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CUPOLA
FURNACE:
PRACTICAL
TREATISE
CONSTRUCTION
ON
AND
THE
MANAGEMENT
FOUNDRY
CUPOLAS.
COMPRISING
THE
BEST
SHAPED
METHODS
HEIGHT
CUPOLAS;
LINING;
CONSTRUCTION
OF
SPARK
OF
CATCHING
CHARGING;.
DIRECTIONS
OTHER
AND
AND
DEVICES;
METALS
WHAT
PLACING
CUPOLAS;
FOR
OF
MOULDER
Author
of
The
Founding
ILLUSTRATED
AND
WILL
INDUSTRIAL
CONSULTING
of
and
"
AND
Street.
Walnut
F.
125
N.
MELTING.
Cupola
on
Practice.
BOOKSELLERS
"
MELTING;
ENGRAVINGS.
LONDON
E.
Papers
BAIRD
PUBLISHERS,
IN
EXPERT
Numerous
CAREY
8io
GAUfiES;
SCRAP,
ETC.
MELT;
PHILADELPHIA
HENRY
TUYERES;
TIN-PLATE
IN
SEVENTY-EIGHT
BY
OF
AIR
KIRK.
MELTER,
o/ Metals,
PIPES;
IRON,
EXPERIMENTS
CUPOLAS;
CUPOLA
SHAPES
BLAST
DIFFERENT
CUPOLAS;
TUYERES;
MELTING
EDWARD
PRACTICAL
OF
BLOWERS;
THE
IN
A
MANAGEMENT
SPON,
STRAND.
iSgg.
Ltd.,
CO.,
IMPORTER
27863
CuPYRIGHT,
1899,
BY
EDWARD
TWO
KIRK,
OOPIfea
MAR
HtsueiVBO,
18
1899
Printed
WICKERSHAM
bv
)!
the
PRINTING
53
and
55
Lancaster,
North
COMPANY,
Queen
Pa.,
U.
Street,
S.
A.
99
/-^9
PREFACE.
Although
it is
that
is still in
book
tendered
for
foundrymen
.him
work
the
of
construction
iron
these
the
books,
given
left to
and
the
to
grope
the
to
of
many
aged
encour-
public.
want
been
Several
and
and
much
very
has
requests
offered
supply
to
Metals,"
of
cupolas, has
on
lication
pub-
the
cupolas, and
valuable
founding
have
books
and
iron
of
melting
been
steel,but
in
cupola ;
experience, in
own
now
management
in the
as
urgent
treatise
would
moulding
Founding
reception which
work
designed
that
the
the
since
years
The
modern
foundry work.
for
on
the
is
melting
on
more
"
The
demand.
prepare
volume
written
is
to
twenty
volume,
to
This
author's
the
of
than
more
now
in the
the
dark, and
construction
melters
and
foundrymen
to
and
been
have
their
rely solelyon
of
management
their
cupolas.
This
condition
subject, have
work
to
combined
endeavor
with
with
these
the
things,and
of
to
the
best
to
induce
develop
cupola, its
the
the
great importance
the
vital
most
and
construction
this country.
practiceof
the
latest
works
on
the
its use,
to
of
will prove
workers,
the
United
to
both
be
here
States.
useful
and
He
aid to
foundrymen,
abroad.
( iii )
together
lifelongexperience
foundry
therefore
present
accomplish
practice,and
the
nected
principlescon-
In order
by consulting
in
author
of
trusts
that
whether
by
in different
this book
owners
or
PREFACE.
IV
As
the
the
is
work
well
subject
general
to
as
in
be
it
supplied
full
very
both
of
custom
with
which
index,
prompt
the
and
they
publishers,
table
copious
will
render
February
22,
i8gg.
caused
contents,
reference
to
easy.
EDWARD
Philadelphia,
of
have
KIRK.
as
any
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
The
I.
Furnace.
Cupola
PAGE
of
Advantages
for
required
decrease
the
melting
iron
of
amount
in
fuel
for
foundry
various
kinds
consumed
of
in
Quantity
work;
the
furnaces;
Attempts
to
utilizing
by
cupola
fuel
of
the
1
of
Description
Foundation
casing;
materials
and
used
and
scaffold
its
brick-work;
cupolas;
Height
of
the
bottom
of
3
of
Support
the
and
door
it
of
stack;
the
its
Various
doors;
Construction
of
for
cupolas;
of
cupola
place;
charging
the
of
Location
in
Construction
Sizes
the
doors;
doors
of
Forms
.........
over
beneath
Bottom
the
holding
Stack
supports
Pit
plate;
furnace;
cupola
large cupola
iron
of
cupola;
Bottom
the
of
Advantage
The
furnace
cupola
heat
waste
the
the
the
devices
casings
Tuyere
for
4
...
holes
....
construction;
of
Lining
the
casing
6
.......'.
