INTERNATIONALE PHARMACEUTICA SCIENCIA

| Jan-March 2011 | Vol. 1 | Issue 1 |

Available online http://www.ipharmsciencia.com
2011 IPS
REVIEW ARTICLE

Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review

ABSTRACT
Plants are a source of large amount of drugs comprising to different groups such as
antispasmodics, emetics, anti-cancer, antimicrobials etc. A large number of the plants are
claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and are also used
extensively by the tribal people worldwide. It is now believed that nature has given the cure of
every disease in one way or another. Plants have been known to relieve various diseases in
Ayurveda.

Therefore,

the

researchers

today

are

emphasizing

on

evaluation

Prashant Tiwari*, Bimlesh

Kumar, Mandeep Kaur, Gurpreet
Kaur, Harleen Kaur
Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Lovely School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Phagwara,
Punjab

and

Date of Submission: 12-01-2011

Date of Acceptance: 22-02-2011
Conflict of interest: Nil
Source of support: None

characterization of various plants and plant constituents against a number of diseases based
on their traditional claims of the plants given in Ayurveda. Extraction of the bioactive plant
constituents has always been a challenging task for the researchers. In this present review, an
attempt has been made to give an overview of certain extractants and extraction processes
with their advantages and disadvantages.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, phytochemicals, extraction, solvent, screening.

INTRODUCTION

extracts. Such preparations have been popularly called

Plant-derived substances have recently become of

galenicals, named after Galen, the second century

great interest owing to their versatile applications.

Greek physician [2].

Medicinal plants are the richest bio-resource of drugs

Extraction methods used pharmaceutically involves

of

the separation of medicinally active portions of plant

traditional

systems

medicines, nutraceuticals,

of

modern
folk

tissues from the inactive/inert components by using

medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical

selective solvents. During extraction, solvents diffuse

entities for synthetic drugs [1].

into the solid plant material and solubilize compounds

Extraction (as the term is pharmaceutically used) is the

with similar polarity [1].

separation of medicinally active portions of plant (and

The purpose of standardized extraction procedures for

animal) tissues using selective solvents through

crude drugs (medicinal plant parts) is to attain the

standard procedures. The products so obtained from

therapeutically desired portions and to eliminate

plants are relatively complex mixtures of metabolites,

unwanted material by treatment with a selective

in liquid or semisolid state or (after removing the

solvent known as menstrum. The extract thus

solvent) in dry powder form, and are intended for oral

obtained, after standardization, may be used as

or external use. These include classes of preparations

medicinal agent as such in the form of tinctures or

known

extracts,

fluid extracts or further processed to be incorporated

tinctures, pilular (semisolid) extracts or powdered

in any dosage form such as tablets and capsules. These

as

decoctions,

food

medicine,

supplements,

infusions,

fluid

products contains complex mixture of many medicinal

Address for correspondence

*Prashant Tiwari (Research Scholar)
Department of Pharmaceutical sciences
Lovely Professional University,
Ludhiana-Jalandhar G.T. Road
Phagwara (Punjab), 144402, India
*Mob: +919888418518 E.mail: parshant.tiwari@gmail.com
98

plant metabolites, such as alkaloids, glycosides,

terpenoids, flavonoids and lignans [3].
The general techniques of medicinal plant extraction
include maceration, infusion, percolation, digestion,

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Prashant Tiwari, et al: Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review

decoction,

(Soxhlet),

part of the plant like bark, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits,

aqueous-alcoholic extraction by fermentation, counter-

seeds, etc i.e. any part of the plant may contain active

current extraction, microwave-assisted extraction,

components. The systematic screening of plant species

ultrasound extraction (sonication), supercritical fluid

with the purpose of discovering new bioactive

extraction,

(with

compounds is a routine activity in many laboratories.

hydrofluorocarbon solvents). For aromatic plants,

Scientific analysis of plant components follows a

hydrodistillation techniques (water distillation, steam

logical pathway. Plants are collected either randomly

distillation, water and steam distillation), hydrolytic

or by following leads supplied by local healers in

maceration followed by distillation, expression and

geographical areas where the plants are found [5].

enfl eurage (cold fat extraction) may be employed.

