Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
France
Thorn Europhane SA
156 Boulevard Haussmann,
Cedex 08, Paris 75379, France
Tel:
(33) 1 49 53 6262
Fax:
(33) 1 49 53 6240
Website: www.thornlighting.fr
Hong Kong
Thorn Lighting (Hong Kong) Limited
Unit 4301, Level 43, Tower 1,
Metroplaza,223 Hing Fong Road,
Kwai Chung, N.T., Hong Kong
Tel:
(852) 2578 4303
Fax:
(852) 2887 0247
E-mail:
info.hk@thornlighting.com
Ireland
Thorn Lighting (Ireland) Limited
320 Harolds Cross Road,
Dublin 6W, Ireland
Tel:
(353) 1 4922 877
Fax:
(353) 1 4922 724
E-mail:
dublinsales@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.co.uk
Italy
Thorn Europhane Spa
Via G Di Vittorio, 2, Cadriano di Granarolo,
Bologna 40057, Italy
Tel:
(39) 051 763391
Fax:
(39) 051 763088
E-mail:
info@thornlighting.it
Website: www.thornlighting.it
New Zealand
Thorn Lighting (NZ) Ltd
399 Rosebank Road, P O Box 71134,
Rosebank, Auckland 7, New Zealand
Tel:
(64) 9 828 7155
Fax:
(64) 9 828 7591
E-mail:
info.NZ@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.co.nz
Norway
Thorn Lighting AS
Strmsveien 344, 1081 Oslo,
Norway
Tel:
(47) 22 82 07 00
Fax:
(47) 22 82 07 01
E-mail:
info.no@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.no
Poland
Thorn Lighting Polska Sp.z.o.o.,
Ul. Gazowa 26A, Wrocaw 50-513,
Poland
Tel:
(48) 71 7833 740
Fax:
(48) 71 3366 029
E-mail:
thorn.pl@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.pl
Russia
Thorn Lighting
Novoslobodskaya Str., 21, office 406
Business Center Novoslobodskaya 21,
Moscow 127030, Russia
Tel:
(7) 495 981 35 41
Fax:
(7) 495 981 35 42
E-mail:
anna.kisteneva@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.ru
Singapore
Thorn Lighting (Singapore) Pte Ltd
5 Kaki Bukit Crescent, 04-02 Koyotech
Building, 416238 Singapore
Tel:
(65) 6844 5800
Fax:
(65) 6745 7707
E-mail:
info.sg@thornlighting.com
Sweden
Thorn Lighting AB
Industrigatan, Box 305, SE-261 23
Landskrona, Sweden
Tel:
(46) 418 520 00
Fax:
(46) 418 265 74
E-mail:
info.se@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.se
United Arab Emirates
Thorn Lighting Ltd Dubai
Al Shoala Building, Office 301,
Block E, Airport road, P.O. Box 1200,
Deira, Dubai, UAE
Tel:
(971) 4 2940181
Fax:
(971) 4 2948838
E-mail:
tlluae@emirates.net.ae
Website: www.thornlighting.com
Thorn Gulf LLC
Al Shoala Building, Office 301/2, Block E,
Airport road, P.O. Box 22672, Deira,
Dubai, UAE
Tel:
(971) 4 2948938
Fax:
(971) 4 2948838
E-mail:
thorng@emirates.net.ae
Website: www.thornlighting.com
United Kingdom
Thorn Lighting Limited
Silver Screens, Elstree Way, Borehamwood,
Hertfordshire, WD6 1FE, UK
Tel:
(44) 20 8732 9800
Fax:
(44) 20 8732 9801
E-mail:
brochures.uk@thornlighting.com
Thorn Olympics Sports Lighting Team
Tel:
07796 303176
E-mail:
olympicsteamuk@thornlighting.com
International Sales
Thorn Lighting Limited
Silver Screens, Elstree Way, Borehamwood,
Hertfordshire, WD6 1FE, UK
Tel:
(44) 20 8732 1915
Fax:
(44) 20 8732 1911
E-mail:
international_sales@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.com
www.thornlighting.com
Thorn Lighting is constantly developing and improving its products. All descriptions, illustrations, drawings and specifications in this publication present only
general particulars and shall not form part of any contract. The right is reserved to change specifications without prior notification or public announcement.
All goods supplied by the company are supplied subject to the companys General Conditions of Sale, a copy of which is available on request.
All measurements are in millimetres and weights in kilograms unless otherwise stated.
Publication No: 434 (INT) Publication Date: 06/08
Technical Handbook
Technical Handbook
Denmark
Thorn Lighting A/S
Albuen 44, 6000 Kolding, Denmark
Tel:
(45) 7696 3600
Fax:
(45) 7696 3601
E-mail:
info.dk@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.dk
India
Thorn Lighting India Pvt. Ltd
RH-2 Nirav CHS, 636A, 90 Ft. D.P. Road,
Near Thakur Polytechnic
400 101 Mumbai, India
Tel:
(91) 22285 41056
Fax:
(91) 22285 1120
E-mail:
international_sales@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.com
Glossary
Editor
Peter Thorns BSc(Hons) CEng MCIBSE MSLL
Contributors
Patricia El-Baamrani; Lou Bedocs; Karl Flax; Stefan Hauer;
Pat Holley; Hugh King; Jan-Erik Jerleke; Iain Macrae;
Robin Ostlin; Paul Stranks
This is the fifth edition of the Technical Handbook
Copyright Thorn Lighting. All rights reserved. No part of
this publication may be reproduced in any form, without
prior permission in writing from Thorn Lighting, except for the
quotation of brief passages in reviews. While Thorn has made
every effort to credit the copyright owners for the illustrations
and photographs used herein, there may be omissions, for
which the company apologises.
Picture credits:
Danny Maddocks; Chris Gascoigne; Mike Gee;
Richard Seymour and Alan Turner
Spill Light
Stray light from a luminaire that incidentally illuminates nearby
objects or surfaces within the public environment. Can be a
cause of light trespass.
Spine
See batten
Track
A linear bus bar system providing one to three main circuits or
a low voltage supply to which display lighting (spotlights) can
be connected and disconnected at will along the length of the
system.
Transformer
Transformers reduce the line voltage (for instance 230V) to
the lower voltage required for operating low-voltage halogen
lamps. This will generally be 12V.
Trunking
Trunking usually provides mechanical fixings for the luminaires
as well as electrical connection.
Uniformity
The ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance
over the specified area.
Visual performance
The ability to perceive detail and carry out the visual tasks.
Visual comfort
Our feeling of ease or well being within the visual field.
Visual satisfaction
The qualitative impression of a lit space.
Glossary
| 251
Contents
1
Introduction
7
7
7
8
Controlling Light
3.1 Reflection
3.2 Transmission
3.3 Refraction
9
9
10
10
11
13
21
24
29
30
33
34
35
39
39
42
48
55
62
69
78
86
94
105
109
Specific Techniques
6.1 Indoor lighting controls (ILC)
6.2 Lighting for display screen equipment
6.3 Light for learning
6.4 Emergency lighting
6.5 Low mount road lighting
6.6 Road tunnel lighting
125
125
131
133
137
145
149
Contents
|3
152
162
167
171
174
177
Checklists
7.1 Life cycle analysis
7.2 Economics
7.3 Lighting energy numeric indicator (LENI)
181
181
183
185
191
191
193
193
196
197
198
199
200
200
204
206
219
219
223
225
226
227
229
233
233
235
237
240
10 Tools
10.1 Tools
243
243
11 Glossary
246
4|
1 Introduction
Light is life, without light we could not live.
Our human physiology is based upon light and
the complex structure of our earth relies upon
light to function. And as we have progressed
technologically we have taken this further,
turning the dark into light, from using fire to
the electric light. Electric lighting is the basis for
our modern society, turning darkness into light
in windowless or deep-plan offices, in our city
streets at night, in numerous leisure and amenity
facilities. Our society exists as it does because
of light. Our patterns of work and leisure are
made possible through our ability to control our
environment and supply light on demand.
As we have developed the technology of lighting we have
also developed our understanding of how to use light. Through
standards we lay down limits for safety and adequacy, through
guides we direct lighting toward established good practice,
show how to transcend the adequate. We have learnt how to
give light meaning, transforming spaces by giving them a lit
atmosphere, applying light to give beauty to a scene.
But the use of light is constantly challenging us. It is no longer
enough to ensure good task visibility, or a comfortable
environment. It is not even enough to produce an environment
that gives a sense of well-being. We need to do all these,
but also in a way that minimises harm to the environment.
Therefore stricter rules are being applied to product design, use
and disposal. We have to minimise the carbon footprint of a
product or an installation and maximise sustainability. Therefore,
all aspects of design, whether for a luminaire or lighting
installation, is a balance of factors, a balance of performance,
efficiency and comfort (PEC).
Fig. 1.1 A
menity lighting creating a pleasant
balanced scene
Introduction
|5
6 | Introduction
Vision
80%
Other
senses
20%
380 400
WAVELENGHT (nanometers)
500
600
700
760
VISIBLE LIGHT
GAMMA
X
RAYS
RAYS
ULTRA
VOILET
INFRA
RED
RADIO
Photopic
vision (day)
100%
400
500
600
700
800
Scotopic vision
(dark adapted
eye)
Photopic
vision (day)
100%
400
500
600
700
800
|7
3 Controlling Light
When we light an object, be it a space such as
a room or a sports field, or part of a luminaire
such as a louvre or diffuser, we do not see the
light that falls onto a surface or object. What
we actually see is the effect of light upon the
object. Different materials affect light in different
ways, for example paper reflects light differently
to polished metal and the lit effect is different
again for glass. To understand how a surface or
object will look we need a basic understanding
of reflection, transmission and refraction, the
principal ways materials react to light.
3.1 Reflection
As mentioned above paper reflects light differently to polished
metal. This is because paper exhibits what we term matt or
diffuse reflection whilst polished metal exhibits what we term
specular reflection. With diffuse reflection the light reflected from
a surface is scattered equally in all directions.
Controlling light
|9
3.2 Transmission
Certain materials have the ability to transmit and diffuse light.
When light falls on a translucent (light transmitting) material
some light will be reflected in a specular manner, and some
light will pass through the material. For a clear material, such
as clear glass, the light will pass through with a minimum of
scattering. However for materials such as opal plastic the light
is scattered or diffused, therefore spreading the brightness of the
light ray over a larger area. (See Fig.3.4)
3.3 Refraction
10 | Controlling light
| 11
Emin
GRL
Lm
Ra
SR
TI
Uo
Em
UGRL
Ra
100
150
150
28
25
25
40
40
40
200
100
300
200
500
500
22
22
22
25
19
16
80
80
80
80
80
90
200
500
25
19
60
80
100
300
25
25
60
60
20
150
150
22
22
40
60
60
200
50
200
200
25
25
25
80
40
80
80
300
500
22
22
80
80
50
200
300
300
28
28
25
25
20
40
80
80
50
300
300
750
750
1000
1500
28
25
25
19
16
16
16
20
80
80
80
80
90
90
| 13
Em
UGRL
Ra
50
150
300
500
500
500
1000
750
300
300
28
25
19
22
22
16
19
25
25
20
40
80
80
80
80
90
80
80
80
300
500
750
300
300
25
22
19
25
25
80
80
80
80
80
300
500
750
1000
1500
25
22
19
16
16
80
80
80
80
80
200
200
200
200
200
300
25
25
25
25
25
25
80
80
80
80
80
80
500
25
80
300
500
500
500
1000
25
22
22
19
16
80
80
80
80
90
50
100
200
200
200
200
200
200
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
20
40
80
80
80
80
80
80
Em
UGRL
Ra
300
300
500
25
25
22
80
80
80
500
19
90
1500
1000
1500
500
16
16
16
19
90
90
80
80
300
300
300
750
25
25
25
19
80
80
80
80
200
300
500
500
500
1000
1000
500
500
25
25
22
22
22
19
16
22
22
40
80
80
90
80
80
90
80
80
200
300
300
300
500
750
300
200
300
750
25
25
25
22
19
19
25
26
22
19
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
200
300
500
750
300
750
750
25
25
22
19
25
25
25
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
200
300
500
25
25
22
80
80
80
| 15
Em
UGRL
Ra
50
100
200
200
500
20
28
25
25
16
-
20
40
80
60
80
20
500
19
80
500
1000
1500
2000
19
19
16
16
80
80
90
80
50
150
200
50
200
300
300
500
50
28
25
25
25
22
22
-
20
40
80
20
20
40
80
80
20
200
25
60
300
22
80
500
500
750
750
500
100
500
1000
1000
1500
500
22
22
22
22
22
28
25
19
16
19
22
80
80
80
90
80
60
80
80
90
90
80
500
750
1000
1000
1000
22
22
19
19
19
80
80
90
80
80
50
150
300
300
28
28
25
25
40
40
60
80
Em
UGRL
Ra
750
22
80
Work on wood working machines e.g. turning, fluting, dressing, rebating, grooving, cutting,
sawing, sinking
500
19
80
750
750
22
22
90
90
1000
19
90
Offices
Offices
Filing, copying, etc.
Writing, typing, reading, data processing
Technical drawing
CAD work stations
Conference and meeting rooms
Reception desk
Archives
300
500
750
500
500
300
200
19
19
16
19
19
22
25
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
Retail premises
Retail premises
Sales area
Till area
Wrapper table
300
500
500
22
19
19
80
80
80
100
200
200
300
22
25
22
22
80
80
80
80
300
500
200
300
500
100
22
22
22
22
19
25
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
300
22
80
300
22
80
200
500
500
19
19
19
80
80
80
300
75
75
75
300
25
25
25
19
20
20
20
20
80
| 17
Em
UGRL
Ra
300
300
300
19
19
19
80
80
80
300
500
500
500
500
500
750
750
500
500
500
300
300
300
500
200
100
150
200
300
200
500
100
300
200
500
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
22
22
25
25
22
19
19
19
25
22
22
22
80
80
80
80
80
80
90
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
500
750
200
200
50
200
22
22
22
22
22
22
80
80
80
80
80
80
500
300
19
19
80
80
100
300
300
1000
5
200
19
19
19
19
22
80
80
80
90
80
80
Em
UGRL
Ra
500
1000
19
19
90
90
300
1000
500
750
300
1000
19
16
22
19
-
80
90
90
80
80
90
300
50
19
19
80
80
300
1000
19
19
80
80
500
500
300
500
300
300
19
19
19
19
19
19
80
90
80
80
80
80
500
1000
19
19
90
90
100
300
1000
20
200
500
1000
5000
5000
19
19
19
19
25
19
-
90
90
90
90
80
90
90
90
90
500
1000
300
300
300
19
19
22
22
22
80
90
80
80
80
500
5000
19
-
90
90
| 19
Em
UGRL
Ra
300
22
80
200
150
500
500
200
200
300
500
500
500
22
22
19
19
22
25
19
16
22
22
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
50
200
300
200
28
28
19
22
40
40
80
80
Em
20
0.25
50
10
20
0.40
50
20
50
20
20
0.40
0.40
45
50
20
30
50
50
200
20
40
40
40
60
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.40
0.50
55
50
50
50
45
50
20
50
20
20
20
0.25
0.40
55
50
Airports
Hanger apron
Terminal apron
Loading areas
Fuel depot
Aircraft maintenance stands
Building sites
General lighting at building sites
Clearance, excavation and loading
Drain pipes mounting, transport, auxiliary and storage tasks
Ra
Uo
GRL
100
40
0.40
45
200
40
0.50
45
10
10
20
20
50
50
50
50
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.40
0.40
0.40
50
50
55
55
55
50
50
45
Farms
Farm yard
Equipment shed (open)
Animals sorting pen
20
50
50
20
20
20
0.10
0.20
0.20
55
55
45
5
20
50
150
20
20
20
20
0.25
0.40
0.40
0.40
50
45
45
45
0.40
45
150
20
500
80
20
20
0.25
55
50
20
0.40
50
Continuous handling of large units and raw materials, loading and unloading of
freight, lifting and descending location for cranes, open loading platforms
Reading of addresses, covered loading platforms, use of tools, ordinary
reinforcement and casting tasks in concrete plants
100
20
0.50
45
200
60
0.50
45
| 21
Em
Ra
Uo
GRL
300
500
20
50
100
300
200
40
40
20
20
40
40
40
0.50
0.50
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.50
0.50
40
40
45
50
45
40
45
200
300
100
100
300
100
200
30
100
20
40
40
20
40
20
20
20
20
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.50
0.25
0.40
0.25
0.40
45
45
45
45
40
50
50
50
45
20
0.25
55
10
20
0.25
50
20
20
0.25
50
100
40
0.40
45
200
100
60
20
0.50
0.40
45
45
5
20
50
100
100
200
20
20
20
40
40
60
0.25
0.25
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.50
50
55
50
45
45
45
Railway areas
Open platforms - small stations, rural and local trains
Open platforms - medium size stations, suburban and regional trains
Open platforms - large stations, inter-city services
Covered platforms - medium size stations, suburban and regional trains
Covered platforms - large stations, inter-city services
Stairs - small and medium size stations
Stairs - large stations
Walkways
15
20
50
50
100
50
100
20
20
20
20
40
40
40
40
20
0.25
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.40
0.50
0.40
50
45
45
45
45
45
45
50
20
20
0.25
55
50
20
0.40
50
Em
Ra
Uo
GRL
10
20
20
50
100
30
10
10
100
30
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
40
20
20
20
40
20
20
40
20
0.25
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.40
0.25
0.40
0.40
50
50
50
45
45
50
50
45
40
45
50
50
45
Saw mills
Timber handling on land and in water, sawdust and chip conveyors
Sorting of timber on land or in water, timber unloading points and sawn timber
loading points, mechanical lifting to timber conveyor
Reading of addresses and marking of sawn timber
Grading and packaging
Feeding into stripping and chopping machines
20
20
0.25
55
50
20
0.40
50
100
200
300
40
40
40
0.40
0.50
0.50
45
45
45
20
50
100
200
20
20
20
60
60
40
0.25
0.25
0.40
0.50
0.25
55
50
45
45
55
50
20
0.40
45
100
40
0.40
45
200
60
0.50
45
| 23
4.3 Sports
This table contains lighting recommendations for a variety of
sports. Lighting requirements may differ according to the level
of competition of a sport, and therefore requirements are shown
for different lighting classes. There are three lighting classes:
Class I
Class II
Class III Low level competition that will generally involve small
amounts
Level of competition
Lighting Class
I
II
III
International or national
Regional
Local
Training
Recreational/education
Type of area, task or activity
Class
3
Em
Ra
Uo
200
200/Ev 750
20
60
0.50
0.5/0.8
Class I
Class II
Class III
500
300
200
60
60
20
0.70
0.60
0.50
Class I
Class II
Class III
500
200
100
60
60
20
0.70
0.50
0.50
Class I
Class II
Class III
750
500
300
60
60
20
0.70
0.70
0.70
Aerobics (recreational)
Archery (lane/target)
Athletics (indoor)
GRL
Badminton
50
55
55
Class
Em
Ra
Uo
Class I
Class II
Class III
750
500
200
60
60
20
0.70
0.70
0.50
Class I
Class II
Class III
500
200
75
60
60
20
0.70
0.60
0.50
Class I
Class II
Class III
750
500
500
80
80
80
0.80
0.80
0.80
Class I
300
60
0.70
Class II
200
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
GRL
Basketball
50
50
55
Billiards
Boccia (indoor)
Boccia (outdoor)
Class I
200
60
0.70
50
Class II
100
20
0.70
50
Class III
50
20
0.50
55
Class I
300
60
0.70
Class II
200
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
Class I
200
60
0.70
50
Class II
100
20
0.70
50
Class III
50
20
0.50
55
200
60
Boules (indoor)
Boules (outdoor)
Ev 1000
Ev 2000
0.50
0.80
0.80
Boxing
Class I
2000
80
Class II
1000
80
0.80
0.80
Class III
500
60
0.50
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
300
20
0.50
Class I
750/500
60
0.70
50
Class II
500/300
60
0.70
50
Class III
300/200
20
0.70
55
Climbing
Cricket (infield/outfield)
Cricket nets
Class I
1500
60
0.80
50
Class II
1000
60
0.80
50
Class III
750
20
0.80
55
| 25
Class
Em
Ra
Uo
300/200
0.70
0.70
Class I
Class II
Class III
750
500
200
60
60
20
0.70
0.70
0.50
Class I
Class II
Class III
500
300
100
60
60
20
0.70
0.70
0.50
GRL
50
Cycling (outdoor)
50
50
55
Dancing
Class I
500
60
0.70
Class II
300
60
0.60
Class III
200
20
0.50
Class I
Eh 200/Ev 750
60
Class II
Eh 100/Ev 500
60
Class III
Eh 50/Ev 300
20
Darts
Fencing
750
60
Class I
Eh 750/Ev 500
60
0.70
Class II
Eh 500/Ev 300
60
0.70
Class III
Eh 300/Ev 200
20
0.70
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
Football (indoor)
Football (outdoor)
Class I
500
60
0.70
50
Class II
200
60
0.60
50
55
Class III
75
20
0.50
Class I
500
60
0.70
Gymnastics
Class II
300
60
0.60
Class III
200
20
0.50
Handball (indoor)
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
Class I
500
60
0.70
50
Class II
200
60
0.60
50
Class III
75
20
0.50
55
Handball (outdoor)
Hockey (indoor)
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
300
20
0.70
Class I
500
60
0.70
50
Class II
200
60
0.70
50
Class III
200
20
0.70
55
Hockey (outdoor)
Class
Em
Ra
Uo
Class I
Class II
Class III
750
500
300
60
60
20
0.70
0.70
0.70
Class I
Class II
Class III
750
500
200
60
60
20
0.70
0.70
0.50
GRL
Ice skating
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
300
20
0.70
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
Judo
Kendo / Karate
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
Netball (indoor)
Netball (outdoor)
Class I
500
60
0.70
50
Class II
200
60
0.60
50
55
Class III
75
20
0.50
Class I
300
60
0.70
Petanque (indoor)
Class II
200
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
Petanque (outdoor)
Class I
200
60
0.70
50
Class II
100
20
0.70
50
55
Class III
50
20
0.50
Class I
750
60
0.70
Racketball
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
300
20
0.70
Roller skating
Class I
500
60
0.70
Class II
300
60
0.60
Class III
200
20
0.50
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
School sports
| 27
Class
Em
Ra
Uo
200/Ev 750
60
0.5/0.8
Class I
Class II
Class III
750
500
500
80
80
80
0.80
0.80
0.80
Class I
Class II
Class III
500
300
200
60
60
20
0.70
0.60
0.50
Shooting (lane/target)
Snooker
GRL
Speed skating
Squash
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
300
20
0.70
Swimming
Class I
500
60
0.70
Class II
300
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
Table tennis
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
300
20
0.70
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
300
20
0.50
Tennis (indoor)
Tennis (outdoor)
Class I
500
60
0.70
50
Class II
300
60
0.70
50
55
Class III
200
20
0.60
Class I
750
60
0.70
Weight lifting
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
Wrestling
Class I
750
60
0.70
Class II
500
60
0.70
Class III
200
20
0.50
4.4 Emergency
Illuminance limits (CEN 1838:1999 and CIE S 020/E:2007)
Description of space
Escape route
Open area
High risk task area
Diversity limits
(Imin / Imax)
0.025 (1:40)
0.1 (1:10)
0.025 (1:40)
H < 2.5
500
1000
900
1800
1600
3200
2500
5000
3500
7000
4.5 H
5000
10000
For escape routes and open areas response times and durations
are;
CEN 1838:1999
50% of the required illuminance within 5s, and 100% within
60s with a minimum duration of 1 hour
CIE S 020/E:2007
50% of the required illuminance within 20s, and 100% within
60s (if the visual task or risk to people requires a shorter
response time then it should be shortened to 50% of the
required illuminance within 5s) with a minimum duration of
1 hour (if the visual task or risk to people requires a longer
duration then it should be extended to 3 hours)
For high risk task areas response times and durations are;
CEN 1838:1999
Either 100% required illuminance permanently or within 0.5s,
depending upon the application with a minimum duration
covering the time the risk exists
CIE S 020/E:2007
Either 100% required illuminance permanently or within 0.5s,
depending upon the application with a minimum duration of
1 hour
Note that these values may differ across countries. For example;
UK (CEN 1838:1999)
Escape route
along centre line 0.2lx
in central band 0.1lx
Recommendations for Good Lighting
| 29
4.5 Roads
For road lighting the lighting criteria are selected dependant
upon the class of road being lit. The class has a range of
sub-classes, from the strictest to the most relaxed, and these are
chosen dependant upon factors, such as typical speed of users,
typical volumes of traffic flow, difficulty of the navigational task,
etc. The basic lighting classes are defined as:
ME This class is intended for users of motorised vehicles on
traffic routes. In some countries this class also applies to
residential roads. Traffic speeds are medium to high.
The ME classes go from ME1 to ME6, with ME1 defining
the strictest requirements. For wet road conditions the
MEW classes go from MEW1 to MEW6.
ME1
ME2
ME3A
ME3B
ME3C
ME4A
ME4B
ME5
ME6
MEW1D
MEW1W
MEW2D
MEW2W
MEW3D
Lm
2.0 cd/m2
1.5 cd/m2
1.0 cd/m2
1.0 cd/m2
1.0 cd/m2
0.75 cd/m2
0.75 cd/m2
0.50 cd/m2
0.3 cd/m2
2.0 cd/m2
1.5 cd/m2
1.0 cd/m2
Luminance
U0
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.35
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.40
0.15
0.40
KEY
UL
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.40
0.60
0.60
0.60
Emin
Em
Lm
Uo
Ul
TI
SR
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
minimum illuminance
maintained average illuminance
maintained average luminance
overall uniformity
longitudinal uniformity
threshold increment
surround ratio
SR
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.60
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
TI
10%
10%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
10%
10%
15%
MEW3W
0.15
0.50
MEW4D
0.75 cd/m2
0.40
0.50
15%
MEW4W
0.15
0.50
MEW5D
0.5 cd/m2
0.35
0.50
15%
MEW5W
0.15
0.50
CE0
CE1
CE2
CE3
CE5
Horizontal illuminance
Em
Emin
Uo
50.0 lux
0.40
30.0 lux
0.40
20.0 lux
0.40
15.0 lux
0.40
7.50 lux
0.40
Horizontal illuminance
Em
Emin
15.0 lux; 22.5 lux 5.0 lux
10.0 lux; 15.0 lux 3.0 lux
7.5 lux; 11.25 lux 1.5 lux
5.0 lux; 7.5 lux
1.0 lux
3.0 lux; 4.5 lux
0.6 lux
2.0 lux; 3.0 lux
0.6 lux
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
Hemispherical illuminance
Uo
Em
5.0 lux
0.15
3.0 lux
0.15
2.0 lux
0.15
1.5 lux
0.15
1.0 lux
0.15
ES1
ES2
ES3
ES4
ES5
ES6
ES7
ES8
ES9
Semi-cylindrical illuminance
Emin
10.0 lux
7.5 lux
5.0 lux
3.0 lux
2.0 lux
1.5 lux
1.0 lux
0.75 lux
0.50 lux
EV1
EV2
EV3
EV4
EV5
EV6
Vertical illuminance
Emin
50.0 lux
30.0 lux
10.0 lux
7.5 lux
5.0 lux
0.5 lux
Uo
-
| 31
CE0
ME1
MEW1
CE1
ME2
MEW2
CE2
ME3
MEW3
CE3
S1
ME4
MEW4
CE4
S2
ME5
MEW5
CE5
S3
ME6
S4
S5
S6
S1
Alternative class
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
ES class (semi-cylindrical illuminance) and EV class (vertical illuminance) compared to CE and S class
(horizontal illuminance)
Reference class
Alternative class
CE0
CE1
CE2
CE3
S1
CE4
S2
CE5
S3
S4
S5
S6
ES1
ES2
EV3
ES3
EV4
ES4
EV5
ES5
ES6
ES7
ES8
ES9
4.6 Amenity
There is little standardised information for lighting requirements
in amenity areas, and therefore this information should be
considered guidance. Local standards and regulations should
be checked to ensure compliance.
