ME6402 - MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY II

UNITIII SHAPER, MILLING AND GEAR CUTTING MACHINES

Part B Questions With Answers
1. Compare Up Milling and Down Milling?
UP AND DOWN MILLING
Based on the directions of movement of the milling cutter and the feeding direction of the work piece, there are
two possible types of milling:

Sl.
UP MILLING (CONVENTIONAL MILLING)
No.
1
Chip width starts from zero and increases.
More heat to diffuse into the work piece and
2
produces work hardening
2
Faster tool wear and decreases tool life
Chips are carried upward by the tooth and fall in front
3
of cutter creating a marred finish and recutting of
chips
Upwards forces created in horizontal milling tend to
4
lift the workpiece, more intricate and expansive
work holdings are needed to lessen the lift created
2. What is Tap? How taps areare Classified?

DOWN MILLING (CLIMB MILLING)

Chip width starts from maximum and decreases.
Heat generated will more likely transfer to the chip
Tool rub less and increases tool life
Chips are removed behind the cutter which reduces the
chance of re-cutting
Downwards forces in horizontal milling is created that
helps hold the workpiece down, less complex work
holdings are need when coupled with these forces

Taps tools are used to create SCREW THREADS, which are called THREADING. Threading is the process of
creating a screw thread.
A tap is used to cut or form the female portion of the mating pair (e.g., a nut). A die is used to cut or form the male
portion of the mating pair (e.g., a bolt). The process of cutting or forming threads using a tap is called tapping,
whereas the process using a die is called threading.
Classification of Taps:
1. Solid Hand Taps & Dies

2. Machine Taps
3. Shell tap

Those made of one piece of tool material for performing through machines.
Taps with a central hole fitting an arbor or driver. Driving means may be a
cross slot or keyway on the back of the tap or keyway in the arbor hole.

Those made of one piece of tool material

4. Sectional Tap
5. Expansion tap

6. Inserted chaser tap

7. Collapsible taps

Those in which a relatively short tap nib is attached to a reusable shank.

Those whose size may be changed by deflecting or bending segments of tap
body.
Those in which two or more thread cutting members are mechanically held in
position in a driving body.
Those which have inserted chasers or blades that are mechanically held
within a body are the desired cutting diameter. When required thread depth is
reached, the chasers or blades are retracted within the body by a tripping
means so that the collapsed tap can be withdrawn from the threaded hole by
axial movement.

3. Illustrate the Hydraulic Quick Return Mechanism in shaper and also explain its functioning.

This high pressure oil goes to the cylinder through the four-way valve. (Only on Cylinder Area (lower
Velocity))
The oil allowed from the pump to the right side of the piston which forces the piston to move the ram towards
Left. It is called as forward or cutting stroke.
Now, the lever position is changed.
Due to the presence of Trip dog or limit switch, switches the circuit in to the second way.
Due to this, the supply pipe supplies the oil on the right side of the piston which moves the ram towards left called
as return stroke or non-cutting stroke.
In this stroke the high pressure oil covers on lesser area on the cylinder. (Cylinder Area minus Connecting Rod
Area)
Due to this, the pressure force will increase.(Higher Velocity)
Hence, this return stroke is faster by supplying the same quantity of oil.

The below figure indicates the working of 5/3 Direction Control Valve.

4. Describe the gear Hobbing process with neat sketches

Gear Hob

Process of Gear Hobbing

Construction of Gear Hobbing Process:

The arms of hob are set at an inclination equal to the helix angle of the hob with the vertical axis of the blank.

Working Principle of Gear Hobbing:

Gear hobbing is done by using a multipoint cutting tool called gear hob.
It looks like a worm gear having a number of straight flutes all around its periphery parallel to its axis.
In gear hobbing operation, the hob is rotated at a suitable rpm and simultaneously fed to the gear blank.
The gear blank is also kept as revolving.
Rpm of both, gear blank and gear hob are so synchronized that for each revolution of gear hob the gear blank
rotates by a distance equal to one pitch distance of the gear to be cut.
Motion of both gear blank and hob are maintained continuously and steady.
A gear hob is shown in Figure and the process of gear hobbing is illustrated in Figure.
The hob teeth behave like screw threads, having a definite helix angle.
During operation the hob is tilted to helix angle so that its cutting edges remain square with the gear blank.