Fresh or dried plant materials can be used as a source

Some of the latest extraction methods for aromatic

for the extraction of secondary plant components.

plants include headspace trapping, solid phase micro-

Many authors had reported about plant extract

extraction, protoplast extraction, microdistillation,

preparation from the fresh plant tissues. The logic

thermomicrodistillation and molecular distillation [3].

behind this came from the ethno medicinal use of fresh

The basic parameters influencing the quality of an

plant materials among the traditional and tribal

extract are [1]:

people. But as many

1.

hot

continuous

and

extraction

phytonic

extraction

Plant part used as starting material

plants are used in the dry form (or as an aqueous

2. Solvent used for extraction

extract) by traditional healers and due to differences in

3. Extraction procedure

water content within different plant tissues, plants are

usually air dried to a constant weight before extraction.

Effect of extracted plant phytochemicals depends on

Other researchers dry the plants in the oven at about

[1]:

40C for 72 h. In most of the reported works,

1.

The nature of the plant material

underground parts (roots, tuber, rhizome, bulb etc.) of

2. Its origin

a plant were used extensively compared with other

3. Degree of processing

above ground parts in search for bioactive compounds

4. Moisture content

possessing antimicrobial properties [1, 4].

5. Particle size
Choice of solvents
The variations in different extraction methods that will

Successful

affect quantity and secondary metabolite composition

compounds from plant material is largely dependent

of an extract depends upon [1]:

on the type of solvent used in the extraction procedure.

1.

determination

of

biologically

active

Type of extraction

Properties of a good solvent in plant extractions

2. Time of extraction

includes, low toxicity, ease of evaporation at low heat,

3. Temperature

promotion of rapid physiologic absorption of the

4. Nature of solvent

extract, preservative action, inability to cause the

5. Solvent concentration

extract to complex or dissociate. The factors affecting

6. Polarity

the choice of solvent are quantity of phytochemicals to

be extracted, rate of extraction, diversity of different

Plant material
Plants

are

compounds
biochemists

of

phytomedicine

and

have

diversity

of

inhibitory

been

compounds extracted, ease of subsequent handling of

times

the extracts, toxicity of the solvent in the bioassay

immemorial; man is able to obtain from them a

process, potential health hazard of the extractants [6].

wondrous assortment of industrial chemicals. Plant

The choice of solvent is influenced by what is intended

based natural constituents can be derived from any

with the extract. Since the end product will contain

components

potent

extracted,

since

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Prashant Tiwari, et al: Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review

traces of residual solvent, the solvent should be non-

compared

toxic and should not interfere with the bioassay. The

concentrations of more bioactive flavonoid

choice will also depend on the targeted compounds to

compounds were detected with ethanol 70% due

be extracted [1, 4].

to its higher polarity than pure ethanol. By

to

ethanol

[7].

The

higher

adding water to the pure ethanol up to 30% for

The various solvents that are used in the extraction

preparing ethanol 70% the polarity of solvent

procedures are:

was increased [8].

Additionally, ethanol was

found easier to penetrate the cellular membrane

1. Water: Water is universal solvent, used to
extract
activity.

plant

products

Though

with

traditional

to extract the intracellular ingredients from the

antimicrobial

plant material [9]. Since nearly all of the

healers

identified

use

components

from

plants

active

primarily water but plant extracts from organic

against

solvents

more

saturated organic compounds, they are most

consistent antimicrobial activity compared to

often obtained through initial ethanol or

water extract. Also water soluble flavonoids

methanol extraction [10]. Methanol is more

(mostly anthocyanins) have no antimicrobial

polar than ethanol but due to its cytotoxic

significance and water soluble phenolics only

nature, it is unsuitable for extraction in certain

important as antioxidant compound [4].

