playing PS? + video games. Does this make them fat
and lazy??
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Cognitive development
Prime feature of primary school children: are
able to learn about themselves and their
environment.
They are more logical and more rational.
More able to distinguish fiction, appearance
and reality.
Understand the mental position.
Reasoning abilities are more rational + logical.
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Piagets period of concrete

operation
According to Piaget: there is a qualitative change in
childrens thinking during middle childhood.
Because children develop a set of rules/system +
strategies to examine the world around them.
This is called the period of concrete operation.
Their experiences are concrete because they are
bound by their immediate physical reality.
Children this age make major advances in cognitive
capabilities.
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Info processing
How do they process information in solving
problems?
How does it change with age?
Children at this age might be better at
dividing tasks into more manageable
segments.
E.g.: with regard to memory, they may
become more efficient at using the mnemonic
strategies of rehearsal and categorization.
Sesame Street applies this concept.
13
Children & perceptions

Primary school- requires for social interaction.
Ability to access the status of people, for
example age, sex and etc.
To assess behavior of others, emotional states,
roles and social institutions.
Need to locate people within the broad network.
We place them into social categories.
E.g.: associating wheelchair to handicapped and
ring on finger to the state of being married.
Only like this can they build expectation on
others.
14
Children & perception

Children below the age of 8 will describe people
externally, readily observable attributes. They
look at personality, family and personal
attributes.
Their normal categorization: good, bad, horrible,
nice. E.g.: Shes nice because she gave me
chocolate.
Children above the age of 8 make psychological
inferences about other people. Its all about
thought, feelings and personality attributes.
There is rapid development in their vocabulary
abilities. Able to say things like: Adams
behavior is very bad because he is always saying
cheeky things to people.
15
Language development
Home language may be different from the
language taught in school.
Learning language is a life long process.
Between the age of 6-12 Children are in school
and they are able to handle the complex systems
that exist in their studies. On top of speech,
reading and writing improve their language
capacity.
Their language skills will improve along with
their improvement in their academic studies and
life experiences.
16
Moral development
Living in a society makes children become more
interdependent with one another.
Moral development refers to the process by
which children adopt principles that lead them to
evaluate behavior as right or wrong.
One persons activity affects the others.
Due to the fact that we live in a society children
have a shared conception of what is right and
what is wrong.
They are aware of the moral requirements that
they are suppose to abide to.
17
Industry vs. Inferiority

Children are interested on how things are made
and how they work.
They will try hands at building models, cooking
and solving problems.
They may feel inferior if they find difficulty in
accomplishing easy tasks.
Example 2 boys in a math's class. One of
them will feel inferior if he got the wrong answer.
Good teachers instill the sense of industry rather
than inferiority
18

If a child is not given the opportunity to cook,
paint and etc and they only see adults doing
them, they may feel inferior as compared to
these adults
Adults should include their children in doing
this adult task.
Schools have given more responsibility to
children to express themselves and try out a
few of these adults activities especially in
extra curricular activities.
19

For example joining the school newspaper
and also other clubs and societies.
This will give a boost to their self-image
and self esteem
20
Family influence
Vital to the emotional health and social
development.
Children spend more time at structured social
institutions especially schools.
They are doing more action-oriented activities
and spend less time eating.
They do a lot more homework and also
household chores.
They also spend a lot of time on sports.
21
Family Influence
They are also very close to the parents at this
age group where they do not actually mind going
out with them and also hugging and spending
time with the family.
This will change, as the children grow older.
Sibling Relationships.
They may have an intense relationship with
siblings rather than friends.
Why. Because they are able to choose their
friends however they are unable to choose their
family members. *Brothers and sisters will
always be brothers and sisters.
22
Family Influence
Older siblings usually help younger siblings.
E.g. - the homework and the values and rituals
of society.
Sometimes they can also be aggressive and
abusive. But siblings know that they wont lose
each other no matter how strong the fight is.
The success of sibling relations depends on the
mothers strategies of promoting child sharing.
With stepchildren and adopted children they
may have a different kind of relationship.
23
Family Influence
Sharing is important
Oldest sibling takes parents role.
Same sex siblings usually have more
conflict with one another and they can be
more aggressive towards one another.
Siblings of different sex are usually nicer
to one another. Or is it?
24
Peers
As children age, they began to focus on
friends preferences. For acceptance.
Favorite games and who actually to hang
out with.
Concerned with friends internal feelings
and personality habits. Shes my friend
coz she and I like the same things
This is very important for the growth of a
child in this age group
25
Functions of peer groups