Lighting classes for pedestrian areas in urban centres (see road section above)
Traffic flow pedestrians
Normal
High
Environmental zone
Environmental zone
E3
E4
E3
E4
CE3
CE2
CE2
CE1
CE2
CE1
CE1
CE1
Pedestrian zones
Em
(lux)
Eminimum
(lux)
Diversity
(Emin/Emax)
Pedestrian precincts
5.0
0.08
Squares/open areas
5.0
0.10
10.0
0.10
1.0
Area
5.0
Outdoor staircase
15.0
0.30
Underpass
60.0
0.30
Lighting levels for underground, multi-storey and outdoor car parks zones
Type
Underground and multi-storey
excluding roof level
Area
Parking bays, access area
Ramps, corners, intersections
Entrance/exit zones (vehicular)
Pedestrian areas, stairs, lifts
Em
(lux)
Eminimum
(lux)
75
50
150
75
75 night
300 day
100
50
60.0
15
30
10
30
10
| 33
4.7 Tunnel
For guidance on tunnel lighting you should also refer to section
6.6 on road tunnel lighting.
Glare restriction
Time of day
Threshold zone
Interior zone
Day-time
TI <15%
TI <15%
Exit zone
-
Night
TI <15%
TI <15%
TI <15%
High
Medium
> 1500
> 400
500 1500
100 400
< 500
< 100
Low
Stopping distance
( speed in m/s)
Low
Medium
High
160m
5 cd/m
10 cd/m
15 cd/m
100m
2 cd/m
4 cd/m
6 cd/m
60m
1 cd/m
2 cd/m
3 cd/m
Uniformity requirements
Minimum luminance to average luminance for road surface and
lower 2m of tunnel walls 0.4
Longitudinal uniformity along centre line of each lane 0.6
| 35
| 37
| 39
Healthcare
Section 5.6
Urban
decorative
roadlighting &
amenity areas
Section 5.9
Sports lighting
Section 5.11
Education
Section 5.3
Office
Section 5.2
Road lighting
Section 5.8
Super/
Hypermarket
Section 5.7
Urban
architectural
floodlighting
Section 5.10
Industry
indoor
Section 5.4
Industry outdoor
Section 5.5
Fig. 5.1 C
ity plan showing the diversity of
lighting needs. This section gives hints
on lighting techniques for each of these
application areas, helping the reader
to tackle such everyday projects with
greater understanding.
| 41
5.2 Office
Techniques
General
Office lighting is a general term that covers many tasks. These tasks can use different
mediums such as paper, computer screen, or involve face-to-face meetings. Additionally
the tasks can vary in content and may be mainly clerical in nature or may be more
specialised such as engineering tasks and CAD work. Points of note are:
Office workers tend to have a sedentary work routine. Therefore they will be
looking in essentially the same direction for large amounts of time. Poor
lighting can cause various health problems, from headaches due to
discomfort glare to muscle strain due to sitting at an awkward angle to avoid
reflections in computer screens or glossy publications. Care must be taken to
design a lighting installation that minimises discomfort caused by lighting.
A balanced ambience creates a pleasant work environment. Ensuring light
falls onto the walls and ceiling helps prevent dark surfaces creating an
oppressive atmosphere. Generally, ensuring wall lighting levels are 50% of
the horizontal task lighting level and ceiling levels are 30% of the horizontal
task level will give a good balance. Careful use of wall-washing luminaires
and indirect lighting can help produce a positive environment.
Lamps with a colour-rendering index of 80 or more should be used to
enhance visual performance and visual satisfaction.
If the positions of the workstations are known and fixed it is more efficient to
design the lighting to supply the correct amount of lighting to the task, but less
lighting to circulation areas. For areas that may be reconfigured lighting
controls may be used to set the light levels for individual luminaires in an array
of luminaires to achieve the same effect.
For rooms containing display screen equipment luminaires with suitable
optical control to remove any bright luminance above 65 should be used.
Office
Drawing office
Lighting for technical areas is critical to minimise errors. Any error in a drawing could be
costly and potentially dangerous.
Although drawing boards are becoming less common some offices do still
use them. In such cases the lighting should provide adequate light levels over
a reasonable range of tilt angles of the board, and be positioned so as to
minimise shadowing onto the board.
For CAD workstations luminaires should be chosen which have a minimal
luminance at high angles from the downward vertical (e.g. angles close to
the horizontal plane of the luminaire). When using indirect or direct/indirect
luminaires care should be taken to ensure that the ceiling luminance is not too
high as this can produce images on the computer screen.
Key luminaires:
Reception desk
Main objective is to provide visitors with a visible first point of contact and employees
with a transition zone from exterior and interior lighting levels.
Light naturally attracts people so a well lit reception area and reception desk
will help orientate visitors by giving them a visible point of reference.
Luminaires should be placed to help orientation by providing a luminous
pathway
Entrances with high ceilings lend themselves to the use of uplighting or
suspended lighting, both of which tend to provide good modelling.
Key luminaires:
| 43
Office
Conference rooms
Main objectives are to ensure that people have adequate light to perform their tasks
(such as reading, writing), that any presentation aids used are clearly visible, and that
modelling is suitable to allow good communication between people.
A good vertical illuminance component should exist to aid the visibility of
wall-displays and improve modelling. Moderately strong modelling is
desirable for formal communication, whilst softer modelling is more suitable
for informal or close contact. Modelling is of special importance in areas
that may be used by people with special needs who may utilise lip-reading
or signing.
Specialised lighting for whiteboards may be installed to ensure good visibility
for all participants. These luminaires should not cause glare for the user of the
whiteboard and should be positioned to minimise shadowing during use. If
audio-visual projectors are used the luminaires should not impede the
projector beam and cause shadowing.
Flexible luminaire controls should be employed to allow the use of projectors
or other audio-visual equipment and to set a luminous environment suitable for
the meeting purpose.
Key luminaires:
General office
Main objective is to ensure that people have adequate light to perform their tasks quickly
and accurately without any stress or strain caused by poor light levels or poorly
positioned lighting causing visual disability or discomfort.
Whilst recommendations and standards define suitable lighting levels for
office based work consideration should also be given to the demands of the
task. For work involving small or complex detail lighting levels required for
accurate working will be higher than those necessary for more general office
tasks. If a minority of people in a large office perform these tasks local
lighting may be suitable for these workers.
Office
Care should be taken when positioning luminaires and workstations to ensure
that the worker does not create shadows on the task. Ensuring that all
workstations are lit by more than one luminaire and from a variety of
directions can prevent this occurring.
Tasks frequently involve the transfer of paper-based information onto a
computer. In many instances special attachments are used to hold the paper
next to the computer screen in a vertical or near vertical orientation. Therefore
it must be ensured that the vertical illuminance is sufficient to allow good
visibility of the paper-based task.
When writing, typing or reading paper-based material the contrast rendering
factor (CRF) of the task is important. This indicates how effectively the lighting
system minimises unwanted shiny reflections in the task. The CRF is sensitive to
the geometry between the luminaires, task and observer and should either be
calculated or measured. If the CRF is too low altering the lighting layout or
moving the location of the task should be considered.
It should be ensured that light levels on the walls are suitable for comfortable
use of notice boards, whiteboards, etc. However, overly aggressive or poorly
designed lighting of shiny artefacts on the walls (such as whiteboards or
glazed pictures) may result in some workers having problems with reflected
glare.
When filing or retrieving information from a storage system it is frequently
necessary to read information on a vertical surface, such as the front of a drawer
of a filing cabinet. Therefore, adequate vertical illuminance levels should be
provided.
Luminaires should be positioned to ensure that the user does not create
shadowing over filing systems or copiers when standing in front of them.
Key luminaires:
| 45
Office
Schemes
Office lighting
Scheme: Meeting room, 4.4m x 4.4m x 2.8m
Luminaire(s) used: 9 Corsa 200 2x26W TC-D
Desk: Eav = 468 lux ; Emin/Eav = 0.86
Office
| 47
5.3 Education
Techniques:
General
The purpose of a school or college building is to provide a facility that aids and
promotes learning for all age groups in a safe and fulfilling environment. The lighting
should support this aim in all teaching and ancillary areas.
Luminaires need to be physically robust, not easily damaged, and easy to
maintain
The ambience of different areas should be suitable for the activity performed
there. For example by treating an art or music room as more than just another
classroom the lighting can contribute to providing an inspiring atmosphere.
Additional consideration should be given to any uses of the teaching space
for extra-curricular activities or adult learning classes. If a large number of
older students use the space light levels should be suitable, taking into
account deterioration of the eye with age.
Emergency lighting will be required in many parts of the building.
Entrance hall
Main objective is to provide visitors with a visible first point of contact and students and
staff with a transition zone from exterior and interior lighting levels.
Light naturally attracts people so a well lit reception area and reception desk
will help orientate visitors by giving them a visible point of reference.
Luminaires should be placed to help orientation by providing a luminous
pathway
Entrances with high ceilings lend themselves to the use of uplighting or
suspended lighting, both of which tend to provide good modelling.
Key luminaires:
Education
Corridors/Staircases
Main objective is to allow students and staff to move around the building safely.
As corridors and staircases are also main exit routes for emergency situations good
emergency lighting with way-guidance is necessary. Points of note are:
Bright ceilings and walls can make corridor areas seem more open and
appealing.
Wall mounted fittings can model peoples faces better.
Luminaires should be placed to help orientation by providing a luminous
pathway
For walls with an interesting texture using luminaires with a significant
downlight component positioned close to the wall can create an interesting
effect.
Stairs should be well lit and glare free. Lighting should prevent heavy
shadowing of steps, but must allow sufficient contrast for people to easily
identify changes in level.
Display lighting in corridors should be glare free for corridor users. Special
care is needed near stairs to prevent display lights causing glare to people on
the staircase.
Key luminaires:
Classrooms/Lecture halls
Main objectives are to ensure that students and staff have adequate light to perform their
tasks (such as reading, writing), that students can see any teaching aids used (such as a
whiteboard or projected information), that modelling is suitable to allow good
communication between students and staff.
A good vertical illuminance component should exist to aid the visibility of
wall-displays and improve modelling. Moderately strong modelling is
desirable for formal communication, whilst softer modelling is more suitable
for informal or close contact. Modelling is of special importance in areas for
students with special needs who may utilise lip-reading or signing.
Applications and Techniques
| 49
Education
To help in the visibility of written text and diagrams a high contrast rendering
factor (CRF) should exist at all desks.
Specialised lighting for blackboards and whiteboards should be installed to
ensure good visibility for all students. These luminaires should not cause glare
for the user of the blackboard or whiteboard and be positioned to minimise
shadowing during use. If audio-visual projectors are used the luminaires
should not impede the projector beam and cause shadowing.
For rooms containing display screen equipment luminaires with suitable
optical control to remove any bright luminance above 65 should be used
Flexible luminaire controls should be employed to allow the use of projectors or
other audio-visual equipment. Flexible controls can also maximise the benefits of
daylight by dimming selected luminaires under good daylight conditions.
Key luminaires:
Laboratories/Workshops
Main objectives are to ensure that students and staff have adequate light to perform their
tasks (such as science experiments or craft projects) and that the lighting aids good
visibility and therefore safety. Points of note are:
Light falling on any position should be from multiple sources to prevent heavy
shadowing of the task by the student. However a general drift of light should be
present to help with modelling, as patterns of light and shade are essential to
allow objects to be correctly discerned and to create an interesting environment.
Good colour rendering is required.
For areas using machinery high frequency control gear should be used to
prevent any problems with stroboscopic effects resulting in rotating machinery
appearing to be stationary.
Key luminaires:
Education
Sports halls
Main objectives are to ensure that students and staff have adequate light to safely
participate in sporting activities. These may require visibility of relatively small objects
moving at high speed, or visual conditions suitable for the use of gymnastic equipment.
Points of note are:
All required sports should be defined and a design produced for the most
stringent requirements.
A good component of vertical illuminance should exist to aid the modelling of
objects and people.
Good colour rendering aids in the discrimination of team colours and sporting
equipment such as balls, etc. against the hall background.
The lighting should illuminate the entire three dimensional space, allowing
high objects to be easily seen.
The infinitely variable viewing positions of sports participants require good
glare control.
Luminaires should be robust and have protection against stray objects striking
them (such as a wire guard to protect the lamps). Ideally luminaires should be
designed and mounted to minimise the risks of object becoming trapped
within or behind them.
Lighting controls should be flexible to produce optimum conditions for all
required sports.
Key luminaires:
Assembly halls
Main objectives are to produce a suitable visual environment for all activities required
within the space. These may be school meetings, rehearsals and performances of school
productions, a space for formal written examinations, or others. Points of note are:
This is a place where the school presents itself to visitors at open events such
as school open days, meetings with parents or school productions and
concerts. Lighting should be designed to project a suitable image for the
school.
Applications and Techniques
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Education
Lighting control should be flexible to allow for lighting suitable for public
meetings, and also lighting that provides the flexibility of a small theatre for
public productions and concerts.
Lighting should have no flicker to minimise possible stress in examination
conditions.
Lighting should prevent shadowing of the task by the student, such as question
papers in formal examinations. Lighting should also gives a good CRF to
ensure good visibility of written text and diagrams.
Generally a viewing direction is defined by the hall design. Glare free
viewing in this direction should be ensured under all lit conditions.
For areas designed for presentations or performances, such as staging, good
vertical illuminance and colour rendering are required to aid in modelling and
discrimination.
Key luminaires:
Education
Schemes
Classrooms
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Education
Suspended linear direct/indirect luminaires in a
university library. The ceiling adds significantly to the visual
interest of the scene and the linear luminaires mimic the
architecture of the ceiling beams, also producing a component
of uplight that lights up the ceiling and give it life.
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Industry indoor
Luminaires should be chosen to ensure they are suitable for the environmental
conditions in the space. Many industrial spaces have conditions of excessive
heat, cold, vibration or a corrosive atmosphere. Information on any airborne
chemicals is important as plastics and rubbers have differing resistance to
specific chemicals. Additionally in hazardous environments the lighting
equipment has to be carefully selected to ensure it does not pose a risk of fire
or explosion (see chapter on directives and standards).
Many industrial environments have impurities in the power supply due to
electrical motors running, or couplers connecting/disconnecting huge loads
giving spikes and voltage fluctuations. In conditions with poor quality of
power low loss magnetic ballasts should be considered instead of electronic
ballasts as they could be more durable and tolerant. Alternatively industrial
high frequency circuits with extra protection may be available.
At the design stage consideration should be given as to how the lighting
installation is to be maintained. Frequently, access to light fittings is difficult
and methods to improve ease of access should be considered, along with
use of technology that minimises the necessity for intervention for
maintenance.
Factory spaces - Points of note are;
Traditional factory spaces for heavy engineering and manufacturing have
high ceilings combined with a dirty environment. High bay lighting is most
suitable in these areas.
More modern manufacturing areas tend to have lower ceilings and a cleaner
environment. Linear fluorescent lighting is suitable for these areas and a
selection of mounting methods exist, from track mounting to catenary systems.
Lighting should take into account the possibility of moving overhead gantries
and moving vehicles such as forklift trucks.
Key luminaires:
Industry indoor
Workshops - Points of note are;
Tasks in a workshop vary from large tasks with little visual difficulty to small
task with high visual difficulty. The designer needs to understand the degree
of difficulty of the task to ensure that the task is adequately lit for the degree of
difficulty.
Generally ceiling heights are intermediate to low, and uniform lighting is
required across the entire space. Therefore either linear fluorescent reflector
luminaires or low bay luminaires with HID lamps are suitable
Key luminaires:
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Industry indoor
A suitable method of lighting these spaces is to use a closely spaced overhead
layout of luminaires with a wide distribution.
Lighting should take into account the safety of pedestrians in the presence of
moving vehicles such as forklift trucks.
Storage rack areas - Points of note are;
High racking can reduce lighting levels by up to 50%. Therefore an empty
space calculated for 300 lux will only achieve approximately 150 lux if high
racks are installed with narrow aisles.
It is good practice to light narrow aisles with runs of fluorescent luminaires
with narrow distributions arranged along the aisles to even out the vertical
illuminance from top to bottom of the racking whilst giving adequate
illumination along the aisle.
For mounting heights above 15m HID lamps may be used in luminaires with
a narrow lighting distribution across the aisle and a wide lighting distribution
along the aisle.
Cold stores - Points of note are;
It must be ensured that the lamp and luminaire chosen are capable of
operating within the low temperatures involved.
Thermally insulated fluorescent lamps may be used. Alternatively high pressure
sodium lamps can operate reliably at 40C.
Food and drink processing plants - Points of note are;
The food and drink industry covers a vast range of working areas, where
ambient temperatures can range from 30C to 50C, from oil or fat vapour
laden atmospheres to hazardous environments where the lighting equipment
has to be carefully selected to ensure it does not pose a risk of fire or
explosion. Therefore great care must be taken to ensure a suitable luminaire is
chosen for the specific conditions.
Where food product is processed luminaires near the product should be
housed in an enclosure that prevents the lamp or any part of the luminaire
accidentally falling into the product.
The luminaire should be easily cleaned, maintained and re-lamped, having
minimum horizontal surface area upon which dust can rest and smooth lines
with no crevices in which fungus can grow (IP55 minimum).
Industry indoor
Schemes
Aircraft Hanger
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Industry indoor
Schemes
Storage racking
Industry indoor
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Industry outdoor
Building sites
Main objective is to provide a safe work environment in an area which may contain
machinery, motorised vehicles and pedestrians, along with building materials,
excavations and incomplete structures.
Building sites can provide a special environment, in that it is common for a
maximum permissible voltage of 110V to be stipulated for all equipment that
is accessible to site workers. This excludes the use of high-pressure discharge
fixtures except where installed at a height that excludes access by normal site
personnel. Temporary lighting is normally by special linear fluorescent or
tungsten halogen luminaires.
Luminaires should be sited to allow for vehicular access to all necessary
areas.
Key luminaires:
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Industry outdoor
For large container storage areas general area lighting may be insufficient for
giving adequate light on the task. Additional task lighting in the form of
floodlights mounted on crane structures, or low voltage sealed beam units
mounted on forklift trucks can be used. Additional local lighting can also be
used mounted on fixed hoppers and conveyors. It should be ensured that the
transition between areas with higher light levels to those with lower light levels
is gradual to allow the eye to adapt to the changed light level.
Key luminaires:
Industry outdoor
Quarries and open cast workings
Main objective is to provide a safe work environment in an area that may contain
machinery, motorised vehicles, pedestrians and uneven and loose ground conditions.
With quarries and open cast mines the dimensions of the area to light will
change over time. Therefore the lighting installation should be designed for
the expected maximum dimensions of the excavations, both in size and depth
of workings. This will help prevent the need to relocate lighting masts, and
will allow forward planning for additional lighting to be installed as the
workings increase in size. As the workings increase in size re-aiming of
existing luminaires may be required.
Key luminaires:
Sales areas
Main objective is to advertise the presence of the sales area, and to allow customers to
examine and purchase goods. For areas such as petrol filling stations, safety is also very
important and local regulations for these should be consulted.
The illuminance of the sales area should be proportional to the brightness of
the surrounding district and should respect the requirements for the
environmental lighting zone classification (see section on control of obtrusive
light).
A high vertical component of light is generally required to show the sales
goods. Additionally the colour rendering qualities of the lighting should be
chosen to ensure the goods are displayed with a good colour appearance.
If the sales area is adjacent to a road care should be taken to ensure the
lighting does not introduce glare to motorists or pedestrians.
Key luminaires:
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Industry outdoor
Lorry parks
Main objective is to provide a safe environment in an area that contains large motorised
vehicles and pedestrians.
Where possible lorry parks should be lit from the boundaries of the parking
area. This minimises the risk of columns and lighting being damaged by
manoeuvring vehicles. If columns have to be mounted within the parking area
they should be protected by crash barriers or similar.
Lighting should be mounted as high as possible (12m or more above ground
level) to minimise shadowing from lorry trailers.
Ease of maintenance should be considered during design, and head-frames
that may be raised and lowered should be considered.
Key luminaires:
Industry outdoor
Schemes
Transformer sub-station
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Industry outdoor
Schemes
Railway lighting
5.6 Healthcare
Techniques
General
The lighting of healthcare spaces presents one of the most difficult tasks for any lighting
designer, lighting both for an enormous range of tasks, some times requiring extreme
levels of visual performance and yet creating a space that satisfies todays energy
requirements and just as importantly the comfort needs of the patients, staff and visitors.
The choice of lighting can affect task performance, well-being and whether patients and
visitors feel the space is clean and safe. The information given below is in two sections,
the fundamental requirements for lighting for healthcare and lighting requirements for
specific locations.
The fundamental requirements for lighting for healthcare could be as follows:
Cleanliness
Infection control is of prime importance in all healthcare buildings. Airborne
particulates as small as 0.5m can transfer harmful bacteria. In addition,
transmission by the touch of a hand can add to the spread of infection. In
lighting terms we need to defend against this by using luminaires that have
the minimum area of horizontal or near horizontal surfaces on which dust may
collect. All luminaires that could collect dust or be touched by hand should be
designed to be easily cleaned.
In areas of high infection risk, luminaires with only downward and vertical
faces or those specifically designed for clean environments. Such luminaires
will utilise materials impervious to bacteria, and also designed with suitable
ingress protection for dust and moisture both into the luminaire and from the
ceiling void through the luminaire into the clean space.
Daylight
Research shows that daylight and window view can have positive effects on
patients, their sleep patterns, circadian rhythms and recovery rates form many
illnesses. Thus it is common practice for modern spaces to include good
daylight design. Given that good levels of daylight should be expected in
areas for treatment, administration, waiting, circulation and overnight stay, the
use of lighting controls offers not only added comfort but also impacts heavily
on energy. The addition of lighting controls can allow for changing tasks,
changes in daylight and add levels of user comfort to a space.
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Healthcare
Fields of view
Remember that the field of view in many healthcare spaces may include the
ceiling and upper walls and often may include luminaires. The point of view
of a recumbent patient will need to be thought about to limit discomfort glare
in many circulation and treatment spaces.
Colour
Skin tone and eye colour in many healthcare establishments are often
important in diagnosis. This is extended to include flesh and other colours
during invasive treatments. Hence the ability of light sources to render true
colours is vital in all areas where diagnosis and treatment is carried out, and
a consistent, high quality source of colour rendering should be provided. All
lamps within these areas should have an Ra of at least 90.
In other spaces where diagnosis and treatment is not carried out colour
rendering can be relaxed to an Ra of 80, but on no account should lamps of
different colour rendering be mixed in the same space.
The other aspect to colour is that of colour temperature. Common practice is
to use 4000K lamps in all healthcare spaces, but in areas where there is a
wish to provide a more homely feel, the colour temperature may need to be
matched to that prevalent at home, for example nearer 2700K for the UK.
Similarly different colour temperatures should not be mixed in any one space.
Emergency lighting
Emergency lighting is required for the movement of patients, staff and visitors
to a place of safety. In certain healthcare buildings the emergency lighting
will need to take account of tasks that have to continue even when other
spaces may be evacuated, this is called Standby lighting. In critical areas,
such as operating theatres, delivery rooms and high dependency units, the
illuminance provided by the standby lighting should equal 90% of the normal
mains illuminance or there about. Other important tasks but in non-critical
areas will require standby lighting generally to 50% of the normal level.
Some patients will almost certainly be physically or mentally incapacitated. In
this case it is likely that the condition of patients will mean it is difficult to
evacuate them in an emergency. Emergency lighting for these situations
should be sufficient to allow progressive evacuation, or to allow time at points
of refuge. Apart from the above emergency lighting should be designed to
meet the requirements of EN1838.
A generator will generally supply standby lighting and special account of the
changeover and run up time will be needed. Escape routes generally will be
covered by luminaires with integral emergency control gear.
Healthcare
Light for comfort
Recent research shows strong links between good lighting, the colour of light
and human comfort. For instance warm colour temperatures make patients
look healthier and improve patient moral, but care must be taken to prevent
compromising the ability for clinical diagnosis.
Recent research also indicates that light therapy may have potential for
improving the quality of life for elderly people. The reception of blue light
decreases with age due to the aging of the eye reducing its efficiency,
especially at the blue end of the spectrum. Also in the elderly the reduction in
mobility and tolerance of adverse weather (such as cold, wind and rain)
mean elderly people experience a reduction in ability to go out of doors.
Therefore they receive less exposure to bright light, and especially bright light
of the correct wavelengths. Additionally the circadian functions may be
compromised through age and damage caused by small strokes. All of these
result in poor quality of sleep. Light therapy may be used to help improve
sleep quality, using both artificial light and by designing the environment to
aid access to natural light and to make the outdoor environment more
attractive and friendly. However the use of blue biased white light for health is
still a relatively new concept with limited knowledge on benefits and potential
side-effects so at present blue biased white light should be used sparingly and
with care.
Artificial lighting should incorporate features to help provide sufficient light
during waking hours for health benefits, but during the night only provide
minimum light for safety, preferable amber, orange or red in colour, to preserve
the bodies sleep cycle. Importantly, the consequences of any artificial lighting
on the carers should be carefully considered to prevent further problems.
Colour and reflectance
High reflectance materials are required to give visual lightness, otherwise the
surface and hence the space itself will appear dark. Equally areas of strong
colour, such as murals in childrens wards, will need to be well lit to give full
vibrancy.
High chroma colours will affect clinical diagnosis Grey is a good, if boring,
clinical background and has been shown to relax and reduce stress. But the
effect of surface colour can be immense, not only in terms of reflected light but
also energy efficiency and wellbeing. For instance colour should be chosen to
flatter the patients appearance, soft lighting enhances this. Also consider
colour psychology e.g. Use of blues and green (used for calming effect in
mental health institutions) may actually exacerbate depression, the modern
fashions (greys and browns) may be under stimulating for long-term patients.
