Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
(2012) Daily bursts of biogenic cyanogen bromide (BrCN) control biolm formation around a
marine benthic diatom. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109,
24122417
11. Rajamani, S. et al. (2008) The vitamin riboavin and its
derivative lumichrome activate the LasR bacterial quorum-sensing receptor. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 21,
11841192
12. Seyedsayamdost, M.R. et al. (2014) Hybrid biosynthesis of
roseobacticides from algal and bacterial precursor molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 1515015153
13. Wang, H. et al. (2014) A dual-species co-cultivation system
to study the interactions between roseobacters and dinoagellates. Front. Microbiol. 5, 311
14. Decelle, J. et al. (2012) An original mode of symbiosis in
open ocean plankton. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109,
1800018005
15. Hom, E.F.Y. and Murray, A.W. (2014) Niche engineering
demonstrates a latent capacity for fungalalgal mutualism.
Science 345, 9498
16. Scherlach, K. et al. (2012) Symbiotic cooperation in the
biosynthesis of a phytotoxin. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
51, 96159618
17. Kiers, E.T. et al. (2010) Mutualisms in a changing world: an
evolutionary perspective. Ecol. Lett. 13, 14591474
18. Grube, M. et al. (2015) Exploring functional contexts of
symbiotic sustain within lichen-associated bacteria by comparative omics. ISME J. 9, 412424
19. Zenobi, R. (2013) Single-cell metabolomics: analytical and
biological perspectives. Science 342, 1243259
Spotlight
The Origins of
Tropical Rainforest
Hyperdiversity
R. Toby Pennington,1,*
Mark Hughes,1 and
Peter W. Moonlight1
The forests of Amazonia contain 16 000 Figure 1. The Mahogany Family (Meliaceae). (A) Fruit of Cedrela weberbaurei Harms, a deciduous species
species of trees alone [1]. This remarkable restricted to seasonally dry forest in the Peruvian Andes (photo: R.T. Pennington). Koenen et al. [3] suggest that
deciduousness and seasonal or montane biomes are ancestral for mahoganies. (B) Flowers of Trichilia
diversity immediately struck the rst biolo- tomentosa Kunth (photo C.E. Hughes). Trichilia shows a signicant recent increase in diversication rate that
gists to explore tropical rainforests, but in occurred after its evolutionary entry into the rainforest biome [3].
693
694
Concluding Remarks
Ultimately, reliable fossil data for mahoganies would be needed to conrm species
turnover through the Cenozoic, but the
fossil record for Meliaceae and other tropical plant families is fragmentary. However,
the now convincing evidence for the youth
of many neotropical rainforest plant
6. Wang, W. et al. (2012) Menispermaceae and the diversication of tropical rainforests near the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. New Phytol. 195, 470478
7. Rabosky, D.L. (2014) Automatic detection of key innovations, rate shifts, and diversity-dependence on phylogenetic trees. PLoS ONE 9, e89543
8. Richardson, J.E. et al. (2001) Rapid diversication of a
species-rich genus of Neotropical rain forest trees. Science
293, 22422245
9. Harris, D.J. et al. (2000) Rapid radiation in Aframomum
(Zingiberaceae): evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA
Spotlight
Does Microbial
Diversity Confound
General Predictions?
Marie Duhamel1,* and
Kabir G. Peay1,*,@
Microbes show more geographic
diversity than previously expected,
a serious challenge for ecological
prediction. However, a recent
study shows that microbial communities from a global grassland
plot network responded consistently to nutrient addition. These
results highlight the risks of nutrient deposition, but also hope for
generalized
understanding
of
microbial communities.
The explosion of DNA sequencing power
has nally enabled microbiologists to
begin the large task of mapping the diversity of microbial life across the planet.
While the high local diversity of microbes
has long been appreciated, recent largescale sequencing studies have revealed
much greater degrees of regional variation
than previously expected, even in similar
ecosystems [14]. For example, Talbot
et al. [1] found that there were almost
no species of fungi shared between similar
forest types in eastern and western North
America. The explanations for this variation are of course complex, and likely
involve barriers to dispersal, spatial variation in climate, environment, and resources, as well as competition with other
microorganisms. While understanding
the ecological and evolutionary factors
that generate this diversity is fascinating,
high complexity systems have always
been challenging for ecological prediction
and raise the specter that each regional
community may have its own unique
rules. As a result, the incredible regional
diversity of microbes raises concerns that
it will be impossible to develop general
theories and predictions about microbial
communities.
Making such predictions is critical in the
global change era. Microbial metabolic
activity and biomass turnover drive the
biogeochemical cycles that support
human agriculture and natural ecosystems [5]. In the last century, human activities have increased global phosphorus
mobilization by fourfold [6] and have doubled the amount of the annual nitrogen
xation in terrestrial ecosystems [7]. As
soil microorganisms are involved in critical
steps of N and P cycles, the anthropogenic addition of these nutrients in the last
decades is likely to impact the soil microbiome. However, individual studies in different parts of the world have shown
varying degrees of responsiveness of
microbial communities to anthropogenic
stressors [8,9]. In addition, most studies
tend to look at a single taxonomic component of the microbiome, either Bacteria,
Fungi, or Archaea. These groups have
both overlapping and unique functions in
the soil. For example, both bacteria and
fungi are involved in plant nutritional symbioses, but bacterial symbionts obtain N
through xation of atmospheric nitrogen,
while fungi scavenge nitrogen and phosphorous from organic and inorganic sources in the soil. All groups have free-living
taxa involved with organic matter decomposition, but often with different specializations. For example, anaerobic cellulose
decomposition is primarily carried out by
bacteria, while fungi are the primary
agents of lignin decomposition. Similar
695