kind of studies as it may lead to incorrect

have

been

found

to

give

2. Acetone: Acetone dissolves many hydrophilic

microorganisms

are

aromatic

or

results.

and lipophilic components from the two plants

4. Chloroform: Terpenoid lactones have been

used, is miscible with water, is volatile and has a

obtained by successive extractions of dried barks

low toxicity to the bioassay used, it is a very

with hexane, chloroform and methanol with

useful extractant, especially for antimicrobial

activity concentrating in chloroform fraction.

studies where more phenolic compounds are

Occasionally tannins and terpenoids will be

required to be extracted. A study reported that

found in the aqueous phase, but they are more

extraction of tannins and other phenolics was

often obtained by treatment with less polar

better in aqueous acetone than in aqueous

solvents [10].

methanol [4, 6]. Both acetone and methanol

5. Ether: Ether is commonly used selectively for

were found to extract saponins which have

the extraction of coumarins and fatty acids [10].

antimicrobial activity [1].

3. Alcohol: The higher activity of the ethanolic

Dichloromethanol: It is another solvent used for

extracts as compared to the aqueous extract can

carrying out the extraction procedures. It is specially

be attributed to the presence of higher amounts

used for the selective extraction of only terpenoids

of polyphenols as compared to aqueous extracts.

[10].

It means that they are more efficient in cell walls

and seeds degradation which have unpolar
character and cause polyphenols to be released
from cells. More useful explanation for the
decrease in activity of aqueous extract can be
ascribed to the enzyme polyphenol oxidase,
which degrade polyphenols in water extracts,
whereas in methanol and ethanol they are
inactive. Moreover, water is a better medium for
the occurrence of the micro-organisms as
100

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Prashant Tiwari, et al: Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review

Table 1: Solvents used for active component extraction [10]

Water

Ethanol

Methanol

Chloroform

Ether

Acetone

Anthocyanins

Tannins

Anthocyanins

Terpenoids

Alkaloids

Phenol

Starches

Polyphenols

Terpenoids

Flavonoids

Terpenoids Flavonols

Tannins

Polyacetylenes

Saponins

Coumarins

Saponins

Flavonol

Tannins

Fatty acids

Terpenoids

Terpenoids

Xanthoxyllines

Polypeptides

Sterols

Totarol

Lectins

Alkaloids

Quassinoids
Lactones
Flavones
Phenones
Polyphenols

Table 2: Structural features and activities of various phytochemicals from plants [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22]
Phytochemicals
Phenols and
Polyphenols
Quinones
Flavones
Flavonoids

Structural features

Example(s)

C3 side chain, - OH groups, phenol ring

Catechol, Epicatechin, Cinnamic acid

Aromatic rings, two ketone substitutions

Hypericin

Activities
Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic,
Antidiarrhoeal
Antimicrobial

Abyssinone
Phenolic structure, one carbonyl group
Hydroxylated phenols, C6-C3 unit linked to
an aromatic ring
Flavones + 3-hydroxyl group

Chrysin, Quercetin, Rutin

Antimicrobial
Antidiarrhoeal

Totarol

Flavonols

Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic,
Antidiarrhoeal

Tannins

Polymeric phenols (Mol. Wt. 500-3000)

Ellagitannin

Coumarins

Phenols made of fused benzene and pyrone rings

Warfarin

Terpenoids and
essential oils

Acetate units + fatty acids, extensive

branching and cyclized

Capsaicin

Antimicrobial
Antimicrobial
Antidiarrhoeal

Alkaloids

Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds

Berberine, Piperine, Palmatine,

Tetrahydropalmatine

Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic,
Antidiarrhoeal

Proteins

Mannose-specific agglutinin, Fabatin

Antimicrobial

Lectins and
Polypeptides
Glycosides

Sugar + non carbohydrate moiety

Amygdalin

Antidiarrhoeal

Saponins

Amphipathic glycosides

Vina-ginsenosides-R5 and -R6

Antidiarrhoeal

Methods of extraction
Variation in extraction methods usually depends upon:
1.

