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Content

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Introduction

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Block diagram

Layout diagram

Circuit diagram

Working

Brief description of component

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6.1
6.2

Resistor
Capacitor

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10

6.3

IC 555 Timer

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6.4

Transistor

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6.5

LED

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6.6

Diode

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6.7

Switch

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6.8

Bleeper

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India is the largest democracy of the world.

Peoples active participation in the formation of the government
is an important aspect of a democratic government. This is
ensured by elections. Conducting free and fair elections in a
populous country like India is an uphill task. Its a challenge to
conduct elections for selection of candidates to represent the
people of the country at different levels. Even more important is
the timely declaration of results. This is necessary to bring
stability in the governance and steady economic growth of the
nation. Till now we have been using the paper and ballot system
for conducting. The loop holes in this traditional system are
gradually widening .Its more susceptible to booth capturing and
result manipulation. Even more tedious is the task of counting
the votes and declaring the results.
An Electronic Voting Machine is an
answer to all these problems. A machine which is used to cast a
vote electronically during the time of election is called EVM.
EVM stands for Electronic Voting Machine.
The use of electronic voting technology in
elections was introduced in 1964 when punch cards and
computer tally machines were first used in the United States
(US) presidential primaries in two counties in the state of
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Georgia. Since then, other technologies like direct recording

electronic (DRE) voting machines have been introduced in some
countries to help improve the efficiency and transparency of
voting/counting procedures. However, there are countries that
had previously adopted these technologies and are now reverting
to conventional paper ballots for various reasons. Electronic
voting machines (EVMs), are either electro-mechanical or
electronic equipment that can be used to define ballots, cast
and/or count votes, report or display election results, and/or
maintain and produce audit trail information.
Electronic Voting Machines ("EVM") are
being used in Indian General and State Elections to
implement electronic voting in part from 1999 elections and in
total since 2004 elections. The EVMs reduce the time in both
casting a vote and declaring the results compared to the old
paper ballot system

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The machine essentially includes a control

unit and a balloting unit, both connected via a five meter cable.
These machines can be powered by a six volt alkaline battery,
which means they can easily be used in rural areas where there
is no electricity.
A voter has to simply press a button on the
side of a candidates party image to cast his or her vote. A
machine can only accept five votes in a minute, and after each
vote, the machine locks itself and can only be unlocked using a
new ballot number. The polling booth is always presided by a
government officer in charge of the controlling unit of the EVM.
The officer is the one in charge of unlocking the machine to
accept another ballot. This system is tamper-proof and a person
wont be able to cast more than one vote. machines can cater to
64 candidates in one constituency. If there is a constituency,
where there are more than 64 candidates, the
One machine is able to accept up to 3,840
votes, and cater to 16 candidates each. So with four EVMs at a
polling booth, this polling booth has to fall back on the
traditional paper ballots.

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Following component are used in EVM which are as follows :

Resistor
: A device having resistance to the
passage of an electric current.

Capacitor
: A device used to store an electric
charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors
separated by an insulator.

IC 555 Timer : The 555 timer IC is an integrated

circuit(chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation,
and oscillator applications. The555 can be used to provide
time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element.
Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one
package.

Transistor
: A semiconductor device with three
connections, capable of amplification in addition to
rectification.

LED
:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a
two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn junction
diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable
voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to

recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing

energy in the form of photons.

Diode
:
A semiconductor device with two
terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one
direction only.

Switch
:
A device for making and breaking the
connection in an electric circuit.

Bleeper

:
A small portable electronic device
which emits a series of high-pitched sounds when someone
wants to contact the wearer.

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A resistor is an electrical component that

limits
or
regulates
the
flow
of
electrical current in an electronic circuit.
Resistors can also be used to provide a
specific voltage for an active device such as
a transistor.
All other factors being equal, in a directcurrent (DC) circuit, the current through a
resistor is inversely proportional to
its resistance, and directly proportional to the
voltage across it. This is the wellknown Ohm's Law. In alternating-current
(AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as
the resistor does not contain inductance or
capacitance.
Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of
ways. The most common type in electronic
devices and systems is the carboncomposition resistor. Fine granulated carbon
(graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened.
The resistance depends on the proportion of
carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower
the resistance.

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Capacitor is an electronic component that

stores electric charge. The capacitor is made of
2 close conductors (usually plates) that are
separated by a dielectric material. The plates
accumulate electric charge when connected to
power source. One plate accumulates positive
charge and the other plate accumulates
negative charge.
The capacitance is the amount of electric
charge that is stored in the capacitor at voltage
of 1 Volt.
The capacitance
of Farad (F).

is

measured

in

units

The capacitor disconnects current in direct

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The 555 timer IC was introduced in the year 1970 by Signetic

Corporation and gave the name SE/NE 555 timer. It is basically a
monolithic timing circuit that produces accurate and highly stable
time delays or oscillation. When compared to the applications of
an op-amp in the same areas, the 555 IC is also equally reliable
and is cheap in cost. Apart from its applications as a monostable
multivibrator and astable multivibrator, a 555 timer can also be
used in dc-dc converters, digital logic probes, waveform
generators,
analog
frequency
meters
and
tachometers, temperature
measurement and
control
devices, voltage regulators etc. The timer IC is setup to work in
either of the two modes one-shot or monostabl or as a freerunning or a stable multivibrator.The
SE 555 can be used for
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temperature ranges between 55C to 125 . The NE 555 can be
used for a temperature range between 0 to 70C.
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A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow

and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.
Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material,
each capable of carrying a current.
A small change in the current or voltage at the inner
semiconductor layer (which acts as the control electrode)
produces a large, rapid change in the current passing through
the entire component. The component can thus act as a switch,
opening and closing an electronic gate many times per second.
Today's computers use circuitry made with complementary
metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. CMOS uses
two complementary *************
transistors per gate (one with N-type
material; the other with P-type material). When one transistor is
maintaining a logic state, it requires almost no power.

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A light-emitting diode (LED) is a

two-lead semiconductor light source.
It is a pn junction diode, which
emits light when activated. When a
suitable voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within
the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons.

The fundamental property of a diode is its tendency to

conduct electric current in only one direction. When the
cathode is negatively charged relative to the anode at
a voltage greater than a certain minimum called forward
break over, then current flows through the diode. If the
cathode is positive with respect to the anode, is at the
same voltage as the anode, or is negative by an amount
less than the forward break over voltage, then the diode
not conduct
for does
making
and current.

A device
************
breaking the connection in an
electric circuit.

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A small portable electronic

device which emits a series of
high-pitched
sounds
when
someone wants to contact the
wearer.

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The End !!

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