Relationship with peers can help children
develop interaction skills.
Improving communication and viewing
different
perspectives
and
conflict
resolution.
Different types of peer groups.
Maybe friends, scout troop, neighborhood
cliques, sports team and etc.
26
Functions
1.
Independent from adult control
They will gain support from their peer group
member instead.
They also gain courage and confidence. This
may weaken emotional bonds to parents.
They may dress or have a social interaction
just like their peers.
They will get freedom from adult constraints.
It is significant because promotes school
motivation, performance and adjustment
27
Functions
2. Experience with relationships equal
footing with others
Get away from the adult world where the
child is the subordinate. This will improve
them getting along well with others.
3. Position of Children is not marginal.
Solidarity with group members
The we feeling and also the acceptance
from the friends is very important. This will
also avoid boredom and loneliness
28
Functions
4. Agencies for the transmission of
informal knowledge and to master
self-representation
They discuss about television or jokes or
games and toys.
29
Negative aspects of peer

relations
1. High standards
The children will tend to follow what their
peers do. They will try to be a member of
the group and lose out on the individuality
aspect.
2. Peers may take over parents role
Delinquent groups or other negative
activities may influence them.
30
Negative aspects of peers

3. What if a student is not popular and
not well liked by other students?
He or she may be victimized and may have
a terrible childhood and can affect their
development as a human being. E.g.: girls
who do not dress like the cool kids and etc.
Question Is gender an issue during social

interactions at this age?
31
Popularity, social acceptance

The establishment of groups and cliques.
They usually have a psychological sense of
oneness - Assume that their own inner
experiences and emotional reactions are
shared by other members of the clique. They
must have the same-shared values.
What happens if a child is rejected in a
social group?
May lead to problems when they grow older.
32
Physique and attractiveness

Physical attractiveness and body build are
qualities can make children appealing to their
peers.
Physical attractiveness and popularity are
usually linked. Attractive strangers are more
socially desirable than unattractive strangers.
Stereotype
as
to
what
is
physical
attractiveness. It is usually culturally defined.
Children begin to acquire these cultural
definitions at age 6. Age 8, the criteria are the
same as older people.
At age 8, a boys dream is to be masculine.
33
Aggression in children
Defines as behavior that is socially injurious or
destructive.
Relational aggression (spreading rumors about
another person) vs. overt aggression (physical
force or verbal threats)
Different expression of aggressiveness for boys
and girls.
Boys will perform physical harm where else girls
focus on relational issues.
By damaging
friendship or feelings by spreading nasty rumor.
34
Aggression in children
There are various influences on aggressiveness.
The media and also family can make them be
more aggressive.
Looking at parents argue, may create the child
to have emotional problems and use that
against their other siblings or friends. They also
may think that it is alright to argue and fight
and start using their aggression elsewhere.
The violence on TV these days is also
encouraging aggressiveness in children today.
What are some examples of cartoon shows that
you may think encourage violence?
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Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect

Some parents cannot and will not take
proper care of their children. They
deliberately hurt or kill them.
Physical abuse: involves injury to the
body through punching, beating, kicking
or burning.
Neglect: failure to meet a childs basic
needs such as food, clothing, medical
care.
Sexual abuse: sexual activity involving a child and an
older person.
Emotional maltreatment: acts of abuse or neglect
that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional or
mental disorders.

Abused and neglected children are
of all ages. More than half of
reported victims are 7 or younger.
Girls are 3 times more likely to be
sexually abuse. Boys more likely
to be emotionally neglected or
seriously injured.
The people most likely to abuse children are their
own parents.
It has become a major cause of death among
children.

Contributing factors
1. Many abusers are lonely, unhappy, depressed,
angry or aggressive. Usually abused themselves as
children.
Abuse begin when a parent is already anxious +
depressed. He cannot control himself and begins
shaking or beating a child.
Abusive parents tend to have marital problems.
2. Poverty, unemployment, job dissatisfaction + social
isolation.
Poor environment inadequate facilities, criminal
activities, no social support leads to depression in
parents.
38
Maltreatment: Abuse and

Neglect
3. Cultural factors: societal violence and physical
punishment.
In certain societies wife battering is normal
and some child punishment is very brutal.
What do you know about punishments in
Malaysia? At home, in school, etc.
39

Effects of maltreatment
poor grades
lack of concentration
frequent tardiness or absence
from school
difficulty making and keeping
friends
unhappiness, depression
withdrawal from others
acts of anger, aggression
destruction of property
hurting themselves or others
low self-esteem
problems with expressing

feelings
fatigue
constant attention seeking
speech problems
sleeping problems
reluctance to go home
hunger, begging for food,
stealing
unusual fears
unusual knowledge of sex
40

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Ihd 7

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Formatos disponibles

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN

Intro to Middle Childhood

Growth & body

Growth & body

Health & fitness

Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

Role of play & exercises

Role of play & exercises

Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

Piagets period of concrete

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Children & perceptions

Children & perception

Industry vs. Inferiority

Industry vs. Inferiority

Industry vs. Inferiority

Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

Functions of peer groups

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Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

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Negative aspects of peer

Negative aspects of peers

Question Is gender an issue during social

Popularity, social acceptance

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Physique and attractiveness

Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect

Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect

Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect

Maltreatment: Abuse and

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Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect

problems with expressing

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