ME 5301

Term Project

Aravind Baskar

03-04-2016

A0136344

FLOW SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Part 1: Unsteady Kernel function for 3D incompressible potential flow
Starting with the definition of acceleration potential, the equation for kernel
function is derived and the steps are detailed as below:

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ME 5301

Term Project

Aravind Baskar

03-04-2016

A0136344

Doublet at 3
locations

Compute Kappa

Input Variables

Parabolic
Approximation

Determine AIC

DLM

Compute I

Post Processing

Generate Grid
points

DLM

Pre-processing

Part 2: Tapered Wing Analysis

Compute Lift,
Moment, and its
coefficents

The algorithm of the program sequence is briefly explained above. The grid
points are generated based on the slope of the lines and similarity principle. The
process to determine AIC involve the processes detailed in the referenced paper.
All relevant sub-routines are given by different files to aid debugging process. The
list of files used in the program is as follows:
Project_Final. m Main File
getKappa.m, get I1.m, getI2.m, getI1pos.m, getI2pos.m Subroutines
For various cases of reduced frequencies, the lift, moment and coefficients are
computed and the results are as follows:

For M = 0.0
Case
No

Lift

Moment

CL

CM

-6.4807e+02 + 8.5323e+02i

-0.0547 + 0.0375i

-0.0720 + 0.0948i

--32.7946 +22.5023i

-34.3305 +33.6495i

-6.3530e+02 + 1.1559e+03i

-0.0572 + 0.0561i

-0.0706 + 0.1284i

-33.7213 +45.3042i

-5.6543e+02 + 1.4620e+03i

-0.0562 + 0.0755i

-0.0628 + 0.1624i

-30.9916 +56.9340i

-4.4079e+02 + 1.7575e+03i

-0.0517 + 0.0949i

-0.0490 + 0.1953i

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ME 5301

Term Project

Aravind Baskar

03-04-2016

A0136344

For M = 0.5
Case

Lift

Moment

CL

CM

-38.2409 + 6.3813i

-7.8320e+02 + 4.5654e+02i

-0.0736 + 0.0123i

-0.1005 + 0.0586i

-41.4994 +15.5025i

-8.1313e+02 + 7.0952e+02i

-0.0799 + 0.0298i

-0.1043 + 0.0910i

-42.7592 +25.3623i

-7.8959e+02 + 9.7169e+02i

-0.0823 + 0.0488i

-0.1013 + 0.1247i

-42.0073 +35.4362i

-7.1395e+02 + 1.2293e+03i

-0.0808 + 0.0682i

-0.0916 + 0.1577i

No

Code used for the analysis is attached as a part of the appendix. The complete
results set have been added as an attachment to this file
(Case-- 1/2 a / b / c / d.mat). Plots generated are shown below:

Fig.1 Plot of Pressure & Lift at k=0.086, Mach = 0.0

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Fig.2 Plot of Pressure & Lift at k=0.010, Mach = 0.0

Fig.3 Plot of Pressure & Lift at k=0.114, Mach = 0.0

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A0136344

Fig.4 Plot of Pressure & Lift at k=0.128, Mach = 0.0

Fig.5 Plot of Pressure & Lift at k=0.086, Mach = 0.5

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Fig.6 Plot of Pressure & Lift at k=0.100, Mach = 0.5

Fig.7 Plot of Pressure & Lift at k=0.114, Mach = 0.5

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ME 5301

Term Project

03-04-2016

Aravind Baskar
A0136344

Fig.8 Plot of Pressure & Lift at k=0.128, Mach = 0.5

Inferences:
To account for compressibility, the Prandtl-Glauert coefficient has been multiplied
to the coefficients of lift, pressure and moment.

As the Mach number is increased from 0.0 to 0.5 the lift & moment changes as its
dependent upon the compressibility nature. The Coefficient of Lift & Moment
reach their maximum value much faster as the Mach number is increased from 0.0
to 0.5.