Applications and Techniques
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Healthcare
The lighting requirements for specific locations could be as follows:
Entrance canopies
It is important that entrances are clearly lit to advertise the way into the
building whilst providing sufficient light for the task perhaps including driving,
unloading ambulances, access for wheel chairs, and so on.
Lighting solutions should provide good vertical illumination avoiding down
lights with harsh cut-offs. This will provide good facial recognition for CCTV.
Entrance halls, waiting areas and lift lobbies
Lighting here should emphasise points of interest such as reception desks,
signage and onward routes.
Where there are a number of routes to different departments signage may
take the form of coloured lines, flooring or other decoration, the lighting
should enhance this where ever possible
Reception
These areas, including enquiry and patient reception, should make the patient
and visitor feel welcome and provide both staff and visitors with good facial
modelling through good vertical illuminance.
Staff here will often have to use computer display screens, but the emphasis
on this should never out weigh user comfort. An approach focused on the
many tasks and points of view is important.
Hospital streets and other circulation routes
Hospital streets form the major links between clinical departments with
smaller corridors often running off to other areas. Streets will have relatively
high use and will be wider and often higher than conventional corridors. In
many corridors, certainly those in areas occupied by patients overnight, the
lighting will require dimming or switching to a lower level at night. This is can
be achieved either through dimming or switching, care being needed to
maintain uniformity above 0.2.
Where there is sufficient daylight savings can be made using daylight linked
dimming controls.
Spill light and glare to patient rooms and to trolley bourn patients must also
be considered, the latter being achieved through asymmetric luminaires
mounted along one side of the corridor.
Healthcare
Ward corridors need specific night lighting techniques to allow safe
movement of staff without affecting patient rest. The lighting near the doors to
bedded wards will require careful illuminance and luminance control. Three
hour self-contained emergency lighting is needed on all escape routes.
Stairs
Stairs require careful lighting and tread colour design to ensure the tread is
clear to all users including those with visual disability. Treads need clear and
reasonably uniform lighting with some element of contrast to the riser.
Glare from wall-mounted fittings should be limited by using lower brightness
light sources, whereas soffit mounted luminaires often create installation and
maintenance problems.
Stairs will need careful emergency lighting.
WCs, washrooms and changing areas
Lighting should be sympathetic avoiding harsh directional light or shadowing.
Lighting should be positioned for lockers, mirrors sinks and make up areas
with the task, facial modelling and veiling reflections in mind.
In wet or humid environments the lighting should be of a suitable ingress
protection, normally IP54 or better.
Lighting of bedded areas
The general lighting must be adequate for the care of the patients by the
nursing staff. For these duties to be performed efficiently the illuminance inside
a curtained bedded area should be no less than 300 lux from a combination
of ambient and task lighting and the illuminance in the central space between
the bed foot rails should be not less than 100 lux (75 lux when all curtains
are closed), measured at floor level. Good glare control is needed with UGR
limited to 19. However, note that in some countries additional luminaire
luminance limits are also specified.
The balance of brightness and colour of the surroundings should help to
provide a visually pleasing interior. To achieve this the reflectance of the major
surfaces should be of the order of 0.7 for the ceiling, 0.5 for the walls and
0.2 for the floor, though higher ceiling and wall reflectance is essential when
lighting the ward from the bed head position.
Suspended luminaires: The ceiling height for suspended luminaires should not
be less than 3m to ensure adequate clearance for mobile apparatus used at
the bedside. The mounting height above the floor should not be less than
2.7m nor greater than 3.5m.
Applications and Techniques
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Healthcare
Ceiling mounted luminaires: The ceiling height may be 3m or less. In areas
with ceiling heights between 2.4m and 2.7m, it is possible to provide the
recommended illuminance at the bedhead only by using ceiling mounted
luminaires.
Wall mounted luminaires: Modern lighting systems comply with the general
recommendations using only semi direct wall mounted luminaires with
fluorescent lamps. The most suitable height for wall-mounted luminaires is a
minimum of 1.7m.
Recessed and semi-recessed luminaires: Recessed and semi-recessed
luminaires may be used in ceilings between 2.4m and 3m high. If these
luminaires will not provide the illuminance required at the bedhead a dual
system will be required.
Dual systems: For dual systems in which supplementary lighting along the side
walls of the bedded area is used, ceiling mounted luminaires may still be
suitable.
Reading lights/examination lighting: The patients reading light is required to
give 300 lux directly on a task area in front of the patient. Staff or nursing
tasks at the bedhead can also use the reading light. If treatment is given at
the bedside requiring an illuminance exceeding 300 lux, either a mobile
examination luminaire is required or the reading light is to be designed to
provide this illuminance by switching. Hand-held switches, if used, should be
of the extra low voltage type. Reading lights are usually provided for all beds
in hospitals, but it may be undesirable to have them within easy reach of
children and mentally ill patients. For such circumstances, high-level wall or
ceiling mounted luminaires should be used and the switches should be out of
the patients reach.
Night lighting: Night lighting is required to provide enough light for safe
movement of patients and staff. It should not disturb lightly sleeping patients.
The luminance of any luminaire left on during the night should not exceed
30 cd/m2 as seen by patients from their beds, the cut off angle being 20
within the curtained area and 35 in central zones. The illuminance for the
circulation space should be an average 5 lux on circulation spaces, 0.85m
off the floor and a maximum of 10lux. The illuminance on the bedhead
should not exceed 0.5 lux
Watch lighting: The purpose of watch lighting is to allow continuous
observation of a particular patient after the general lighting has been
switched off, without the disturbance, which would be caused by the patients
reading light. An illuminance of 15-20 lux is adequate.
Healthcare
Nurses stations and staff bases
Nurses stations provide for a number of tasks including dispensing medicine,
ad hoc meetings, greeting visitors and PC use. Lighting should allow for all
these tasks both during the day and at night. To do so will require lighting that
has good luminance control both to reduce glare to PC users and patients
sleeping nearby.
Dimming control is essential to allow staff to reduce the illuminance at night.
Operating Theatres and associated clinical spaces
Lighting here needs to provide for clinical examination, preparation, treatment
and movement, this will include good vertical illuminance from the ambient
lighting. The theatre surgical lights are specialist and should be provided as
part of the overall theatre equipment.
Lighting colour rendering and temperature should be chosen for clinical
diagnosis rather than energy efficiency.
In an emergency all lighting should be retained at full brightness.
Lighting also needs to provide good uniformity, be dimmable to suit the
surgical need and take account of the high number of monitoring screens,
often using negative polarity displays.
Luminaires chosen for these spaces must be easy to clean and maintain and
should have an IP rating of 65 from below and 54 or better from above.
Ancillary areas & other specialist spaces
Healthcare buildings contain many ancillary areas to do with the efficient and
safe functioning of the whole building. Many of these are covered elsewhere,
but special care may need to be paid to protecting healthcare environments
from hospital bourn diseases. Improved IP ratings or luminaires suitable for
regular wash down and cleaning may need to be considered.
In specialist treatment and examination rooms not mentioned above there may
be other requirements too, such as dimming and glare control in ophthalmic
rooms, noise and EMC control in scanner and audiology and electromedical
screening rooms.
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Healthcare
Schemes
Healthcare rooms
Healthcare
Lighting in hospital wards may use bed head luminaires with
integrated services such as oxygen, electricity, etc. or ceiling
mounted luminaires (either surface mounted or recessed). The
advantage of a bed head luminaire is the flexibility of lighting,
with uplighting supplying ambient light to the ward, and
differing amounts of down light allowing a patient to read or a
doctor to examine the patient. An additional advantage for bed
head systems is ease of access for maintenance and cleaning.
Ceiling mounted luminaires allow easier centralised control of
lighting by nursing staff and may be a more energy efficient
solution as, unlike bed head systems, they do not rely on uplight
being reflected from the ceiling to give ambient lighting to the
room. When using ceiling recessed lighting it is important that
it is planned in conjunction with other services to ensure a clear
space in the ceiling void for the luminaire.
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5.7 Super/hypermarket
Techniques
General
The purpose of a super/hypermarket lighting scheme is to make the store as appealing
as possible to customers. It also needs to satisfy more down-to-earth requirements such as
facilitating orientation or to attract customer attention to special displays or points of
interests. Luminaires have to be chosen in order to underline and reinforce the individual
character of the shop brand or chain of stores. Colour appearance of the light
determines the overall ambience but colour rendering characteristics have a direct
impact on ensuring that the objects are shown to their best advantage.
The fundamental requirements for shop lighting could be as follows:
Creating atmosphere: the way goods are presented and lit, as well as the
general atmosphere, can positively influence a customer.
Creating interest: using accent lighting to create areas that make a customer
curious and wanting to see more.
Visual guidance: the lighting must help the customer navigate around the
shop.
Flexibility: marketing trends and initiatives change frequently and in order to
influence customers into rediscovering a shop it should be possible to easily
adapt the lighting to new requirements.
Lighting should allow consumers to examine the merchandise and should help
complete the sale.
General lighting
Main objective is to provide a background ambience and to give light for guidance,
especially in the case of frequent modifications to the store layout or promotions.
As well as good horizontal light levels vertical light levels are important as
shop goods tend to be held in vertical shelving units
As this is background store lighting a high uniformity is required
Luminaires should be placed perpendicular to shelving in order to facilitate
any reorganisation of the shelving and the possibility of variable spacing of
shelving due to different types of goods being sold in different areas.
Super/hypermarket
Key luminaires:
Accent lighting
By locally increasing or decreasing the quantity of light it is possible to create variation
in shadows and brightness. The aim of this is to give a maximum expression to
merchandise, enhancing form, texture and colour in contrast with the surroundings.
Ideally this should optimise the relationship between space, product and customer in
order to enhance the prospects of a sale.
Accent lighting should be at least 3x brighter than the surround to be
noticeable or 5x brighter to be meaningful.
Focal-point lighting, which highlights a specific central display with feature
merchandise, should be 10x brighter than the surround and generally uses
spotlighting
Display case lighting illuminates merchandise in glass or open cases and
shelves. It can be linear fluorescent or spotlighting depending on the type of
display
Perimeter lighting provides vertical illumination for merchandise along walls,
such as vertical shelving and can use valance systems or linear wall-washing
systems
Key luminaires:
Lighting clothing
The primary purpose of lighting is to make merchandise look good, increasing the
desirability of the item leading to a sale. When lighting clothing a flexible lighting
solution is needed to allow the lighting to be reconfigured when displays are altered or
moved. The market positioning of the store (high, mid, low-tier) should be considered
when designing the installation, and also the possible options for display, as clothing
Applications and Techniques
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Super/hypermarket
may be hung on rails, displayed on shelves or shown in an entirely novel way. Differing
materials used in the design of the display fittings and the size of the displays will require
differing lighting techniques. However lighting should remain discrete to ensure the main
focus is the merchandise, and should be as efficient as practicable.
One of the main issues with clothing is colour rendering and colour
temperature. Customers need to see the items they are thinking of buying in a
quality of light that shows the garment correctly. Any post purchase
dissatisfaction when seeing the article in the daylight must be avoided. The
Ra of the lamp must be at least 85 so that colours are reproduced as faithfully
as possible. Also note that the UV characteristics of the lamp should be
checked to ensure that it is suitable for the material being lit and will cause no
effects such as fading of colours.
New generations of metal halide lamp offer a wide choice of warm or cool
white light. LEDs with their improved performance are also becoming more
widely used. LED luminaires can be smaller and easy to blend into the
background. However, downlights and track mounted spotlights remain the
most common fixtures.
Key luminaires:
Greengrocery
Main objectives are to ensure that fruits and vegetables are shown under the best colour
rendering bright light. Using specific type of lamps that create colourful accents can
bring out freshness of produce. Warm accents are preferred with a low content of
actinic radiations (to prevent fading of colour in goods) and low heat radiation.
This kind of light is often realised with suspended structures hanging above
the displays allowing spotlights integration.
Key luminaires:
Super/hypermarket
Bakery, cheese and delicatessen
A warm, oven-fresh appearance can be created on the bread, while cream pastries
appear appetising when illuminated by halogen lamps or warm white metal halide.
Key luminaires:
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Super/hypermarket
Task lighting
This provides illumination for a specific functional area such as the checkout counter. This
is not to be confused with accent or focal-point lighting. Particular attention has to be
paid to avoid any glare at the cashier position in order to assure a comfortable activity
with no mistakes. The area beyond the checkout should be lit to a level that provides a
transition zone for shoppers leaving the supermarket and going into daylight or the dark
of night.
Key luminaires:
Guidance
Indoor guidance - due to the diversity of goods a clear communication with colours,
graphemes, and lighting has to be established in order to guide customers. This
guidance is sometimes mandatory for safety reasons: exit ways being indicated in case
of emergency evacuations.
Key luminaires:
Signage
Additional to guidance the use of lighting to signal locations and features is important.
For outdoor lighting, facades, communication, logos, etc. help present the sales policy
and brand positioning.
Key luminaires:
Super/hypermarket
Schemes
Super-store
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Super/hypermarket
Schemes
Hypermarket
Super/hypermarket
The lighting should allow for large obstructions such as signage
and seasonal decorations to be displayed without causing
shadowing.
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Road lighting
The use of electronic control gear is recommended. Although this increases
initial investment it is shortly repaid by extending lamp life and maintenance
periods.
Lighting controls for road lighting applications cover a wide range of
applications, from a single fitting controlled by a photocell to a large-scale
installation monitored from a remote control point and managing luminaire
data in real time. Therefore lighting controls should be considered because in
addition to reducing power consumption they extend lamp life and give the
possibility to remotely identify failures and optimise maintenance operations.
Multiple fitting enclosures are available although each has an optimal
application. Polycarbonate enclosures are more resistant to vandal attacks,
shallow glass maximises optical performance and flat glass reduces possible
glare issues.
In low mounting height installations with a risk of vandal attacks, a
polycarbonate bowl is highly recommended and the use of vandal proof
screws to fix the luminaire to the column and reinforced closing clips secured
by special screws are also recommended.
When considering a possible proposal for a road it is recommended to have
information of the existing road lighting. Many projects are a continuation of
previous installations or new parts from a previously light area. In these cases
it is good to introduce newer technologies without confusing the users. Better
optical fittings can be used but try to keep a similar layout, mounting height,
etc.
At the design stage not only the requirements for the road have to be
considered, in all cases the adjacent areas should be taken into account and
that will define the best option. When houses and the road are close to each
other low mounting heights, use of brackets and low glare fittings are a highly
recommended although this may not lead to be the best functional solution.
Highways and high speed roads - Points of note are;
These roads are designed for high speeds (>60km/h) and no pedestrians,
cyclists or slow vehicles are involved. There are no intersections and access is
controlled.
Traditional mounting heights are above 12 m to properly light a twin
carriageway with 3 or 4 lanes plus a hard shoulder at either side. Brackets
should be considered to optimise performance.
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Road lighting
Although traditionally columns have been installed in a central reservation, an
opposite installation with columns behind the hard shoulder can improve
maintenance operations and reduce traffic disruption when in process.
As glare becomes a major concern an optimised designed optic and/or the
use of flat glass enclosures are necessary.
Key luminaires:
Road lighting
Ring roads and radial roads - Points of note are;
These are usually medium speed roads and high-speed urban roads where
pedestrians and cyclists are common.
Luminaire mounting heights around 8 and 10m in a staggered or single sided
arrangement are usual, although many other possibilities can be considered
due to the multiple layouts of these roads.
As these roads can be of multiple lanes the main concern is the common use
by cyclist and pedestrians usage.
In some cases, when a road has many lanes and cycle and/or pedestrian
pathways are also present the use of twin poles may be considered (i.e.
using an additional luminaire at a separate mounting height to light the
adjacent pathways) or alternatively the use of bollards which also provide a
physical separation between traffic types. In these cases using different light
sources for motorised and other traffic (such as high pressure sodium and a
white light lamp) can help to differentiate between the two areas.
Key luminaires:
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Road lighting
Residential and local roads - Points of note are;
These roads are normally used by low speed mixed traffic. Pedestrian areas
and local and residential roads are mainly part of this group.
Low mounting heights are common, with column height usually under 6m.
Single sided layouts may be used to reduce installation costs although layouts
may vary due to multiple access points to private car parks or properties. The
use of staggered layouts is common when parking lanes and wide footpaths
are present.
Lighting classes tend to be from lower categories and in residential areas the
use of high colour rendering lamps to improve perception is recommended.
In applications where crime ratios are high and facial recognition is required
vertical and semi-cylindrical illuminance classes should be applied.
Low glare luminaires should be considered to reduce light trespass onto
adjacent residential housing. Additionally the location and the orientation of
the luminaires can help avoid any light trespass into houses.
Key luminaires:
Road lighting
Access and exit lanes should be highlighted, including a short section of these
lanes away from the conflict area. This is to ensure any obstacle in these
areas is visible.
When positioning the luminaires the main aim is to help the incoming vehicles
visibility. When entering a junction from a minor road a luminaire should be
positioned to make vehicles visible as they approach the conflict area.
Columns can play a major role not only in terms of providing lighting but also
to give guidance to the geometry of the area. A common technique is to
increase the height of the columns in the conflict area and on the approaches.
On roundabouts columns placed in a single sided configuration around the
outer part of a curve provide a clear guidance for a driver as they approach
the area.
Key luminaires:
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Road lighting
Schemes
Traffic
Scheme: A
ccess ramp, width 4m
Luminaire(s) used: Orus 70W CDM-T, 0.9m mounting height, 10.5m spacing
Road: Eav = 33 lux ; Emin = 15 lux
Road lighting
Lighting columns and fixtures may be themed to blend into
and complement the area they are situated within. Careful
choice of column height is necessary to prevent lighting
becoming excessively visible and detracting from the view.
However, a column height that is too low will reduce installation
performance and require additional lanterns.
Whenever designing an installation the impact of the lighting
hardware on a scene during daylight hours should be
considered, as well as the performance of the lighting during
darkness.
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Squares/Open areas
The object of the lighting should promote easy movement of pedestrians with a feeling
of general security and well-being. Points of note are:
Access to squares is often through mixed vehicle and pedestrian access routes
requiring high levels of illuminance for safety.
A pleasing effect may be created using decorative or themed post top
lanterns mounted on 5-6m high columns with architectural/themed styling.
Footpaths
The object of the lighting should promote easy movement of pedestrians with a feeling
of general security and well-being. Points of note are:
The level of lighting is primarily determined by the crime risk whilst also
providing guidance and the ability to negotiate obstructions and stairways.
Dark patches and high light/dark contrasts should be avoided as they can
affect adaptation and impair visibility. The lighting of areas adjacent to
footpaths will help to improve the feeling of safety.
Applications and Techniques
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Scheme: S
hopping centre car parking,
297m x 163m
Luminaire(s) used: 96 x Dyana 2 150W
HIT, 8m mounting height,
0 tilt
Park area: Eav = 21 lux ; Emin/Eav = 0.32
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Sports lighting
Each sport has a playing area that is the principal playing area (the area
inside the line marking for tennis or football for example) and a total area that
is defined as the principal playing area, plus an additional safety outside the
principal playing area.
Lighting levels for sports are normally defined in terms of the minimum
average horizontal illuminance on a reference plane, and a uniformity of
illuminance. In some instances the plane of illuminance will be relevant to the
sport and the spectator viewing distance, or TV camera-viewing plane. Here
the normal to camera illuminance and vertical illuminance will be relevant.
As some sporting areas are large, have the need for high levels of illuminance
or are used for a long period in the day, highly efficient lighting systems are
required to keep energy consumption low. Maintenance is also important to
ensure system efficiency and functionality and therefore all lighting equipment
should be safely accessible and maintainable throughout life.
When lighting exterior sports facilities to achieve good uniformity lighting
equipment must be mounted on masts of sufficient height to ensure floodlight
aiming angles are no greater than 70. This will ensure a high utilisation of
lamp flux, minimum electrical load, and lower installed costs.
When designing lighting for sports facilities it is important to minimise
obtrusive and spill light. For guidance on this see section 6.8.
All sports facilities require safety lighting (that is lighting designed to allow
safe movement of players and spectators in the event of a power failure or
emergency). Relevant guidelines form the sports governing bodies should be
consulted for this information.
Sports halls - Points of note are;
Most sports halls are suitable for different sports and non-sporting events, all
requiring different visual requirements. The most demanding visual activity
should dictate the lighting design layout and light levels.
One lighting layout will generally not be sufficient to meet all requirements, as
specific sports require different lighting configurations. Therefore it is essential
that lighting controls are used to switch a selection of luminaires for different
requirements.
Luminaires should be impact resistant against balls and projectiles, and
designed and mounted to minimise the risk of objects becoming trapped
within or behind them.
Sports lighting
The layout of a sports hall may be altered using partitions, and therefore care
should be taken to ensure glare is controlled along all lines of sight, with and
without the partitions. Additional lighting may be required when partitions are
in place and this should be checked during design.
For aerial sports, e.g. badminton and volleyball, the positioning of the
luminaires outside the playing area may be necessary to avoid disability
glare for players looking upwards.
As a sports hall can support many types of activity it is important to ensure
good uniformity is achieved throughout the hall. This allows competitors to
quickly and accurately monitor an opponents movement, particularly
important in combat sports.
Key luminaires:
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Sports lighting
Fencing - Points of note are;
Fencing has specific requirements for both horizontal and vertical illuminance
as the movements are very fast with a fine foil blade and the visual task is the
torso of the players.
Fluorescent pendant, surface or recessed T16 or T26 luminaires with a
parabolic louvre are suitable.
Key luminaires:
Sports lighting
Indoor tennis halls - Points of note are;
Tennis can be a very fast sport demanding good visual conditions to allow
judgement of the ball trajectory, its speed and anticipated bounce position on
the court. Therefore good illuminance and uniformity with the elimination of
shadows and glare are a requirement from the lighting system. The lighting
will also need to extend beyond the playing area to cover the important
zones behind the baselines and sidelines.
To prevent players being dazzled when looking at high balls the luminaires
should be positioned outside the playing area, and not positioned behind the
baseline up to a distance of three metres where serving takes place.
Luminaires should be impact resistant against balls and projectiles, and
designed and mounted to minimise the risks of object becoming trapped
within or behind them.
Additional wall colouring or screening with low reflectance matt material will
help players to get additional information about the balls position on the
court.
Pendant or surface mounted T16 or T26 fluorescent reflector luminaires with a
protective grille are suitable. Alternatively pendant or surface mounted
low-bay metal halide luminaires with a louvre assembly and protective grill.
Key luminaires:
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Sports lighting
Surface mounted or recessed T16 or T26 fluorescent asymmetric reflector
luminaires with a protective grille are most suitable.
Key luminaires:
Sports lighting
Swimming pools - Points of note are;
Swimming pool lighting caters for a variety of visual tasks. The competitive
swimmer has a much different seeing task to other swimmers where the main
attention is focussed on staying in lane and the turning point at the end of the
lane. Water polo players need lighting with a good ambient lighting effect.
Swimming instructors, coaches, pool attendants and spectators all need to
see across the pool and into the water to identify swimmers and situations.
For recreational swimming pools themed or decorative lighting effects may be
required.
Because water reflects direct incident light the positioning of the luminaires
needs to be carefully selected to avoid luminaire reflections and disability
glare. Luminaires positioned around the pool help to reduce unwanted
reflections. When this is not possible asymmetric distribution luminaires
positioned above the water may be used but maintenance of the luminaires
should be considered.
Underwater lighting will help to reduce reflected glare from the pool surface
as well as improving viewing conditions on the pool bottom. Synchronised
swimmers need underwater lighting to help monitor the movement and
position of other swimmers. However for competitive swimming and water
polo underwater luminaires should be switched off.
For diving pools supplementary lighting is required to improve the vertical
illuminance, particularly for judges who need to assess the divers
performance at the point of entry into the water. For springboard diving the
lighting in the diving zone requires a good ratio of horizontal to vertical
illuminance.
Luminaires for indoor swimming pools must be protected against chlorinated
and possibly salty air and as such need to meet high standards of electrical
reliability and protection against corrosion. Luminaires should be protected to
IP65 and have fixings that are made of stabilised austenitic stainless steel.
High ambient temperatures may require control gear to be mounted remotely
to ensure long life and reliability. The use of floodlights will help resolve some
of these issues as floodlights are mainly designed for exterior use and have a
high degree of protection and resistance to the elements built in.
Good colour rendering lamps are required to provide the correct ambience
and visual comfort for competitors and bathers. Metal halide lamps with a
warm or cool appearance can be used to good effect.
Surface mounted or recessed fluorescent luminaires with an acrylic panel/
bowl are suitable, as are metal halide or high pressure sodium floodlights
wall mounted or pendant mounted for uplighting or direct lighting of the pool.
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Sports lighting
Key luminaires:
Sports lighting
Hockey - Points of note are;
The playing area for hockey is slightly smaller than for football, but the lighting
principles are the same with regards to mast positions and heights. The use of
a smaller ball and the speed of the sport require a higher lighting level for
Class III installations and a better uniformity for Classes II and III than for
football and rugby.
Double asymmetric or symmetrical beam floodlights using high-pressure
sodium or metal halide lamps are suitable for this application.
Key luminaires:
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Sports lighting
Freestyle skiing and ski jumping - Points of note are;
Downhill skiers require the whole piste uniformly illuminated from beginning to
end so depressions and surface irregularities are revealed. As high speeds
can be achieved the position of floodlights are important to provide the
correct visual conditions, therefore floodlights are placed either side of the
piste whilst being aimed across and down the slope to reduce glare to the
skiers.
Wide horizontal and narrow vertical angle floodlights metal halide lamps
mounted on masts up to 12m high are suitable for this application.
Ski-jumpers require good horizontal lighting at the take-off and at the landing
or touchdown point for judging and safety. The landing area needs to have a
high level of uniformity (0.7) for the class III standard of skiing. The
illuminance on the jump hill is measured on the surface of the snow.
Key luminaires:
Sports lighting
Schemes
Tennis court
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Sports lighting
Schemes
Football Stadium
Sports lighting
Schemes
Ice Hockey Stadium
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Sports lighting
Schemes
Indoor tennis court
Sports lighting
Schemes
Ski shute
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Sports lighting
Schemes
Sports hall
Scheme: M
ulti-purpose sports hall, 17m x 18m x 7.6m.
Emergency lighting
Luminaire(s) used: 2 x Voyager Twinspot, 6m mounting height
Floor: Eav = 2.46 lux; Emin/Eav = 0.23
6 Specific Techniques
6.1 Indoor lighting controls (ILC)
The purpose of Indoor Lighting Controls (ILC) is to provide the
right light at the right time and place, saving as much energy as
possible, whilst simultaneously providing the comfort expected
for any application, such as offices, lecture and conference
rooms, school classrooms, sport halls, or in hospitals and
supermarkets. Industrial installations may also benefit from the
energy savings provided by ILC if fluorescent luminaires such as
trunking systems are being used.