Process Parameters:

Three important parameters to be controlled in the process of gear hobbing are indexing movement, feed rate and
angle between the axis of gear blank and gear hobbing tool (gear hob).
If a helical gear is to be cut, the hob axis is set at an inclination equal to the sum of the helix angle of the hob and
the helix angle of the helical gear.
Proper gear arrangement is used to maintain rpm ratio of gear blank and hob.

Advantages of Gear Hobbing Process:

Gear hobbing is used for making a wide variety of gears like spur gear, helical, hearing-bone, splines and gear
sprockets, etc
Gear hobbing is a fast and continuous process so it is realized as economical process as compared to other gear
generation processes.
Lower production cycle time, i.e. faster production rate.
The process has a larger variabilitys in the following of sense as compared to other gear machining processes.
Several gear blanks, mounted on the same arbor, can be processed simultaneously.
Lots of time is available to dissipate the generated heat. There is no overheating of cutting tool.

Limitations of Gear Hobbing Process:

Limitation of the process of gear hobbing is manufacturing of internal gears is not possible.
Surface finish obtained by Gear Hobbing process is lesser than Gear Shaping process.
5. Write the applications of shapers
I.
Machining flat surfaces in different planes. (a) horizontal, (b) vertical and (c) inclined planes

II.
III.

Making features like slots, steps etc.(a) slot, (b) pocket (c) T-slot and (d) Vee-block
Forming grooves bounded by short width curved surfaces (a) oil grooves and (b) straight tooth of spur gears

IV.

V.

Some other machining applicationsof shaping machines are cutting external keyway and splines, smooth slitting
or parting, cutting teeth of rack for repair etc.

Some unusual work can also be done, if needed, by developing and using special attachments.
6. Describe the working principle of column and knee type milling machine with a neat sketch.

(i) Horizontal

(ii) Vertical

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF MILLING MACHINE:

The work piece is holding on the worktable of the machine.

The table movement controls the feed of work piece against the rotating cutter.
The cutter is mounted on a spindle or arbor and revolves at high speed.
Except for rotation the cutter has no other motion.
As the work piece advances, the cutter teeth remove the metal from the surface of work piece and the desired
shape is produced.

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A MILLING MACHINE:

Generally columns and knee type milling machine is considered as typical milling machine. Principal parts of a typical
milling machine are described as below.
Base
It provides rest for all parts of milling machine including column. It is made of grey iron by casting.
Column
It is a type of rigid vertical long box. It houses driving mechanism of spindle, table knee is also fixed to the guide
ways of column.
Knee

Knee can be adjusted at a height on the column. It houses the feed mechanism of the table and other controls.
Saddle
Saddle is placed at the top of the knee. Saddle provides guide ways for the movement of the table.
Table
Table rests on the saddle. It consists of T shaped slots for clamping the workpiece. Movements of the table (feed
motions) are given in very controlled manner be lead screw.
Overhanging Arm
Overhanging arm is mounted on the column and serves a bearing support for the arbor. This arm is adjustable so that
the bearing support may be provided near to the milling cutter. There can be more than one bearing supports to the
arbor.
Arbor
It holds rotating milling cutters rigidly and mounted on the spindle. Sometimes arbor is supported at maximum
distance from support of overhanging arm like a cantilever, it is called stub arbor. Locking provisions are provided in
the arbor assembly to ensure its reliability.
Front Brace
Front base is used to adjust the relative position of knee and overhanging arm. It is also an extra support fixed between
the knee and overhanging arm for rigidity.
Spindle
Spindle is projected from the column face and provided with a tapered hole to accommodate the arbor. Performance of
a milling machine depends on the accuracy, strength and rigidity of the spindle. Spindle also transfer the motive power
to arbor through belt or gear from column.
Work Holding Devices of Milling Machine:

