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DIPLOMA IN NURSING
FORMATIVE ASSESMENT PHARMACOLOGY PDNHS 2153
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NAME
FATIN SYAZWANI BT ABDUL RAHIM
IMAN ATHIKA BT LAILI
NORSHUHADAH ATIKAH BT KAMARUL AZMAN
NUR HAIDATUL AKMA BT NOR AZMAN
NURHAYATI BT MD SHAH
NURILLA SYAFIERA BT REDUAN
MATRIX NUMBER
NG07140016
NG07140019
NG07140049
NG07140073
NG07140095
NG07140099
CONTENT
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CONTENT
Picomss vision and mission
Appreciation
Objective learning
Introduction
Opioids
Type of opioids
Non-opioids
Type of non-opioids
NSAIDs
Type of NSAIDs
Nursing responsibilities
References
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PICOMSS VISSION
Turning dreams into reality, our vision is to be the nations top provider of health and medical
sciences with academic excellence and holistic patient care graduates by the year 2020
PICOMSS MISSION
We strive to be fully committed and to maintain high academic standards in producing quality
graduates with excellent knowledge, skills and attitudes in all aspects of health services
APPRECIATION
Assalamualaikum. First of all, I am bless to Allah for give us this opportunity to complete this
assignment. I would like to thank Pn Rumiza our pharmacologys lecturer for gave us a
precious knowledge and helped us through ups and downs. Next, I would like to thank our
parents for support us in many way such as finance, transport and all the other stuff to
complete this project. Furthermore, thank you to each members in this group for did their
own roles and task that been given to them, all the cooperation from each members to
complete this project. I am thankful because this project taught us how to be a responsible
and reliable student nurse.
OBJECTIVE LEARNING
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Identify trade name and generic name for every analgesic drugs
State the indication and contraindication of each analgesic drugs
List the side effect for taking analgesic drugs
Apply the skills of giving analgesic drugs
INTRODUCTION
An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia,
relief from pain. Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous
systems. Analgesic are medications designed to relieve the symptoms of pain. There are
number of different groups of analgesic including:
OPIOIDS
Opioids are substances that act on the nervous system in a similar way to opiates such as
morphine and codeine. In a medical context the term usually indicates medications that are
artificially made rather than extracted from opium. Opioids are primarily used in medicine for
the treatment of pain. Opioids (narcotic) analgesic are derived from or related to the opium.
They bind to opioid receptors which present in many regions of the nervous systems and are
involved in pain signalling and control. There are four groups of opioids receptor including
delta, kappa, mu, and sigma. Opioids analgesic relieve pain by acting directly on the central
nervous system. Opioids are unique in that they not only block the incoming nociceptive
signals to the brain but also act at higher brain centers controlling the affective components of
the pain. Opioids analgesic are more effective than NSAIDs in providing pain relief. Opioids
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are much stronger and are used when pain signals are too severe to be controlled by nonnarcotic analgesic. The opioids reduce pain working on special pain receptors in the nervous
system primarily located in the brain and spinal cord. The opioids decrease the brains
awareness of the pain.
TYPES OF OPIOIDS
Generic name
Trade name
Indication
MORPHINE
Astramorph, Duramorph
Severe pain, pulmonary oedema, pain
Contraindication
associated with MI
Severe renal, pulmonary disease, high
Action
intracranial pressure
Response to painful stimuli while producing
Dosage
Side effect
EPIDURAL: 5mg
Confusion, dizziness, bradycardia, nausea
and constipation
Generic name
Trade name
Indication
TRAMADOL
Ralivia, Ryzoh, Ultram
Patient who required around the clock pain
Contraindication
management
Hypersensitivity, acute or severe bronchial
asthma, patient who are physically
Action
Dosage
Side effect
Generic name
Trade name
Indication
Contraindication
METHADONE
Dolophine, metadol, methadose
Severe pain
Hypersensitivity, hypokalaemia, history of
Action
Dosage
arrhythmia
Decrease in severity of pain
PO: 20-30mg
Side effect
NON OPIOIDS
Simple non-opioids analgesic are the most common form of analgesic and the most common
drug in this group is paracetamol. Non-opioids (non-narcotic) include acetaminophen the
most commonly used over the counter analgesic effective for mild to moderate headache and
pain of musculoskeletal origin. Non-opioids analgesic have principally analgesic, antipyretic
and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-opioids act primarily in peripheral tissues to inhibit the
formation of pain producing substances such as prostaglandins. They do not bind to opioids
receptors and are not classified under the controlled substances. They are milder forms of the
painkiller. The non-opioids work more directly on injured body tissues whereas the nonopioids affect some of the chemical changes that normally take place wherever body tissues
are injured or damaged. These chemical changes at the site of the injury typically result in
inflammation and increased pain sensitivity.
