Review paper on three phase fault analysis with auto reset technology on temporary fault

or remain tripped otherwise

Pritesh Kumar1
Vijayendra Kumar2
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology
(Key words: Tripping, Timer, Transformer, Temporary Fault 555 Timer, Voltage regulator
(LM7805), Relays, Comparator, Transformer (230 V 12V AC))
Abstract
Since power demand is increasing rapidly in India there is need to ensure high reliability & stability
of power supply. So automated analysis approach is much needed which can automatically
characterize fault & subsequently perform the relay operation by tripping the system is required in
order to safeguard the transmission system. There are various method for calculating fault &
locating fault position but the researcher used conventional symmetrical component method. The
researcher has used SIMULINK software( MATHLAB) to simulate different operating & fault
condition on high voltage transmission line namely single phase to ground fault, line to line fault,
double line to ground & three phase short circuit.
Introduction
Fault in power system is deviation of voltage
or current from its nominal value and state
which happens more often leading to the
failure of many equipment or may even be
life threatening to the operating personal, so
to overcome this engineers have developed a
system to analysis the fault in power system.
The fault analysis of power system is
required in order to provide information to
selection of safety gear.
Faults usually occur in a power system due to
either insulation failure, flashover, physical
damage or human error. These faults, may

either be three phase in nature involving all

three phases in a symmetrical manner, or may
be asymmetrical where usually only one or
two phases may be involved. Fault analysis
usually carried out in per-unit quantities
(similar to percentage quantities) as they give
solutions which are somewhat consistent
over different voltage and power ratings, and
operate on values of the order of unity.
Relating to one single phase gives
information related to two or three phase as
well so it is more obvious & sufficient to do
calculation in one phase. This project system
will be designed to develop an automatic

griping mechanism for three phase supply

system. The output will reset automatically
when there is brief interruption (temporary
fault) or remain tripped otherwise in case of
permeant fault.

Researchers have examined the flow of fault

current including the impact of circuit
breaker placement topologies on this flow.
Most of the classical work in fault current
calculation was done in the 1940 - 1960 time

Fault in transmission line

frame.

Types of Fault on a Three Phase System

Then

Faults occurred on a three phase A.C. system

technique were based on changes on voltage

shown in fig 1 are as follows:

current impedance with respect to some

A) Phase-to-earth fault

preset value to identify fault. In last two

fault

detection

&

classification

decade different method was proposed such

B) Phase-to-phase fault
C) Phase-to-phase-to-earth fault
D) Three phase fault
E) Three phase-to-earth fault

as:
ANN ( artificial neural network)
Fuzzy based method
Setting- free-two-end method
Synchronized sampling, etc.
Setting two end method
Classical fault current calculation has not
included the effects of merchant plants.
Although all above mentioned method are
not cent percent accurate there are many
drawbacks for each of above proposed

Figure 1: fault type

system ANN based method require a

considerable amount of tanning effort for

Review on existing fault distance

good performance.

calculation method
Literature review on fault detection &
Fault current calculation is traditionally done

classification method: Studies & research

using impedance methods. The essence of the

concept is the use of the system Zbus matrix to

A good literature review will help you justify

find the fault current at system buses.

researchers research and develop your thesis

position. The literature review deals with

symmetrical coordinate method in the

critical analysis of any published piece of

case of unbalanced faults such as a

knowledge through study of the literature and

single and double line-to ground

comparison of those prior research findings

faults in the power system. An

to draw a conclusion which supports the

unbalanced current of three phase was

proposed research project.

indicated

1. Transmission line fault detection &

classification this paper presents a
technique to detect and classify shunt
fault which will be achieved with the
help of programming tool called
PSCADA the method through
which this is achieved is by discreet
wavelet

transform.

DWT wavelet transform is applied for

of transient

fault

because of its ability to extract signal

from transient signal simultaneously
both from time & frequency domain.
After extracting the useful features
from measured signal a decision of
fault or no fault is carried out using
SVM classifier. (B.K. Panigiri, 2011)
2. Analysis of the unbalanced fault in
three phase transmission line using
Flux coupling type

three

balanced

symmetrical components using the

symmetrical

coordinate

method

comparing the component sizes.

Controls

unbalanced

fault

by

changing primary secondary coil turn,

it can even reduce the current value of
symmetrical component. (Byung-Ikjung, Hyo-Sang-choi, Doung- chul
chung 2012)

(Manohar Singh 2011)

decomposition

by

SFCL using

symmetrical co-ordinate method in

this paper researcher discusses the
sizes of fault currents limited by flux
coupling type SFCL using the

3. Transmission line fault analysis using

synchronized

sampling

in

this

research paper the author discusses an

automated analysis approach which
can automatically characterized fault
and subsequently relay operation is
performed

this

is

achieved

by

changing the instantaneous power on

all three phase connected at two end
of

transmission

synchronized

voltage

line

using

&

currnet

sample. ( Mladen Kezunovic, 2014)