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A0136344

References:
1.

DLM

Tools

from

University

of

Minnesota

http://gitpaaw.umnaem.webfactional.com/tools.git
2.

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/lifteq.html

3.

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/fplam/fplam01/fplam01.ht
ml

4.

Effects of Mach number on the maximum lift coefficient of wings of NACA

2300 Series Air Foil Sections

5.

Aeroservoelasticty by Ashish Tewari, ISBN 978-1-4939-2367-0

6.

The Effect of Wing Damage on Aero elastic Behaviour by Howard J. Conyers

Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Duke
University.

7.

AIAC-2007-109,

AEROELASTIC

ANALYSIS

OF

TAPERED

AIRCRAFT WING S. Durmaz , O. Ozdemir Ozgumus , M. O. Kaya

Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
8.

Aero-elastic characteristics of tapered plate wings ARTICLE in FINITE

ELEMENTS IN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FEBRUARY 2015 Impact
Factor: 2.02 DOI: 10.1016/j.finel.2014.09.009

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APPENDIX
D:\National University Of Singapore...\PROJECT_FINAL.m
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%% Flutter Analysis for Tapered Wing Geometry %%
%% References : DLM Tools from University of Minnesota - http://gitpaaw.umnaem.
webfactional.com/tools.git %%
%% INITIALIZATION
rf = 0.086:0.014:0.128;
% Reduced Frequencies for all cases %
% Loop for Various Reduced Frequencies %
for num = 1:4
rho = 2.38e-3;
% Density of Air %
M = 0.5;
% Mach Number %
% For individual cases %
k = rf(num);
sw = 40;
% Span Length %
ds = sw/8;
% Increment Spanwise %
slope_u = 0.1;
% Slope dy/dx = 4/40 using median principle
%
slope_l = - slope_u;
% Slope of symmetric opp. line
%% GRID COORDINATES
i = 0;
j = 0;
coordinate = zeros(63,4);
panel = zeros(48,5);
for t = 0:ds:sw;
i = i+1;
% Lower Boundary %
xl(i,:) = slope_u*t;
xu(i,:) = slope_l*t + 19;
%#ok<*SAGROW> % Upper Boundary %
dx(i,:) = (xu(i,1) - xl(i,1))/6; % Increment %
xl_1(i,:) = xl(i,1) - dx(i,1);
xu_1(i,:) = xu(i,1) - dx(i,1);
for q = xl_1(i,1):dx(i,1):xu_1(i,1);
j = j+1;
n(j,:) = j;
y(j,:) = t;
x_1(j,:) = q + dx(i,1);
% Node Number %
coordinate(j,1) = n(j,1);
coordinate(j,2) = x_1(j,1);
% Chordwise Coordinate %
coordinate(j,3) = y(j,1);
% Spanwise Coordinate %
end
end
h = 0;
%% PANELS
for PB = 1:1:48;
if(PB==7)
h = 7;
end
if (PB==13)
h = 14;
end
if(PB==19)
h = 21;
end
if(PB==25)
h = 28;
end
if(PB==31)
h = 35;

