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UNIVERSITY KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL AND


BIOENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(MICET)
LAB REPORT
EXPERIMENT 1: PHYSICAL REFINING OF CRUDE
PALM OIL
GROUP 1

1) ARIRINA BINTI MARX AIDEIT (55201113429)


2) CHE WAN IRSYADUDDIN BIN CHE WAN TALWA
(55201214005)
3) MOHHAMAD HAZZIQ BIN SELAMAT (55201214147)
4) MOHD KHAIROL YUSNI BIN MOHAMMAD KHALIDI
(55201214246)
5) MOHD. AMMAR BIN JUNIH (55213114444)
6) VANAJA A/P PERIMALSPARAN (55201214194)

Objective

The main objective of this experiment is to operate pilot scale experiment of refine,
bleach and deodorize processing of crude palm oil. This experiment can be divided into three
main parts which are:
1. Removal of free fatty acids, phospholipids and impurities.
2. Removal of pigments, oxidation products, metals and soup.
3. Removal of free fatty acids and fatty acids, mono and diglycerides, oxidation products,
pigments and decomposition products.

Summary
The aim of this experiment was to operate pilot scale experiment of refine and bleach.
The objective was divided into three parts which are removal of free fatty acids,
phospholipids and impurities, removal of pigments, oxidation products, metal and soup and
removal of free fatty acids and fatty acids, mono and diglycerides, oxidation products,
pigments and decomposition products. The experiment was start with degumming process
which the crude palm oil was heated by water bath until temperature around 65-90 0C. After
that, the crude palm oil was passed to degumming process with adding phosphoric acid and
bleaching powder for one hour and then the mixture was transferred to bleaching unit with
stirring for one to two hours. Lastly the oil was collected with filtration process and took for
analysis. From the results of FFA content analysis, the CPO had higher content of FFA than
pure palm oil. The moisture content analysis showed the moisture content for CPO is slightly
same which 0.1% moisture content was. On the other hand, it could be conclude that for
CPO, its moisture content achieve the required moisture content which was 0.1% that below
than 0.15% in theory. But for PPO, the moisture content was not achieving the standard
moisture content which is 0.1%. As overall, the objectives of this experiment were achieved.

Introduction

After the milling process and the crude oil was obtained, it will be take to other stage
known as refinery process. This is because the crude oil are inevitably contain many
impurities and variable amount of non-triglycerides, high percentage of free fatty acids,
glycerides, phosphatides, sterols, tocopherols and tocotrienols, hydrocarbons, pigment
(gossypol and chlorophyll), vitamins (carotene), and glycolipids.
There are two types of refining process which are physical and chemical refining
process. For this experiment, students was instructed to carry out the physical refining.
Physical refining was utilized as early as 1930 as a process for the neutralization of products
with a high initial FFA content. The traditional edible oil processing system consists of
caustic neutralization, bleaching, and deodorization. Caustic neutralization of vegetable oils
with high phosphatide contents delivers a soapstock that is a mixture of sodium salts of fatty
acids, neutral oil, water, unused caustic, and other compounds resulting from the reactions of
the caustic with various impurities in the oil. Disposal of this soapstock or the waste streams
from soapstock processing systems has become increasingly more expensive. A second
problem associated with chemical neutralization is the loss of neutral oil, which reduces the
overall yield from the crude oil. Elimination of the caustic refining step is economically
attractive, but it means that degumming or some other pretreatment process or system must
assume all the functions of the alkali refining process, except for FFA removal.
The processes are involving a few stages which are degumming, bleaching, and
deodorization. Degumming was purposed to remove the phosphatides by adding the
phosphoric acid as the chemical. The purpose of phosphoric acids is to precipitate the non
hydratable phosphatides and coagulate the phosphatides making it insoluble and thus easily
removed during bleaching. For second stage which is bleaching, the bleaching are added. The
functions of bleaching earth are to adsorb the undesirable impurities, reduce the oxidation
products, absorb the phospholipids precipitated by the phosphoric acid and remove any
excess phosphoric acid present in the oil after degumming. Next, deodorization will take
place as the further steps for the pretreated oil to remove FFA using steam distillation. During
this process, the free fatty acids, which were still present in the pretreated oil, are distilled
together with the more volatile odoriferous and oxidation products such as aldehydes and
ketones. At the same time, the residual carotenoids present are also thermally decomposed.

Result

Table 1: Free Fatty Analysis (CPO)


Crude Palm Oil
(CPO)

Volume of

Mass

standard NaOH

of

test FFA vlue (%)

sample, m (g)

or KOH used, V
(ml)
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Average

8.8
9.5
10.8

5.0
5.5
6.0

4.51
4.42
4.61
4.51

Table 2: Free Fatty Analysis (RBDPO)


Crude Palm Oil

Volume

(CPO)

standard

of Mass

of

test FFA vlue (%)

NaOH sample, m (g)

or KOH used, V
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Average

(ml)
8.5
9.0
10.0

5.0
5.5
6.0

4.35
4.19
4.27
4.27

Table 3: Moisture Content (CPO)


Crude Palm oil

Mass of Dish, m

Mass of dish +

Mass of Dish +

Moisture Content

(CPO)

(g)

sample before

sample after

(%)

Sample 1

67.96

drying,mb (g)
77.96

drying, md (g)
77.95

0.1

Sample 2
Sample 3

66.40
65.94

76.40
75.94

76.39
75.93

0.1
0.1
0.1

Average

Table 4 : Moisture Content (PPO)


