CE3610 Environmental

Engineering:
Week 3
YEAR 3 SEMESTER 2
2015

SHIROMI KARUNARATNE
EMAIL-SHIROMI.K@SLIIT.LK
MOBILE- 0776368620
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Unit 3-DW
1

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Also
refer-http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/watertreatmentplant/flash/index.html

Sedimentation
Removal of suspended particles whether such particles already exist
in water or are produced by the action of coagulation-flocculation.
Principle: Solid liquid separation by gravitational force Applications
in Water Treatment:
Settling of coagulated and flocculated waters prior to filtration
Settling of treated waters in an iron and manganese removal plant
Applications in Wastewater Treatment:
Grit removal
Suspended solids removal in primary clarifier
Biological flocs removal in activated sludge

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Sedimentation tank
Elements of sedimentation tank: Four zones namely inlet
zone, settling zone, sludge zone, and outlet zone.

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Sedimentation tank
Proper inlet and outlet design is important to achieve the best
efficiency Inlet structures are designed to uniformly distribute the
influent suspension across the cross section of the settling zone.

Inlet zone:
Should dissipate influent energy
Distribute the flow
Minimize sludge blanket disturbance

Outlet zone:
Outlet zone should be placed as far from the inlet as possible
At the outlet water should not be rushed to avoid scouring
(washing out of the flocs)
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Sedimentation Tank
Settling Zone:
Where the actual settling takes of
particles
takes place.
Settling characteristics of the suspended
matter
Surface loading (over flow rate)
Width/length ratio or diameter
Detention time
Sludge zone: A storage space for sludge
need to be provided
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Sedimentation Tank
Sedimentation Tank To better design the sedimentation tank, Vs
> Vo
Vo = overflow rate = surface loading rate=
(Volume/Time)/(Surface area) = Depth/Time

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Ideal Sedimentation

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Determination of VS
Determination of particle-settling velocity (Vs) is different for different
types of particles. Settling properties are categorized into one of
three classes:
Type I Sedimentation: settling of grit, sand, gravel
Type II Sedimentation: settling of chemically coagulated waters
Type III or Zone Sedimentation: settling of highly concentrated
particles (> 1000 mg/L)
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Type I Sedimentation
Discrete settling
Settle as individual particles
Examples are sand, gavel or other particles settling
Easily described by analysing the settling velocity

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Determination of Vs for Type I

Vs particle settling velocity (m/s)
By equating gravitational, buoyancy, and drag forces the Vs (the
terminal velocity of particle) can be determined.

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Example
The town of San Jose has an existing horizontal
flow sedimentation tank with and overflow rate of
17 m3/d m2 and it wishes to remove particles that
have settling velocities of 0.1 mm/s, 0.2 mm/s, and
1 mm/s. What percentage of removal should be
expected for each particle in an ideal
sedimentation tank?

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Upflow solids-contact Sedimentation Tank

Coagulation, flocculation and

sedimentation in a single unit.

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Retention Time
Retention time (age of water or detention time) is
defined as the average time water spends in the tank.
t = V/Q

1.Using your knowledge of required retention times,

calculate the size of the tank required for rapid mixing,
flocculation basin and sedimentation tank for a water flow
of 2.5 m3/s.
2.Water is flowing with velocity of 0.5 m/s in a pipeline
having uniform cross sectional area and length of 100km,
calculate the water retention time in the pipeline?
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Dissolved Air Flotation

Flotation is a unit operation in which solids are made to
float to the surface by applying air
On account of the solids adhering to the rising air
bubbles, they are separated out from the water.
Dissolved Air Flotation
Alternative to sedimentation
Higher energy need

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Dissolved Air Flotation

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Filtration
Settling does not remove all flocs further treatment is

required
Filtration provides the additional opportunity for separation of
small flocs or particles

Types of Filtration
Granular media filters
Slow sand filters
Rapid sand filters
High rate filters

Membrane filters

Microfiltration membrane
Ultrafiltration membrane
Nano filtration membrane

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Filtration

Slow Sand Filter

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Membrane Filter
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Typical multimedia filter

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Filtration Mechanisms

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Filter Operation

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Sand Filters

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Disinfection
To inactivate pathogens so that they are not
infectious to humans and animals
Achieved by altering or destroying structures or
functions of essential components within the
pathogens

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Detection of pathogen presence

Difficult to enumerate one by one
Mostly from faecal origin
Need to select some indicators which are easy to
count and monitor
Most widely used test involves measurement of
coliform group
Coliforms outnumber the pathogens
They inhabit the intestinal tract of people, but are also
found in most domestic animals and birds, as well as in
certain wild species.
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Microbial quality measurement

What we are interested in is how many are there in a given
volume.
Measured as number of microbes per mL or per 100 mL or per
40L depending on the necessity!!!
More specifically we are interested in what it would do?
When considering the health impacts, we are concerned
about pathogenic organisms
Pathogens could be discharged by an infected person or by a
person simply carrying the disease without showing symptoms
(See Table 3-12 of Metcalf and Eddy)
Measuring pathogens is difficult
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Types of disinfectants
Chlorine
Chloramine
Ozone
Chlorine dioxide
Ultraviolet radiation
Advance oxidation process. (Photocatalytic oxidation etc.

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Disinfection kinetics
Disinfection
kinetics in a
given water is
given by

CT = (concentration, mg/L) x time

(h or min)
CT is defined for a percentage of
kill or log reduction.
Usually, water
authorities
work on CT
requirement.

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% inactivation & log removal

After 99% inactivation, 100,000 -> 1000
This is equivalent to 2 log removal

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CT values for Giardia (which is difficult to

kill)

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Other disinfectants (CT values for 99.99%

Giardia cyst inactivation

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Lecture 3: Practice Questions

Q1: You have two different suspended particles with settling
velocities of 0.1 and 0.2 mm/s. The particles are present at 60:40
ratio. What will be the removal efficiency for an overflow rate of 17
m/d.
For particle with removal efficiency of 0.1 mm/s
For particle with removal efficiency of 0.2 mm/s
All particles
Q2. Why should coliforms and E.coli be monitored?

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Lecture 3: Practice Questions

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Lecture 3: Practice Questions

Q6) Equilibrium molar concentrations of OCl- and HOCl as a function
of pH are given in the chart of lecture notes. Two samples were
taken from a distribution system where chlorination is practiced.
Distribution system samples pH was 7.5. One portion of the sample
was adjusted to pH of 8.5.
Calculate the comparative disinfection ability.
Which one has the higher disinfection ability, higher pH or
lower pH?
Q7) Answer the following questions regarding disinfection of
microorganisms.
If you have 105 organisms per mL and if you achieve 3 log
removal, how many organisms will remain in water?
If the CT requirement is 85 mg/L.min, what do you
understand by this? If 2 mg/L chlorine is dosed how long do you have
to wait to achieve CT of 184 mg/L. min?
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