Bulletin of The University of Electro-Communications, 24-1, pp.

51-582012Regular Papers

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Final Processing Technology, Case

Studies Between Tokyo-Japan and Indonesia
Frilla HAFNESI

Institute of Technology, Bandung (ITB)

Bandung, Indonesia

Masahisa Mabo SUZUKI

Center for Int. Programs and Exchange
The University of Electro-Communications
Tokyo #182-8585. Japan

Jun ITABASHI
Center for Int. Programs and Exchange
The University of Electro-Communications
Tokyo #182-8585. Japan

Abstract
For the remaining of MSW which can not be recycled or reused, nal processing will be applied. At the nal
processing of MSW, suitable and correct disposal are needed in order to minimize the eect of environmental
pollution and to done the processing eectively. Incinerating and land-lling are common techniques of MSW
nal processing all around the world. In Indonesia the Incineration and Land-lling technology and application
can not yet reach the aim of the technique itself which is to prevent pollution. By investigating the actual
technical process for incinerating, and land-lling of MSW applied in Japan, a better suggestion can be useful
for Indonesia. However, the process applied need to be adjusted with the characteristic and composition of
MSW in both Japan and Indonesia.

Keywords: MSW (Municipal Solid Waste), Land Fill, Incineration

Introduction

Incineration is the combustion of waste in a controlled

manner in order to destroy it or transform it into less
hazardous, less bulky, or in other words more controllable constituents. Incineration is generally the second
most frequently selected method of waste technology
after landll for municipal solid waste. It involves the
burning of solid waste which also aimed to produce energy in the form of steam or electricity. The construction of energy from waste facilities is very controversial
and has evoked a great deal of public criticism and objection, because a really high potential of air pollution.
Land lling is a method to isolate waste from
the open environment by burying the waste into the
ground to avoid pollution. Landll should have a good
facility and a proper maintenance so the purpose of
landll itself can be obtained. Landll method dier
depend on the characteristic of the landll which vary
from one site to another. Even though the method of
land lling dierent from site to site, there are three
general division on landll method, which are open
dumping, controlled/engineered landll, and sanitary
landll. Open dumping method is a primitive stage
the

The author
author isis supported
supported by
by JASSO
JASSO Scholarship.
Scholarship.
Received on October 21, 2011.

of land lling which yet remains as the predominant

waste disposal existing application in most of the developing countries. In open dumping method, the initial purposed to avoid environmental pollution can not
be realized. Engineered landlls embody further attempts to minimize environmental impacts with inspection and recording of incoming waste and application of waste compaction using bulldozer or any other
land compactor. Sanitary landlls incorporate a full
set of measures to control landll gas, collect and treat
leachate, apply a daily soil cover on waste, and implement closure and aftercare plans.

2.1

Incineration and Land-lling

as MSW Final Processing
Technology
Incineration

In the incineration process, the organic matter will be

converted into methane and carbon dioxide by natural
process. Methane is the main constituent of natural
gas, and hence this technology options simply capitalized on what would happen naturally. Since it happen

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Frilla HAFNESI, Jun ITABASHI, Masahisa Mabo SUZUKI