7. Explain the gear shaping process with sketches.

Gear teeth generation by gear shaping (a) external and

(b) internal spur gear

Working Principle of GEAR Shaping Process:

This process uses a pinion shaped cutter carrying clearance on the tooth face and sides and a hole at its centre for
mounting it on a stub arbor or spindle of the machine.
The cutter is mounted by keeping its axis in vertical position.
It is also made reciprocating along the vertical axis up and down with adjustable and pre decided amplitude.
The cutter and the gear blank both are set to rotate at very low rpm about their respective axis.
The relative rpm of both (cutter and blank) can be fixed to any of the available value with the help of a gear train.
This way all the cutting teeth of cutter come is action one-by-one giving sufficient time for their cooling and
incorporating a longer tool life.

Process Parameters:
Cutting Speed

The downward movement of the cutter is the cutting stroke and its speed (linear) with which it comes down is
the cutting speed.

After the completion of cutting stroke, cutter comes back to its top position which is called return stroke.

There is no cutting in the return stroke.

Indexing Motion

Slow rotations of the gear cutter and workpiece provide the circular feed to the operation.

These two rpms are adjusted with the help of a change gear mechanism. The rpm are relatively adjusted such
that each rotation of the cutter the gear blank revolves through n/N revolution.

where n = Number of teeth of cutter, and

N = Number of teeth to be cut on the blank.
Depth of Cut

The required depth is maintained gradually by cutting the teeth into two or three pass.

In each successive pass, the depth of cut is increased as compared to its previous path.

This gradual increase in depth of cut takes place by increasing the value of linear feed in return stroke.

Advantages of Gear Shaping Process:

(a) Shorter product cycle time and suitable for making medium and large sized gears in mass production.

(b) Different types of gears can be made except worm and worm wheels.
(c) Close tolerance in gear cutting can be maintained.
(d) Accuracy and repeatability of gear tooth profile can be maintained comfortably.
Limitations of Gear Shaping Process:
(a) It cannot be used to make worm and work wheel which is a particular type of gear.
(b) There is no cutting in the return stroke of the gear cutter, so there is a need to make return stroke faster than the
cutting stroke.
(c) In case of cutting of helical gears, a specially designed guide containing a particular helix and helix angle,
corresponding to the teeth to be made, is always needed on urgent basis.
8. What are the advantages of gear hobbing process?
I.
Gear hobbing is a fast and continuous process so it is realized as economical process as compared to other
gear generation processes.
II.
Lower production cycle time, i.e. faster production rate.
III.
Capable to make wide variety of gears like spur gear, helical gears, worms, splines, sprockets, etc.
IV.
Process of required indexing (named so) is quite simplified and capable to make any number of teeth with
consistent accuracy of module.
V.
A special type of gear named herringbone gear cam be generated by gear hobbing exclusively.
VI.
Wide variety of batch size (small to large volume) can be accommodated by this process.
VII.
Several gear blanks, mounted on the same arbor, can be processed simultaneously.
VIII.
Hob is multipoint cutting tool having multi cutting teeth or edges at a time few number of cutting edges work
so lots of time is available to dissipate the generated heat.
IX.
There is no overheating of cutting tool or workpiece.
9. What is 'deep hole drilling'? List the measures that are taken to avoid drill run off and to drill straight holes.
The name Deep-hole drilling implies the machiningof holes with a relatively long hole depth to its diameter.
(L/D Ratio)
Typically, at the lower length-to-diameterratios they can be as short as x5 the diameter, converselyat the other end
of the scale, ratios of > x100the diameter can be successfully generated, with closetolerances and a surface
texture approaching 0.1 m.

Measures that are taken to avoid Drill Run-Off:

If the drill lips are of unequal length after sharpening, or if they become dull unequally, the drill will begin to run
off the center of the hole.
Holes are drilled with low rates of feed; the drill is carefully sharpened so that both lips are inclined at the same
angle; excess wear of the drill or adherence of chips to the lips is avoided: and proper and ample cutting fluid is
provided.