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end
if(PB==37)
h = 42;
end
if(PB==43)
h = 49;
end
if (PB~=7||PB~=13||PB~=19||PB~=25||PB~=31||PB~=37||PB~=43)
h = h+1;
end
panel(PB,1) = PB;
% Panel Number %
panel(PB,2) = h;
% Coordinate 1 %
panel(PB,3) = h + 1;
% Coordinate 2 %
panel(PB,4) = h + 7;
% Coordinate 3 %
panel(PB,5) = h + 8;
% Coordinate 4 %
end
%% CELL CENTRES OF PANELS
i_1 = 0;
j_1 = 0;
cordinate_c = zeros(48,4);
for t1 = ds/2:ds:sw-ds/2;
i_1 = i_1 + 1;
xl_c(i_1,:) = slope_u*t1;
% Upper Boundary %
xu_c(i_1,:) = slope_l*t1 + 19;
% Lower Boundary %
dx_c(i_1,:) = (xu_c(i_1,1) - xl_c(i_1,1))/6;
% Increment %
xl1_c(i_1,:) = xl_c(i_1,1) - dx_c(i_1,1) + dx_c(i_1,1)/2;
xu1_c(i_1,:) = xu_c(i_1,1) - dx_c(i_1,1) - dx_c(i_1,1)/2;
for q_c = xl1_c(i_1,1):dx_c(i_1,1):xu1_c(i_1,1);
j_1 = j_1+1;
n_c(j_1,:)=j_1;
y_c(j_1,:) = t1;
x_1_c(j_1,:) = q_c + dx_c(i_1,1)/2;
cordinate_c(j_1,1) = n_c(j_1,1);
% Node Number %
cordinate_c(j_1,2) = x_1_c(j_1,1);
% Chordwise Coordinate %
cordinate_c(j_1,3) = y_c(j_1,1);
% Spanwise
Coordinate %
diff_c(j_1,1) = 6*dx_c(i_1,1);
end
end
%% DOWNWASH POSITION
PO = zeros(PB,3);
N = size(PO,1);
PO(:,1) = cordinate_c(:,2)+(3/8)*(coordinate(panel(:,3),2) - coordinate(panel(:,2),2)
+ ...
coordinate(panel(:,5),2) - coordinate(panel(:,4),2));
PO(:,2) = coordinate(panel(:,2),3) + (coordinate(panel(:,4),3)-coordinate(panel(:,2),
3))/2;
PO(:,3) = 0;
%% DOUBLET - START OF WING
PS = zeros(PB,3);
PS(:,1) = coordinate(panel(:,2),2)+(1/4)*(coordinate(panel(:,3),2) - coordinate(panel
(:,2),2));
PS(:,2) = coordinate(panel(:,2),3);
PS(:,3) = 0;

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%% DOUBLET - TIP OF WING
PE = zeros(PB,3);
PE(:,1) = coordinate(panel(:,4),2) + ((coordinate(panel(:,5),2) - ...
coordinate(panel(:,4),2))/4);
PE(:,2) = coordinate(panel(:,4),3);
PE(:,3) = 0;
%% DOUBLET - HALF SPAN OF WING
PM = zeros(PB,3);
PM(:,1) = (PS(:,1) + PE(:,1))/2;
PM(:,2) = (PS(:,2) + PE(:,2))/2;
PM(:,3) = (PS(:,3) + PE(:,3))/2;
%% DEFINING SPAN AND CHORD OF EACH PANEL
Z_1 = zeros(48,1);
SP = (0.5*(coordinate(panel(:,4),3) - coordinate(panel(:,2),3)))';
CP = ((abs((coordinate(panel(:,2),2) - coordinate(panel(:,3),2))) + ...
abs((coordinate(panel(:,4),2) - coordinate(panel(:,5),2))))/2)';
%% DLM NORMALWASH MATRIX - UNNSTEADY CASE
%% ROOT DOUBLET LOCATION
x01 = bsxfun(@minus,PO(:,1),PS(:,1)');
y01 = bsxfun(@minus,PO(:,2),PS(:,2)');
z01 = repmat(Z_1',48,1);
%% SEMI-SPAN DOUBLET LOCATION
x02 = bsxfun(@minus ,PO(:,1),PM(:,1)');
y02 = bsxfun(@minus ,PO(:,2),PM(:,2)');
z02 = repmat(Z_1',48,1);
%% TIP OF DOUBLET LOCATION
x03 = bsxfun(@minus,PO(:,1),PE(:,1)');
y03 = bsxfun(@minus,PO(:,2),PE(:,2)');
z03 = repmat(Z_1',48,1);
cosGamma = ones(48,48);
sinGamma = zeros(48,48);
%% KAPPA
Ki_w = getKappa(x01,y01,z01,cosGamma,sinGamma,k,M);
Ki_0 = getKappa(x01,y01,z01,cosGamma,sinGamma,0,M);
Ki = Ki_w - Ki_0;
Km_w = getKappa(x02,y02,z02,cosGamma,sinGamma,k,M);
Km_0 = getKappa(x02,y02,z02,cosGamma,sinGamma,0,M);
Km = Km_w - Km_0;
K0_w = getKappa(x03,y03,z03,cosGamma,sinGamma,k,M);
K0_0 = getKappa(x03,y03,z03,cosGamma,sinGamma,0,M);
K0 = K0_w - K0_0;
%% PARABOLIC APPROXIMATION
e1 = (repmat(SP,N,1));
A = (Ki-2*Km+K0)./(2*e1.^2);
B = (K0-Ki)./(2*e1);
C = Km;
n0 = y02.*cosGamma;
zeta0 = z02.*cosGamma;
r2 = sqrt((n0.^2) + (zeta0.^2));
%% NORMALWASH MATRIX FACTOR "I"
I = (A.*(2*e1)) + ((0.5*B+n0.*A).*log((r2.^2 - 2*n0.*e1 + e1.^2)./(r2.^2 + 2*n0.*e1 +
e1.^2)))...
+(((n0.^2 - zeta0.^2).*A+n0.*B + C)./abs(zeta0).*atan(2*e1.*abs(zeta0)./(r2.^2 -