In offices up to 40 per cent of the energy used is needed for
lighting, within schools this percentage can be even higher.
In industrial applications that figure is between 10 and 15
per cent depending on the lighting technology used. Potential
energy savings are:
Electronic ballasts + dimming: 30%
Dimming + presence link: 50%
Dimming + presence link + daylight link: 70%
There are many different levels of controls to choose from.
These should be chosen to fit the needs and activities within
an application and to achieve the required energy saving and
comfort.
One of the most basic controls and the first step into manual
dimming is RotaryDIM, a very simple recess wall mounted
rotary DSI dimmer that can be connected to Thorn High
Frequency DSI dimmable (HFD) luminaires, controlling up to
20 DSI ballasts in total. The lighting can be raised, dimmed
and dimmed to off, by turning the control knob. This product
combines digital dimming with the intuitive operation known
from domestic lighting controls.
Thorn Pull SwitchDIM (PSWD) luminaires come with
integrated pull cord momentary action switches. Typically used
in offices lit with suspended luminaires. Using the pull cord
momentary action switch the user may manually set the light
level from 100% down to 1%, and switch the light on and off.
The easiest way to automate lighting is the use of
SwitchLite presence detectors, installed into recessed
ceilings, mounted onto ceilings, into corners or onto walls.
These detectors switch the lighting on when movement is
detected, and, after a configurable Off delay time, switch it
off when vacancy is detected. Different SwitchLite presence
Specific Techniques
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Specific Techniques
detectors are available suitable for various mounting needs
and detection patterns, and using passive infrared (PIR) or
microwave technology to detect presence and absence.
Some products additionally provide an integrated photocell
that can be set so that the detector only switches lighting on
when the ambient light level is below a preset level. This
kind of presence detection is typically used in spaces such as
corridors, staircases, warehouses, storerooms or lavatories,
and can reduce the energy usage by up to 90 per cent.
Instead of lamps being switched on for the whole day they are
automatically switched off when not needed.
Thorn High Frequency SensaDigital (HFS) luminaires
combine manual dimming with daylight and presence link.
These luminaires provide an integrated miniature multi-sensor
head. Depending upon the connections provided within the
luminaire HFS luminaires may also be used to control standard
HFD luminaires in a so-called master and slave arrangement.
The number of DSI ballasts incorporated in the master as well
as the slave luminaires can be up to four in total: E.g. in an
office or a meeting room up to four single-ballast luminaires can
be linked to maintain illuminance during the whole day (taking
into account the available daylight as well as the ageing of
lamps and dirt on the luminaires), and additionally can provide
a presence-link function as described above. Alternatively for
the control of a larger space with more luminaires, a remote
SensaDigital head can be used, for example the SENSA
MRE SEND DSI. This multi-sensor head can control a group of
HFD luminaires incorporating up to eight DSI ballasts in total,
and incorporates the same functionality as described above for
the SensaDigital luminaires.
Specific Techniques
and the presence of people within the different zones lit by the
luminaire groups.
For versatile one-room applications the SensaModular
system may be used. This is a Lego-like portfolio consisting
of two differently sized control modules, and accessories for
automation and operation. Both control modules have DSI/
DALI auto detection outputs for the use of either HFD or HFX
luminaires (HFX stands for High Frequency DALI dimmable).
The large SensaModular controller shows three digital
outputs, the small controller two digital outputs for controlling
luminaire groups: Table 6.1 shows the number of ballasts that
can be connected:
3-fold output controller
50DSI + 50DSI
25DALI + 25DALI
25DSI + 25DALI
0%
25%
50%
Artificial light
Daylight
0%
25%
50%
500lx
Artificial light
Daylight
Specific Techniques
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Specific Techniques
one look out photocell for all groups, ideal for applications
comprising rows of luminaires and not requiring infrared
control, such as classrooms and sports halls, but especially
any application with ceiling heights above 3m.
Both the multi-sensor head and the photocell are part of the
SensaModular offer. Different illuminance levels for the the
two or three luminaire groups can be set and stored. With the
multi-sensor heads the luminaire groups are not only linked to
daylight, but also to presence and absence. The configuration
of Off delay time and operation mode happens the same way
as when a standard detector is used (described above).
With the SensaModular infra-red handheld controller
the multi-sensor heads are allocated to the luminaire groups.
This remote control can also be used to set and recall three
scenes, and to switch, dim and brighten each luminaire group
individually.
Alternatively, or additionally, the SensaModular recess wall
mounted scene plate enables manual control of the luminaire
groups and the setting and recall of three scenes as well, and
the active scene is visualised via LED indicators.
In some countries Thorn offers the SensaAdvanced
portfolio, one of the most versatile systems on the market,
allowing the control of up to 99 luminaire, blind and screen
groups, in up to 99 rooms, and the possibility to create up
to 20 scenes per room. This portfolio works with any type of
luminaire and provides different DSI, DALI, relay outputs and
phase dimmers. Blinds, blackout blinds and projection screens
may also be controlled using SensaAdvanced. Different
operation and commissioning units, such as wall mounted scene
plates and touch panels are available, as well as infrared
control and software to use a PC or laptop for recalling scenes.
Time automation enables the installation to be switched at
128 |
Specific Techniques
Specific Techniques
certain times and days and, with sequence automation,
dynamic changes of light levels, direction and colour can be
achieved. Partition management enables the system to adapt
to partition walls being closed or opened, and enables the
individual or joint control of the adjacent areas. Scheme design
and commissioning of SensaAdvanced is available as
a service, please contact your Thorn representative where
applicable.
In some countries Thorn offers the SensaLink portfolio,
enabling the linking of several groups of multi-sensors, either
remote sensors or sensors integrated into HFL luminaires (HFL
stands for high frequency SensaLink) within a larger space,
throughout the floor of a building or through the whole building.
The sensor groups work as described for SensaDigital
above. Additionally these groups can be linked such that
a group listens to other groups. This feature is used to keep
lights on in corridors or notional corridors, and in staircases
and common zones while one of the adjacent areas reports
presence. Blackout blinds and projection screens may also
be controlled via SensaLink. Different operation units are
available such as wall mounted scene plates and infrared
control, allowing storing and recall of up to six scenes.
A versatile infra-red commissioning tool is used to configure and
address the system. This portfolio also provides relay outputs for
switchable luminaires. During commissioning DSI outputs can
be changed to DALI broadcast outputs if required. The partition
management functionality enables the system to adapt to
partition walls being closed or opened, and enables individual
or joint control of the adjacent areas. Scheme design and
commissioning of SensaLink is available as service, please
contact your Thorn representative where appropriate.
Specific Techniques
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Specific Techniques
Instead of HFD luminaires containing DSI ballasts, DSI
compatible transformers and phase dimmers are available and
can be connected to any DSI output:
Specific Techniques
6.2 Lighting for display screen equipment
In areas containing display screen equipment (DSE) special
care must be taken to prevent bright images being reflected in
the screen from bright surfaces such as windows or luminaire.
Display screen equipment is any screen used for displaying
information, whether it is attached directly to a personal
computer, measuring equipment or specialist applications, for
instance air traffic control screens.
These reflections are caused by the geometry between the
glare source, screen and user allowing the image of the glare
source to be reflected into the users eyes. If the glare source is
a luminaire this tends to be the light emitted by the luminaire
above 65 (above the black lines in Figure 6.12).
To prevent this either the luminaire should have optical control to
remove any bright luminance above 65, or the display screen
should be moved (either rotated or tilted) to alter the geometry,
thereby removing unwanted reflections. Note, this is more
critical in large rooms or open plan areas, as the geometry of
small office spaces normally means that luminaires are unlikely
to be seen in a display screen. Yet, in reconfigurable areas
care is still needed as removing walls may convert small office
spaces into an open plan area.
To help a designer in choosing a suitable luminaire for DSE
applications a table of luminance limits has been produced
for angles of 65 or higher. This table gives luminance limits
dependant upon whether modern screen technology (type
I and II) or older screen technology (type III) is being used.
Additionally the type of information being displayed has an
impact on the susceptibility of the screen to bright images.
Negative polarity information (i.e. bright text on a dark
background) is more susceptible to disturbing images than
positive polarity information (dark text on a light background).
This information can be used along with a luminaire
manufacturers data to ensure that the luminaires chosen for an
installation that contains DSE are suitable.
Fig. 6.12 A
polar curve showing light emitted
above 65
Specific Techniques
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Specific Techniques
For critical applications, such as air traffic control screens, these
limits may need to be applied for angles of 55 or higher.
However increasing the degree of glare control can produce
gloomy spaces unless additional lighting is used to illuminate
the ceiling and upper walls.
Note, that whilst newer screen technology has been less
likely to reflect disturbing images due to anti-glare coatings
and matt screens, some new screens (notably for laptops)
are improving technology and are no longer matt, but highly
reflective. This development will continue as computers develop
as entertainment systems (for watching DVDs etc.). This is due
to matt screen technology tending to blur images very slightly,
reducing their sharpness, and also the technology having
limited capability to correctly show black. Consequently to
correctly show audio-visual content in high definition matt screen
technology is not used. This will, unfortunately, mean these
screens are more susceptible to problems from glare sources.
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Specific Techniques
Specific Techniques
6.3 Light for learning
The importance of light in our learning environments cannot be
under estimated. Research shows that light impacts our health
and level of alertness and this extends to those spaces in which
we are taught. It is now widely accepted that good lighting in
schools can have an important effect on educational attainment
and rates of learning.
We also need to consider the impact of our designs on the
wider environment, from the use of material resources to the
impact on the community and the pupil. Lighting in schools
needs to be sustainable, to continue to serve the needs of
the community and future students, taking into account likely
changes in curriculum, demographics, methods of teaching,
computer use and so on.
Our lighting design for the future of educational facilities needs
to consider the following:
Fig. 6.13 A
PC intensive university teaching
space lit with direct/indirect luminaires
Specific Techniques
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Specific Techniques
Methods of teaching
There a generally considered to be three methods of teaching:
Specific Techniques
It is recommended that light sources should be between
2000-4000K with a colour rendering in excess of Ra80.
All light fittings must be flicker-free and provide a Limiting Glare
Index of 19.
Primary artificial lighting choice should be direct/indirect in
nature to create the right balance of performance, efficiency
and comfort in learning spaces. The important thing is to put
light onto all surfaces, and in particular, light the face of the
teacher and pupils, so that true communicative learning can
take place.
While PC use is widespread, and growing, modern screen
technology can easily handle high luminance well beyond that
covered by EN 12464-1, but note that it has been shown
recently that students do not learn well with a high proportion of
self-motivated PC teaching alone. Lighting for computer screens
should not impinge on lighting for effective teaching.
Fig. 6.15 D
irect/indirect lighting with good light
distribution onto wall displays
Effective Distribution
Lighting for visual comfort is not just about the light sources it is
also about the distribution of light:
Walls and ceilings need lighting with both direct and interreflected light
Specific Techniques
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Specific Techniques
The basic principle is to achieve a well-balanced lighting
environment, with good brightness management, which avoids
sharp, distracting lighting contrasts. It is important to remember
that while working on PCs, students will probably be receiving
information from a teacher at the same time, so providing good
vertical lighting on the face, which might be viewed from any
position in the classroom, is equally important.
In fact, good vertical illuminance is important in all teaching
spaces being able to see the face of the teacher and the
facial expressions of other students is a key component of good
communication and is vital to effective learning. About 80%
of the information we take in is visual and in a teaching space
most of that happens on the desk or within the 40 band (20
above and below the horizontal from the eye).
Fig. 6.16 A
n example of lighting with good
vertical illuminance at the board
Fig. 6.17 A
classroom with ample daylight
Specific Techniques
6.4 Emergency lighting
Emergency lighting is provided when the supply to the normal
lighting fails. It helps people to see their way and move to
evacuate quickly to a safe place out of the building. It also
avoids panic, restores confidence and enables specific tasks to
be made safe.
Emergency lighting should be provided in all areas where,
when the normal lights fail, there is insufficient daylight or
borrowed light available for those people on the premises.
A risk assessment should be made to identify the places and
routes where people may be at risk and need evacuating in the
event of the normal lighting failing.
An emergency lighting scheme should be designed with
sufficient consideration to the type of premise, size, complexity,
kind of activities and type of people involved. Special
consideration should be given to places where the elderly and
those with disabilities may be present.
There are four main points to consider for an effective
emergency lighting scheme:
1 Exit Signage
Visible safety signs and signage to indicate the escape
route and final exit should be available at all material times
(luminance of the signs safety colours must be at least 2 cd/
m). The escape route signs must be located so that occupants
from any part of the premises can see and identify the direction
for evacuation.
2 Mandatory Points
Emergency luminaires have to be carefully positioned to ensure
a compliant emergency lighting scheme. To provide adequate
illumination they need to be mounted close to potential hazards
on the route, such as stairs, a change of direction or crossings
and places requiring emphasis, such as first aid posts, fire
fighting appliances and marshalling points. Also for places
where people may need reassurance in the event the normal
lights failing, such as lifts, toilets or closets.
Specific Techniques
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Specific Techniques
3 Illumination levels and infill lighting
In addition to the lighting of mandatory points, infill luminaires
may be required to achieve the correct lighting levels.
An adequate level of illuminance on the floor of escape areas
(minimum 0.5 lx) and escape routes (minimum on centre line
1.0 lx) should be made available within 5 seconds of the mains
failing to avoid anxiety, and remain operative for at least 1
hour, or longer if required, for safe evacuation. Additionally
take care to illuminate the volume of space (from floor up to a
height of 2.0m) through which people move during evacuation
by mounting luminaires above head height.
High-risk task areas should be illuminated to an adequate level
(minimum 15 lx) within 0.5 seconds of the normal lights failing
for as long as required to complete making the task safe or
whilst people pass by if it is by the escape route.
Illumination should be carried out with light sources having a
colour rendering index of at least Ra 40 so that safety colours
in an escape area or on an escape route can be seen and
discriminated.
Stylish luminaires should be chosen to blend in with the
design of the overall lighting scheme, but they must suit the
environmental conditions of the location. For example use
IP65 emergency lighting luminaires outside the final exit. The
luminaires may be dedicated standalone types or integrated
into standard lighting luminaires. They can be self-contained or
central power fed depending on the size and complexity of the
premises, the operation and servicing and practicalities and
through life economics of the installation.
4 Maintenance and testing
Once the scheme is installed and commissioned, it is essential
that the luminaires are properly maintained and ready to perform
in the event of an emergency. To make sure installed emergency
products are always fit for purpose, regular testing has to be
conducted by the building operator. Therefore consideration
should be given at the design stage to the intended method
- be it local switch, automatic self-testing or an automatic
remote/central controlled testing system. Also assess and plan
a schedule for servicing the lamps and batteries at required
intervals. Finally, remember the commissioning and certification
requirements for both the design and the installed scheme.
Specific Techniques
Emergency lighting system considerations
Standby lighting is used as an alternative to normal lighting but
it can also form the emergency escape lighting solution. When
it does it must follow the rules governing escape lighting.
Escape lighting covers the need for clearly defined escape
routes in the premises formed by corridors or paths indicated by
painted lines. Open areas are defined as places where there
is no clear route or where the routes are changing such as a
large shop, open plan office or multi purpose hall. A high-risk
task area is where some uninterruptible activity is ongoing,
such as a chemical dip process, or some other process that
requires unbroken lighting conditions for safe shut down. In
some places where there is high risk of smoke accumulation
(airlines, passenger ships) low location way guidance systems
are provided to supplement the escape route lighting.
Emergency Lighting
Standby lighting
Specific Techniques
| 139
Specific Techniques
Clearly defined escape routes
Clearly defined escape routes are taken to be up to 2m wide.
Here the horizontal illuminance at floor level on the centre line
should be not less than 1 lux, and the centre band of at least
50 per cent of the route width should be illuminated to at least
half the centre line value. The diversity of illuminance should not
exceed 40:1. Wider routes may be treated as 2m wide strips
of escape routes but preferably as open areas. The design
illuminance is to be provided within 60 seconds, but preferably
within 5 seconds of the supply failure. To avoid dazzling
people it is important not to exceed the intensity limits related to
the mounting height of the luminaires.
50% of width
not less than 0.5 lx
Safety signs
Strategically placed signs permanently indicating the escape
directions from the premises are essential to alleviate anxiety
and confusion by the people present. The signs should conform
to the graphic design, colour and luminance criteria given in
the EN1838 standard. It is important that during an emergency
only signs that give a positive indication to the way out should
be illuminated and that the signs are mounted high enough
(above 2.0m) so that they are not obscured.
Open areas
Areas where the furnishing or equipment on the floor is
frequently reconfigured will not have clearly defined escape
routes and are therefore treated as open areas, as defined
above.
In these the illuminance on the floor should be a minimum
0.5 lux anywhere up to 0.5m from the walls and 50 per cent
should be provided within 5 seconds, 100 per cent being
provided within 60 seconds of the normal lights failing. The
diversity of illuminance should not exceed 40:1. To avoid
dazzling people the intensity limits for the luminaire should not
be exceeded for the mounting height in the scheme.
Exit signs should be located so that they are visible from any
part of the space.
Exit sign
must be
visible from
all parts
of open area
Fig. 6.20 Escape route illuminance requirements
Specific Techniques
High risk task areas
During the failure of the normal lighting supply, emergency
lighting is required in places where machinery, plant or other
processes may present a hazard if left in operation, and that
must be shut down before evacuating the area, In some cases
the escape route may be alongside these hazardous tasks
and therefore needs to be highlighted. There are also places
where the task activity cannot be halted and needs standby
emergency light (such as in an operating theatre).
The high risk tasks areas should be illuminated as required by
the task and in any event the maintained illuminance should
be not less than 10 per cent of the required maintained
illuminance for that task and should not be less than 15 lux and
be available in full within 0.5 seconds. The uniformity should
not be less than 0.1. For this a no-break or maintained system
should be considered.
Power systems for emergency lighting
Emergency lighting systems are usually powered from batteries
or generators that are automatically triggered by a detection
system as soon as the mains system fails. The system duration
or category is defined by the period the system is able supply
power to the load. Usually given as 60 minutes (1 hour) or 180
minutes (3 hours). The two main types of electrical systems in
use are self-contained and central power:
Self-contained systems
Each luminaire is equipped with battery, charger, indicator
and changeover device. These elements may be integral to the
luminaire or housed in a separate unit mounted less than 1m
from the luminaire. The mains supply charges the battery, which
cuts in when the mains system fails. Self-contained systems are
easy to install and extend, and require minimal maintenance.
The system may include a self- testing facility that can carry
out the routine monthly and annual operational tests and give
local indications of the status. They can also be connected to a
central managed automatic testing system and can give printed
report of any defects.
Specific Techniques
| 141
Specific Techniques
Central systems
Here the power is provided by remote central batteries or
generators and is distributed through sub-circuits to a number
of slave luminaires. These systems are best suited for large
premises. They will require space to house the large battery
sets or generator. The wiring of the sub-circuits has to be
protected and be of high-integrity. During design due allowance
should be made for voltage drops. As part of the high
integrity considerations the luminaires with loop-in/out wiring
facility must also have protected glands and terminal blocks,
alternatively the luminaires may be treated as an individual spur
connection to a protected emergency power ring sub-circuit.
The system must include monitoring of the mains supply and
detection of failure of local circuits in each part of the premises
to bring on the emergency lighting.
Mains
mode
Em ergency
mode
Mains
Em ergency
mode
Mainsmode
mode
Emergency
mode
Non-ma
inta ined
Non-ma
inta
ined
Non-maintained (NM)
(NM)(NM)
Mains
mode
Em ergency
mode
Mains
mode
Em ergency
mode
lamp
off is
lamp
is on
lamp
off
on
lamp
isis off
lamplamp
is onis
Non-ma
inta ined
Maintained
Maintained
(M)
Maintained
(NM)
Mains
mode
Em ergency
mode
Mainslamp
mode
Em ergenc
(M) (M)
is on
is on
lamp
is off
lamp lamp
is on
lamp
is
off
lamp
is
lamp
ismode
on
lamp
is on
on
Non-ma
inta ined
lamp
is
on
lamp
is
on
Mains
Em
ergency
mode
Mains
mode
Em
ergency
mode
Combined
(C)
Maintained
(NM)
Combined
Combined
Non-ma
inta ined
Non-ma
inta ined
(M)
lamp
is
off
lamp is on
lamp is off
lamp i
(C)
(C)
(NM)
(NM)
lamp is on
lamp lamp
is on is on
lamp is
onp is on
mains
lam
p
is
on
emergency
lam
Maintained
mains
lam
p
is
on
emergency
lam
p
is
on
mains
lamp
is
on
emergency
lamp
is
on
lamplamp
is offis off
lamplamp
is onis on
Combined
(M)
Maintained
Maintained
Fig. 6.23 Summary of modes of operation
(C)
lamp(M)
is on
lamp is on
lamp is on
lamp i
Su
memergency
mary
ofmains
mode
spoper
of
oper
mains
lam. 6.21
pSu
is m
on
isp on
Fig(M)
.Fig
6.21
mary
of mode
slam
oflam
ation
is
onation
emergency lam p is on
Combined
Luminaire mode of operation
lamplamp
is onis on
lamplamp
is onis on
(C)luminaires can
There
are
a number of ways that emergency
Combined
Combined
operate.
In
where
a battery
is present,
itisis on
charged
y ofmains
mode
s(C)
of
ation
lam
palloper
iscases,
on
lam sp of
Fig
. 6.21
Su
memergency
mary
of mode
oper ation mains lam p is on emergency
(C)
by the mains supply.
mains
p is onemergency
emergency
p is on
mains
lam plam
is on
lam plam
is on
Non-maintained
y of mode
s of oper(NM)
ation
Fig . 6.21 Su m mary of mode s of oper ation
The lamp is only lit when the mains fail and is operated by an
Fig
.
6.21
Su
m
mary
of
mode
of oper
Fig
.
6.21
Su
m
mary
of
mode
s of soper
ationation
emergency power source.
Maintained (M)
The lamp is lit at all material times and is powered by the mains
supply under normal conditions. In an emergency, when the
mains fail, an emergency power source cuts in to power the
lamp.
Specific Techniques
Combined (C)
This is a variant of the maintained luminaire in which one lamp
is powered by the mains supply during normal conditions.
A second lamp operates only under emergency conditions
powered by an emergency power source. This type of
luminaire provides light at all material times and is best suited
for signage.
Planning Schemes
The lighting calculations involved in emergency lighting are
straightforward. It is important to base all calculations on real
photometric data for the specific lamp and luminaire, with the
output in the worst (minimum) condition. The EN 13032-3
European standard gives the format of the photometric data and
defines the critical factors for to be used in calculations.
Planning Sequence
There is no precise sequence to be followed, but this
checklist indicates a possible course. (It is most important that
consultation with relevant bodies over the specific plans is
carried out early in the design process).
1. Establish licensing requirements
2. Examine building plans
3. Mark exits and final exits
4. Mark escape routes
5. Identify open areas and special locations
6. Mark location of hazards, fire-fighting appliances, and
alarm call points.
7. Identify small toilets with no windows and toilets over 8m.
8. Identify closets, control rooms, special plant rooms and lifts
9. Note illuminance and other specification requirements.
10. Select signs and escape luminaires fit for the purpose.
11. Position luminaires at essential locations.
12. Add extra luminaires to complete scheme.
13. Check uniformity and glare.
14. Prepare installations instruction.
15. Prepare commissioning procedure, including illuminance
checks.
16. Prepare operation testing service instructions.
17. Prepare logbook.
Specific Techniques
| 143
Specific Techniques
Inspection and Servicing
Regular inspection and servicing of emergency lighting
schemes is essential. In the scheme design these matters must
be considered and adequately documented. The standards EN
1838 and EN 50172 provide the framework for certification
of completion of installation and certification for periodic
testing and servicing. The onus for these activities falls on the
competent person of the owner/user of premises. Any faults
noticed should be recorded in the logbook
To verify that adequate emergency lighting is available at all
material times the system needs to be inspected and tested
monthly and to make full duration tests annually. At the end of
each test the circuit is restored to charge conditions and the
charge indicator should glow to show that the battery is on
charge. The inspection needs to confirm that the luminaires
are in place as designed, the lamp in maintained luminaires
is functioning and the signs are visible. The testing may be
made by automatic systems but these must provide noticeable
feedback and warning if action is required.
Servicing considerations are straightforward. The batteries or
fuel tank for the generator may need topping up. The luminaires
need cleaning, failed lamps changing and the batteries
in self-contained luminaires replaced at the manufacturers
recommended interval. Regular servicing will keep the systems
effective and reliable for operation at all material times.
Specific Techniques
6.5 Low mount road lighting
When lighting roads there are a number of cases where
conventional lanterns do not provide the best solution to the
real road situation. Mounting heights may be restricted by
structures or local regulations, obtrusive light may be an issue,
or maintenance may have to be completed at very high speeds
for example to reduce operators exposure to fast-moving
traffic, or where downtime for service has to be reduced to
the absolute minimum. In situations such as these conventional
lighting is often deficient and an alternative solution is to use a
luminaire that incorporates flat beam technology, such as the
Thorn Orus lantern. A flat beam lantern is designed to satisfy
standard lighting criteria in a low height format, and therefore
offers engineers a new resource in road lighting. In the case
of the Orus lantern a mounting height of 0.9m is standard.
Therefore where the use of high columns or other structures is
an issue flat beam lanterns can deliver optimised performance
without glare for road users.
Fig. 6.24 A
flat beam installation on a road
bridge
Specific Techniques
| 145
Specific Techniques
The flat beam concept
Flat beam technology must address two issues unique to
low-level mounting, glare and performance. By positioning the
optical light engine below the drivers eye line the risk of direct
glare is reduced, and by projecting light transverse to the road
the optical system can offer a very sharp and controlled light
distribution, maximising performance. This controlled distribution
lights a road surface at grazing incidence angles, and drivers
perceive higher levels of road lighting because the peak of
the reflected beam is roughly in the direction of the eye. This
does not mean higher glare because the light distribution is
sharply reduced, practically nil when the lantern is installed at
the optimum height below the drivers eye line. Therefore flat
beam technology can give road users the benefits of increased
perceived brightness and visibility. An added benefit is that the
low mounting height acts as a good optical and visual guide to
the road layout.