The hole is first spotted with a short starting twist drill of large diameter and with a point angle of 90. This is
especially beneficial in drilling holes with small diameter drills in turret lathe automatics.
Twist Drills should be guided by a jig bushing in drilling holes with a comparatively low length to diameter ratio.
It is better drill deep holes with workpiece rotation, instead of drill rotation.

Applications of Deep Hole Drilling:

1. Aircraft Landing Gear, 2. Oil Field Exploration, 3. Hydraulic Cylinder inside Bore, 4. Fuel Rails for Diesel Engines
10. Explain the indexing mechanism of a dividing head on milling machine.

Indexing is the operation of dividing the periphery of

a workpiece into any number of equal parts.

For example if we want to make a hexagonal bolt.

Head of the bolt is given hexagonal shape.

We do indexing to divide circular workpiece into six

equal parts and then all the six parts are milled to an identical
flat surface.

If we want to cut n number of teeth in a gear blank.

The circumference of gear blank is divided into n

number of equal parts and teeth are made by milling
operation one by one.

The main component used in indexing operation is

universal dividing head

Construction of Universal Dividing Head:

It is most popular and common type of indexing arrangement.

As indicated by its name universal, it can be used to do all types of indexing on a milling machine.
Universal dividing head can set the workpiece in vertical, horizontal, or in inclined position relative to the
worktable in addition to working principle is explained.
The worm gear has 40 teeth and the worm has simple thread.
Crank is directly attached with the worm.
If we revolve crank by 40 revolutions the spindle attached with worm gear will revolve by only one revolution and
one complete turn of the crank will revolve the spindle only by 1/40th revolution (turn).
In order to turn the crank precisely a fraction of a revolution, an indexing plate is used.
An indexing plate is like a circular disc having concentric rings of different number of equally spaced holes.
Normally indexing plate is kept stationary by a lock pin.
A spring loaded pin is fixed to the crank which can be fixed into any hole of indexing plate.
The turning movement of the workpiece is stably controlled by the movement of crank as explained below.

There are different indexing methods in popularity. These are:

(a) Direct indexing
(b) Simple indexing
(c) Compound indexing
(d) Differential indexing
11.
Write short note on reaming operation.

Reamer is a multi-tooth cutter, which rotates and

moves linearly into an already existing hole.

The previous operation could have been drilling or preferably boring.

Reaming will provide smooth surfaces as well as close tolerance on the diameter of the hole.
A reamer is more like a form tool, since the cylindrical shape and size of the reamer is reproduced in the hole.
In reaming very less amount of material is removed.

The Principles of Reaming:

"Reaming", refers to the widening of an inner diameter machined by drilling, etc., to a hole dimension set by the
cutting lip section, and further performing a burnishing (polishing) action while grinding the margin of the work
surface.

Advantages of Reaming:

The main advantage of reaming is the high tolerance of the resulting hole and smooth internal surfaces. The
process is applied to cylindrical holes.
Good Dimension accuracy with prescribed Tolerances

Disadvantages of Reaming:

Only applicable smaller diameter holes.

Easily replaced by Boring Operation.
By Honing we can get even more surface finish and Dimensional Accuracy.

Applications of Reaming:
Press fit holes, slip fits, holes where minimal play is required, etc
12. Why is gear finishing required? Discuss the various types of gear finishing operations.
Need for Gear Finishing:

Surface of gear teeth produced by any of the generating process is not accurate and of good quality (smooth).
Dimensional inaccuracies and rough surface generated so become the source of lot of noise, excessive wear, play
and backlash between the pair of gears in mesh.
These all result in loss of power to be transmitted and incorrect velocity ratios.
This can be summarized as inefficient power transmission.

GEAR SHAVING:

Gear shaving is a process of finishing of gear tooth by running it at very

high rpm in mesh with a gear shaving tool.

Tool is of a type of rack or pinion having hardened teeth provided with

serrations.