naturally, the energy can be viewed in part as not contributing to green house gases production. Determining the specic technology that is most appropriate for
a given region depends on a number of factors, including the local methods of collecting, processing, disposing of MSW, and local environmental regulation.
In combustion process, there are some principles
which make some criteria to generate a perfect combustion. The principles are mass balance law, energy balance, thermodynamic analysis, kinetic analysis, heat
transfer, turbulent mixing, and residence time. Residence time is the time of the waste stay in the burning
chamber. In the mass balance law of organic material
combustion, organic material will have to react with
sucient amount of oxygen to make a perfect combustion. From those principles also, turbulent mixing, and
residence time criteria are absolute to generate perfect
combustion. The optimal residence time need to be
applied for specic kind of waste in order to get an optimum energy advantage of the waste and to get rid of
the waste eciently
The appropriate incineration plant uses the waste itself to be a fuel without any necessary of fuel addition
except for ignition. The caloric value of wastes which
works as a fuel is at least 1.500Kcal/kg. Usually, the
types of waste which make a good caloric value for
burning are paper and plastic. Basic need for incinerator to have a commercial use is, having incoming waste
more than 100ton/day, or even 500ton/days, percentage of water in the waste less than 50%, at least 35%
part of waste in combustible, and continually working
24 hours a day.
The combustion in incinerator need to be perfect
and reach a high temperature up to 8000 C in minimum
for at least 2 second to destroy toxic material and to
prevent generation of dioxin while the incinerating of
waste containing plastic material happen. Even after
the temperature reach 8000 C, the moment when the
temperature become cooler, the dioxin always occur
in every case of plastic material combustion. That is
why incineration process can not be separated from the
waste sorting process and ue gas cleaning from toxic
or environmentally dangerous materials.
From the incineration process of MSW, some byproduct will remains and need further process to control. Remaining ash from the combustion process has
a high potential to be use as material for building construction. In the other hand the ue gas from the burning process contains toxic substances such as dioxin
and mercury. It also contains air pollution caused material such as hydrogen chloride, sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide. The gas also contains a huge amount of soot
and dust. Dioxin is a general term for approximately
200 of substances, of which 29 are toxic. Mercury is a
volatile metal which is toxic to the human body. Hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxide are two substances

February 2012

that pollute the air and caused acid rain. Nitrogen

oxide is a substance that pollutes the air, causing photochemical smog and acid rain.

2.2

Land-lling

In general Land-lling divided into three methods,

open dumping, control landll, and sanitary landll. In open dumping method, wastes are being disposed in some certain area without any handling operation. Open dumps involve indiscriminate disposal of
waste and limited measures to control operations, including those related to the environmental eects of
landlls. This method of land-lling is not recommended anywhere around the world for the high potential of pollution. In the open dumping method,
ground water will be polluted caused by ground inltrating leachate, odors will generated, non hygiene
environment will lead to waste borne disease, and generate a non-aesthetic view.
A controlled landll is the next stage in a countrys eorts to upgrade landlls from the open dumping
stage. controlled dumps operate with some form of inspection and recording of incoming wastes, practice extensive compaction of waste (to maintain the ground
stability and to make a full use of land availability)
and control the application of soil cover. However,
it implements only limited measures to mitigate environmental impacts. Controlled dumps still practice
unmanaged contaminant release and do not take environmental cautionary measures such as leachate and
landll gas management into account. This issue may
be less critical in semi-arid and arid climates, where
dumps do not generate leachate in measurable quantities. Leachate will continue to be generated even after
a landll is closed, and landll gas can have signicant
risks and environmental impacts even if the gas is contained within the boundaries of the site.The conversion
of open or controlled dumps to engineered landlls and
sanitary landlls is an essential step to avoid future
costs from present mismanagement
Sanitary Landll is an international standard
method for waste disposal. Minimization of pollution
potential with daily covered of waste with soil. A sanitary landll involves appropriate attention to all technical aspects of landll development: siting, design,
operation, and long-term environmental impacts. In
principle, operating techniques vary only slightly (e.g.
thickness of the layer in which waste is compacted, the
amount of daily soil cover applied, the organization of
tipping fronts) and are typically inuenced by landll
management. Leachate management and control approaches, on the other hand, can vary signicantly. In
some places some of these measures may not be necessary to maintain a well-operated landll.
In the leachate management, three dierent ap-

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Final Processing Technology, Case Studies Between Tokyo-Japan and Indonesia