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e1.^2)));
ind = find(zeta0==0);
I2 = ((A.*(2*e1)) + ((0.5*B+n0.*A).*log(((n0-e1)./(n0+e1)).^2))...
+((n0.^2).*A+n0.*B + C).*((2*e1)./(n0.^2 - e1.^2)));
I(ind) = I2(ind);
D = repmat(CP,N,1).*I/(pi*8);
%% VLM NORMALWASH MATRIX - QUASI - STEADY STATE
beta = sqrt(1-(M^2));
%% AIC MATRIX
AIC = inv(D);
wbar=ones(48,1);
%% PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
P = AIC\wbar;
% delP / Q %
P_R = real(P);
P_I = imag(P);
P_ABS = abs(P);
P_PR = vec2mat(P_R,8);
P_PI = vec2mat(P_I,8);
figure(num)
subplot(2,2,1)
scatter(y,x_1);
xlabel('Span');
ylabel('Chord');
title('Grid points');
subplot(2,2,2)
meshz(P_PR);
xlabel('Span Divisions');
ylabel('Chord Divisions');
zlabel('P(R)');
title('Pressure - Real Part');
subplot(2,2,3)
meshz(P_PI);
xlabel('Span Divisions');
ylabel('Chord Divisions');
zlabel('P(I)');
title('Pressure - IMG Part');
Lift = 0;
MO = 0;
for i = 1:48
Li(i,:) = P(i)*2*SP(i)*CP(i);
% Non dimensional Lift - Lift / Q %
Lift = Lift + Li(i,:);
MO = MO + Lift*0.4*CP(i);
end
L_D = vec2mat(abs(Li),8);
subplot(2,2,4)
meshz(L_D);
xlabel('Span Divisions');
ylabel('Chord Divisions');
zlabel('abs(L)');
title('Lift - Absolute');
S = 0.5*((coordinate(7,2)-coordinate(1,2)) + (coordinate(63,2)-coordinate(57,2)))*sw;
% Surface Area %
cavg = 0.5*((coordinate(7,2) - coordinate(1,2)) + (coordinate(63,2) - coordinate

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(57,2)));
% Avg. Chord Length %
CL = Lift/(beta*S);
CM = MO/(beta*S*cavg);
disp(M);
disp(k);
display(num);
display(Lift);
display(MO);
display(CL);
display(CM);
end

% Non dimensional Coefficent of Lift %

% Non dimensional Coefficient of Moment %