4. Fault analysis is transmission line
using K-nearest neighbor algorithm
in this paper researcher discusses that
that fault detection and classification

is done in time domain using K-

faulty phase information. The main

nearest neighbor algorithm using

significant contribution is it not only

PSCADA software this is achieved by

pin point the location of shunt fault

for fault detection a k-NN module is

occurring at single location but also

designed. Input to the k-NN module

find the location of multi-location

is fundamental component of currents

and transforming fault that to using

of three phases. Half cycle of post

single terminal data (Anamika Yadav,

fault samples are given as input to

2015)

train the network. Output of the fault

7. Advance distance protection scheme

detection module is 0 for no fault

for long transmission line in electrical

and 1 for fault.( Anamika Yadav,

power

2014)

classifier ANFIS network in this

5. Fault classification & location of

power

transmission

line

using

system

paper

using

researcher

advance

multiple

discusses

application

of

approach

the

artificial

artificial neural network in this paper

intelligence

which

is

researcher discusses fault location

achieved through ANFIS classifier.

strategy based on ANN and this

This ANFIS classifier has

method is not dependent on fault

8. Improved fault location algorithm for

inception angle and the process of

multi-location fault , transforming

ANN

fault & shunt fault in Thyristor

is

achieved

by

MATLAB/Neural network tool box. (

controlled

series

capacitor

M. Tarafdar, K. Razi, 2007)

compensated

transmission

line

6. Improved fault location algorithm for

discusses combining two method

multiple fault location in compressed

discreet WT & ANN fault method

transmission line in this

paper

reduces the fault classification( fault

researcher proposes a method which

type & faulty phase(s) information for

is combined discrete WT & A-NN

fault

based fault location algorithm in this

important significance is that it not

method unlike other fault location

only locate shunt fault but also find

scheme this method does not require

location of multi-location fault &

fault classification i.e. fault type and

transforming fault that too using

location

estimation

most

single terminal data.

(Yadav,

Swerpadama,2015)
9. Recent

technique correctly recognizes and

discriminates the fault type and

techniques

used

in

faulted phases with a high degree of

transmission line protection: a review

accuracy. (0. Dag & Ucak, 2003)

discusses The ANN, fuzzy logic,

11. Multiple failure analysis for complex

genetic algorithm, SVM and wavelet

electrical power system in this paper

based techniques have been quite

researcher combines the two method

successful but are not adequate for the

to form a new algorithm they are

present

time

varying

network

configurations,

power

system

Virtual node method

The

operating conditions and events.

Therefore, it seems that there is a
significant scope of research in AI
techniques which can simplify the
complex nonlinear systems, realize
the cost effective hardware with
proper modification in the learning
methodology and preprocessing of
input

data

and

which

are

computationally much simpler. Also

development of reliable software and
communication system will pave the
way
(Singh,Tripathi,Vekataramana,2013)

10. A Combined Wavelet-ANN based

fault classifier has been investigated
for electrical distribution systems
discusses some fault condition wore

compensation

method
And its benefits are when compared
to

traditional

algorithm

new

algorithm has a complete fault

calculation system but has lower
reliability than tradition method. The
proposed algorithm is to read the
network model and fault condition
after this is done analyze the status
quo of the fault to choose an
appropriate algorithm once this is
done get the admittance matrix for n
port three sequence impedance matrix
with this done n port matrix can be
formed with the help of formula and
later at later stage impedance matrix
for virtual note can be can be
calculated. (Xiao hen Liu, 2012)

taken to identify by this the proposed

Below is the flow chart of the

approach. It is shown that the

proposed method

Conclusion Fault on the transmission

and Distribution Lines, IEEE Std.

line needs to be restored as quickly as

C37.114TM-2004.

possible. The sooner it is restored, the

K.

Zimmerman,

D.

Costello,

less the risk of power outage, damage

Impedance-Based Fault Location

of equipment of grid, loss of revenue,

Experience, in 2005 58th Annual

customer complaints and repair crew

Conference for Protective Relay

expenses. Rapid restoration of service

Engineers, 2005, pp. 211-226

can be achieved if precise fault

location algorithm is implemented.
Many

algorithms

have

been

developed to calculate the fault

distance on the transmission line.
This paper gives the general overview
of fault location calculation on
transmission line
References
D. A. Tziouvaras, J. B. Roberts, G.

J. Grainger , John, 2006. power

system analysis. 5th ed. delhi: McGraw hill.
K.

Zimmerman,

D.

Costello,

Impedance-Based Fault Location

Experience, in 2005 58th Annual
Conference for Protective Relay
Engineers, 2005, pp. 211-226.
singh, manohar, 2011. Transmission
Line fault detection & classification.
Ieee, 3, 6.

Benmouyal, New Multi-Ended Fault

El-Harway, Mohamed E. Electrical

Location Design for Two- or Three-

power system: design & analysis.

Terminal Lines, in Developments in

P. F. Gale, P. A. Crossley, X.

Power System Protection (IEE),

Bingyin, G. Yaozhong, B. J. Cory, J.

Conference Publication No. 479,

R. G. Barker, Fault Location Based

Amsterdam, 2014, pp. 395-398.

on Travelling Waves, in Fifth

. Gross, charles , 2011. Power system

International

Conference

on

analysis. 5th ed. delhi: willey india

Developments in Power System

edition.

Protection, 2013, pp. 54-59.

IEEE Power Engineering Society

(PES), IEEE Guide for Determining
Fault Location on AC Transmission