These serrations serve as cutting edges which do a scrapping operation on

the mating faces of gear to be finished.

Both are gears in mesh are pressed to make proper mating contact.

GEAR ROLLING OR BURNISHING:

The gear to be finished is mounted on a vertical

reciprocating shaft and it is kept in mesh with three hardened burnishing compatible gears.
The burnishing gears are fed into the cut gear and revalued few revaluations in both the directions.
Plastic deformation of irregularities in cold state takes place to give smooth surface of the gear.

GEAR GRINDING:

In this operation abrasive grinding wheel of a particular shape and geometry

are used for finishing of gear teeth.

Gear to be finished is mounted and reciprocated under the grinding wheel.

Each of the gear teeth is subjected to grinding operations this way.

LAPPING OF A GEAR:

The process of lapping is used to improve surface finish of already made teeth.

13.

In this process the gear to be lapped is run under load in mesh with cast iron toothed laps.
Abrasive paste is introduced between the teeth.
It is mixed with oil and made to flow through the teeth.
One of the mating members (either gear or lapping tool) is reciprocated axially along with the revaluations.
State the difference between horizontal and vertical spindle column and knee type milling machines (use simple
sketches).

(i) Horizontal

Sl.No.
1

Horizontal Mill
Horizontal milling machines have a spindle or cutters
mounted on a horizontal arbor above an X-Y table.

Horizontal mills are optimal for machining heavier

pieces because the cutters have support from the arbor,
2
as well as a bigger cross-section area than a vertical
mill.
3
Ram is not present
Milling Head is located on column of a Milling
4
machine.
5
Arbor is used as a Tool Holding Device
14. List out the various milling operations. Explain any Five.

(ii) Vertical

Vertical Mill
Vertical milling machines have a spindle that
moves in a vertical orientation over the table,
working on the top and bottom sides of the object
being machined.
These machines tend to be taller than they are wide
since their operation is vertical, which works well
when dealing with die sinking.
Ram present for Vertical movement of the cutter.
Milling head is located on Knee of a milling
machine.
Shank is used as a Toll holding device.

Milling operations described earlier were based on major categorization of milling. These were differentiated on the
basis of relative position of milling cutter and work piece. Their detailed description is given below. Following
different operations can be performed on a milling machine:
(a) Plain (Slab) milling operation
In this milling operation the cutter width extends beyond the workpiece on both sides.
(b) Face milling operation
(c) Side milling operation
The cutter is used for milling of sides of a workpiece.
(d) Straddle milling operation
It is just like side milling with difference that cutting (milling operation) takes place simultaneously on both the sides
of workpiece.
(e) Angular milling operation
(f) Gang milling operation
Gang milling is the term applied to an operation in which two or more milling cutters are mounted on the same arbor
and used when cutting horizontal surfaces. All cutters may perform the same type of operation or each cutter may

perform a different type of operation.

(g) Form milling operation
(h) Profile milling operation
(i) End milling operation
(j) Saw milling operation
(k) Slot milling operation
It is also a type of milling operation, also called as slot milling operation. In this case width of the cutter is less than
the width of workpiece. It is used to make slot in the workpiece. Thin slots can be made by using very thin milling
cutters. The workpiece can be cut into two pieces by making a very thin slot throughout the depth of workpiece.
Cutting the workpiece this way be slot milling is called saw milling.
(l) Gear cutting operation
(m) Helical milling operation
(n) Cam milling operation
(o) Thread milling operation

15. With a neat sketch, explain the working of a vertical boring machine.

Double Column Vertical Boring Machine

16.

A vertical boring mill is used for large, heavy work parts with diameters up to 12 m.
The typical boring mill can position and feed several cutting tools simultaneously.
The work part is mounted on a rotating worktable.
Theworkrotatesonahorizontaltableaboutaverticalaxisandthetoolisstationaryexceptforfeed.
Machine may look like a vertical lathe.
Larger diameter and heavy work pieces can be setup more quickly than in lathe.
Multiple tooling may be adapted with its turret type tool post, increasing the rate of production.
Sketch the drive mechanism of a shaping machine having crank and slotted lever type of quick return. Explain
briefly how the ram is made to reciprocate.