Construction
location;
of
Size
scaffold;
the
of
the
scaflFold
CHAPTER
II.
Constructing
location
Proper
of
The
cupola;
Cupola.
scaflFold
8
......
of
Conveyance
coal
or
coke
scaflfold;
the
to
foundation
Cupola
and
its
construction
Prevention
Best
Height
9
of
for
supports
of
cupola
walls
for
the
of
support
cupola;
10
Provision
bottom;
cupola
Brick
settling;
uneven
for
the
removal
of
the
dump;
tom
Bot-
doors
Casing;
11
Material
Strain
upon
the
casing
casing
due
for
the
Contraction
of
the
or
to
shell
of
the
expansion
stack;
modern
and
and
shrinkage
Prevention
and
cupola
of
.12
sparks
.
What
Table
constitutes
giving
diflferent
the
the
height
approximate
of
cupola;
height
Utilization
and
size
stack;
its prevention;
of
of
door
the
heat;
waste
for
cupolas
of
diameters
13
...........
Melting
capacity
of
cupola;
Charging
(v)
door;
Air
.14
chamber
.
vi
CONTENTS,
PAGE
Construction
air chamber
of the
placed
of the
and
Location
outside
the
upon
Admittance
when
shell; Air
of the
blast
of
arrangement
casing
the
of the
capacity
and
air
when
chamber;
air chamber
the
to
inside
placed
air
the
15
chamber
when
the
tuyeres
are
16
Arrangement
of
Tapping
of
Location
the
of
shape
Height
at
which
high
large
the
Grouting
of
by
of
many
the
of
lining;
Illustration
the
of
of
Material
laying
up
lining;
Stack
iron
angle
The
Mode
Sheet
.21
.
the
laying
brick;
22
the
N.
of
in
putting
angle
24
size and
from
casing
rusting
into
of moisture
the
in
tuyere
of the
weight
off
at
the
position
tom
bot-
bottom;
.25
lining
in
the
of
lining;
the
fold
scaf26
fire-proof; Novel
in
plan
of
construction
of
Detroit, Mich
scaffold
scaff'olds; Cupola
Newark,
Mode
out
the
reducing
of
house
J., and
of the
27
in
the
foundry
Straight Line
of
Engine
Gould
"
Co., Syracuse,
28
tuyeres
or
the
tuyere;
stave
tuyere;
cupola
tuyere
cupola; Epidemics
Tuyeres.
furnace
holes;
of tuyere
Arrangement
III.
of
with
Former
and
air; Admission
present
of
the
air
melting capacity
30
invention
round
tuyeres
in
the
old-fashioned
31
cupolas
Expanded
32
tuyere
33
tuyere
blast
Blakeney
casing
of
three
or
fire
to
cupola
supplying
round
Doherty
two
cast-iron
Oval
with
......
brackets;
to
Cupola
of
the
lining
CHAPTER
through
Arrangement
tuyeres;
Manner
lining by burning
scaffolds
safest
of
19
capacity
lining
for
triangular-shaped
supports
and
Eberhardt,
Modes
casings
or
23
plates.
make
to
N.
large
.....
of
rows
for
tuyeres
boxes
Tuyere
cupolas
melting
the
absorption
bottom
its
and
of
20
preventing
of the
Prevention
scaffold
area
in
more
or
in
of the
and
doors
Best
tuyeres
small
rows
for
iron; Reduction
Devices
for
of brackets
Preference
and
Two
cupola linings;
of
Arrangement
Form
of
Number
cupola;
tuyere
Lining;
mortar
or
Settling
Number
placed
are
Increase
rows;
Thickness
small
tuyeres;
of tuyeres;
rows
for
tuyeres
number
of
17
combined
of
to
Objection
Area
struction;
con-
slag
slag-holes ; Tuyeres
tuyere
cupolas
its
and
spout
.............
; Size
of
The
required;
are
18
cupolas
Best
tap-holes
two
tuyere;
tuyere
Horizontal
slot tuyere;
Mackenzie
tuyere.
34
.
35
Vii
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Horizontal
and
T
Reversed
tuyere
Triangular
Water
vertical
36
and
horizontal
tuyere;
slot
Vertical
tuyere;
slot
37
.......
