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A Short note on Harmonics and Filters in HVDC systems
D. Edison Selvaraj1*, K.S. Gouthama Priyan2, Firoz Alam3, Vinay Kumar Singh4, A.
Syed Mohamed Meeran5, Dr. C. Pugazhendhi Sugumaran6, M. Raj Kumar7, J.
Ganesan8, M. Rajmal Joshi9, S. Dinesh Kumar10, S. Geethadevi11
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College,
Chennai, India
2-5
BE Final year, Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
6
Assistant Professor (Senior Grade), Division of High Voltage Engineering, College of Engineering, Guindy,
Anna University, Chennai, India
7
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College
of Engineering and Technology, Mamallapuram, Chennai, India
8
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sree Sowdambika College of
Engineering, Aruppukottai, India
9
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College,
Chennai, India
10
Research Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, St. Peters University, Avadi,
Chennai, India
11
Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Aurora Technological and
Research Institute, Uppal, Hyderabad, India
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the need for filters used in HVDC systems was discussed. The problem of harmonics
produced in HVDC systems was given. The method to eliminate the harmonics was discussed in simple
manner. Design criteria for different types of filters were briefed to attract the various minds working,
studying and doing research in HVDC systems. The harmonic indices were also given in this paper to
measure the effect of harmonics in HVDC systems. This paper covers only the basic ideas needed for
design of various types of filters, harmonics indices, Effect of harmonics and reduction of harmonics.
A special attention was also given to the generation and reduction of carrier frequency and RI noise in
HVDC systems. This paper would be helpful for the undergraduate and post graduate students to study
about the basics types of harmonics, effect of harmonics and reduction of harmonics using several types
of filters. It would be helpful to have some ideas for doing their research works and projects in HVDC
systems.
KEYWORDS
HVDC, Filters, Harmonics, Radio Interference, Audible Noise
INTRODUCTION
Harmonics were non sinusoidal component
Address for Correspondence:
D. Edison Selvaraj,
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College,
Chennai, India.
Email: edisonsivakasi@gmail.com
17
DC harmonics
i.
Telephone interference
ii.
Power losses
iii.
iv.
v.
Characteristic harmonics
vi.
vii.
viii.
Characteristic harmonics
The harmonics of those orders which were
always present in the HVDC system even
under the ideal conditions such as
1. Balanced AC voltages
AC filters
Characteristic harmonics.
reactive power.
AC characteristic harmonics were of the
1. Band pass Filter
order h= np1
Where
h=order of harmonics
n=Integer
DC filters
DC smoothing reactors with DC filters was
p=pulse number
AC characteristic harmonics were given as
GENERATION OF HARMONICS
ho
I 10
10
.I
18
were given as
Vh
1/ 2
Causes
C
cos h 1 / 2
h 1
cos h 1 / 2
h 1
= Overlap angle
Non characteristic harmonics
The harmonics of the order other than the
characteristic harmonics were called as
Non-characteristic harmonics.
Causes of Non-characteristic harmonics
1. Imbalance in the operation of two
bridges-Residual harmonics
2. Firing angle errors
3. Unbalance and distortion in AC voltages
4. Unequal
transformer
leakage
impedances-Residual harmonics
Imbalance in the operation of two
bridges
These were called as residual harmonics.
Causes
1. Due to the difference in the firing angles in
the two bridges.
2. Unequal cancellation of harmonics of order
5, 7, 17, 19
Reduction
Pulse number should not be increased
above 12
EPC cannot reduce harmonics due to jitter
Unbalance and distortion in AC voltages
19
m highest harmonic
D RSS
Reduction
EPC firing scheme
Unequal
impedances
m
2
I n Z n
n 2
E1
1/ 2
100
transformer
leakage
m
2
I n Z n Fn
TIF= n 2
E1
1/ 2
Where
Fn 5 n f1 p n
Reduction
Equidistant pulse control was used
p n C message weighting
C message weighting was defined as the
DESIGN OF AC FILTER
measured
by
the
following
(BTS)
and
Edison
Electric
performance indices.