CRANK AND SLOTTED LINK MECHANISM

A bull gear is driven at a uniform angular velocity by a pinion which gets drive from a pulley fitted outside

the column.

A radial slide is fitted to the centre of the bull gear.

There is a sliding block in the slide, whose position is adjusted (to obtain different stroke lengths) by turning

the stroke adjusting screw using bevel gear.

A crank pin is carried by the sliding block and the pin rotates with uniform angular velocity about the centre

of the bull gear.

Rocker arm sliding block is attached to the crank pin and is free to rotate about the pin.

The rocker arm sliding block can slide along the slot in the rocker arm (slotted link), one end of which is

pivoted to the bottom of the machine frame.

The other end is forked and connected to the ram block via a pin which can slide in the forked end.

As the bull gear rotates, the crank pin and the rocker arm sliding block rotate in a circle about the bull gear

centre.

The rocker arm block will have, in addition to rotation, a sliding motion (up and down motion) inside the slot.

This will give rocking motion (oscillatory motion) to the rocker arm which causes reciprocation to the ram.

Thus the rotary motion of the bull gear is converted to reciprocating motion of the ram.

17. Explain how the stroke length of the ram is altered.

18.

&
Explain how the ends of stroke of the ram are positioned relative to the work piece.
Positioning the rocker arm depends upon the width of the work or diameter of the work of Reciprocating machines
is in position Q C1 M the ram is in the extreme end of the backward stroke and when in position Q C 2N, it is in the
extreme end of the forward stroke.
Q C1M and Q C2, N are the tangent to the crank pin circle.
O is the centre of the bull gear. During the cutting stroke the crank OC rotates through an angle C1 C C2 = a,
which is greater than 180 and during the return stroke, through an angle (360 - a).

Since the crank rotates at constant angular speed we may write the ratio, Cutting time / Return time = a/(360-a)It
is seen from the figure that > 360 >. Therefore, the aboveratio is greater than 1.
Usually it varies between 2: 1 and 3:2.
The speed is minimum at the beginning and at the end of a stroke and is maximum in the middle of the stroke.
Depending on the distance between the crank pin and the centre of bull gear, circles of different diameters (paths
of crank pin) are obtained. The rocker arm in its extreme position becomes tangent to the circle.
We find that a smaller circular path gives a smaller oscillation (shorter stroke) and a larger circular path gives a
greater oscillation (longer stroke).
19. Sketch a twist drill and indicate on it the helix angle, the point angle the chisel edge angle, and other names and
parameters.

Drill - A drill consists of a shank, neck, body, and point. In some sizes, necking is omitted.
Body - The body is the portion of the drill extending from the shank or neck to the outer corners of the cutting lips.
Shank - The shank is the portion of the drill by which it is held in a chuck and driven.
Neck - The neck is the diametrically undercut portion between the drill body and shank.
Tang - The tang is the flattened end of the shank, intended to fit into a driving slot in the drill holder or socket. Tangs
are most common on taper shanks.
Point - The point is the cutting end of a drill, made up of the ends of the lands and the web forming the lips. In form it
resembles a cone, but it departs from a true cone in order to furnish clearance on the cutting edges.
Overall Length - On straight shank drills the length from the end of the full diameter of the shank end to the outer
corners of the cutting lips is called overall length. On taper shank drills the length from the extreme end of the shank
end to the outer corners of the cutting lips is called the overall length.
Flute Length - The flute length is the length from the outer corners of the cutting lips to the extreme back end of the
flutes. This is often referred to as the length of twist. It includes the sweep of the tool used to generate the flutes, and
therefore, does not indicate the usable length of flutes.
Flutes - The helical or straight grooves cut or formed in the body of the drill to provide cutting edges, to permit
removal of chips, and to allow cutting fluid to reach the drills cutting edges are called flutes.