38
tuyere
..........
in
Results
Furnace
Magee
tuyere
reducing tuyere
reducing
Lawrence
slot
or
Truesdale
tuyere;
melting
Co., Boston,
this
with
obtained
tuyere
the
by
Mass
39
40
tuyere
Colliau
Whiting
tuyere;
Chenney
Consumption
in
tuyere;
Cupola
of
of
Size of tuyeres;
with
Size
to
tuyeres
Port
of
rows
N.
Chester,
Production
combustion
of
tuyeres;
.43
Y.
.
by consuming
of heat
fuel
.44
.
45
Drill
Manufacturing
Co.,
46
tuyere
........
of
bottom
this
in
and
47
tuyere
by
country
B.
Hibler;
H.
Thomas
D.
48
tuyere
of the
combined
tuyere
difference
Great
at
various
of
area
opinion
of
distances
the
ments
subject; Experi-
this
on
above
.49
cupola
sand
50
bottom
.
hard
soften
in the
by bringing
iron
of
bottom
cupola;
molten
the
in contact
metal
given
Reason
in favor
high
of
51
tuyeres
.............
in stove
in
Tuyeres
machine
jobbing
and
of
foundry
tuyeres in smaller
and
cupolas,
in
cupolas.
cupolas
53
............
Number
of
of
Arrangement
improve
Objection
tuyeres;
to
the
of
use
largest cupola
in
double
tuyeres;
quality
the
of
row
only
tuyere; Two
one
tuyeres
54
use
Shape
of
Tuyeres
tuyeres;
to
iron
of
55
boxes
56
CHAPTER
Cupola
Necessity
cupola
of
learning
cannot
be
the
run
IV.
Management.
peculiarities in
by
given
any
rule
of
working
the
set
or
cupola;
rules; Drying
of
the
58
lining
Drying
the
backing
doors;
Support
52
for
work
heavy
Tuyere
cupola;
Bros.,
Diamond
mouth
tuyeres
charcoal
Tuyeres
the
tuyere;
Experiment
in
42
Three
bottom
with
placing
the
tuyere
tuyere
cupola;
the
patented
the
of
in
from
Bottom
Pa.;
tuyere
on
Height
Pennsylvania
covering
Bottom
double
of
Adjustable tuyeres
the
Birdsboro,
double
by Abendroth
gases
Greiner
West
in
Mode
tuyere;
for the
placing tuyeres
escaping
Mode
fuel
constructed
Cupola
Object
of
double
Claims
cupola;
41
tuyere
The
tuyeres;
Ireland's
the
vertical
Devices
of double
or
fillingbetween
for
raising
doors; Sizes
the
the
casing
doors
of props
into
to
lining; Putting
and
place
support
the
up
.59
bottom
60
.
CONTENTS.
Vlll
Ring
attachment
the
Sand
bottom;
and
other
of
Cause
leakage
of
Effect
the
Objection
kind
sands
clay
to
of bottom
62
.
into
sand
61
prop
the
63
cupola
bottom
sand
64
.......
to
of the
of the
the
Bringing
the
best
very
regarding
melters
releasing
purpose;
the
makes
bottom;
in
bottom
Pitch
bottom;
wet
in the
pitch; Change
high
pitch
Slope
sand;
due
of iron
Boiling
which
in the
of
for this
employed
bottom
the
Wetting
doors; Modes
Sand
sands;
of older
Superstition
prop;
the
Dropping
prop;
Sand
the
to
of
action
bottom
the
How
of the
slope
or
bottom
65
.
iron
the
the
at
spout by
made
be
should
.66
.
with
cupolas
lining
two
material
67
of
Effect
the
of
Mode
Building
of
use
making
the
up
sides
the
up
much
too
clay
in
sand
much
too
lining;
the
68
lining
spout
of the
of
or
.......
of
lining; Place
greatest strain
the
the
upon
69
spout lining
shape
Proper
of
the
Removal
spout;
Material
Front;
lining;
spout
slag
of
from
for
used
of
Cause
the
putting
in the
forming
70
spout
in
iron
of
pools
.......
the
front; Mode
of
in
putting
the
71
front
Eflfect of working
material
front
the
too
due
Troubles
wet;
to
front
poor
72
material
Sizes
of tap
Slag
hole
Slag
hole
front; Chilling
up;
Mode
in the
Patting
The
bed; The
To
find
Cause
.......
in
and
in
shavings
the
cupola;
76
in
point
and
wood
the
cupola;
The
lighting
melting
of
location; Necessity
.77
up
mination
deter-
and
zone
discovering
melting
the
77
78
for
required
Old
Charging;
way
of
way
in
bed
after
melting
in
trouble
Modern
wood
the
75
melting point
the
of
tap hole
good melting
do
to
in the
arranging
its exact
in order
slag
fuel
melting
of
of
placing
of
bed
of carelessness
point
73
.