Length of the extraction period,

2.

Solvent used,

3.

pH of the solvent,

4.

Temperature,

5.

Particle size of the plant tissues

6.

The solvent-to-sample ratio [4].

The basic principle is to grind the plant material (dry or wet) finer, which increases the surface area for extraction
thereby increasing the rate of extraction. Earlier studies reported that solvent to sample ratio of 10:1 (v/w) solvent
to dry weight ratio has been used as ideal [4].

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Prashant Tiwari, et al: Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review

Table 3: Mechanism of action of some phytochemicals [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23].
Phytochemicals
Quinones

Activity
Antimicrobial
Antimicrobial
Antidiarrhoeal

Flavonoids
Antimicrobial
Antidiarrhoeal

Makes intestinal mucosa more resistant and reduces secretion, stimulates normalization of deranged water transport
across the mucosal cells and reduction of the intestinal transit, blocks the binding of B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin to
GM1, resulting in the suppression of heat-labile enterotoxin-induced diarrhea, astringent action

Anthelmintic

Increases supply of digestible proteins by animals by forming protein complexes in rumen, interferes with energy
generation by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, causes a decrease in G.I. metabolism
Mechanism of action
Interaction with eucaryotic DNA
Membrane disruption
Inhibits release of autocoids and prostaglandins

Polyphenols and
Tannins

Phytochemicals
Coumarins
Terpenoids and
essential oils

Activity
Antiviral
Antimicrobial
Antidiarrhoeal
Antimicrobial
Antidiarrhoeal

Alkaloids
Lectins and
Polypeptides
Glycosides
Saponins
Steroids

Mechanism of action
Binds to adhesins, complex with cell wall, inactivates enzymes
Complex with cell wall, binds to adhesins
Inhibits release of autocoids and prostaglandins,
Inhibits contractions caused by spasmogens,
Stimulates normalization of the deranged water transport across the mucosal cells,
Inhibits GI release of acetylcholine
Binds to adhesins, enzyme inhibition, substrate deprivation, complex with cell wall, membrane disruption, metal ion
complexation

Anthelmintic
Antiviral
Antidiarrhoeal
Antidiarrhoeal
Anticancer
Anthelmintic
Antidiarrhoeal

Intercalates into cell wall and DNA of parasites

Inhibits release of autocoids and prostaglandins
Possess anti-oxidating effects, thus reduces nitrate generation which is useful for protein synthesis, suppresses transfer of
sucrose from stomach to small intestine, diminishing the support of glucose to the helminthes, acts on CNS causing
paralysis
Blocks viral fusion or adsorption, forms disulfide bridges
Inhibits release of autocoids and prostaglandins
Inhibits histamine release in vitro
Possesses membrane permeabilizing properties
Leads to vacuolization and disintegration of teguments
Enhance intestinal absorption of Na+ and water

Extraction procedures

c. Soxhlet extraction: Soxhlet extraction is

a. Plant tissue homogenization:

Plant

only required where the desired compound

tissue homogenization in solvent has been

has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the

widely used by researchers. Dried or wet,

impurity is insoluble in that solvent. If the

fresh plant parts are grinded in a blender to

desired compound has a high solubility in a

fine particles, put in a certain quantity of

solvent then a simple filtration can be used to

solvent and shaken vigorously for 5 - 10 min

separate the compound from the insoluble

or left for 24 h after which the extract is

substance. The advantage of this system is

filtered. The filtrate then may be dried under

that instead of many portions of warm solvent

reduced pressure and redissolved in the

being passed through the sample, just one

solvent to determine the concentration. Some

batch of solvent is recycled. This method

researchers however centrifuged the filtrate

cannot be used for thermolabile compounds

for clarification of the extract [4].

as prolonged heating may lead to degradation

b. Serial exhaustive extraction: It is another

common method of extraction which involves

d. Maceration:

In

maceration

(for

fluid

involves successive extraction with solvents of

extract), whole or coarsely powdered plant-

increasing polarity from a non polar (hexane)

drug is kept in contact with the solvent in a

to a more polar solvent (methanol) to ensure

stoppered container for a defined period with

that a wide polarity range of compound could

frequent agitation until soluble matter is

be

dissolved. This method is best suitable for use

extracted.