Fig. 6.25 A
flat beam lantern mounted on a
bridge structure
8m
8m
24m
New concept
0,90m
8m
24m
Fig. 6.26 C
onventional versus low mount lighting
Specific Techniques
Application of flat beam technology
As mentioned flat beam lanterns can be used where traditional
road lighting using columns or faade mounting is not feasible,
for reasons such as:
Ease of access
Extreme weather
Structural fragility
Maintenance difficulties
In the vicinity of airfields or other sensitive areas
Risk of obtrusive light
Other environmental or resource issues
8m
10m
8m
10m
Durability
Obviously a potential problem when using flat beam
technology is the additional rigors imposed through the lanterns
closeness to the road and therefore the harsh effects of road
usage, and also the ease of access for vandalism. It is essential
that the lanterns are constructed from high quality materials and
engineered for low maintenance and a long operating life.
Optical components such as the visor need to be strong, UV
stabilised and scratch resistant. Tamper resistant screws will be
needed and the lantern and mounting will need a suitable IK
rating, such as IK10/40 joules. As the lantern is close to the
road and therefore the spray caused by road traffic both optic
and gear should comply with IP66.
Specific Techniques
| 147
Specific Techniques
Lighting Data for the Thorn Orus lantern
When flat beam technology was integrated into Orus, priority
was given to the limitation of glare. Calculations show that
TI is considerably below 10 per cent while luminance and
uniformity exceed relevant standards. The system is designed
with a specific lamp burner cap so that direct light cannot reach
the eyes of a driver or the rear mirrors of a car when installed
at the compulsory height of 0.9m. In a complete installation,
Orus offers drivers a unique guidance effect which tracks the
contours of the road, ahead and behind. Orus can be installed
either single-sided, with luminaire spacing between 8 and 15m,
or on both sides of the road with the same spacing. In the latter
configuration it will cover roads up to 20m wide, giving ample
coverage for roads with multiple lanes including cycle lanes
and central reservations. The wide choice of lamps from 35
to 70W HIT-CE G12, or 60W HIT-CE PGZ12 CosmoWhite
gives planners ample scope to adjust Orus to any project. Light
output from Orus luminaires is surprisingly resistant to obstruction
by queues of traffic. Tests have shown that there is no
occultation nor distracting shadows, while light emitted from the
system is distributed ahead of, behind and beneath vehicles. It
is also reflected by the road surface. Spacing options between
8 and 15m also reduce any pools of darkness, while lighting
from vehicles further maintains lighting levels. Orus luminaires
mix perfectly with classic column mounted systems. Because
they use white light they can be used to highlight sections of the
highway where care is required, as in a hazard black spot or
area of restricted speed.
Specific Techniques
6.6 Road tunnel lighting
The aim of lighting a tunnel is to create a safe environment
that allows road users to pass through the tunnel without any
accidents, and the lighting needs to be suitable for both
daytime and night-time hours. The most critical requirement is to
detect obstacles on the road, especially when you are entering
and leaving the tunnel.
To help in the design process tunnels are normally divided into
five zones, the entrance zone, the threshold zone, the transition
zone, the interior zone and the exit zone.
Entrance
zone
Theshhold
zone
Transition
zone
Interior
zone
Exit
zone
Portal
Exit
The entrance zone is the part of the tunnel just before the
entrance, and it has a length equal to the stopping distance
of a car at the traffic design speed. During daylight hours the
driver is adapted to the high luminance outside the tunnel. To
avoid the entrance to the tunnel appearing as a black hole and
to ensure that a driver approaching the tunnel entrance can
detect obstacles on the road, suitable lighting must be installed
in the tunnel entrance, the threshold zone.
The threshold zone is the first zone inside the tunnel and has
a length equal to the stopping distance of a vehicle at traffic
design speed. Luminance values (Lth) should be calculated
according to the calculation method shown in the document CIE
88:2004 and this is related to the luminance outside the tunnel
and the speed of the traffic passing through the tunnel. The
road luminance can be reduced after a distance of half of the
stopping distance into the tunnel.
Specific Techniques
| 149
Specific Techniques
Between the threshold zone and the interior zone a number of
transition zones occur. In these transition zones the luminance is
gradually reduced until it reaches the level of the interior zone.
The luminance values can be reduced in steps of 3:1, but the
last step from transition zone to interior zone should not be
greater than two times the interior zones values.
The interior zone is the longest part of the tunnel and the
luminance level should comply with the recommendations given
in the standard. These recommendations give the luminance
level as a function of the stopping distance and traffic flow. For
very long tunnels the interior zone may be split into two subzones. The first sub-zone is equivalent to the distance of travel of
a vehicle at traffic design speed. The second sub-zone contains
the remaining length of the interior zone.
The exit zone has to follow the same luminance level as the
interior zone, but where additional hazards may occur in the
tunnel, or in long tunnels, it is recommended to increase the
luminance level immediately prior to the exit.
Fig. 6.32 A
tunnel lit using floodlights in an
opposite configuration
Specific Techniques
Optics for a tunnel
The main aim for the lighting is to provide a good contrast
between the object and the road. For this luminaires may be
placed either above the road surface, or at the side of the
road surface. Two main types of luminaire optics exist for tunnel
lighting, giving a different distribution.
Symmetrical optics
This optic type is often placed above the lanes and the light
distribution is symmetrical both along the road and transverse
to the road. Symmetrical optics may sometimes be placed in
the junction between wall and ceiling making maintenance of
the luminaires easier and removing the need to close the tunnel
during maintenance time.
Specific Techniques
| 151
Specific Techniques
6.7 Lighting maintenance
When a lighting installation is first commissioned conditions
are at their optimal, that is the luminaires, lamps and reflective
surfaces in the space are new and clean. Through the life of
the installation these conditions will deteriorate as age and dirt
reduce the effectiveness of the lighting. Consequently when
designing a lighting installation it is common to design for a
maintained lighting value, that is the lighting level achieved
when the luminaires, lamps and reflective surfaces are at their
oldest or dirtiest.
To calculate maintained lighting levels it is necessary to
calculate the light loss at the point when the luminaires, lamps
and reflective surfaces are at their oldest or dirtiest. This means
that the maintenance cycle for the installation must be defined.
Specific Techniques
An example is shown in Figure 6.35, in which the luminaire
is cleaned every two years, and is cleaned and re-lamped
and the reflective surfaces are cleaned every six years. In this
example the installation maintenance factor is 67 per cent,
so at worst case only 67 per cent of the initial lighting level is
being realised. Note, the installation will never reach the initial
lighting levels achieved when new, as deterioration of some of
the components within the luminaire, and of the surface finishes
within the space, cannot be fully recovered by cleaning.
The main factors that influence the loss of lighting performance
through life for an installation are:
Specific Techniques
| 153
Specific Techniques
The installation maintenance factor is then the product of all the
maintenance factors of the installation components.
MFinstallation
Where
luminaire MF the amount of light lost due to the
luminaire through aging and dirt
deposition on the luminaire
lamp lumen MF the amount of light lost due to a
reduction in lamp flux as the lamp ages
lamp survival MF the amount of light lost due to failed
lamps which are not immediately
replaced
reflective surface MF the amount of light lost due to reduced
reflection from surfaces within the
installation
Data for these factors should be available from manufacturers.
However the data will assume the unit is operating within
normal conditions as specified by the manufacturer. Operating
outside these conditions could (and probably will) alter the
characteristics of the unit. For example operating a lamp in a
hot environment may increase the lumen output of the lamp, but
at expense of lumen maintenance and lamp life.
Many lighting design software allow the maintenance
schedule to be defined and use this to calculate an installation
maintenance factor. However further guidance on calculating
and using maintenance factors may be found in publications
CIE 97-2006 - Maintenance of Indoor Electric Lighting Systems
and CIE 154:2003 - The Maintenance of Outdoor Lighting
Systems
Standard tables for luminaire and room surface maintenance
factors exist in CIE 97 and in the absence of more
comprehensive manufacturers data these may be used. They
rely on the classification of the environment being lit into very
clean, clean, normal or dirty, and classification of the luminaire
according to its resistance to the effects of dirt (type A to G).
Specific Techniques
Table 6.2 gives help in deciding which environment should be
used, along with advice on typical cleaning intervals.
Inspection interval
3 years
Environment
Very Clean
Clean
2 years
Normal
1 year
Dirty
Luminaire type
Luminaire description
Bare batten
Direct-indirect luminaires without cover, direct-indirect luminaires with indirect reflector and
closed optical device, wallwashing luminaires (vertical opening), wall mounted luminaires
open top and base, downlights with open top
Recessed and surface mounted luminaires (e.g. with louvres), downlights, spotlights
Enclosed IP2X
Free standing, pendant, wall mounted uplighters with closed base, cove lights
Air handling body and optic used with air-conditioning or ventilation systems
Specific Techniques
| 155
Specific Techniques
Elapsed time
between
cleanings
in years
Environment
Luminaire type
A
0.5
1.0
1.5
Any
VC
VC
VC
0.98
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.83
0.95
0.91
0.87
0.80
0.96
0.95
0.91
0.88
0.95
0.90
0.86
0.83
0.94
0.87
0.83
0.79
0.95
0.93
0.89
0.85
0.94
0.89
0.81
0.75
0.93
0.84
0.74
0.66
0.94
0.92
0.87
0.83
0.94
0.88
0.82
0.77
0.93
0.85
0.79
0.73
0.94
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.96
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.92
0.92
0.88
0.83
0.94
0.92
0.89
0.85
0.93
0.86
0.81
0.74
0.91
0.81
0.73
0.65
1,00
1.00
0.99
0.98
1.00
0.99
0.96
0.93
0.99
0.97
0.94
0.89
Elapsed time
between
cleanings
in years
2.0
Environment
Any
Luminaire type
A
1
2.5
3.0
VC
VC
VC
0.94
0.89
0.84
0.78
0.93
0.87
0.82
0.75
0.92
0.85
0.79
0.73
0.92
0.84
0.80
0.75
0.91
0.82
0.76
0.71
0.89
0.79
0.74
0.68
0.91
0.80
0.69
0.59
0.89
0.77
0.64
0.54
0.87
0.74
0.61
0.52
0.91
0.83
0.77
0.71
0.90
0.81
0.75
0.68
0.89
0.79
0.73
0.65
0.93
0.91
0.86
0.81
0.92
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.92
0.90
0.84
0.79
0.88
0.77
0.66
0.57
0.86
0.73
0.60
0.51
0.85
0.70
0.55
0.45
0.99
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.98
0.95
0.91
0.86
0.98
0.95
0.90
0.85
Table 6.4 Luminaire maintenance factors based upon type and environment
0.50/0.30/0.20
0.50/0.50/0.20
0.50/0.70/0.20
0.70/0.30/0.20
0.70/0.50/0.20
0.70/0.70/0.20
0.80/0.30/0.20
0.80/0.50/0.20
0.80/0.70/0.20
reflectances
ceiling/walls/floor
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
0.95
0.91
0.85
0.80
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.91
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.98
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.95
0.91
0.85
0.80
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.95
0.91
0.85
0.80
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.95
0.91
0.85
0.80
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.95
0.91
0.85
0.80
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.95
0.91
0.85
0.80
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.95
0.91
0.86
0.80
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.91
0.97
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.98
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.80
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.97
0.95
0.91
0.86
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.91
0.97
0.94
0.89
0.84
0.98
0.96
0.92
0.89
0.99
0.97
0.95
0.92
1.00
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
0.97
0.93
0.88
0.81
0.98
0.95
0.91
0.86
0.99
0.97
0.94
0.91
0.97
0.94
0.89
0.83
0.98
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.99
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.98
0.95
0.91
0.85
0.98
0.97
0.94
0.89
0.99
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.50
room surface maintenance factors utilisation plane
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
environment
time/yrs
0.95
0.91
0.85
0.80
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.92
5.00
0.95
0.91
0.85
0.80
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.92
5.50
0.95
0.91
0.85
0.80
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.96
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.91
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.88
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.92
6.00
Specific Techniques
Table 6.5 Room surface maintenance factors for DFF=1.0 (direct luminaires)
Specific Techniques
| 157
Table 6.6 Room surface maintenance factors for DFF=0.5 (direct/indirect luminaires)
0.50/0.30/0.20
0.50/0.50/0.20
0.50/0.70/0.20
0.70/0.30/0.20
0.70/0.50/0.20
0.70/0.70/0.20
0.80/0.30/0.20
0.80/0.50/0.20
0.80/0.70/0.20
reflectances
ceiling/walls/floor
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
0.93
0.87
0.77
0.67
0.95
0.90
0.82
0.73
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.78
0.93
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.95
0.91
0.83
0.75
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.74
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.84
0.93
0.87
0.77
0.67
0.95
0.90
0.82
0.73
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.78
0.93
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.95
0.91
0.83
0.75
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.74
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.84
0.93
0.87
0.77
0.67
0.95
0.90
0.82
0.73
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.78
0.93
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.95
0.91
0.83
0.75
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.74
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.84
0.93
0.87
0.77
0.67
0.95
0.90
0.82
0.73
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.78
0.93
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.95
0.91
0.83
0.75
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.74
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.84
0.93
0.87
0.77
0.67
0.95
0.90
0.82
0.73
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.78
0.93
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.95
0.91
0.83
0.75
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.74
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.84
0.93
0.87
0.77
0.67
0.95
0.90
0.82
0.73
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.78
0.93
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.95
0.91
0.83
0.75
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.74
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.84
0.93
0.87
0.77
0.67
0.95
0.90
0.82
0.73
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.78
0.94
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.95
0.91
0.84
0.75
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.74
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.84
0.94
0.88
0.78
0.67
0.95
0.91
0.83
0.73
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.79
0.94
0.89
0.80
0.69
0.96
0.91
0.84
0.75
0.97
0.93
0.88
0.80
0.95
0.91
0.83
0.74
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.79
0.97
0.95
0.90
0.84
1.00
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
0.95
0.90
0.81
0.70
0.96
0.93
0.85
0.76
0.97
0.94
0.89
0.81
0.96
0.91
0.83
0.72
0.97
0.93
0.87
0.77
0.98
0.95
0.90
0.82
0.97
0.93
0.86
0.76
0.97
0.94
0.89
0.81
0.98
0.96
0.92
0.85
0.50
room surface maintenance factors utilisation plane
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
environment
time/yrs
0.93
0.87
0.77
0.67
0.95
0.90
0.82
0.73
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.78
0.93
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.95
0.91
0.83
0.75
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.74
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.84
5.00
0.93
0.87
0.77
0.67
0.95
0.90
0.82
0.73
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.78
0.93
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.95
0.91
0.83
0.75
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.74
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.84
5.50
0.93
0.87
0.77
0.67
0.95
0.90
0.82
0.73
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.78
0.93
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.95
0.91
0.83
0.75
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.74
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.84
6.00
Specific Techniques
0.50/0.30/0.20
0.50/0.50/0.20
0.50/0.70/0.20
0.70/0.30/0.20
0.70/0.50/0.20
0.70/0.70/0.20
0.80/0.30/0.20
0.80/0.50/0.20
0.80/0.70/0.20
reflectances
ceiling/walls/floor
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
0.90
0.81
0.66
0.49
0.92
0.84
0.71
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.90
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.92
0.85
0.72
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.76
0.60
0.91
0.83
0.69
0.52
0.93
0.86
0.73
0.57
0.94
0.88
0.77
0.61
0.90
0.81
0.66
0.49
0.92
0.84
0.71
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.90
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.92
0.84
0.72
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.76
0.60
0.91
0.83
0.69
0.52
0.92
0.85
0.73
0.57
0.94
0.88
0.77
0.61
0.90
0.81
0.66
0.49
0.91
0.84
0.71
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.90
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.92
0.84
0.72
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.76
0.60
0.91
0.83
0.69
0.52
0.92
0.85
0.73
0.57
0.94
0.88
0.77
0.61
0.89
0.81
0.66
0.49
0.91
0.84
0.71
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.90
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.92
0.84
0.72
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.76
0.60
0.91
0.83
0.69
0.52
0.92
0.85
0.73
0.57
0.94
0.88
0.77
0.61
0.89
0.81
0.66
0.49
0.91
0.84
0.71
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.90
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.92
0.84
0.72
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.91
0.83
0.69
0.52
0.92
0.85
0.73
0.57
0.94
0.88
0.77
0.61
0.89
0.81
0.66
0.49
0.91
0.84
0.71
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.90
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.92
0.84
0.72
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.91
0.83
0.69
0.52
0.92
0.85
0.73
0.57
0.94
0.88
0.77
0.61
0.90
0.81
0.66
0.49
0.92
0.84
0.71
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.90
0.82
0.67
0.50
0.92
0.85
0.72
0.55
0.94
0.87
0.76
0.60
0.91
0.83
0.69
0.52
0.93
0.86
0.73
0.57
0.94
0.88
0.77
0.61
0.91
0.82
0.67
0.50
0.93
0.85
0.72
0.55
0.94
0.88
0.76
0.60
0.91
0.83
0.68
0.51
0.93
0.86
0.73
0.56
0.94
0.88
0.77
0.61
0.92
0.84
0.70
0.52
0.93
0.87
0.74
0.57
0.95
0.89
0.78
0.62
1.00
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
very clean
clean
normal
dirty
0.93
0.86
0.72
0.54
0.94
0.88
0.76
0.59
0.96
0.90
0.80
0.64
0.93
0.86
0.73
0.55
0.95
0.89
0.77
0.60
0.96
0.91
0.80
0.65
0.94
0.87
0.75
0.57
0.95
0.90
0.78
0.61
0.96
0.91
0.81
0.66
0.50
room surface maintenance factors utilisation plane
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
environment
time/yrs
0.89
0.81
0.66
0.49
0.91
0.84
0.71
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.90
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.92
0.84
0.72
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.91
0.83
0.69
0.52
0.92
0.85
0.73
0.57
0.94
0.88
0.77
0.61
5.00
0.89
0.81
0.66
0.49
0.91
0.84
0.71
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.90
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.92
0.84
0.72
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.91
0.83
0.69
0.52
0.92
0.85
0.73
0.57
0.94
0.88
0.77
0.61
5.50
0.89
0.81
0.66
0.49
0.91
0.84
0.71
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.90
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.92
0.84
0.72
0.55
0.93
0.87
0.75
0.60
0.91
0.83
0.69
0.52
0.92
0.85
0.73
0.57
0.94
0.88
0.77
0.61
6.00
Specific Techniques
Table 6.7 Room surface maintenance factors for DFF=0 (indirect luminaires)
Specific Techniques
| 159
Specific Techniques
To determine the lamp lumen maintenance factor and lamp
survival factor data published by lamp manufacturers should be
used. Examples are shown below.
Lumen maintainance FH/FQ and FC
120
100
Maintainace %
80
60
40
20
0
100
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Lifetime hours
16000
18000
FC
20000
FH/FQ
100
Maintainace %
80
60
40
20
0
100
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Lifetime hours
12000
14000
16000
FC
18000
20000
FH/FQ
Specific Techniques
For example, a closed top recessed louvred luminaire with an
upward light output ratio of zero uses 14W T16 lamps (Osram
FH), and is installed in an office with surface reflectances
of ceiling:70%, walls:50% and floor:20%. The room and
luminaires are cleaned every three years, and the lamps are
replaced every 8000 hours. Therefore:
Luminaire maintenance factor (LMF)
Luminaire is a closed top recessed louvred fitting, which
is type C. As the luminaire is installed in an office this is a
clean environment. Therefore, from Table 6.4 for a cleaning
interval of three years the luminaire maintenance factor is
given as 0.74.
Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF)
As the luminaire has an upward light output ratio of zero
the downward light output ratio must be the same as the total
light output ratio, and therefore the DFF equals one. Using
Table 6.5 for reflectances 0.80/0.50/0.20 gives a room
surface maintenance factor of 0.94.
Lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF)
From Figure 6.36 when the lamp has been running for 8000
hours the lamp lumens has reduced to 92% of the original
output (red curve).
Lamp survival factor (LSF)
From the red curve on Figure 6.37 when the lamps have
been operating for 8000 hours 96% of the lamps will still be
functional (e.g. 4% of the lamps will have failed).
Thus the maintenance factor is:
MF =
MF *
RSMF * LLMF *
0.74 *
0.94 *
0.614
LSF
0.92 * 0.96
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6.8 Control of obtrusive light
Obtrusive light is the light that does not illuminate a task or
reference area but spills onto other non-related areas. This
not only reduces the efficiency of the lighting installation as a
proportion of the light produced is being wasted, but can also
cause inconvenience or damage in the surrounding areas.
Obtrusive light may be thought of as having three components;
Fig. 6.38 A
n example of an installation
producing sky glow
Waste light
ULOR
Waste light
DLOR
Spill light
Light
trespass
Reference area
Immediate surrounds
Surrounds
Specific Techniques
A selection of lighting technical parameters are used to define
limits for obtrusive light, depending upon the type of obtrusive
light being experienced or measured. All the parameters
depend upon the environmental zone the installation is within,
which effectively defines the amount of background brightness
from the surround area. The environmental zones are shown in
Table 6.8.
Zone
Surrounding
Lighting Environment
Examples
E1
Natural
Dark
E2
Rural
Low brightness
E3
Suburban
Medium brightness
E4
Urban
High brightness
Environmental Zones
Light
Technical
Parameter
Application Conditions
Upward
Light Ratio
(ULR)
E1
E2
E3
E4
05
0 15
0 25
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Specific Techniques
Environmental Zones
Light
Technical
Parameter
Application Conditions
E1
E2
E3
E4
Pre-curfew:
2 lux
5 lux
10 lux
25 lux
Post-curfew:
0 lux
1 lux
2 lux
5 lux
Light
Technical
Parameter
Luminous intensity emitted by
luminaires (I)
Environmental Zones
Application Conditions
E1
E2
E3
E4
Pre-curfew:
2500 cd
7500 cd
10000 cd
25000 cd
Post-curfew:
0 cd
500 cd
1000 cd
2500 cd
Specific Techniques
Light
Technical
Parameter
No road lighting
M5
M4 / M3
M2 / M1
Threshold
Increment
TI
15 %
based on adaptation
luminance of 0.1 cd/m2
15 %
based on adaptation
luminance of 1 cd/m2
15 %
based on adaptation
luminance of 2 cd/m2
15 %
based on adaptation
luminance of 5 cd/m2
Eav x
Lb =
Light
Technical
Parameter
Environmental Zones
Application Conditions
E1
E2
E3
E4
5 cd/m2
10 cd/m2
25 cd/m2
50 cd/m2
400 cd/m2
800 cd/m2
1000cd/m2
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To control obtrusive light various strategies may be used
depending upon the application;
Specific Techniques
6.9 Lighting for crime prevention
A firm body of evidence now exists to support the theory that
lighting can have a positive effect on crime prevention. With
the increasing prevalence of CCTV cameras in shops and
public spaces lighting also has an important role in aiding the
authorities in identifying suspects. These benefits however have
to be designed into a lighting installation, and it should be
accepted that improvements in lighting cannot overcome bad
design of structures or of a space. (For example the pedestrian
tunnel shown has untended shrubs, a perfect hiding place, and
an overhang ideal for a person to hide on, even before the
pedestrian has entered the blackness of the tunnel).
Lighting can be used to affect two aspects related to crime
Fig. 6.40 A
forbidding entrance to a pedestrian
tunnel
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When lighting for crime prevention the main requirement of
lighting is to ensure a high level of visibility and modelling. It
must be understand that whilst precisely targeted increases in
lighting generally have crime reduction effects, more general
increases in lighting seem to have crime prevention effects
but this outcome is not universal. However, even untargeted
increases in lighting generally make people less fearful of crime
and more confident of their own safety.
To increase visibility and modelling requires consideration to the
illumination on the vertical or semi-cylindrical planes. Pedestrians
need to be able to see other people clearly at a maximum
distance, to be able to perceive any possible threat, either from
facial expression, posture or objects carried (such as a knife)
allowing them sufficient time to react to the threat.
When considering street lighting a change in design approach
is required. Generally street lighting is designed for maximum
efficiency, using the fewest lanterns/columns and switching
lanterns dependant on time. However, lighting should be
designed for both road users and pedestrians, either by using
lanterns that have a high level of performance in lighting both
the road and paths, or with combined lighting units (Figure
6.41), or by separate lighting units for each task. Lighting
should provide maximum quality and reduce shadows. Hence,
lower wattage lamps spaced closer together are preferable,
and lamp type should be chosen carefully to ensure a good
colour of light and colour rendering (white light has been
shown to increase peoples feelings of security, whilst a lamp
that obviously renders colour incorrectly reduces a persons
confidence in the lighting).
If lighting units are dimmed or switched off during the night high
levels of maintenance are essential as the failure of a lighting
unit will have a larger effect if only some of the lighting units are
lit compared with the case if all the lighting units were on.
When lighting footpaths and cycle paths they should be lit in
a manner that shows the direction that the path takes. Care
should be taken where necessary to illuminate beyond the
boundaries of the path in order to increase the visual area and
provide more confidence to people using those routes. It should
Fig. 6.41 C
ombined lighting units with high
mount lanterns and bollard height
lighting
Specific Techniques
be recognised that steps and changes in level are also part of
the path and they should not be considered as independent
areas. In urban areas it is important not to rely on lighting from
commercial premises to supplement the amenity lighting as if the
commercial lighting is switched off heavy shadows may occur.
Lighting of commercial buildings should be controlled to prevent
high levels of illumination resulting in adjacent areas appearing
gloomy or dark (as shown). For open areas such as parks or
large pedestrian spaces the lighting should give guidance on
the configuration of the space.
A specific hazard for footpaths are pedestrian tunnels. These
generally have two problems, dark inside and light outside
during the daytime, or light inside and dark outside during the
night. This has implications for visibility as the eye has to adjust
to the different conditions which takes time, especially when
passing from relatively bright light into darkness. The lighting
needs to be controllable to adjust to the different lighting
requirements (e.g. higher light levels during the day and lower
light levels at night with lighting outside the tunnel matched to
the light levels inside the tunnel). As lighting units in pedestrian
subways are generally accessible by the public they should be
vandal-resistant and maintained to a high standard.
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Specific Techniques
When lighting for CCTV cameras additional points need
consideration. To aid in the production of a good image the
following ratios should be checked;
Ratio 1 =
Ratio 2 =
Ratio 3 =
Ratio 4 =
Ratio 5 =
Fig. 6.43 C
CTV images taken using different
lighting systems
Specific Techniques
6.10 Lighting and health
When producing a lighting design the ability of lighting to
provide an atmosphere by manipulating the lit effect is one of
the key skills of the designer. The feel of a space can affect
the experience of an observer within that space. Within the
Thorn PEC philosophy this is the Comfort attribute, and has
descriptors such as calm, lively, balanced, reassuring, inspiring,
welcoming, glitter, etc. This use of the lit experience whilst
possibly affecting our mood does not normally affect our health,
except under inappropriate use of lighting for a given situation.
Recent research, however, has shown that how we design
luminaires and lighting installations does have implications on
our health. Research has discovered a third receptor in our
eye, which exists along with the rods and cones that allow us
to see. This receptor does not produce a visual effect and has
an action spectrum towards the blue end of the visible light
spectrum (the yellow curve labelled NI in the diagram).