proaches to control leachate are available. Entombment or the dry tomb aims to prevent water from
coming into contact with waste. While this approach
minimizes the volume of leachate produced, it slows
the bio-degradation of the waste so that the potential
hazard of the waste is not reduced after time. The entrance of water into waste at any time in the future
will cause the encapsulation to fail and, consequently,
generate signicant pollution of water resources. This
strategy can be characterized as a preliminary waste
storage approach and is not a viable long-term leachate
management option.
The containment strategy drains leachate and treating it before discharge. This strategy is acknowledges
that the production of leachate may continue for 30-50
years after closure. Success of the operation will rest
on the continuing operation of the leachate treatment
facility. Problems such as inadequate maintenance and
power cuts may cause the approach to fail and lead to
release of uncontrolled leachate the long-term future
and risk the environment. Unless coordinated with
other options, the containment strategy is an unsustainable alternative. Even high-income countries that
had initially implemented the containment strategy are
now changing their approach.
The controlled containment release approach allows
leachate to enter the environment in such a way that
it is not expected to have a serious impact. This
technique takes proper siting, environmental considerations, and careful monitoring into account. The
strategy may serve best for hydro-geological settings
and semi-arid climates, but it could be problematic in
wet climatic zones where leachate containment release
goes from controlled to unrestricted. This may result
in pollution of ground and surface waters.
In the application of landll, the generation of
methane can also cause a major problem if it is not
well controlled. Methane will comes out from the decomposition of organic waste contained in the landll
waste. Methane is an explosive gas, therefore an uncontrolled release or even unreleased of this gas can
cause danger. That is why it is important to equipped
landll with landll gas management.

3
3.1

MSW Final Processing Technology in Tokyo-Japan

Incineration in Tokyo-Japan

In Tokyo-Japan there are 20 MSW incineration plant

placed all over the city. One of the plants is Chuo
incineration plant. The Chuo incineration plant is
a fully continuous combustion stoker type incinerator
with a capacity of 600ton/day (300ton/day x2units).
The incineration plant treated combustible waste and

53

Figure 1: Chuo Incineration Plant.

equipped with bag lter, gas scrubber and DeN Ox
reactor as gas treatment method. The constructions of the whole plant approximately 29.700m2 with
14, 900m2 as a plant building. Building height is
31.77m above ground and 14,2m below ground. The
stack is 177.5 m height. The construction cost approximately 30billion yen and spent 3 years to built (April
1998 - July 2001), designed and constructed by Hitachi
Zosen, Maeda and Nihon Kokudo Construction Cooperation (Joint-Venture).

Figure 2: Truck Scale.

The incoming wastes are being controlled also with a
good coordination with the other plants to make sure of
incineration sustainability. Wastes brought into the incineration plant are weighed using a truck scale, which
measure the weight of the entire vehicle. Information
on the weight and the vehicle is managed real time on
the 23 cities network and used to conrm the amount
of wastes. The waste composed from approximately
93% combustibles, and 7% incombustible with total
amount of around 1,600,000 ton/ year.
The caloric value of the incoming waste is around
3,200kcal/kg. When the wastes enter the refuse
bunker, it is being mixed with a crane to make the
caloric value uniform. Crane is also needed to place
the wastes to make full use of bunker space and to feed
the waste into the burning chamber.
Before feeding the waste to the burning chamber, no
other pre treatments are needed. There is no need to
sort the waste since waste sorting done in the source of
waste generation. Even if there are still some contamination from unburnable materials just like shown in the

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Frilla HAFNESI, Jun ITABASHI, Masahisa Mabo SUZUKI

February 2012

Figure 4: Incineration Processing Technology in Japan.

Figure 3: Incoming Waste Composition to Incineration

Plant in Japan.

graph above, the amount considered as insignicant.

There is also no necessary to dry the wastes since the
moisture percentage of waste is not really high. Even
in the summer when the air humidity is high, it is not
necessary to dry the waste since the caloric value did
not signicantly dierent from the other season.

8000 C at minimum for more than 2 seconds. From the

measurement, usually temperature is around 9600 C.
Resident time in burning chamber is 3-4 hours. The
burning process in burning chamber does not need additional fuel supply for the burning, because of the high
caloric value of the waste. For the ignition, it need
gas fuel but after that the waste itself will take place
as the fuel. There are 3 burning zones in the burning chamber which are drying zone, burning zone, and
after burn zone. The completely burn waste will turn
into exhaust gas which useful for power generation, and
bottom ash. The air for the burning process supplied
from the bottom of the grate chamber. The coming air
come from exhaust in the waste bunker which also useful to taking a bad smell from the waste in the burning
chamber.

Figure 6: Grate Wall System.