Some

researchers

employ

soxhlet extraction of dried plant material

using organic solvent. This method cannot be
used

102

of compounds [24].

for

thermolabile

compounds

in case of the thermolabile drugs [1].

e. Decoction: this method is used for the

as

extraction of the water soluble and heat stable

prolonged heating may lead to degradation of

constituents from crude drug by boiling it in

compounds [4].

water for 15 minutes, cooling, straining and

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Prashant Tiwari, et al: Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review

f.

passing sufficient cold water through the drug

its large-scale application is limited due to the

to produce the required volume [2].

higher

Infusion: It is a dilute solution of the readily

procedure is the occasional but known

soluble components of the crude drugs. Fresh

deleterious effect of ultrasound energy (more

infusions are prepared by macerating the

than 20 kHz) on the active constituents of

solids for a short period of time with either

medicinal plants through formation of free

cold or boiling water [2].

radicals

g. Digestion: This is a kind of maceration in

costs.

One

and

disadvantage

consequently

of

the

undesirable

changes in the drug molecules [3].

which gentle heat is applied during the

maceration extraction process. It is used

Phytochemical

when moderately elevated temperature is not

examinations were carried out for all the extracts as

objectionable and the solvent efficiency of the

per the standard methods.

menstrum is increased thereby [2].

1. Detection

h. Percolation: This is the procedure used

most frequently to extract active ingredients

of

alkaloids:

Phytochemical

Extracts

were

dissolved individually in dilute Hydrochloric

acid and filtered.

in the preparation of tinctures and fluid

a) Mayers Test: Filtrates were treated with

extracts. A percolator (a narrow, cone-shaped

Mayers reagent (Potassium Mercuric Iodide).

vessel open at both ends) is generally used.

Formation of a yellow coloured precipitate

The solid ingredients are moistened with an

indicates the presence of alkaloids.

appropriate
menstrum

i.

screening:

amount
and

of

allowed

the
to

specified
stand

for

b) Wagners Test: Filtrates were treated with

Wagners

reagent

(Iodine

approximately 4 h in a well closed container,

Iodide).

Formation

after which the mass is packed and the top of

precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids.

the percolator is closed. Additional menstrum

c) Dragendroffs Test: Filtrates were treated

of

in

Potassium

brown/reddish

is added to form a shallow layer above the

with

mass, and the mixture is allowed to macerate

Potassium Bismuth Iodide). Formation of red

in the closed percolator for 24 h. The outlet of

precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids.

the percolator then is opened and the liquid

d) Hagers Test: Filtrates were treated with

Dragendroffs

reagent

(solution

of

contained therein is allowed to drip slowly.

Hagers

Additional menstrum is added as required,

solution). Presence of alkaloids confirmed by

until the percolate measures about three-

the formation of yellow coloured precipitate.

reagent

(saturated

picric

acid

quarters of the required volume of the

2. Detection of carbohydrates: Extracts were

finished product. The marc is then pressed

dissolved individually in 5 ml distilled water and

and the expressed liquid is added to the

filtered. The filtrates were used to test for the

percolate. Sufficient menstrum is added to

presence of carbohydrates.

produce the required volume, and the mixed

a) Molischs Test: Filtrates were treated with 2

liquid is clarified by filtration or by standing

drops of alcoholic -naphthol solution in a

followed by decanting [3].

test tube. Formation of the violet ring at the

Sonication: The procedure involves the use

junction

of ultrasound with frequencies ranging from

Carbohydrates.

indicates

the

presence

of

20 kHz to 2000 kHz; this increases the

b) Benedicts Test: Filtrates were treated with

permeability of cell walls and produces

Benedicts reagent and heated gently. Orange

cavitation. Although the process is useful in

red precipitate indicates the presence of

some cases, like extraction of rauwolfi a root,

reducing sugars.