Fig. 6.44 The photic, scotopic and non-image forming receptor response curves
Fig . 6.45 The pho tic, scotop ic and non -im age forming
rece ptor respon se curves
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The third receptor has direct implications on our feelings of
wellness and well-being. It links into the bodys hormone
mechanisms, affecting the body clock, alertness, mood
and others. This opens up the possibilities of using light and
designing lighting to modify the operation of the body, thereby
affecting a persons physical health. Indeed this is already
used in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) when
very high levels of blue rich light are used to help alleviate
this condition, and light has shown promise in treating sleep
disorders caused by illnesses such as Alzheimers disease, in
treating sufferers of delayed phase sleep disorder which is
characterised by late sleep onset and late awakening (generally
younger people) and in treating advanced phase sleep
disorder which is characterised by early sleep onset and early
awakening (generally elderly people).
Vision
roads and cones
Visual acuity
Visual performance
Emotions
Hormones (melatonin)
Sleep quality
Non-vision
wellness
3rd receptor
Fig. 6.45 E
ffects due to the visual and non-visual pathways. The red and blue
lines indicate light signal paths through the head.
Biological clock
Mood and depression
Alertness
Specific Techniques
A body of knowledge indicates, for example, that during
periods of darkness the body produces hormones which
act as inhibitors to cancer. The implication of this is that by
manipulating the bodies hormone production we would also be
affecting the bodies defence against some diseases.
Equally using lighting for health in situations such as residential
care homes or nursing homes could be beneficial to the
patients, but at the expense of care staff that may be working
shift patterns at odds with their patients sleep patterns.
As well as medical factors, practical problems arise. With
respect to the shifting of the body clock for night workers the
process of shifting the body clock can take several days, which
would be inappropriate for rapidly changing shift patterns. Also
given a worker will probably travel to or from work in daylight
conditions, and daylight normally supplies a much larger
illuminance at the eye than that achieved by artificial lighting,
this would inhibit the effects of trying to reset the body clock.
However, evidence suggests that the body clock does become
adjusted without any direct intervention for those doing semipermanent night shift work, taking a period of approximately
15 nights for adaptation.
It is necessary to understand and accept that people react
differently to a stimulus and internal research within Thorn
indicates that some people are more sensitive to blue enhanced
light than others. As an example, in blue enriched light some
workers found white paper to be a glare source, producing
headaches. Additionally there was a case of a worker
who had had eye surgery finding the blue enhanced light
uncomfortable when returning to work immediately after the
operation.
Manipulating the lit effect to produce stimulating and interesting
environments or controlling light to give dynamically changing
spaces can improve the quality of life for users of the space.
Yet, until more is known about the effects and side effects of
the non-visual effects of lighting, designing to modify biological
mechanisms should be treated with extreme caution.
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6.11 Sustainability
One of the worlds most pressing concerns is achieving
a sustainable environment. So what is sustainability?
Sustainability, just like light, is essential to life and needs to be
taken seriously. It encompasses the need to conserve resources,
reduce energy demands, limit harmful emissions, reduce waste
and encourage renewable processes.
All these considerations are to protect our natural environment
and life for the future. The urgent need for action is recognised
by all and there are an increasing number of national and
international initiatives and legislations to drive for sustainable
living. A sustainable approach will ensure that the needs
of today are fulfilled without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs. The ideal sustainable
arrangement is when a solution can be perpetually used,
reused or renewed with no waste. Electric lighting has a major
impact on sustainability. The key to sustainability in lighting is
ecodesign, efficient operation and planned recycling at the end
of the product life. These are fundamental considerations in the
Thorn PEC programme. Eco-design is practiced in the creation
of a lighting product, whilst operation is when the product is put
into service in lighting schemes. End of life is when the product
is no longer required or is unable to fulfil its function.
Extraction
Refining
raw
materials
Maintain
End of life
Recycle
LCA
Distribute
Install
Operate
Fig. 6.47 Product life cycle analysis (LCA)
Design
Manufacture
Package
Sustainable design
Fig. 6.46
Specific Techniques
Eco-design is design of product with the entire life cycle in
mind. The life cycle covers consideration of the product from
extraction and refining of raw materials, through design,
manufacture, installation, use and maintenance to the end of
useful life, when dismantling and recycling of the materials
commences. Employing life cycle assessments will check the
environmental impact of the solution through life. It ensures that
care is taken during design to employ absolutely the minimum
amount of restricted hazardous substances and that the
minimum amount of virgin materials, water and energy are used
during manufacture.
Consider also the energy efficiency during the operation
phase and the need to dismantle the product quickly and
without waste at the end of life. Luminaires should be designed
for disassembly and dematerialisation (eg use of snap fit
connectors rather than screws) and making parts multifunctional.
All products should be marked for easy identification and
removal. The generation of electrical energy required for
lighting is a major contributor to CO2 emissions. For every
kWh of energy 0.42kg * of CO2 is liberated and added to
the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, increasing global
warming. The proportion of energy demand by lighting
products can be split into three phases: creation (12%), use
(80%) and disposal (8%). The most energy consumption by the
product is clearly during operation and much of this can be
influenced by prudent design and component selection. The key
elements of this selection are lamps and control circuit including
ballast type. Today the most useful and efficacious light source
is the fluorescent lamp. It can be linear or compact and employ
poly-phosphor coatings yielding good colour and light output.
The lamp requires a ballast to operate, which can be magnetic
or electronic. Magnetic ballasts (copper and iron) have the
advantage of being lower in cost and recyclable. Electronic
ballasts, however, can operate the lamp at high frequencies, in
excess of 10 kHz thus eliminating flicker, are more efficacious,
use less energy, and are lightweight one-piece control gear that
can be dimmable and automatically controlled. Lighting controls
add much to operational efficiency. The controls maybe a
simple on/off switch or a sophisticated computer programmed
system.
Fig. 6.48
Fig. 6.49
* EU average
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Specific Techniques
Controls save energy use by providing electric light only where
and when needed. Controls can link up to respond to constant
illuminance, daylight availability and presence of people. With
efficient products, correct lighting scheme design and the use of
control systems substantial energy saving can be made without
jeopardising the quality of the required lighting condition.
The next obvious step is to protect the rapid depletion of raw
materials. In this process sustainable product designs must use
less material, make greater use of more recycled materials and
plan to use more recyclable materials. With such practice of
good management of resource, increased energy efficiency,
employment of new technologies and the drive for renewable
energy generation will ensure good future for light and lighting.
Fig. 6.50
Specific Techniques
6.12 Outdoor lighting controls (OLC)
The prevalent technology used in conventional outdoor lighting
has minimal control. Time clocks or photocells determine if a
luminaire is on or off and monitoring and reporting of luminaire
faults is dependant upon local residents or street patrols. The
lighting is therefore inflexible and the quality of maintenance
can be poor.
The use of modern outdoor lighting controls can overcome these
difficulties and supply many additional benefits. Benefits of
using lighting controls can be
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Specific Techniques
Luminaire controllers
Comboxes
Powerline Data
Communication
Radio
Frequency Data
Communication
Network
connection,
e.g. TCP/IP
Powerline Data
Communication
Specific Techniques
Luminaire controllers
These are installed in each individual luminaire, either inside the
lantern or within the column. The controller switches the lamp on
and off and depending on the capabilities of the ballast may
also control power reduction/dimming. The controller allows
various operating parameters to be measured (such as burning
hours, lamp faults, etc) and feeds the information back to the
Combox. It contains an astrological clock and internal memory
enables programmes to continue to operate in the event of
signal breakdown. The two types of controller (Powerline and
Radio Frequency) may be mixed on one single installation.
Repeater functionality integrated into Telea controllers make the
communication extremely reliable and adaptable to any grid
topology and also remove the need for external relays.
Combox features
A Combox consists of the following components :
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Specific Techniques
CME central server features
Installed in the control room this comprises a hardware and
the CME software. The CME server is optional (an installation
may run with only Comboxes and luminaire controllers) but is
necessary for central monitoring and offers an intuitive interface
for configuring and monitoring the installation.
Data transfer between the server and Comboxes is achieved
through telephone (GSM) or computer network (TCP/IP)
communication protocols. In the case of GSM communication
the data transfer is usually programmed to occur at the end of
night, so that errors that might have arisen during the night can
be visualised on the screen the following morning.
The CME server can be interfaced with existing servers within
technical limitations. For example, the Geographical Information
System (GIS) enables lighting points to be visualised on a map
and faults or maintenance data such as burning hours to be
easily recognisable using colour coding. Please contact your
Thorn representative for further information.
Upgrading existing luminaires
The Telea system can be implemented into existing as well as
new lighting installations. For example the RF switch controller
(LSRF) fits into any luminaire equipped with a NEMA socket,
adding Telea functionality to the standard photocell. In addition,
all Powerline controllers can be supplied in boxes designed
for installation in poles, enabling retrofit installation when
mechanical and temperature constraints prevent the integration
into the gear compartment.
Telea for new lighting installations
For new installations Thorn can integrate Telea luminaire
controllers into several Thorn streetlighting luminaires. This
completely in-house service guarantees the conformity of all of
the luminaires to existing standards, including Electro-Magnetic
Compliancy (EMC).
7 Checklists
7.1 Life cycle analysis
When installing new lighting, or refurbishing an existing
scheme, it is important to quantify and compare the benefits
of possible alternative replacement lighting systems. These
benefits are quantified in terms of a life cycle calculation
for each lighting system, that is over the planned life of the
installation how much will each system cost. These values can
be compared and the most favourable option chosen. (Note
that the most favourable option from a financial viewpoint may
not be the best option from a lighting viewpoint. At some point
a decision will have to be made as to the relative importance
of these factors and a compromise reached).
If the chosen system is to be a replacement for an existing
installation a cost benefit of the new system compared to the
existing installation may be made by calculating the pay back
period, as shown Section 7.2.
Worksheet 7.1 aids life cycle analysis. Formulae used is this
worksheet are:
Luminaire costs = Number of luminaires x cost of one luminaire
Lamp costs = number of luminaires x number of lamps per luminaire x cost of one lamp
Installation costs = number of luminaires x installation cost per luminaire
Room cleaning costs = cost of room cleaning x service life of system (years)
Luminaire cleaning costs = cost of luminaire cleaning x service life of system (years)
Lamp replacement costs = cost of lamp replacement x service life of system (years)
Energy costs = (number of luminaires x system power of luminaire x service life of system x annual burning hours x
energy cost per kWh x %energy savings due to controls)/1000
Operating costs = room cleaning costs + luminaire cleaning costs + lamp replacement costs + energy costs
Annual operating costs = operating costs/service life of system
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Checklists
Building Project
Option 1
Luminaire type
Luminaire data
Number of lamps per luminaire
System power of luminaire (W)
Operating data
Service life of system (years)
Annual burning hours
Lamp replacement interval (years)
Luminaire cleaning interval (years)
Room cleaning interval (years)
Number of luminaires
Lamp lumens maintenance factor
Lamp survival factor
Luminaire maintenance factor
Room surface maintenance factor
Maintenance factor [ (9)x(10)x(11)x(12) ]
Number of luminaires
Itemised investment costs
Cost of one luminaire
Cost of one lamp
Installation costs per luminaire
Itemised operating costs
Cost of lamp replacement
Cost of luminaire cleaning
Cost of room cleaning
Energy costs per KWh
%Energy savings due to control system
Investment costs
Luminaire costs [ (14)x(15) ]
Lamp costs [ (14)x(2)x(16) ]
Installation costs [ (14)x(17) ]
Investment costs [ (23)+(24)+(25) ]
Operating costs
Room cleaning costs [ (20)x(4) / (8) ]
Luminaire cleaning costs [ (19)x(4) / (7) ]
Lamp replacement costs [ (18)x(4) / (6) ]
Energy costs [ (14)x(3)x(4)x(5)x(21)x(22) / 1000 ]
Operating costs [ (27)+(28)+(29)+(30) ]
Annual operating costs [ (31) / (4) ]
Total costs over installation life [ (31)+(26) ]
Option 2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
Worksheet 7.1
182 |
Checklists
Checklists
7.2 Economics
When refurbishing an existing installation it is important to
be able to quantify the benefits of the new lighting system
compared with the existing system. These benefits are quantified
in terms of the payback period. This is a comparison of the
expenditure in terms of investment costs to buy and install a
new system, compared with the savings in annual operating
costs through having the new system. Thus if a payback time
is 5 years this means that after 5 years the savings from using
the new system have cancelled out the costs of buying the new
system.
Worksheet 7.2 aids in the calculation of this value. Formulae
used is this worksheet are:
Luminaire costs = Number of luminaires x cost of one luminaire
Lamp costs = number of luminaires x number of lamps per luminaire x cost of one lamp
Installation costs = number of luminaires x installation cost per luminaire
Room cleaning costs = cost of room cleaning x service life of system (years)
Luminaire cleaning costs = cost of luminaire cleaning x service life of system (years)
Lamp replacement costs = cost of lamp replacement x service life of system (years)
Energy costs = (number of luminaires x system power of luminaire x service life of system x
annual burning hours x energy cost per kWh x %energy savings due to
controls)/1000
Operating costs = room cleaning costs + luminaire cleaning costs + lamp replacement costs + energy costs
Annual operating costs = operating costs / service life of system
Pay back period =
| 183
Building Project
Existing
installation
Luminaire type
Luminaire data
Number of lamps per luminaire
System power of luminaire (W)
Operating data
Service life of system (years)
Annual burning hours
Lamp replacement interval (years)
Luminaire cleaning interval (years)
Room cleaning interval (years)
Number of luminaires
Lamp lumens maintenance factor
Lamp survival factor
Luminaire maintenance factor
Room surface maintenance factor
Maintenance factor [ (9)x(10)x(11)x(12) ]
Number of luminaires
Itemised investment costs
Cost of one luminaire
Cost of one lamp
Installation costs per luminaire
Itemised operating costs
Cost of lamp replacement
Cost of luminaire cleaning
Cost of room cleaning
Energy costs per KWh
%Energy savings due to control system
Investment costs
Luminaire costs [ (14)x(15) ]
Lamp costs [ (14)x(2)x(16) ]
Installation costs [ (14)x(17) ]
Investment costs [ (23)+(24)+(25) ]
Operating costs
Room cleaning costs [ (20)x(4) / (8) ]
Luminaire cleaning costs [ (19)x(4) / (7) ]
Lamp replacement costs [ (18)x(4) / (6) ]
Energy costs [ (14)x(3)x(4)x(5)x(21)x(22) / 1000 ]
Operating costs [ (27)+(28)+(29)+(30) ]
Annual operating costs [ (31) / (4) ]
Proposed
installation
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
0
0
0
0
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
Worksheet 7.2
Pay back period* = (26)Proposed (26)Existing
(32)Existing (32)Proposed
Pay back period* =
*excludes depreciation and interest
184 | Checklists
(years)
=
years
Checklists
7.3 Lighting energy numeric indicator (LENI)
It is becoming increasingly important to estimate the energy
requirements of lighting in buildings and to quantify these
requirements against best practice. To help, the CEN EN
15193 document has been produced, which introduces the
Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator (LENI). The document also
provides guidance with notional limits derived from reference
standards. Note that whilst responsible use of energy is
important it must not lead to inadequate lighting schemes being
produced. Both the lighting requirements and energy usage
requirements should be fulfilled.
Some terminology used in the LENI calculation may be
unfamiliar and is, therefore, given below.
Total installed charging power for emergency lighting (Pem)
installation input charging power, in watts, of all emergency
lighting luminaires in an area. Units: kWh/(m2 x year).
Pem = Pei
i
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Checklists
Annual operating time (tO) the annual number of hours with
the lamps operating (i.e. turned on)
to=to+tn
where tD and tN are defined above.
Standard year time (ty) the time taken for one standard year
to pass, taken as 8760 hours.
Emergency lighting charge time (te) the operating hours
during which the emergency lighting batteries are being
charged. Units: hours.
Constant illuminance factor (FC) this is a factor relating to the
usage of the total installed power when constant illuminance
control is in operation in the area . When constant illuminance
control is not in operation this has the value of 1. Units: none.
Occupancy dependency factor (FO) this is a factor relating
the usage of the total installed lighting power when occupancy
control is in operation in the area. When occupancy control is
not in operation this has the value of 1. Units: none
Daylight dependency factor (FD) this is a factor relating the
usage of the total installed lighting power to daylight availability
in the area. When daylight control is not in operation this has
the value of 1. Units: none
The LENI formula is
LENI =
W
A
where
W is the total energy used for lighting a room or zone in kWh/
year and A is the total useful floor area of the building in m2.
W is composed of two components
W=WL+WP
where
WL is the annual lighting energy required to provide illumination
so that the building may be used.
WP is the annual parasitic energy required to provide charging
energy for emergency lighting systems and standby energy for
lighting control systems.
186 | Checklists
Checklists
WL may be calculated using the formula
WL = {(PnxFC)x[(tDxFOxFD)+(tNxFO)]}/1000
where the individual terms are defined above.
Worksheet 7.3 helps calculate the LENI value. Note that values
entered in the spreadsheet are the total values for all luminaires
in the installation. If more than one luminaire type is used the
total energy usage value (18) should be calculated for each
luminaire type and the results summed. This summed value
should then be used to calculate the LENI value.
Checklists
| 187
Checklists
Building Project
Parasitic power
Total emergency charging power (Pem)
Total lighting controls standby power (Ppc)
(1)
(2)
Luminaire data
Total installed power (Pn)
(3)
Operating hours
Daylight operating hours (tD)
Non-daylight operating hours (tN)
Standard year time (ty)
Emergency lighting charge time (te)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Factors
Constant illuminance factor (FC)
Occupancy dependency factor (FO)
Daylight dependency factor (FD)
Parasitic energy
Lighting controls parasitic power
(2) x [ (6) - ( (4) + (5) ) ]
Emergency lighting parasitic factor
(1) x (7)
Total parasitic energy usage
( (11) + (12) ) / 1000
Illumination energy
Energy usage without daylight/occupancy
control (3) x (8)
Daylight energy usage
(4) x (9) x (10)
Non-daylight energy usage
(5) x (9)
Total energy usage for illumination
{ (14) x [ (15) + (16) ] } / 1000
Total annual energy usage (13) + (17)
Installation 1
Installation 2
8760
8760
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
Worksheet 7.3
188 |
Checklists
Checklists
Worked example LENI calculation
Project Electronic device assembly plant
Location North East England
Size Length = 55m, Width = 48m, H = 6m,
Useful area = 2640m
Roof
20% glazed to allow entry of daylight
Walls
2 sides 30% glazed to allow daylight
Interior Light colour with open plan assembly line layout
Operational hours = 4
000 hrs/year (2500 daylight,
1500 no daylight)
Standard year hours = 8760 hrs/year
Lighting requirements 500 lx on work plane, Uo > 0.7,
UGR <19, Ra > 80,
Lighting quality class medium (two star)
Lighting solution
230 off Primata II 2x49W T16 lamps battens with slotted white
reflector optic and DALI controlled dimmable HF ballast linked
daylight detection and auto off control
30 off as above but with E3 emergency lighting capability
6 off 1x18W T26 Exit signs
Required data
Circuit watts of the Primata II luminaire 106 W
Charge power for Primata II emergency lighting circuit
3.5 W/luminaire
Standby power for DALI ballast in the Primata II
0.4 W/luminaire
Charge power for Exit sign luminaires 10 W/luminaire
Estimations
Pem {(3.5 x 30 x 8760) + (10 x 6 x 8760)}/(2640 x 1000)
= 0.55 kWh/m/year
Ppc (0.4 x 260 x 8760)/(2640 x 1000) = 0.35 kWh/
m/year
Pn (106 x 260)/2640 = 10.4 W/m
Fc (constant illuminance control MF = 0.8) 0.9
Fd (daylight link control medium daylight supply) 0.8
Fo (presence control manual on/auto off) 0.9
LENI = (0.9 x 10.4)/1000 x {(2500 x 0.8 x 0.9) + (1500
x 0.9)} + 0.55 + {0.35/8760 x (8760 (2500 + 1500)]}
= (8.4/1000) x (1800 + 1350) + 0.55 + (0.35/8760 x
4760) = (9.36 x 3.15) + 0.55 + 0.19 = 30.22 kWh/m/year
LENI = 30.22 kWh/m/year
Checklists
| 189
Checklists
Table 7.1 shows the parameters and results for this project in
line B. It shows that the addition of the controls will yield a 21%
reduction in the energy requirements.
Line A shows the energy requirements if daylight was not
admitted into the building and Line C show the Benchmark
values for this type of project taken from EN 15193-2007
Annex F Table F1.
Building
Pm
Ppc
Quality Parasitic
class
Emergency
kWh/
(m2 x year)
Pload
tD
tN
Fc
FO
Parasitic
Control
kWh/
(m2 x year) W
no constant constant
illuminance illuminance
FD
Manufacture ** A
0.55
0.35
10.4
2500
1500
0.9
0.9
** B
0.55
0.35
10.4
2500
1500
0.9
0.9
0.8
** C
20
2500
1500
0.9
LENI
LENI
Building
LENI
no constant illumination
Manual
Auto
kWh/(m2/year)
Manufacture
Table 7.1
190 | Checklists
LENI
constant illumination
Manual
Auto
kWh/(m2/year)
Gain
%
42.3
38.2
38.2
34.4
10
42.3
33.5
38.2
30.2
21
83.7
83.7
75.7
75.7
Luminous flux/
luminous efficacy
Rated life
Light colour
Luminous flux
maintenance
Lamp power
Colour rendition
Burning position
Warm-up time
Re-start time
Dimming
capability
Fig. 8.1 C
onsiderations in choosing a lamp
Light colour
The light colour relates to the correlated colour temperature
(CCT) of a white light source. This describes the colour
impression made by a light source; from relatively warm (low
colour temperature with predominant red) to cool (high colour
temperature with predominant blue).
Colour rendition
The spectral components present in light produced by a lamp
determine how well the lamp reproduces object colours. The
higher the colour rendition index (Ra or CRI), or the lower the
colour rendition group number, the better the colour rendition.