The boiler produces steam from the exhaust gas heat
when the waste is burned, to be use for supplying heat
and generating electric power. The table below shows
In the burning chamber which designed using mov- the benecial use of heat in 2006.
To avoid air pollution and prevent harm from the
ing grate wall system, the burning temperatures reach
Figure 5: Refuse Bunker.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Final Processing Technology, Case Studies Between Tokyo-Japan and Indonesia

substances, the incineration plant treated the ue gas

with 5 processes. Cooling tower use to prevent the recomposition of dioxin by rapid cooling of ue gas, and
the bag lter captures soot and dust (y ash) which
also contain dioxin. The y ash captured in the bag lter will be mixed together with bottom ash and transferred them to ash melting plant for further processing.
The addition of activated carbon in the ue gas use to
remove mercury from the gas, where the collection of it
will be happen in gas scrubber. It also stabilized with
liquid chelate in the gas scrubber. By injecting slake
lime in the ue gas and by reaction with caustic soda
solution in gas scrubbers; the hydrogen chloride and
sulfur oxide are removed. With chemical reaction between nitrogen oxide and ammonia, the nitrogen oxide
will break up into nitrogen and oxygen with the help
of catalysts in the catalyst reaction tower. With the
processes, the ue gas can be release via stack to the
open environment without any worries for air pollution
and toxic material.

3.2

Landll in Tokyo-Japan

which make it save to be used for civil/construction.

In the slag production, there is still some ash remains
which will be disposed in the landll. Incombustible
and large-sized waste are pulverized at their processing centers, yet the majority of incombustible such as
plastic, glass, ceramics are disposed in landll

Figure 9: Land-lling Method.

The outer central break water disposal site designed
with containment system to collect leachate. Leachate
will generated because of rain water inltration to the
landll, with water collecting well, the leachate sent to
sewer with waste water processing before. The steeltubing sheet piles works as a fence to prevent dispersion
of water from the sea. In the bottom of landll, clay
bed and sand bed are applied.
The method of landll is the sandwich called method
which every three meters of waste covered with 50 centimeters of soil. Ash is disposed using framing method,
in which trench is created for the ash to prevent the
wind from dispersing it.

4
4.1
Figure 7: Landll in Tokyo Bay Area.

MSW Final Processing technology In Indonesia

Incineration in Bandung-Indonesia

Nowadays incineration is becoming a new approach of

handling municipal solid waste in Indonesia, because of
the diculties to nd a land lling sites. But for the
most cases, a perfect combustion can never happened
and no energies can be obtained from the combustion
process. The reasons are because of improper and incomplete facilities of waste burning and a low maintenance and improper application by the incineration
sites workers. In addition, most of the incinerators

Figure 8: Landll Design.

The outer central break water disposal site and new
sea surface disposal site, established and managed by
the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, provides landll
site for various refuse produced from waste processed
at intermediate processing facility within the 23 cities.
Combustible waste remain in the form of bottom ash
and y ash melted in ash melting plant in temperature over 12000 C and formed into slag, which is a useful resource. As slag the volume of ash become half
of the ash. The process of making slag decomposes
dioxins within the ash and traps in the heavy metals,

55

Figure 10: Typical Incinerator in Indonesia.

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Frilla HAFNESI, Jun ITABASHI, Masahisa Mabo SUZUKI

February 2012

Figure 11: Incoming Waste Composition to Incineration Plant in Indonesia.

Figure 13: Sarbagita Landll.

Figure 12: Stoker Burning Chamber.