Land - The land is the portion of the periphery of the drill body not cut away by the flutes.
Margin - The margin is the portion of the land which is not cut away to provide clearance. The margin forms the full
diameter of the drill.
Body Diameter Clearance - The portion of the land that has been cut away so it will not rub against the walls of the
hole is designated as body diameter clearance. It is sometimes called land clearance. Its purpose is to reduce friction.
Its length is approximately equal to flute length minus the sweep of the tool used to form flutes.
Clearance Diameter - Clearance diameter is the diameter over the cut-away portion of the drill land.
Web - The central portion of the drill body that joins the lands is called the web.
Web Thickness - The minimum thickness of the web at the point after fabrication is called the web thickness. Web
thickness may vary along the length of the flute in accordance with the manufacturers practice.
Web Thinning - The operation of reducing the web thickness at the point to reduce drilling thrust is called web
thinning.
Chisel Edge - The edge that is formed at the end of the web that connects the cutting edges is called the chisel edge.
Lips - The cutting edges of the drill extending from the chisel edge to the periphery are called the lips.
Helix Angle - The helix angle is the angle of the leading edge of the land with the axis of the drill. The helix angle is
identical with the rake angle of the cutting edges at the periphery of the drill. A straight flute drill would have a zero
degree helix angle.
Rake Angle (in relation to work) The rake angle is the angle between the leading edge of the land and the axis at
the drill point.
Point Angle - The angle included between the lips projected upon a plane parallel to the drill axis and parallel to the
two cutting lips is known as the point angle.
Lip Relief Angle - This is the angle measured between a tangent on the surface back of the cutting edge at the
periphery and a plane at right angles to the axis of the drill.
Chisel Edge Angle (Center Angle) - The angle included between the chisel edge and the cutting edge as seen from
the end of the drill is called the chisel edge angle.
Back Taper (Longitudinal Relief) - Drills are usually made slightly smaller in diameter at the shank end than at the
point. This is known as back taper.
Axis - The axis is the longitudinal center line projected through the drill body.
20. With a help of a neat sketch, describe the major parts of a radial drilling machine.
Radial drilling machine

Radial drilling machine consists of a vertical column with an arrangement to raise or lower and to revolve the

arm.

This arrangement helps to accommodate jobs of different heights and to have the radial arm swung around to

any position above the machine bed.

A drill head mechanism is mounted on the radial arm.

This mechanism can be moved horizontally on the guide ways and clamped at any desired position along the

arm.

In the drill head mechanism, provision is available to rotate and feed the drill into the job.

Thus the three possible movements are: (a) Swing of the radial arm, (b) Raising or lowering of the arm, (c)

Positioning of drill head mechanism combined together to allow the drill to be fixed at any desired position.

The major components of the radial drilling machine are shown in the Figure.
a. Base b. Column c. Radial arm d. Drill head e. Spindle speed and. feed mechanism

Construction: it consists of a large heavy base with a stationary worktable. A heavy cylindrical column is mounted
over it. It support a heavy large radial arm which can be raised, lowered or swung around its axis to any position and
clamps automatically in that position. It receives power from a motor, which is mounted over it.
It can slide vertically over the elevating screw. A drill head contains the sleeve and spindle unit. A gearbox is housed
inside the drill head to obtain required feed and speed. These receive power from another motor, which is mounted
over the head. The head can be moved horizontally over the arm on the guide ways and clamped at any desired
position. A hand wheel helps in giving a manual or automatic down feed for drill. The operative switches are fixed
over the head.
Operation: after locating the hole positions, the work piece is mounted on the worktable using suitable fixtures.
Suitable drill and coolant are selected. The drill is fitted into the spindle. The tool head is brought over the work piece
by swinging and moving the arm in the necessary up, down, left, or right directions. The necessary feed and speed are
given. The machine is started and drilling may then be performed as usual.
Advantages:
1. The universal movements of the tool head permit the drill tool located at any desired position over the stationary
work piece.
2. Possible to work on odd shaped jobs and to drill larger diameter holes.
3. Accurate precision drilling is possible.