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= g
SG =
Pressure Variation
Kinematic Viscosity
v=
H 2O @ 4 C
p = h + p o
p = RT
Hydrostatic
Force
on
a
Plane
Surface
FR = hc A
y = yc +
Ixx
Ay c
x = xc +
Ixy
Ay c
Bernoulli
Equation
Mass
Flow
Rate
Volume
Flow
Rate
Average
Velocity
p V2
+
+ z = const
2g
=
m
V d A
A
Q=
V d A
A
V=
V d A
A
Reynolds
Transport
Theorem
DBSYS
= d + Vd A
Dt
t CV
CS
Continuity
Equation
0=
d + Vd A
t CV
CS
Linear
Momentum
Equations
in
Cartesians
Coordinates
F x= FSx + FBx =
ud + uVd A
t CV
CS
F y= FSy + FBy =
vd + vVd A
t CV
CS
F z= FSz + FBz =
wd + wVd A
t CV
CS
Linear
Momentum
Equation
for
a
Control
Volume
moving
with
constant
velocity
FS + FB =
where:
V CV =
control
volume
velocity,
V xyz =
relative
velocity
with
respect
to
the
CV
and
V =
absolute
velocity.
The
relative
velocity
V xyz is
the
fluid
velocity
seen
by
an
observer
moving
with
the
control
volume.
The
control
volume
velocity,
V CV ,
is
the
velocity
of
the
control
volume
as
seen
from
a
fixed
coordinated
system
Linear
Momentum
Equations
for
C.V
with
Rectilinear
Acceleration
d =
d =
d =
FSx + FBx
refx
CV
FSy + FBy
refy
CV
FSz + FBz
refz
CV
(r g)d + T
r FS +
CV
shaft
r V d + r VVd A
t CV
CS
p V
p1 V1
+
+ z1 + H p = 2 + 2 + z2 + H t + H L
2g
2g
Power
generated
by
the
turbine
T =m
gH T T
W
where T : efficiency
where P : efficiency
V
V
V V
DV
=u
+v
+w
+
a=
x
y
z t
Dt
Differential
Continuity
Equation
u v w
+
+
+
=0
x
y
z
t
Differential
Momentum
Equations
for
a
Newtonian
Fluid:
Navier-Stokes
Equations
Dimensional
Analysis
Determination
of
Pi
Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Similitude:
to
achieve
similarity
between
model
and
prototype
it
is
required
complete
geometric,
kinematic,
and
dynamic
similarity.
In
addition,
all
the
corresponding
Pi
terms
must
be
equal
between
model
and
prototype.
l V 2
H loss = f
Darcy
Weisbach
equation
D 2g
for
laminar
flow,
f = (Re)
H loss = K i
V2
where
K i
->
loss
coefficient
2g
H lossm
Le V 2
= f
D 2g
Re =
VD
External
Flow
Boundary
Layer
flow
over
a
flat
plate
Laminar flow
5.48
=
;
x
Re x
0.730
Re x
Cf =
y y 2
u
= 2 )
U
0.382
=
;
x Re x1 5
Cf =
0.0594
15
Re x
17
u y
= )
U
w
1
U 2
2
Drag Coefficient
CD =
FD
1
V 2 A
2
dA
PS
1
V 2 A
2
Pure Friction Drag: Flow over a flat plate parallel to the flow
Laminar
flow:
CD =
Turbulent
flow:
1.33
;
Re L
CD =
0.0742
(valid for 5 10 5 < Re L < 10 7 )
15
Re L
CD =
0.455
(logRe L ) 2.58
For
a
Boundary
layer
that
is
initially
laminar
and
undergoes
transition
at
some
point
on
the
plate
CD =
CD =
0.0742 1740
(valid for 5 10 5 < Re L < 10 7 )
15
Re L
Re L
0.455
1610
Geometric
Properties
of
some
common
shapes
Table
A.10
Properties
of
Air
at
Atmospheric
Pressure
(SI
Units)