Figure 14: Sarbagita Landll Site Map.
in Indonesia are small scale incinerator and are not
equipped with complete air pollution prevention units.
Bandung city which placed in west Java Indonesia,
for the last couples of years had been planning to build
a big scale incineration plant to deal with the MSW
problem. Even so, until now there is no realization of
that plan. Construction of the planning incineration
will be done by Bandung Raya Indah Lestari Limited
Company (BRIL Ltd), based on the Bandung government decision letter No 511/Kep.682-Huk/2007. The
construction of incineration sites predicted will spend
US$ 4 million in total.
MSW composition characteristic in Bandung dominate with volatile organic matter comes from kitchen
waste. In Indonesia, it is dicult for MSW to reach
1200kcal/kg of caloric value. In the incinerator planning, incoming waste will be kept in the bunker for
3-5 days from the incoming day until being fed to the
burning chamber to decrease the high containment of
water in the waste and increasing the caloric value.
The capacity of incinerator planned to be
700ton/day, with input of waste with caloric
value of 800kcal/kg. The combustion process will
happen in 8500 -9600 C temperature for 2 seconds. The
burning chamber will be reverse acting stoker type
from Hangzhou boiler china. The reverse acting stoker
chamber works with two system tiles which move front
and back. The energy generation will be 12 MWh.
The incinerator will be equipped with receiving unit,
feeding system, burning chamber, air supply system,
water supply system, separation unit, air pollution control unit, and 70m stack. Control of ue gas will be
done toward dioxin, some acid contained toxic gases
(HCl, SOX , N H3 , and H2 S), oxidized gases (CO2 ,

CO, and N OX ), mercury (Hg) vapor, and particulate

matter. Monitoring will be done continuously with the
mentioned parameters.

4.2

Landll in Bali-Indonesia

In Indonesia, most landll is just an open dumping

area. People still consider landll as only a nal disposal site without any necessity to maintain and to
facilitate with any supporting facilities. In addition of
waste sorting system deciency, the incoming waste to
landll in Indonesia is a mixed MSW with the same
characteristic with incineration plant incoming waste.
The Figure shows condition of landll in Indonesia.
The Sarbita landll was design for sanitary landll,
but in the application it change in to open dumping.
The case happen in Sarbita landll, happened in most
of the landll in Indonesia.
The sarbagita landll take placed in sarbagita, Bali
in the island of Java. The constuction site approximately 4.75Ha which consist of 3.77Ha of landll area
and leachate treatment plant of 0.82 Ha. The main
construction of the landll is a geo-synthetic layers consist of GCL, geo-membrane, and geo-textile.
Annual cost to operate the landll is around
US$120,000
in
the
year
2009
and
predicter
to
raise
up
to
US$160,000 in the year 2014.
the funding for
the landll site come from waste retribution of
US$1/m3 of waste. The nal disposal site built in
some layers to avoid contamination between waste
and environment.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Final Processing Technology, Case Studies Between Tokyo-Japan and Indonesia

Figure 15: Bottom layer Application in Sarbagita landll.

The geo-synthetic clay Layer consists of Bentonite
material covered with geo-textile. The layer works
as impermeable layer with permeability 2 1011 m/s
placed in the bottom, directly to the sub-grade. Bentonite characteristic which has a high swilling index will cause a self closure when the layer being
scratch less than 5 cm. Another function of this layer
is to protect other geo-membrane material above it.
HDPE geo-membrane composed from a High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) and work as impermeable layer
(total impermeable). Geo-textile Protection Composed from a polypropylene and has a high resistance
(4000N). work as a protection for geo-membrane so the
geo-membrane will not receive a material weigh from
gravel. Gravel use as space and protection medium for
leachate pipe. Leachate pipe is composed from HDPE
material, work to owing the leachate to the IPL. Geotextile ltration divide waste layer with gravel layer
to prevent clogging. Leachate and waste can easily
go trough this material because of it low permeability
(102 m/s).

Discussion

The minimum caloric value suitable for incineration

is 1.500kcal/kg with percentage of water in the waste
less than 50%. MSW caloric value in Indonesia only
reaches 800kcal/kg, with high water percentage which
is around 60%. Types of wastes which are good to burn
because of high caloric value are paper and plastic,
which happened to be only 25% of MSW in Indonesia. Compared to composition of incinerators incoming MSW in Japan which contained 50% of paper and
plastic, the result of combustion process will be different. In addition the majority of MSW in Indonesia
is kitchen waste which is surely contains high number of organic which is also dicult for combustion.
With Indonesias character of MSW it is dicult for
the combustion process to reach high temperature. It
will probably need additional fuel to support the combustion process. By adding additional fuel or doing
pretreatment to increased caloric value of the waste,

57

the operational cost of incineration will be higher.