Telephone harmonic form factor (THFF)
Harmonic distortion
Dn
m
2
I n Z n Fn
THFF n 2
E1
InZn
100
E1
1/ 2
Where
20
Fn
nf 1
* Wn
800
Wn = psophometric weight
It was used by consultative Commission
on telephone and telegraph system
(CCITT).
THFF was used in Europe
Advantages
1. Only one inductor was subjected to full line
impulse voltage
2. Reduced power loss at the fundamental
frequency
High Pass Filter
IT product
2
IT I n Fn
n 2
1/ 2
critical.
C type High pass filter
KIT=
IT
1000
Types of AC Filters
power.
Consider
In = harmonic current in the converter
Zfh = Filter impedance at harmonic
frequency
Zsh = System impedance at harmonic
frequency
converter system.
Z f R f jx f
21
Zo
;
Rf
Zo
L
C
Z sh
Z fh Z sh
I Z sh
Z sh Z fh
VC1
I fh
Ih
h2
( 2 ) XV1
h 1
Vch xI h Z 0
The reactive power generated by the filter
at the fundamental frequency was given as
V Vh I fh Z fh
=
Ih
Y fh Ysh
Qopt
Vh
Q f V1 I f 1
1 cos m
2 m sin m
4 m Z o I h
1 cos m
(V )
h
( 2
) 1
h 1
Z0
K AQ f BQ f
A,B constants
The optimum value of the reactive power
S c V 2 c1 V 2 ch 1C
Sl I 2 f 1 I
2
fh
B
Qf
A
1/ 2
Where
h v1
I f1 2
h 1 zo
I fh xI h
ho 1
1
LC
22
ZO
ZO
ho 2hmin
ho 2
ho
ZO j 1
h
h
Zf
2
ho
1
was
V1 2
Z
O
DC filters
Criteria for the design of DC filters
The effectiveness of the DC filter was
judged by the following criteria
1. Maximum voltage TIF on DC high voltage
bus
2. Maximum induced noise voltage (INV) in
mv/km
PROTECTION OF FILTERS
Filter was exposed to switching overvoltage
1. The magnitude of overvoltage was
dependent on
dependent on
transformer
i. Earth resistivity
23
Bipolar operation
FREQUENCY
AND
RI
NOISE
1. HVDC
converter
would
produce
20 mV/km.
Types of DC filters
1. Single tuned filter
2. Double tuned filter
3. High pass filter
Single tuned and double tuned filter was
used to filter out 6th and 12th harmonics
whereas high pass filter was used to filter
higher order harmonics.
2. Radio
interference
(RI)
noise
was
against
electromagnetic
Choice of DC filter
was
radio
interference.
This
was
Design of DC Filters
Design of DC filters was similar to that of
the AC filters except the value of capacitor
used for reactive power compensation in
AC but in DC, there was no reactive power
compensation.
DC filters were stressed by direct voltages
and harmonic voltages.
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11. The
discharges
from
the
protection
of
filters
against
dB.
P = Measured sound pressure level
Pr = Reference pressure level
Pr = 20 M Pascal
13. For 600KV DC line, the AN was 45 to
55 dB at 30 meters from ROW.
14. Audible noise varies linearly with the
conductor
surface
voltage
gradient.
REFERENCES
1. www.mhhe.com/kamakshaiah/hvdc1
2. Kimbark E.W. (1983). Direct Current
Transmission, (London) Peter Peregrinus.
3. Harraway L. (1985). Electrical Power
Systems, (Londan), Peter Peregrinus.
4. Uhlmann. E. (1975). Power Transmission
by Direct Current, (Berlin) SpringerVerlag.
5. ABB Systems. http://www.abb.com.in
6. K. R. Padiyar. (1990). HVDC Power
Transmission Systems, New Age
International.
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