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Prashant Tiwari, et al: Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review

c) Fehlings Test: Filtrates were hydrolysed

with dil. HCl, neutralized with alkali and

brown ring at the junction indicates the

presence of phytosterols.

heated with Fehlings A & B solutions.

7. Detection of phenols

Formation of red precipitate indicates the

Ferric Chloride Test: Extracts were treated with

presence of reducing sugars.

3. Detection

of

3-4 drops of ferric chloride solution. Formation

glycosides:

Extracts

were

hydrolysed with dil. HCl, and then subjected to

test for glycosides.

of bluish black colour indicates the presence of

phenols.
8. Detection of tannins

a) Modified Borntragers

Test: Extracts

Gelatin Test: To the extract, 1% gelatin solution

were treated with Ferric Chloride solution and

containing

immersed in boiling water for about 5

Formation of white precipitate indicates the

minutes.

presence of tannins.

The

mixture

was

cooled

and

extracted with equal volumes of benzene. The

sodium

chloride

was

added.

9. Detection of flavonoids

benzene layer was separated and treated with

a) Alkaline Reagent Test: Extracts were

ammonia solution. Formation of rose-pink

treated with few drops of sodium hydroxide

colour in the ammonical layer indicates the

solution. Formation of intense yellow colour,

presence of anthranol glycosides.

which becomes colourless on addition of

4. Legals Test: Extracts were treated with

sodium nitropruside in pyridine and sodium
hydroxide. Formation of pink to blood red
colour

indicates

the

presence

of

cardiac

glycosides.

dilute

acid,

the

presence

of

flavonoids.
b) Lead acetate Test: Extracts were treated
with few drops of lead acetate solution.
Formation

5. Detection of saponins

indicates

of

yellow

colour

precipitate

indicates the presence of flavonoids.

a) Froth Test: Extracts were diluted with

distilled water to 20ml and this was shaken in
a

graduated

cylinder

for

15

minutes.

a) Xanthoproteic Test: The extracts were

Formation of 1 cm layer of foam indicates the

treated with few drops of conc. Nitric acid.

presence of saponins.

Formation of yellow colour indicates the

b) Foam Test: 0.5 gm of extract was shaken

presence of proteins.

with 2 ml of water. If foam produced persists

b) Ninhydrin Test: To the extract, 0.25% w/v

for ten minutes it indicates the presence of

ninhydrin reagent was added and boiled for

saponins.

few minutes. Formation of blue colour

6. Detection of phytosterols

indicates the presence of amino acid.

a) Salkowskis Test: Extracts were treated

11. Detection of diterpenes

with chloroform and filtered. The filtrates

Copper acetate Test: Extracts were dissolved in

were treated with few drops of Conc.

water and treated with 3-4 drops of copper

Sulphuric acid, shaken and allowed to stand.

acetate solution. Formation of emerald green

Appearance of golden yellow colour indicates

colour indicates the presence of diterpenes [25,

the presence of triterpenes.

26, 27].

b) Libermann

104

10. Detection of proteins and aminoacids

Burchards

test: Extracts

were treated with chloroform and filtered.

CONCLUSION

The filtrates were treated with few drops of

Non standardized procedures of extraction may lead

acetic anhydride, boiled and cooled. Conc.

to the degradation of the phytochemicals present in

Sulphuric acid was added. Formation of

the plants and may lead to the variations thus leading

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Prashant Tiwari, et al: Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review

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