If the temperature of burning is low, or can not reach
at least 8000 C toxic material in the waste can not completely destroyed and the remaining ash and ue gas
will also contain more dangerous material. Also, the
combustion will not generate power as the initial aim
of MSW incineration.
The combustion chamber system used in Tokyo is
the same with the system will be use in Bandung which
is moving grate wall system. The system is widely
used in MSW incineration because of a good advantage taken from the moving grate wall. By moving
front and back again, it ensure the turbulent mixing of
waste which is important to reach perfect combustion.
In the Bandung incineration plan, the plant needs to
be equipped with air pollution control units such as
bag lter, gas scrubber, and catalyst reaction unit to
remove toxic and pollution caused material from the
ue gas as being applied in Tokyo. It is also important
for Indonesia to stops using small scale incinerator because it the requirement for incineration can not be
fullled and only will caused air pollution and harm to
human especially the one without complete air pollution control unit.
The incinerator plan in Bandung will only generate
15MWh. Compared to the energy generation from Incineration in Tokyo which is 962.38million kWh in one
year or 263.665MWh in a day, the power generation in
Indonesia is really low. This is also the eect of characteristic and composition of MSW in Bandung which is
not suitable for burning and power generation. Even
if incinerations can still be useful for MSW processing even with low energy recycling, it is not ecient
because incineration is really an expensive technology.
There is a really big gap between Tokyo and Bandung
Incineration plant construction cost. The incineration
in Tokyo spent 75 times construction cost than the
planning incineration in Bandung. The reason can not
be recognized until Bandung incineration plant plan
exposed the actual design of the plant.
Landll in Tokyo is specialized for non-degradable
waste while in Bangli the wastes are mixed. For the
non-degradable waste there will be no generation of
landll gas methane, so landll gas management is unnecessary. In the other hand Bangli landll need to put
landll gas into account. Both of the landll applies
protective bottom layer and use containment system to
collect the leachate, but the leachate treatment will be
dierent because the characteristic of leachate will also
dierent. The leachate generated in Tokyo landll is
only from inltration of rain water not from the waste
itself.
The landll in Tokyo is more stabile than the landll in Bangli because of the stabile waste lling, and
with the application of soil cover. For that reason the
complete land-lling site can be use as a new space for

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Frilla HAFNESI, Jun ITABASHI, Masahisa Mabo SUZUKI

public use. The landll in Tokyo will not only used

for waste processing, but also can be used as land extension. The idea of land extension landll could be
useful for Indonesia to deal with diculties in nding
land-lling sites. However, application of this new idea
could not be realized with the unsorted waste like in
Indonesia.

Conclusion and Future Work

Characteristic of MSW in Indonesia right now, make

it dicult to choose the best option of nal processing technology. With mixed waste, the characteristic
became uncertain and complicated to process. End of
pipe MSW sorting system could be useful for Indonesia but it require high funding. MSW sorting in the
waste generation source should be the best suggestion
for Indonesia, but the realization of it including citizens
cooperation realization may take a quite long time.
From the waste composition point of view, Indonesias MSW has a high potential for organic material
recycling. For that reason the better suggestion for
Indonesia is to realize that potential and to use it eciently.

Acknowledgment

The author would like to express a gratitude to the

JUSST program sta and tutors Mrs. Monica Arakaki,
Mr. Kondo Keiichi, Mr. Kazu, Mr. Seiji, Mr.
Yu Itabashi, Ms. Eri Honma, Mr. Ni Wei, and
Mr.Nattapong Kitsuwan for their great support and
make it possible for the author to done this research.
The author would also like to express gratitute to Prof.
Enri Damanhuri, Dr. Moch Chaerul, and Mr. Teddy
Prasetiawan for their support. Special thanks to envirophilia, HMTL Institute Technology Bandung for the
exchange of knowledges and support.

References
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Management: An Integrated Approach for Asian
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2008
[2] Environmental Engineering Student Union, Bandung Institute of Technology. Sarbagita Landll,
eld trip report, January 2009
[3] Hu Min-yun, Chen Yun-min Engineering Aspect
of Landlling Municipal Solid Waste, Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Univercity,
Hangzhou 310027, China, 2000

February 2012

[4] Lars Mikkel Johannessen and Gabriel Boyer, Observation of Solid Waste Landlls in Developing
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