Generic name
Trade name
Indication
Contraindication
KETOROLAC
Sprix, toradol
Short term management of pain
Hypersensitivity, active of peptic ulcer, third
Action
trimester pregnancy
Producing peripherally mediated analgesia,
Dosage
Side effect
decreased pain
PO: 20mg
Stroke, MI, stevens-johnson syndrome
Generic name
Trade name
Indication
DICLOFENAC
Cambia, voltaren, pennsaid
Management of inflammatory disorder,
osteoarthritis, relief of mild to moderate
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Contraindication
pain
Hypersensitivity, active GI bleeding,
Action
Dosage
eczema
Suppression of pain and inflammation
PO: 100mg
Side effect
Generic name
Trade name
Indication
ETODOLAC
Iodine, iodine XL
Mild to moderate pain, osteoarthritis,
Contraindication
rheumatoid arthritis
Hypersensitivity, active GI bleeding, second
Action
Dosage
Side effect
half of pregnancy
Decreased severity of pain
PO: 200-400mg
Depression, dizziness, insomnia,
hypertension, dysuria, anaemia
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anti-inflammatory
agents/analgesics
(NSAIAs)
or
nonsteroidal
anti-
inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs) are a class of drugs that provides analgesic (anti killing)
and antipyretic (fever reducing) effects and in higher doses used for anti-inflammatory
effects. NSAIDs are usually used for the treatment of acute or chronic conditions where pain
and inflammation are present. NSAIDs provide effective relief of many types of acute and
persistent pain especially associated with inflammation. Prescribed alone, these agents can
relieve slight to moderate pain. Alternatively, for moderate to severe pain, they can be used in
combination with opioids to enhance pain relief.
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TYPES OF NSAIDs
Generic name
Trade name
Indication
IBUPROFEN
Genpril, caldolor
Moderate pain, fever, osteoarthritis,
Contraindication
dysmenorrhea
Active GI bleeding, ulcer disease, preoperative coronary artery bypass graft
Action
(CABG)
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, decreased
Dosage
Side effect
Adults 400-800mg
Dizziness, tinnitus, constipation, cystitis,
renal failure, prolonged bleeding time
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Generic name
Trade name
Indication
DICLOFENACT
Voltaren, voltaren gel, flector
Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,
Contraindication
Action
Dosage
Side effect
Generic name
Trade name
Indication
Contraindication
MEFENAMIC ACID
Postan
Dysmenorrhea, metrorhagias
Pregnancy, kidney problem, GIT
Action
Dosage
Side effect
pain
PO: 250-500mg
Diarrhoea, dyspepsia, heartburn, dizziness,
anaemia, conjunctivitis, flatulence
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
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REFERENCES
www.emedexpert.com/compare/opioids.shtml
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www.arthritisresearchuk.org/arthriris-information/drugs/painkillers/simple-non-opioidanalgesics.aspx
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug
http://en.m.wikipidea.org/wiki/Opioid
Vallerand sanoski with deglin, Thirteenth edition, Davids drug guide for nurses, F.A
davis
Edisi kedua, Kamus jururawat, Oxford fajar
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