Crude Palm oil

Mass of Dish, m

Mass of dish +

Mass of Dish +

Moisture Content

(CPO)

(g)

sample before

sample after

(%)

Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3

68.01
68.65
67.95

drying,mb (g)
78.01
78.65
777.95
Average

drying, md (g)
78.00
78.62
77.94

0.1
0.3
0.1
0.17

Discussion
The objective of this experiment is to run a pilot scale experiment of refine, bleach
and deodorize processing of crude palm oil. During the time of experiment, only degumming
and followed by bleaching could be done since the equipment for deodorization was out of
order. Degumming and bleaching was done at a temperature range of 80-110 oC, pressure
range of 60-90 mmHg and contact time of 20-50 minutes. Before bleaching process, crude
palm oil (CPO) is being utilized and is produced to become Pretreat Palm Oil (PPO). Both of
these were tested for moisture content and free fat analysis.

Based on the result it show that the CPO has higher content of free fatty acid
compared to PPO. This is due to the fact that presence of FFA in CPO invites problems
during refining since higher amount of FFA results in higher refining losses and possible
bleachability. Due to this factor, it will affect the removal process of color pigment, dirt, trace
metal and various organic impurities that promote oxidation in palm oil. In order to convert
CPO into an edible form, FFA must be removed or decreased to an acceptable level. . In
physical refining approach, distillation at high temperature and pressure is used to evaporate
the FFA from CPO, which is energy-intensive.
For the analysis of moisture content, results show that the overall moisture content
in CPO is slightly same which is 0.1%. The overall moisture content in PPO is same for
sample 1 and 3 which is 0. 1% but for sample 2 is slightly different which is 0.3%. The
average value for moisture content in both CPO and PPO is said need to be maintain at least
at <0.18%. In this analysis result, both CPO and PPO is said to be met the specification for
having the moisture content value which are 0.1% and 0.17% for CPO and PPO respectively.
In this experiment, moisture content refer to the amount of water found in the CPO and PPO
which can be calculated using the formula:
% Moisture and volatile matter: mb md / mb m x 100%
Where:
m is the mass of the dish (g)
mb is the mass of the dish and test sample (g)
md is the mass of the dish and test sample after drying (g).
Moisture content is set to be obtained at that range of specific value to prevent
increasing of FFA through autocatalytic hydrolysis of the oil. As the moisture content
increases, the FFA will increases. In the refining process, both FFA and moisture content need
to obtain as low as possible to maintain the standard quality of the oil.

Conclusion
This experiment run to operate pilot scale experiment of refinery process of crude
palm oil; including degumming and bleaching only. The deodorization process cant be done

because the equipment is broken down.Thus the product produced is Pretreat Palm Oil, PPO
instead of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil, RBDPO. Based from FFA content
analysis, it can be concluded that CPO has higher content of FFA compared to the PPO. On
the other hand, the moisture content analysis shows the moisture content for Crude Palm Oil,
CPO is slightly same which is 0.1% moisture content. All three sample has moisture 0.1%
which mean the average moisture content for CPO in this experiment is 0.1%. For the
Pretreat Palm Oil,PPO sample 1 and sample 3 achieved 0.1% of moisture content. Except for
sample 2, the moisture content is 0.3%. Makes the average moisture content is 0.17%. From
this result, it could be conclude that for CPO, its moisture content achieve the required
moisture content which is 0.1% ( below than 0.15% in theory). For the PPO, the moisture
content is not achieving the standard moisture content which is 0.1%. There are a few errors
happened in the experiment due to this data collected not achieving the standarad PPO
needed.
There are a few recommendations recommended for this experiments. First of all, it
recommended that the weight scale is located nearer to the source of CPO. This will make it
easier to get CPO mass near or identical to desired mass. This is crucial in order to get ideal
CPO to Phosphoric Acid ratio. Also ensure that the vessel carrying the CPO have a better
flow outlet. This is to ensure CPO lost is minimal. There are also several errors that occurred
during the experiment.. The error and improvement will be discussed

Error
There are error happen when cooling the
sample in desiccators. There still have
moisture though in a small amount, will
affect the result of the experiment.
The observer not read the reading of
measurement correctly when use the weight
balance as leading to error in the result.
There are some impurities orifice plate at
the bleaching unit. Affect the PPO content.

Improvement
Dry the silica gels that are in desiccators in
the oven, and put back into the desiccators.
Or use other dessicants, such as cobalt
chloride paper.
The reading must be taken when the
measurement of the weight is stable (not
changes) to reduce this parallax error.
Clean the orifice plate completely so that
there is no impurities left behind.

References
1

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Research for Sustainable Palm Oil Production. RSPO RT3. Singapore

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Palm Research

FAOSTAT. 2009. Palm Oil Production Quantity. Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations. December

Borner G, Hollien J, Schneider M (2003). Latest Development of Cost Savings for


Bleaching Process. Proceedings of the PIPOC 2003
International Palm Oil Congress (Chemistry and Technology).

Ceriani R, Meirelles A.J.A (2006) Simulation of continuous physical refiners for


edible oil deacidification. Journal of Food Engineering.

Djikstra A J (2004). Degumming of Crude Oils, Processing, By-Products and Refined


Oil Quality. Practical Short Course on Edible Oil, Refining and Processing.
September 4-5. Edinburgh Scotland

Kim I C, Kim J H, Lee K H, Tak T M (2002). Phospholipids separation (degumming)


from crude vegetable oil by polyimide ultrafiltration membrane. Journal of Membrane
Science (205):

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