Ra
90-100
80-89
60-79
40-59
20-39
<20
Increasing colour
rendition
| 191
| 193
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
T16
T26
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Ambient temperature C
Fig. 8.4 C
urves relating luminous flux to ambient temperature for T16 and T26
linear fluorescent lamps
T26
Length
Power
549mm
14W
24W
Rated
luminous
flux (25C)
1200lm
1750lm
849mm
21W
1900lm
39W
3100lm
28W
2600lm
54W
4450lm
1149mm
1449mm
35W
3300lm
49W
4300lm
80W
6150lm
Length
Power
590mm
18W
Rated
luminous
flux (25C)
1350lm
895mm
30W
2350lm
1200mm
36W
3350lm
1500mm
58W
5200lm
| 195
| 197
| 199
LED chip
Cathode pin
Heat
+
Copper cladding
| 201
RYGB white
RYG(B)
Phosphers
Phosphor
downconversion
Blue or UV
LED
RYGB white
Colour
mixing
Mixing
optics
RYGB
LEDs
| 203
Fig.Fig
8.16
LEDLED
lighting
providing
a distinctive
. 8.16
lighting
provi
ding a
atmosphere
to here
a space
dis tinctive
atmosp
to a space
Fig. 8.17 A
n LED ground recessed luminaire
ILCOS
Description
IA
IRR
Reflector lamps
QT
HSG
QT-DE
HDG
QPAR
HA
QR
HAG / HMG
QR-CBC
HRG
Low voltage halogen incandescent lamp with dichroic reflector and glass cover
T16
FDH
T26
FD
T16-R
FSC
TC-S
FSD
TC-SEL
FSDH
TC-L
FSD
TC-D
FSQ
TC-DEL
FSQH
TC-T
FSM
TC-TEL
FSMH
TC-DD
FSS
LMG-lHf
FSS
HIT-DE
MD
HIT-DE-CE
MT
HIT
MT
HIE
ME
HIE-CE
ME
HME
QE
HSE
SE
HSE-I
SE/I
Single ended elliptical high pressure sodium lamp with internal ignitor
HST
ST
HSE-MF
SE
ingle ended elliptical high pressure sodium lamp, increased light output
S
(MF = more luminous flux)
HST-MF
ST
ingle ended tubular high pressure sodium lamp, increased light output
S
(MF = more luminous flux)
HSE-CRI
SEM
ingle ended elliptical high pressure sodium lamp improved colour rendering
S
(Philips SON Comfort Pro type)
HST-CRI
STH
ingle ended tubular high pressure sodium lamp improved colour rendering
S
(Philips SON-T Comfort Pro type)
HST
STH
ingle ended tubular high pressure sodium lamp with high colour rendering
S
(e.g. Philips SDW-T, Iwasaki NHT-SDX)
HST-DE
SD
LST
LS
| 205
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
Lamp
cap
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
Luminous
efficacy
Lamp
wattage
W
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
T26
600mm
1050mm T26
1200mm T26
1500mm T26
1800mm T26
T5 (T16)
FDH
FDH
1150mm T16
FDH
FDH
T16
1450mm T16
1150mm T16
T5 (T16)
T5 (T16)
FDH
FDH
T16
T16
850mm
T8 (T26)
T8 (T26)
T8 (T26)
T8 (T26)
T8 (T26)
T5 (T16)
T5 (T16)
T5 (T16)
T5 (T16)
FDH
T5 (T16)
FDH
T16
T5 (T16)
T5 (T16)
550mm
FDH
1450mm T16
FDH
T16
1150mm T16
850mm
G13
G13
G13
G13
G13
G5
G5
G5
G5
G5
G5
G5
G5
G5
G5
Starcoat,Lumilux FQ,TL5
HO
Lumilux FQ,TL5 HO
Starcoat,Lumilux FQ,TL5
HO
Lumilux FQ,TL5 HO
Starcoat,Lumilux FQ,TL5
HO
Starcoat,Lumilux FQ,TL5
HO
Starcoat,Lumilux FQ,TL5
HO
Polylux XLR 840,Lumilux
L840,Super 80/840
Polylux 830,Super
80/830
Polylux XLR 840,Lumilux
L840,Super 80/840
Polylux XLR 840,Lumilux
L840,Super 80/840
Polylux XRL 840,Lumilux
L840,Super 80/840
88.6
89.7
93.1
86.8
75.0
76.9
82.4
73.1
87.8
66.7
79.5
72.9
70
58
36
38
18
80
54
39
49
24
39
24
35
28
21
Fluorescent lamps
Linear fluorescent, standard - halophosphate (other colour temperatures available)
150mm T16
FD
T5 (T16)
G5
White,White(23),White TL 37.5
4
300mm T16
FD
T5 (T16)
G5
White,White(23),White TL 50
8
530mm T16
FD
T5 (T16)
G5
White,White(23),White TL 65.4
13
450mm T26
FD
T8 (T26)
G13
Warm White,Warm
63.3
15
White(30),Warm White
TLD
1500mm T38
FD
T12 (T38)
G13
White
76.9/62.5 65/80
Linear fluorescent, Tri-phosphor (other colour temperatures available, especially 6500K)
550mm T16
FDH
T5 (T16)
G5
Starcoat,Lumilux FH,TL5 HE 85.7
14
Type
4000
4000
4000
3000
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B/1A
1B
1B/1A
1B
1B
1B/1A
1B
1B
1B
1B
15000
15000
15000
12000
15000
20000
20000
20000
20000
20000
20000
20000
20000
20000
20000
20000
9000
3450
2700
4000
2700
4000
2700
4000
2700
4000
2700
4000
6000
2700
4000
6000
2700
4000
2700
4000
2700
4000
4000
5000
5000
5000
9000
Rated
life
hours
3
3
3
3
3500
3500
3500
2950
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
6200
5200
3350
3300
1350
6150
4450
2850
4300
1600
3100
1750
3300
2600
1900
1200
5000
150
400
850
950
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
Peak
intensity
cd
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
Lamp
cap
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
2400mm T38
FD
T12 (T38)
G13
Polylux 840
Linear fluorescent, Multi-phosphor (other colour temperatures available)
600mm T26
FD
T8 (T26)
G13
Polylux Dlx 940,Lumilux de
Luxe 940,90 deluxe/940
1200mm T26
FD
T8 (T26)
G13
Polylux Dlx 940,Lumilux de
Luxe 940,90 deluxe/940
1500mm T26
FD
T8 (T26)
G13
Polylux Dlx 940,Lumilux de
Luxe 940,90 deluxe/940
Circular fluorescent lamps
T16-R
FSCH T5-C
2GX13 FC,TL5C
(T16-R)
T16-R
FSCH T5-C
2GX13 FC,TL5C
(T16-R)
T16-R
FSCH T5-C
2GX13 FC,TL5C
(T16-R)
Compact fluorescent lamps (other colour temperatures available)
TC-EL
FBT
E27
Dulux EL Integral gear
TC-S
FSD
2L 2-pin
G23
Biax S,Dulux S,PL-S/2p
TC-S
FSD
2L 2-pin
G23
Biax S,Dulux S,PL-S/2p
TC-S
FSD
2L 2-pin
G23
Biax S,Dulux S,PL-S/2p
TC-S
FSD
2L 2-pin
G23
Biax S,Dulux S,PL-S/2p
TC-SEL
FSD
2L 4-pin
2G7
Biax S/E,Dulux S/E,PLS/4p
TC-SEL
FSD
2L 4-pin
2G7
Biax S/E,Dulux S/E,PLS/4p
TC-L
FSD
2L 4-pin
2G11
Biax L,Dulux L,PL-L
TC-L
FSD
2L 4-pin
2G11
Biax L,Dulux L,PL-L
TC-L
FSD
2L 4-pin
2G11
Biax L
TC-L
FSD
2L 4-pin
2G11
Biax L,Dulux L,PL-L
TC-L
FSDH 2L 4-pin
2G11
Biax L,Dulux L,PL-L
TC-L
FSDH 2L 4-pin
2G11
Biax L,Dulux L,PL-L
TC-L
FSDH 2L 4-pin
2G11
Biax HLBX,Dulux L,PL-L
TC-DD
FSS
2D 2-pin
GR8
Biax 2D,CFL Square
TC-DD
FSS
2D 2-pin
GR8
Biax 2D,CFL Square
TC-DDEL
FSS
2D 4-pin
GR10
Biax 2D/E,CFL Square
TC-DDEL
FSS
2D 4-pin
GR10
Biax 2D/E
TC-DDEL
FSS
2D 4-pin
GR10
Biax 2D/E,CFL Square
TC-DDEL
FSS
2D 4-pin
GR10
Biax 2D/E,CFL Square
TC-DDEL
FSS
2D 4-pin
GR10
Biax 2D/E
Type
2700
3500
3500
3500
3500
4000
4000
36
58
22
40
55
7
5
7
9
11
9
11
18
24
34
36
40
55
80
16
28
16
21
28
38
55
65.3
64.7
81.8
82.5
81.8
57.1
50.0
57.1
66.7
81.8
66.7
81.8
69.4
75.0
82.4
80.6
87.5
88.2
75.0
65.6
73.2
65.6
64.3
73.2
75.0
70.9
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3000
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
2700 4000
2700 4000
3000 4000
4000
4000
4000
18
55.6
4000
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1A
1A
1A
1B
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
100
Lamp
wattage
W
94.0
Luminous
efficacy
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
12000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
16000
16000
16000
12000
12000
12000
12000
Rated
life
hours
1250
1800
2800
2900
3500
4850
6000
1050
2050
1050
1350
2050
2850
3900
900
400
250
400
600
900
600
4500
3300
1800
3750
2350
1000
9400
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
Peak
intensity
cd
| 207
6L 4-pin
6L 2-pin
FSQ
FSQ
FSQ
FSQ
FSQ
FSQ
FSQ
FSQ
FSS
FSM
FSM
FSM
FSM
FSM
TC-D
TC-DEL
TC-D
TC-DEL
TC-D
TC-DEL
TC-D
TC-DEL
TC-F
TC-T
TC-TEL
TC-T
TC-TEL
amalgam
TC-T
G24d-3
G24q-3
G24d-2
G24q-2
G24d-1
G24q-1
G24d-1
G24q-1
Lamp
cap
GX24q-4
GX24q-3
PL-H
PL-H
Dulux HO Constant,PL-H
GX24q-3
2G8-1
2G8-1
2G8-1
GX8.5
4-pin
4-pin
4-pin
4-pin
4-pin
4-pin
4-pin
GX24d-3
GX24q-2
GX24d-2
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
4-pin
6L 2-pin
4L 2-pin
4L 4-pin
4L 2-pin
4L 4-pin
4L 2-pin
4L 4-pin
4L 2-pin
4L 4-pin
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
TC-TEL
FSM
6L
amalgam
TC-TEL
FSM
6L
amalgam
TC-TEL
FSM
6L
amalgam
TC-TEL
FSM
6L
amalgam
TC-TEL
FSM
6L
amalgam
TC-TELI
FSM
8L
TC-TELI
FSM
8L
TC-TELI
FSM
8L
Metal halide discharge lamps
Reflector-ceramic
HIR 35/10
MR
-
Type
66.7
70.6
75.0
74.3
75.4
76.2
68.8
65.8
65.8
63.9
63.9
77.8
68.5
68.5
69.2
69.2
66.7
66.7
69.2
69.2
60.0
60.0
Luminous
efficacy
35
60
85
120
70
57
42
32
26
26
18
18
36
13
13
26
26
18
18
13
13
10
10
Lamp
wattage
W
3000
3000
3000
3000
4000
3000
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
6000+
20000
20000
20000
10000
10000
10000
12000
12000
10000
12000
10000
10000
10000
12000
10000
12000
10000
12000
10000
12000
10000
12000
Rated
life
hours
4000
6000
9000
5200
4300
3200
2200
1710
1710
1150
1150
2800
890
890
1800
1800
1200
1200
900
900
600
600
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
30000
Peak
intensity
cd
MR
MR
HIR 35/24
HIR 35/45
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
GX8.5
GX8.5
Lamp
cap
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
Type
70
150
70
150
200
60
140
20
35
70
20
96.7
74.3
80.0
67.5
114.2
117.9
85.0
97.1
88.6
75.0
250
400
80.0
90.0
100.0
250
80.0
3000
70
3000
3000
3000
3000
4200
4200
5900
2800
2800
3000
3000
5100
5400
4000
4200
4200
3000
70
150
3000
35
70
3000
35
80.0
3000
3000
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
2
2
1B
1B
1A
1A
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
35
35
Lamp
wattage
W
78.6
Luminous
efficacy
9000
9000
9000
10000
6000
6000
2000
12000
12000
15000
15000
6000
15000
6000
6000
6000
6000
6000
6000
6000
6000+
6000+
Rated
life
hours
1500
6200
1700
3400
5200
12000
13500
6850
16500
14500
7000
20000
36000
20000
12000
5500
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
10000
68000
5000
23000
8500
Peak
intensity
cd
| 209
MT
MT
MT
HIT-CE
HIT-CE
HIT-CE
MBI-T
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
Lamp
cap
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
Type
70
150
35
70
150
150
250
70
100
250
250
250
400
400
400
1000
250
400
70
250
250
250
400
250
400
400
400
1000
1000
2000
91.4
93.3
86.0
92.0
70.0
85.0
78.0
76.0
82.0
80.0
107.5
90.0
110.0
87.2
97.0
71.4
84.0
80.0
84.0
87.5
76.0
87.5
105.0
80.0
85.0
80.0
90.0
Lamp
wattage
W
85.7
86.7
97.1
Luminous
efficacy
4500
4200
5300
3700
3700
3800
3200
4000
5200
3700
4000
3800
3700
3750
3000
4200
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
2
2
2
2
2B
1A
2
1A
1A
1A
2
1A
2
2
1B
2
2
1A
2
2
2
2
2B
1B
1A
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
6000
9000
-
6000
6000
-
15000
20000
20000
12000
10000
14000
9000
15000
12000
9000
9000
12000
15000
10000
Rated
life
hours
21000
35000
19000
35000
42000
32000
85000
80000
180000
5000
21000
20000
21800
38800
4900
8500
19500
19000
20500
32000
43000
36000
110000
23000
12900
14000
6400
6000
13000
3400
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
Peak
intensity
cd
MT
QE/R
QE/R
QE/R
QE/R
QE/R
QE/R
QE/R
QE/R
HME
HME
HME
HME
HME
HME
HME
HME
MBFSD
MBFSD
MBFSD
MBF
MBF
MBF
MBF
MBF
MHN-LA
MHN-LA
Sportlight
Sportlight
MHN-LA
MHN-LA
Powerstar HQI-TS/D/S
Powerstar HQI-TS
MHN-SB
Sylvania HSI-TD
CMH-TT,Powerball HCITT,CDO-TT
CMH-TT,Powerball HCITT,CDO-TT
Powerstar T/N
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
G38
CSI/PAR 64
(colour temperatures vary)
E27
Kolorlux
Standard,HQL,HPL-N
E27
Kolorlux
Standard,HQL,HPL-N
E27
Kolorlux
Standard,HQL,HPL-N
E40
Kolorlux
Standard,HQL,HPL-N
E40
Kolorlux
Standard,HQL,HPL-N
E40
Kolorlux Standard,HQIE,HPL-N
E27
Kolorlux Deluxe,HQL DE
LUXE,HPL Comfort
E27
Kolorlux Deluxe,HQL DE
LUXE,HPL Comfort
E27
Kolorlux Deluxe,HQL DE
LUXE,HPL Comfort
Cable
Cable
RX7s
Cable
Cable
Cable
Cable
Cable
Cable
Cable
E40
E27
HIT-CE
E40
Lamp
cap
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
HIT
MT
Tubular clear - ceramic
HIT-CE
MT
Type
52.0
50.0
40.0
57.0
56.3
52.0
50.4
125
80
50
1000
400
250
125
80
50
36.0
47.5
1000
1000
1000
1500
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
150
70
2000
Lamp
wattage
W
76.0
90.0
100.0
80.0
100.0
95.0
110.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
93.3
91.4
120.0
Luminous
efficacy
3350
3400
3500
3550
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
5600
4200
5200
5200
5600
4200
5800
4400
5600
5600
3000
3000
4000
1A
1B
2
2
1A
1B
1A
2B
1B
1A
1B
1B
2B
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
20000
16000
16000
29000
20000
20000
20000
16000
12000
3500
6000
6000
4000
8000
3000
120
12000
Rated
life
hours
6500
4000
2000
57000
22500
13000
6300
3800
1800
76000
90000
100000
120000
200000
190000
220000
200000
225000
200000
200000
14000
6400
240000
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
Peak
intensity
cd
| 211
QE/R
QE/R
HME
HME
MBFSD
MBFSD
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
SE
SE
SE
SC
ST
ST
SE
ST
SE
SE
ST
SE
ST
SE
ST
ST
ST
HSE-I
HSE
HSE-I Diffuse
HSE-I Clear
HST
HST
HSE
HST
HSE
HSE
HST
HSE
HST
HSE
HST
HST
HST
HPS-T
HPS-T
HPS-T
HPS-E
HPS-T
HPS-E
HPS-T
HPS-E
HPS-T
HPS-E
HPS-E
HPS-E-I
Diffuse
HPS-E-I
Clear
HPS-T
HPS-T
HPS-E
HPS-E-I
Type
E40
E40
E40
E40
E40
E40
E40
E40
E40
E27
E40
E27
E27
E27
E27
E27
E27
E27
E40
E40
Lamp
cap
Lucalox T
Lucalox T,Vialox NAVT,70SON-T
Lucalox E
Lucalox T
Lucalox E-Z,Vialox NAV-E
Lucalox E,Vialox NAVE,150SON
Lucalox T,Vialox NAVT,150SON-T
Lucalox E,Vialox NAVE,250SON
Lucalox T,Vialox NAVT,250SON-T
Lucalox E,Vialox NAVE,400SON
Lucalox T,Vialox NAVT,400SON-T
Lucalox T,Vialox NAVT,600SON-T
Lucalox T,Vialox NAVT,1000SON-T
Kolorlux Deluxe,HQL DE
LUXE,HPL Comfort
Kolorlux Deluxe,HQL DE
LUXE,HPL Comfort
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
130.0
150.0
125.0
118.8
110.0
104.0
100.0
92.0
96.0
80.0
96.7
68.0
85.7
85.7
82.9
82.9
68.0
66.0
60.0
56.0
Luminous
efficacy
1000
600
400
400
250
250
150
100
100
110
150
50
70
70
70
70
50
50
400
250
Lamp
wattage
W
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
3400
3350
4
4
4
4
4
4
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
24000
24000
28500
28500
28500
28500
28500
28500
28500
16000
28500
28500
28500
12000
12000
28500
12000
28500
24000
24000
Rated
life
hours
130000
90000
50000
47500
27500
26000
15000
9200
9600
8800
14500
3400
6000
6000
5800
5800
3400
3300
24000
14000
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
Peak
intensity
cd
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
HST-MF
HST-MF
HST-MF
HST-MF
HST-MF
HPS-T(HO)
HPS-T(HO)
HPS-T(HO)
HPS-T(HO)
HPS-T(HO)
HPS-T(HO)
E40
E40
E40
E40
E40
E27
E27
Lamp
cap
Lucalox HO,Vialox
Super,SON-T PLUS
Lucalox HO,Vialox
Super,SON-T PLUS
Lucalox HO,Vialox
Super,SON-T PLUS
Lucalox HO,Vialox
Super,SON-T PLUS
Lucalox HO,Vialox
Super,SON-T PLUS
Lucalox HO,Vialox
Super,SON-T PLUS
Lucalox HO,Vialox
Super,SON-T PLUS
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
ST
HST-MF
Type
35
50
400
90.0
46.0
250
92.0
37.1
250
88.0
400
150
86.7
92.5
150
600
400
250
150
100
70
50
Lamp
wattage
W
80.0
150.0
141.3
132.0
116.7
100.0
92.9
80.0
Luminous
efficacy
2500
2500
2200
2200
2200
2200
2200
2200
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
1B
1B
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
10000
10000
14000
14000
14000
14000
14000
14000
28500
28500
28500
28500
28500
28500
28500
Rated
life
hours
2300
1300
37000
36000
23000
22000
13000
12000
90000
56500
33000
17500
10000
6500
4000
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
Peak
intensity
cd
| 213
STH
STH
STH
STH
HST-CRI
HST-CRI
HST-CRI
HST-CRI
HPSDE(HO)
HPSDE(HO)
HST-DE
SD
HPS-DE
HST-DE
SD
HPS-DE
Low pressure sodium discharge lamps
LST
LS
SOX
LST
LS
SOX
LST
LS
SOX
LST
LS
SOX
LST-HY
LSE
SOX-E
LST-HY
LSE
SOX-E
LST-HY
LSE
SOX-E
Halogen lamps
Halogen reflector - dichroic mirror (12V
QRHRG
M265
CBC35/10
QRHRG
M266
CBC35/21
QRHRG
M270
CBC51/18
QR-CBC51/8 HRG
M249
SD
STH
HST-CRI
SD
STH
HST-CRI
HST-DE
STH
HST-CRI
HPST(White)
HPST(White)
HPST(White)
HPST(White)
HPST(White)
HPST(White)
HPST(White)
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
Double ended
HST-DE
Type
SOX
SOX
SOX
SOX
SOX-E
SOX-E
SOX-E
BY22d
BY22d
BY22d
BY22d
BY22d
BY22d
BY22d
GU5.3
GU5.3
GU4
Bright MR16,Decostar 5l
(24),Standardline (24)
Bright MR16,Decostar 5l
(10),Standardline (10)
Precise MR11,Decostar
35S,Standardline
Precise MR11
Vialox NAV-TS
Vialox NAV-TS
Fc2
Fc2
supply)
GU4
Vialox NAV-Super
Vialox NAV-Super
NHT-SDX
NHT-SDX
NHT-SDX
NHT-SDX
SDW-TG
SDW-TG
SDW-T
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
RX7s-24
RX7s
E40
E40
E27
E27
GX12
GX12
PG12-I
Lamp
cap
131.4
139.1
141.7
163.0
156.2
177.8
163.6
102.0
120.0
96.0
91.4
54.0
52.0
50.0
50.0
48.0
46.0
50.0
Luminous
efficacy
50
35
35
35
35
55
90
135
26
36
66
250
400
150
70
250
150
100
70
100
50
100
Lamp
wattage
W
3100
3100
2900
2900
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
2100
2100
1900
1900
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2550
1A
1A
1A
1A
4
4
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
1B
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
4000
4000
3500
3500
16000
16000
16000
16000
16000
16000
16000
26000
26000
30000
30000
9000
9000
6000
6000
10000
10000
10000
Rated
life
hours
4600
7650
12750
22000
4060
6400
10800
25500
48000
14400
6400
13500
7800
5000
3500
4800
2300
5000
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
8000
2950
2070
6300
Peak
intensity
cd
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
Lamp
cap
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
Luminous
efficacy
QRHRG
M250
GU5.3
Bright MR16,Decostar
CBC51/18
51 (24),
QRHRG
M258
GU5.3
Bright MR16,Decostar 51
CBC51/36
(38),Standardline
QRHRG
M280
GU5.3
Bright MR16,Decostar
CBC51/60
5l,Standardline
QRHRG
M271
GU5.3
Decostar 51,Standardline
CBC51/10
QRHRG
M281
GU5.3
Bright MR16,Decostar 51
CBC51/36
(38),Standardline
Halogen reflector - aluminised (12V supply)
QR-51/38
HAG
M58A
GU5.3
Decostar ALU
QR-C51/24 HAG
Black
GU5.3
QR-C51/24 HAG
Silver
GU5.3
Halogen metal reflector - aluminium (12V supply)
QR70/8
HMG BA15d
Halospot 70
QR70/24
HMG BA15d
Halospot 70
QR111/4
HMG G53
Halospot 111
QR111/24
HMG G53
AR111,Halospot 111
QR111/8
HMG G53
AR111,Halospot
111,ALUline PRO-111
QR111/24
HMG G53
AR111,Halospot
111,ALUline PRO-111
QR111/8
HMG G53
AR111,Halospot
111,ALUline PRO-111
QR111/24
HMG G53
AR111,Halospot
111,ALUline PRO-111
QR111/45
HMG G53
AR111,Halospot
111,ALUline PRO-111
QR111/8
HMG G53
AR111,Halospot 111
QR111/24
HMG G53
AR111,Halospot
111,ALUline PRO-111
QR111/45
HMG G53
AR111,Halospot
111,ALUline PRO-111
Halogen capsule (12V supply). Low pressure for use with open luminaires
QT-LP 12-ax
HSG
G4
Halostar,Capsuleline Pro
15.0
frosted
QT-LP 12-ax
HSG
G4
Q20T2, Halostar,
16.0
Capsuleline Pro
Type
3000
3000
3100
3100
3000
2950
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
50
50
35
35
50
50
50
50
50
35
35
50
50
75
75
75
100
100
100
20
20
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
50
Lamp
wattage
W
2000
2000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3500
3500
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
Rated
life
hours
320
300
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
2800
48000
8500
1700
5300
30000
3500
12500
2600
45000
2500
20000
1600
3000
3000
1300
7200
950
2100
4750
Peak
intensity
cd
| 215
HSG
HSG
HSG
QT-LP12-ax
frosted
QT-LP12-ax
frosted
QT-LP12-ax
QT-LP12-ax
frosted
QT-LP12-ax
HSG
QT-LP 12-ax
HSG
HSG
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
GY6.35
GY6.35
GY6.35
GY6.35
GY6.35
GY6.35
Lamp
cap
Q20T3, Halostar,
Capsuleline Pro
Capsuleline Pro
Halostar,Capsuleline Pro
Capsuleline Pro
Q20T3, Halostar,
Capsuleline Pro
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
Q50T3,Halostar,
Capsuleline Pro
QT-LP12-ax
HSG
GY6.35 Q75T3,Halostar,
Capsuleline Pro
QT-LP12-ax
HSG
GY6.35 Halostar
QT-LP12-ax
HSG
GY6.35 Capsuleline Pro
Halogen capsule (12V supply) for use with closed luminaires
QT 12-ax
HSG
M75
GY6.35 M75
QT 12-tr
HSG
M32
GY6.35 M32,Halostar
QT 12-ax
HSG
M74
GY6.35 M74
QT 12-ax
HSG
M73
GY6.35 M73
QT 12-tr
HSG
M28
GY6.35 M28
QT 12-ax
HSG
M180
GY6.35 M180
Halogen capsule (24V supply) for use with closed luminaires)
QT 16-ax
HSG
GY6.35 Halostar
Halogen aluminised reflector (PAR)
QPAR16/25 HARI
GU10
Hi-Spot 80
QPAR16/25 HARI
GU10
MR16, Hi-Spot
50,TWISTline Alu
QPAR16/50 HARI
GU10
MR16,Hi-Spot
50,TWISTline Alu
QPAR20/10 HAPAR E27
50PAR20,Halopar 20,HiSpot 63,Halogen A
QPAR20/25 HAPAR E27
50PAR20,Halopar 20
(30),Halogen A
QPAR20/25 HAPAR GU10
Hi-Spot ES63
QPAR20/50 HAPAR GU10
Hi-Spot ES63
QPAR25/10 HAPAR E27
Hi-Spot 80
QPAR25/25 HAPAR E27
Hi-Spot 80
Type
3000
2900
2800
2800
2900
2900
2700
2700
2900
2900
90
100
35
50
50
75
100
100
150
35
50
50
50
50
75
75
50
50
20.0
22.0
17.1
17.0
18.0
18.0
22.0
21.5
21.3
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
75
18.0
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
50
50
35
35
20
20
Lamp
wattage
W
19.0
19.5
17.1
18.0
17.0
15.0
Luminous
efficacy
2500
2500
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
4000
3000
4000
4000
2000
4000
4000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
Rated
life
hours
3200
600
850
900
1350
2200
2150
1800
2200
1350
950
975
600
630
340
300
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
2500
1000
4000
1100
1000
3000
600
800
1250
Peak
intensity
cd
ILCOS Previous
HAPAR HAPAR -
HAPAR -
HAPAR -
QPAR25/10
QPAR25/25
QPAR30/10
QPAR30/30
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
QT-18
QT
QT
HSGT
HSGT
HSGT
M38
M40
QPAR30S/10 HAPAR QPAR30S/30 HAPAR QPAR30/10 HAPAR QPAR30/30 HAPAR QPAR30S/10 HAPAR QPAR30S/30 HAPAR Halogen dichroic reflector (PAR)
QPARHR
CB16/25
QPARHR
CB16/50
QPARHRG1 CB20/25
QPARHRG1 CB20/50
Double ended halogen
QT-DE 12
HDG
K9
QT-DE 12
HDG
K1
QT-DE 12
HDG
K4
QT-DE 12
HDG
K5
Single ended halogen
QT-14
HS
QT-14
HS
QT-32
HSGT QT-32
HSGT -
Type
K9,Haloline,Plusline
K1,Haloline,Plusline
K4,Haloline,Plusline
K5,Haloline,Plusline
Halopin,MV Capsules
Halopin,MV Capsules
Halolux Ceram
Halolux Ceram
R7s
R7s
R7s
R7s
G9
G9
E27
E27
B15d
GY9.5
GY9.5
Halolux Ceram
M38
M40
Hi-Spot ESD63
GZ10
GZ10
GZ10
Hi-Spot 80
75PAR25, Hi-Spot
80,Halogen A
75PAR30,Halopar 30,HiSpot 95
75PAR30,Halopar 30,HiSpot 95
Halogen A
Halogen A
100PAR30, Hi-Spot 95
100PAR30, Hi-Spot 95
Halogen A
Halogen A
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
Hi-Spot ESD50,TWISTline
Dich
Hi-Spot ESD50,TWISTline
Dich
Hi-Spot ESD63
GZ10
E27
E27
E27
E27
E27
E27
E27
E27
E27
E27
Lamp
cap
16.7
17.3
20.0
10.2
12.3
13.7/15
5.5/16.8
16.0
19.0
22.0
22.0
Luminous
efficacy
150
300
500
25
40
60/100
150/250
300
500
1000
1500
75
75
50
50
75
75
100
100
100
100
75
75
75
75
Lamp
wattage
W
2900
2950
2950
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
3000
3000
3000
2850
2850
2700
2700
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
1A
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
2000
2000
2000
1500
1500
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2500
2500
2500
2500
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
2000
3000
Rated
life
hours
2500
5200
10000
255
490
820/1500
2500\
4200
4800
9500
22000
33000
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
1000
2500
500
1250
6500
2000
10000
3500
9000
3000
2200
6900
5500
1300
Peak
intensity
cd
| 217
ILCOS Previous
Designations
LBS (ZVEI)
Lamp
cap
FSG1
QL
63.6
70.6
85
55
QL
QL
60/100
Lamp
wattage
W
120
120
300
11.7/15
Luminous
efficacy
PAR38,Concentra Par38
PAR38,Concentra Par38
PAR56
GLS
Lamp manufacturer
brand names
1A
1A
1A
1A
3
1B
Choices
3
1B
Choices
2700
2700
2700
2700
Colour Colour
temp. rendering
K
group
60000
60000
2000
2000
-
1000
Rated
life
hours
Peak
intensity
cd
6000
3500
7000
3000
16000
700/1500 -
Initial
lamp
lumens
lm
NOTE. Values given in this table are generic and are indicative of performance for a given type of lamp. For definitive values you should refer
to lamp manufacturers data.
LMG-lhf
Incandescent lamps
A
IA
GLS
E27
Spot (mains supply, except where stated)
PAR
IPAR
PAR38/15 E27
PAR
IPAR
PAR38/30 E27
PAR
IPAR
12V/
GX16
PAR56/40 terminal
Induction lamps (185-255V supply)
LMG-Ihf
FSG1 QL
-
Type
Class
Ballasts
A1
A2
A3
Electronic ballasts
B1
B2
8.13 Circuits
The circuits shown in this section are generic, in that they are
not specific to any manufacturer or make of control gear but
serve to illustrate the principles. They are split into fluorescent
and sodium/metal halide lamp circuits as these have distinct
wiring and control techniques.
| 219
Ignitor
A starting device, intended to generate voltage pulses to start
discharge lamps, which does not provide for the pre-heating
of electrodes. A basic ignitor will do this until the lamp strikes,
which means that if there is a problem with the lamp or circuit
that prevents the lamp starting the ignitor will continue to try
to start the lamp until the circuit is turned off or potentially
the ballast is damaged. Modern ignitors therefore normally
incorporate anti-cycling control that can sense the normal endoflife mode of a lamp and disables the ignitor. This normally
happens after the ignitor has tried to start the lamp a few times,
and for metal halide lamps this is generally after approximately
15 minutes. (For high pressure sodium lamps this will be after
approximately five minutes)
Ph
Ballast
Power factor
capacitor
Ignitor
E
A series ignitor circuit. Here the lamp is wired across the ignitor
and the neutral. This type of circuit is common when using highpressure sodium and metal halide lamps.
Ph
Ballast
Power factor
capacitor
Ignitor
E
A parallel ignitor circuit. Here the lamp is wired across the
ballast and the neutral in parallel with the ignitor. This type of
circuit is common when using low-pressure sodium lamps.
| 221
Ballast
Ph
Power factor
capacitor
Lamp
Starter
Ph
Ballast
Lamp
Ph
N
Lamp
Invertor
Ph
Ballast
For circuits with more than one lamp only the lamp used in
emergency mode is connected to the inverter, additional
lamps being connected directly to the ballast. As the ballast
receives no power supply during mains failure these lamps
are extinguished and again the emergency lamp is lit using a
supply from the batteries via the inverter.
| 223
| 225
8.16 Fusing
Fuses are the simplest form of circuit protection. Whilst they
have generally been replaced by electromechanical methods
of protection a benefit of fuses is that they can withstand much
higher fault levels than other electromechanical methods of
protection.
However, circuit breakers are most commonly used for
protecting circuits on high voltage and low voltage circuits.
For low voltage, low current applications typical of lighting
installations miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) may be used to
protect the final circuit. Three different categories of MCB are
defined, giving different levels of performance depending upon
application. These are;
Type B
Type C
Type D
| 227
| 229
Yes / No
Yes / No
Yes / No
Are the luminaires correctly orientated (rotation, tilt)? For floodlights have they been installed upside-down?
Yes / No
Have the lamps been run for >100 hours to ensure lamp stability?
Yes / No
Is the quality of the electrical supply suitable (voltage, current, voltage surges or dips, harmonics)?
Yes / No
For high-pressure discharge lamps have they been on for > 20 minutes before measurement?
Yes / No
For fluorescent lamps have they been on for > 4 hours before measurement?
Yes / No
Is the light meter calibrated and does it have adequate accuracy of measurement?
Yes / No
Are the measurements being made at the correct height and orientation?
Yes / No
Yes / No
Interior
Is the space empty or furnished and was the scheme calculation for the same condition?
Yes / No
Are the surface reflection factors the same as used in the scheme calculation?
Yes / No
Is the ambient temperature different to that expected and is this affecting the running temperature of the lamps?
Yes / No
Has the protective film been removed from luminaire component such as louvres and diffusers
Yes / No
Outdoor
Has the electrical supply cable been correctly sized?
Yes / No
Yes / No
Possible cause
Supply interruption
Check for voltage at circuit input terminals. Check any fuses and
ensure cabling is correctly sized
Circuit misconnection
Ignitor fault
Explosion
Thermal shock
Mechanical damage/transit
damage
Lamps that have incurred damage during transit may operate for
a period of time before failing due to a weakened construction.
Damage and deterioration of inner lamp components should be
visible after a short period of running if the outer envelope is faulty
Circuit misconnection
Check that the circuit is wired correctly and suitably tapped. Check
that there is no fault on the ballast. Check that the power factor
capacitor is connected correctly
Check that the lamp is properly seated in the lamp holder(s). Check
for any signs of arcing. For high voltage lamps with non-screw thread
connection check lamp holders are in sound condition. Lamp holders
with pitting or corrosion must be replaced
Lamp orientation
Temperature
Lamp extinguishing
| 231
Possible cause
Fuse blown
Faulty tube
Open circuit
Test for open circuit on control gear or short to earth between control
gear and tube
Check that the correct lamp holders are connected to each tube
Test for short circuit across lamp holder lead or for short circuit to
earth on wiring
Short circuit on starter switch or Test starter switch in working luminaire. If satisfactory test starter
associated wiring (non-electronic switch socket and associated wiring
control gear)
Low voltage
Low temperature
Check that the correct lamp holders are connected to each tube
Ballast overheats
Lack of ventilation
Fault in ballast
Replace ballast
| 233
9.2 Standards
A variety of documents exist to ensure a product conforms to
relevant directives and safety requirements. Some of the relevant
standards are listed in Table 9.1.
Subject
European Standard
EN 60598-1
International
Standard
EN 60598 2-1
IEC 60598-2-1
Luminaires Recessed
EN 60598 2-2
IEC 60598-2-2
EN 60598 2-3
IEC 60598-2-3
Luminaires Floodlights
EN 60598 2-5
IEC 60598-2-5
EN 60598-2-6
IEC 60598-2-6
EN 60598 2-19
IEC 60598-2-19
Luminaires Emergency
EN 60598 2-22
IEC 60598-2-22
EN 60570
IEC 60570
Photometric Measurements
CIE 24/CIE 27
EN 10302-1: 2004
EN 10302-2: 2004
EN 13032-3: 2007
EMC Emissions-Lighting
EN 55015
CISPR 15
EMC Immunity-Lighting
EN 61547
IEC 61547
ISO 9000
Quality Systems
EN ISO 9000
Emergency Lighting
EN 1838
EN 61347-2-2
IEC 61347-2-2
EN 61047
IEC 61047
EN 60742
IEC 742
Lighting Columns
EN 40
Safety
Electronic transformers for lamps
Performance
| 235
EN 12464-1: 2003
EN 12464-2: 2007
EN 12193:1999
Emergency lighting
EN 1838
EN 50172: 2004
EN 13201-1/4: 2004
EN 15193: 2007
EN 14255
CIE S 015/E:2005
CIE S 020/E:2007
CIE 97.2
Lighting education
CIE 99
CIE 117
Obtrusive light
CIE 150
CIE 154
Table 9.1 Selection of relevant standards
ENEC Marking
For luminaires and lighting components, European
harmonisation of national approval marks has been achieved
through introduction of the ENEC mark. The ENEC mark may
be awarded by any one of the recognised European approval
authorities, such as BSI, VDE or SEMKO, in the same way as a
national approval mark. ENEC is important however, because
it indicates that the product is suitable for use throughout Europe
and that all of the most onerous special national conditions of
test standards have been complied with.
EN40
When designing an exterior lighting installation it must be
ensured that the lighting columns are not only strong enough to
support the weight of the equipment attached to them but are
also strong enough to withstand the more significant loading
effect from wind pressure against the project area of the
complete structure. In Europe document EN40 is used to check
suitability, allowing the structure to be verified against statistical
data for a geographical area and thereby ensuring that the
column can withstand the wind conditions. The calculation
process takes into account variables such as the height of the
site above local ground level, the height above sea level,
the distance from the coastline and the degree of shelter
provided by local obstructions and features as all of these
12
| 237
IP2X
IPX0
No special protection
IP3X
IPX1
IP4X
IPX2
IP5X
IPX3
IP6X
IPX4
IPX5
Water jet
IPX6
Heavy downpours
IPX7
Temporary immersion
IPX8
ATEX classification
The IP rating is not sufficient as a safety criterion in areas with
particularly hazardous or explosive atmospheres. Equipment
for use in these environments is classified according to the
expected conditions using the ATEX group category, as shown
in Table 9.3.
Equivalent
zonal
classification
Level of
protection
provided
Zone 0 (gas)
Zone 20 (dust)
Very high
Zone 1 (gas)
Zone 21 (dust
High
Zone2 (gas)
Zone 22 (dust)
Normal
Ta classification
Denotes the maximum ambient temperature in which the
luminaire is suitable for use. No ta mark indicates suitable for
use in maximum 25C ambient.
750/850/950 hot wire
Abbreviation for compliance with glow wire test for plastic parts
tested at the stated temperature.
Impact Resistance
The use of Joules (Newton metres - Nm) has been common
for many years. More recently an IK rating normally used for
electrical enclosures and cabinets (EN50102:1995) has
emerged as manufacturers apply it to their luminaires, as
they also enclose electrical circuits. Table 9.4 compares both
ratings:
IK rating
IK01
IK02
IK03
IK04
Joules of
energy
0.15j
0.23j
0.35j
0.5j
IK05 IK06
0.7j
1.0j
IK07
IK08
IK09
IK10
2.0j
5.0j
10.0j
20. 0j
Table 9.4 C
omparison of impact resistance
ratings
| 239
Acids
Salts
Organics
(Aliphatics)
(aromatics)
Foodstuffs,
cooking
products
drinks,
beverages
Gases
Chemicals Specific
acetic <30%
nitric <10%
sulphuric <20%
hydrochloric <10%
chromic <20%
phosphoric <40%
marine salts
copper sulphate
sodium chloride
ethanol <30%
propanol<30%
methane
propane
formaldehyde/
formalin
formic acid<5%
stearic acid soap
urea
ethylene glycol
(antifreeze)
glucose sugar
glycerol/glycerine
milk
fruit juices
vegetable oils (cold)
vegetable oils (hot)
meats, beef, lamb,
pork, game, poultry
fish
pork fat
cooking fats (cold)
cooking fats (hot)
alcoholic beverages
beer
carbonated
beverages, lemonade
wines & spirits
water <60C
vinegar
ozone
sulphur dioxide
industrial pollutant
GRP body
GRP body
GRP body
GRP body
GRP body
PC diffuser
PMMA diffuser
PC diffuser
PC diffuser
PC diffuser
PMMA diffuser
Stainless
toggle
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Stainless
toggle
Stainless
toggle
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Stainless
toggle
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Stainless
toggle
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Stainless
toggle
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
| 241
Chemicals Specific
Building
materials,
paints
GRP body
GRP body
GRP body
GRP body
GRP body
PC diffuser
PMMA diffuser
PC diffuser
PC diffuser
PC diffuser
PMMA diffuser
Stainless
toggle
Stainless
toggle
Stainless
toggle
Stainless
toggle
Stainless
toggle
Stainless
toggle
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
10 Tools
10.1 Tools
Thorn Product Explorer
The Thorn Product Explorer is available on DVD. It features an
electronic catalogue with an intuitive user interface including
powerful search functions, and can be used as a data plug-in
for the programs DIALux and Relux Professional to allow lighting
calculations to be performed using Thorn data within these
popular design tools. Copies of the Product Explorer may be
obtained from your local Thorn representative or downloaded
from your local Thorn web-site as shown on the back of the
handbook.
Thorn CalcExpress
Thorn CalcExpress is a one-click interior design facility
that allows quick design of lighting installations for simple
rectangular spaces. It is integrated within the Thorn Product
Explorer and an on-line version is being produced for use over
the Internet.
Tools
| 243
Tools
ThornQE
ThornQE is a software tool for Quick and Easy design of
interior, area and road lighting schemes using Thorn products
for standard design criteria. Reports may be customised with
specific company details. This software enables product
selection, lighting design and reporting of results to be
performed from one simple process.
Thorn Primata Configurator
Pre-wired trunking systems save time and money. They are
increasingly popular in todays cost-sensitive market because
they are quick and easy to assemble, and simple to install
without special tools Primata II is a pre-wired continuous row
system with a comprehensive selection of fluorescent luminaires
and various optics.
The Primata II configurator allows definition of Primata II
products required in an installation. It produces a bill of
materials for Primata II installations and automatically includes
ancillary equipment such as couplers, end-caps, grommets, etc.
DIALux
DIALux is an independent and manufacturer-neutral third
party software available free of charge. It is available in 26
languages (at present). As well as allowing calculation of
lighting design parameters it also allows import and export to
and from CAD programmes in .dxf and .dwg format, photo
realistic visualization and creation of photo realistic films to help
present a design
http://www.dial.de/
Relux
The Relux Professional calculation and light design program is
an independent and manufacturer-neutral third party software
available free of charge. It is available in many languages. As
well as allowing calculation of lighting design parameters it
also allows the import of 2D and 3D objects in dxf, vrml, 3ds
and wmf format and has several add-on tools to extend the
functionality of the program.
http://www.relux.biz/
244 | Tools
Tools
Lighting Reality
Lighting Reality is an independent and manufacturer neutral
exterior calculation and lighting design program. It contains
data from many manufacturers including Thorn Lighting and
allows designs to be produced conforming to BS, EN and
IESNA criteria.
AGI32
AGI32 is a comprehensive lighting calculation and rendering
software for both interior and exterior schemes, with or without
daylight. AGI32 incorporates an integrated model builder
capable of constructing almost any architectural environment
and 3D CAD geometry may be imported via the DXF and
DWG file formats. AGI32 uses the IESNA photometric file
format and files in this format may be extracted from the Thorn
Product Explorer or on-line using the Thorn electronic catalogue.
Tools
| 245
11 Glossary
Ballast
Ballasts are electrical devices used with fluorescent or high
intensity discharge (HID) lamps to supply sufficient voltage to
start and operate the lamp but then to limit the current during
operation. They can be either magnetic or electronic.
Batten and trunking systems
These are generally fitted with fluorescent lamps and are
primarily used in commercial and industrial environments.
Designed either as surface-mounted or pendant units, they are
generally simple to install and can be used singly or as strip
lighting. Suitable housings ensure that the light is directed as
required and that glare is kept to a minimum.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
An important greenhouse gas. Countries that ratified the Kyoto
agreement have committed to reduce their emissions. Lighting
designers have the power to hold down CO2 emissions into the
atmosphere, the amount of CO2 being dependant upon the fuel
used for the production of electricity.
Colour Appearance
The colour emitted by a near-white light source can be
indicated by its correlated colour temperature (CCT). Each lamp
type has a specific correlated colour temperature measured
in degrees Kelvin e.g. 3000K and are described as warm,
intermediate, cool and cold.
Colour Rendering
The ability of a light source to reveal the colours of an object. It
is determined by the spectral power distribution or spectrum of
the light source. Measured by the colour rendering index (Ra).
The higher the number the better, up to a maximum of 100.
Control gear
Most artificial light sources other than incandescent lamps
require special control gear to start the lamp and control the
current after starting. Depending on the type of lamp involved,
the control gear can take the form of ballasts, ignitors or
transformers.
246 | Glossary
Glossary
Diffusers and moisture-proof fittings
Luminaires of a higher protection class. These are closed
luminaires for humid, wet, chemically aggressive or dusty
environments where the requirements for glare control are
generally rudimentary.
Digital Serial Interface (DSI)
A lighting control protocol created by the Zumtobel Group,
for applications where the addressing feature of DALI is not
required.
Downlight
Ceiling luminaire that concentrates the light in a downward
direction. Downlights are generally round or square and
recessed into the ceiling, but may also be surface-mounted.
They may feature an open reflector and/or a shielding device.
Columns
Poles for mounting roadlighting lanterns or floodlights. Also
known as masts and towers.
Contrast
Subjective experience of comparative brightness between points
or areas of luminance, seen simultaneously or successively.
Contrast Rendering Factor (CRF)
A measure of the degradation of contrast that is caused by
veiling reflections (bright reflections in the task).
Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI)
A lighting control protocol set out in the technical standard IEC
929
Efficacy
Measured in lumens per Watt (lm/W) and a useful parameter
for assessing how much light is available from the lamp for
each Watt of power. Luminaire efficacy is often expressed by
dividing the initial lamp lumens by the combined lamp and
control gear power.
Emergency lighting
Lighting provided for use when the mains supply for the general
lighting fails for whatever reason.
Glossary
| 247
Glossary
Glare
Glare is the result of excessive contrasts of luminance in the
field of view. The effect may vary from mild discomfort to an
actual impairment of the ability to see. When the ability to
see is impaired this is called disability glare. Discomfort glare
is associated more with interiors; it refers to the discomfort or
distraction caused by bright windows or luminaires.
High bay
As the term implies, these are for use when mounting heights of
around 8-10m or above are encountered.
High frequency electronic control gear (HF)
Most artificial light sources other than incandescent lamps
require special control gear to start the lamp and control the
current after starting. HF electronic gear operates fluorescent
tube(s) at high frequency (typically at 30-60 kHz) instead of the
mains frequency of 50 Hz offering benefits of higher quality
lighting, reduced running costs and ease of use, combined with
safe reliable operation. Dimmable versions available. They may
also be used with high intensity discharge lamps.
Ignitor
Ignitors are required for lamps that cannot be started using the
normal line voltage alone. This is the case with high-pressure
discharge lamps such as metal halide lamps and high-pressure
sodium vapour lamps.
Illuminance (lx)
The amount of light falling on an area divided by that area measured in lx. Generally, 500 lx is needed for office work,
whereas a watchmaker requires 4,000 lx. In summer, the
sun shines on the ground with 120,000 lx, and a full moon
produces 3 lx.
Indirect Lighting
System of illumination where the light from lamps and luminaires
is first reflected from a ceiling, wall or secondary optic.
Ingress protection (IP)
Denotes the protection against entry of dust/solid objects and
moisture/water, provided by the luminaire enclosure.
248 | Glossary
Glossary
Lamp
Lamps are artificial sources of light. There are many types,
distinguished by the way they generate light, their light output or
luminous flx, their power consumption, their luminous efficiency,
their geometry, the spectral composition of the radiation
emitted, their luminance and their beam characteristics.
LED/light-emitting diode
An LED or light-emitting diode is a small semiconductor device
which emits light, usually coloured, when an electric current
passes through it. LEDs are energy saving and have a long
service life. LED light engines can generate any colour by
mixing the individual spectral
Lighting control system
Lighting control systems are used to actively change the lighting
situation. Such changes can take place automatically or as a
result of intervention by a user. Lighting control systems often
include operating equipment. Lighting can automatically
respond to the level of daylight, it can be controlled by
presence sensors to switch on or off depending whether people
are in the room or can also progress through a sequence of
changing scenarios.
Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator (LENI)
Defined in the European standard for assessing the Energy
Performance of Buildings (EPBD), EN 15193 as the measure
for the annual lighting energy requirement for the building per
square metre. The quick method of calculation being:
LENI = W/A
W is the total annual energy used for
lighting {kWh/year}
A is the total useful floor area of the building {m}
Lighting management
Lighting management covers the entire concept of a controlled
or regulated lighting system including emergency lighting and its
use. As well as permitting efficient, user-focused operation of the
lighting system, it also allows it to be monitored, thus facilitating
maintenance.
Glossary
| 249
Glossary
Light Output Ratio (LOR)
The ratio of the total light output of the luminaire to the output of
the lamp(s), under stated conditions.
Low bay
Luminaires housing high intensity discharge lamps mounted
horizontally at low heights 4-8m, typically in industrial, sporting
and public concourses.
Lumen (lm)
The unit of luminous flx or the rate of flow of light from a source
or received by a surface. When a ray of light hits a solid
surface, the process is known as illumination.
Luminaire
Modern term for light fitting or fixture. A complete lighting
unit that controls the distribution of light given by a lamp(s).
Includes components for fixing and protecting the lamp(s) and
for connecting them to the supply circuit. Luminaires for road
lighting are often known as lanterns.
Luminaire-lumens per circuit watt
Is the luminaire efficiency factor given by LOR x (total bare lamp
flx in the luminaire/circuit Watts).
Luminance (cd/m2)
The measured brightness of a surface. The unit is cd/m.
Luminous intensity (candelas)
The amount of light that a small light source at the tip of a cone
emits through a narrow cone in a given direction.
Lux (lx)
The unit of illuminance, equal to one lumen per square metre.
Modelling
The use of light to bring out the form of three-dimensional
objects, structures or spaces.
Optic
The reflector and/or refractor system that directs the light
emission from the lamp in the luminaire into required directions.
250 | Glossary
Glossary
Editor
Peter Thorns BSc(Hons) CEng MCIBSE MSLL
Contributors
Patricia El-Baamrani; Lou Bedocs; Karl Flax; Stefan Hauer;
Pat Holley; Hugh King; Jan-Erik Jerleke; Iain Macrae;
Robin Ostlin; Paul Stranks
This is the fifth edition of the Technical Handbook
Copyright Thorn Lighting. All rights reserved. No part of
this publication may be reproduced in any form, without
prior permission in writing from Thorn Lighting, except for the
quotation of brief passages in reviews. While Thorn has made
every effort to credit the copyright owners for the illustrations
and photographs used herein, there may be omissions, for
which the company apologises.
Picture credits:
Danny Maddocks; Chris Gascoigne; Mike Gee;
Richard Seymour and Alan Turner
Spill Light
Stray light from a luminaire that incidentally illuminates nearby
objects or surfaces within the public environment. Can be a
cause of light trespass.
Spine
See batten
Track
A linear bus bar system providing one to three main circuits or
a low voltage supply to which display lighting (spotlights) can
be connected and disconnected at will along the length of the
system.
Transformer
Transformers reduce the line voltage (for instance 230V) to
the lower voltage required for operating low-voltage halogen
lamps. This will generally be 12V.
Trunking
Trunking usually provides mechanical fixings for the luminaires
as well as electrical connection.
Uniformity
The ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance
over the specified area.
Visual performance
The ability to perceive detail and carry out the visual tasks.
Visual comfort
Our feeling of ease or well being within the visual field.
Visual satisfaction
The qualitative impression of a lit space.
Glossary
| 251
France
Thorn Europhane SA
156 Boulevard Haussmann,
Cedex 08, Paris 75379, France
Tel:
(33) 1 49 53 6262
Fax:
(33) 1 49 53 6240
Website: www.thornlighting.fr
Hong Kong
Thorn Lighting (Hong Kong) Limited
Unit 4301, Level 43, Tower 1,
Metroplaza,223 Hing Fong Road,
Kwai Chung, N.T., Hong Kong
Tel:
(852) 2578 4303
Fax:
(852) 2887 0247
E-mail:
info.hk@thornlighting.com
Ireland
Thorn Lighting (Ireland) Limited
320 Harolds Cross Road,
Dublin 6W, Ireland
Tel:
(353) 1 4922 877
Fax:
(353) 1 4922 724
E-mail:
dublinsales@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.co.uk
Italy
Thorn Europhane Spa
Via G Di Vittorio, 2, Cadriano di Granarolo,
Bologna 40057, Italy
Tel:
(39) 051 763391
Fax:
(39) 051 763088
E-mail:
info@thornlighting.it
Website: www.thornlighting.it
New Zealand
Thorn Lighting (NZ) Ltd
399 Rosebank Road, P O Box 71134,
Rosebank, Auckland 7, New Zealand
Tel:
(64) 9 828 7155
Fax:
(64) 9 828 7591
E-mail:
info.NZ@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.co.nz
Norway
Thorn Lighting AS
Strmsveien 344, 1081 Oslo,
Norway
Tel:
(47) 22 82 07 00
Fax:
(47) 22 82 07 01
E-mail:
info.no@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.no
Poland
Thorn Lighting Polska Sp.z.o.o.,
Ul. Gazowa 26A, Wrocaw 50-513,
Poland
Tel:
(48) 71 7833 740
Fax:
(48) 71 3366 029
E-mail:
thorn.pl@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.pl
Russia
Thorn Lighting
Novoslobodskaya Str., 21, office 406
Business Center Novoslobodskaya 21,
Moscow 127030, Russia
Tel:
(7) 495 981 35 41
Fax:
(7) 495 981 35 42
E-mail:
anna.kisteneva@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.ru
Singapore
Thorn Lighting (Singapore) Pte Ltd
5 Kaki Bukit Crescent, 04-02 Koyotech
Building, 416238 Singapore
Tel:
(65) 6844 5800
Fax:
(65) 6745 7707
E-mail:
info.sg@thornlighting.com
Sweden
Thorn Lighting AB
Industrigatan, Box 305, SE-261 23
Landskrona, Sweden
Tel:
(46) 418 520 00
Fax:
(46) 418 265 74
E-mail:
info.se@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.se
United Arab Emirates
Thorn Lighting Ltd Dubai
Al Shoala Building, Office 301,
Block E, Airport road, P.O. Box 1200,
Deira, Dubai, UAE
Tel:
(971) 4 2940181
Fax:
(971) 4 2948838
E-mail:
tlluae@emirates.net.ae
Website: www.thornlighting.com
Thorn Gulf LLC
Al Shoala Building, Office 301/2, Block E,
Airport road, P.O. Box 22672, Deira,
Dubai, UAE
Tel:
(971) 4 2948938
Fax:
(971) 4 2948838
E-mail:
thorng@emirates.net.ae
Website: www.thornlighting.com
United Kingdom
Thorn Lighting Limited
Silver Screens, Elstree Way, Borehamwood,
Hertfordshire, WD6 1FE, UK
Tel:
(44) 20 8732 9800
Fax:
(44) 20 8732 9801
E-mail:
brochures.uk@thornlighting.com
Thorn Olympics Sports Lighting Team
Tel:
07796 303176
E-mail:
olympicsteamuk@thornlighting.com
International Sales
Thorn Lighting Limited
Silver Screens, Elstree Way, Borehamwood,
Hertfordshire, WD6 1FE, UK
Tel:
(44) 20 8732 1915
Fax:
(44) 20 8732 1911
E-mail:
international_sales@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.com
www.thornlighting.com
Thorn Lighting is constantly developing and improving its products. All descriptions, illustrations, drawings and specifications in this publication present only
general particulars and shall not form part of any contract. The right is reserved to change specifications without prior notification or public announcement.
All goods supplied by the company are supplied subject to the companys General Conditions of Sale, a copy of which is available on request.
All measurements are in millimetres and weights in kilograms unless otherwise stated.
Publication No: 434 (INT) Publication Date: 06/08
Technical Handbook
Technical Handbook
Denmark
Thorn Lighting A/S
Albuen 44, 6000 Kolding, Denmark
Tel:
(45) 7696 3600
Fax:
(45) 7696 3601
E-mail:
info.dk@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.dk
India
Thorn Lighting India Pvt. Ltd
RH-2 Nirav CHS, 636A, 90 Ft. D.P. Road,
Near Thakur Polytechnic
400 101 Mumbai, India
Tel:
(91) 22285 41056
Fax:
(91) 22285 1120
E-mail:
international_sales@thornlighting.com
Website: www.thornlighting.com