74
Lighting
Effect
holes
of
stocking
diameters
.79
.
putting
or
cupola;
Fuel
newly lined;
been
has
cupola
of different
cupolas
loading
fuel
the
Correct
and
iron
of
theory
into
melting
cupola;
in
iron
80
cupola
Practical
working
charges
"weight
of
of the
Mode
first
in the
Variations
of
placing
charge
of fuel;
Poor
melting
of
of
njay
cupola
iron, and
of
the
of iron
cent,
pieces
due
to
cupola; Charging
Blast; The
phenomena
old
and
the
charges
of
heavy
too
fuel; Variation
in
the
81
of
to
pig
additional
Charging
be
theory
of
Effect
of iron
charge
per
upon
heavy
too
this
modern
bad
the
fuel; Placing
other
or
iron
ways
; Distribution
of
the
83
iron
......
and
charging; Improper
flux; On
82
charges
what
of
the
giving
quantity
blast
to
proper
of flux
the
ing
chargdepends
cupola;
84
Blast
85
CONTENTS.
IX
PAGE
Melting;
the
time
putting
for
of
iron; Running
size of the
the
the
Chief
Steel
fuel
from
hardening
cupola
to
Indication
of
of
first
the
the
reducing
keep
it
how
the
of
hot; Proper
is
cupola
.88
tap-hole
the
in
required
practice; Necessity
in
and
theory
of the
account
of iron
amount
melting
of
of
cutting
for
an
.90
old
"
of
story
not
enough
91
of blast.
.....
of
sizes
92
bars
tapping
bod
the
away
The
cupola;
volume
even
and
bars; Shapes
in
iron
of
melted
.
Necessity
bar
.86
on
in; Mode
to
as
89
of
object
Tapping
in
work;
of iron
flow
accurate
an
blast;"
put
opinion
tuyeres
Amount
keeping
iron
molten
hand-ladle
of
melting by
Fuel;
is
blast
in
87
holding
in
management
Poking
the
stopping
without
heat
before
the
on
Difference
cupola;
tap-hole
advantage
No
iron
the
charging
for
time
Best
in
melting begins
When
ation
sticks; Combin-
Bod
tapping;
before
93
stick
Objection
the
to
Bod
cupola;
stick;
combination
material;
Number
material
of the
Importance
bod
of
sticks
for
of which
the
each
bod
is
94
composed
.............
Mixture
for
Tapping
and
Bod
good bod;
Mode
stopping in;
cupolas; Qualities
for small
the
making
of
bod;
of
How
bod.
good
the
make
to
95
96
tap
Mode
skill
Removal
of
Breaking
iron
from
of
Theory
No
fire
Putting
to
Chipping
Not
Thickness
of the
of excessive
Shaping
in
the
99
......
ous
vari-
and
dump
the
Removing
dump;
the
it
picking
Chipping
dump;
to
of
ways
recovering
101
out
iron
prevent
Different
over;
running
from
picks
into
the
tuyeres;
102
.......
103
of
using
advisable
daubing
lining
of the
adhere
fill in
to
104
applying
of
ing
daub105
lining
the
of
view
lining
the
to
at
over
the
tuyeres;
melting
the
zone;
106
projections
or
Sectional
daubing;
clay;
the
linings
new
that
offsets
mixing
for
lining; Object
the
making
slag
required
with
cheap daubing
poor
of
and
sudden
sand
Shaping
Mode
or
to
the
100
Amount
off cinder
necessary
above
used
lining;
Objections
and
daubing;
the
on
fault
cupolas
small
of
over
bridge
the
theory; Cupola
clay;
advantage
is the
purpose
melters
Materials
Daubing;
Bridging
removing
dump
this
to
melting
Uneven
98
handlin_^
this
the
some
Objection
Soaking
of
the
up
in
..........
props;
of
for
devices
seen
small
mode
tap-hole;
at the
Dumping
methods
Various
the
melter
the
and
tuyeres
assist
to
............
of the
melter;
of the
in; Devices
stopping
in
97
in
stopping
The
in; Difficulties
stopping
of
......
cupola, illustratingeffect
.107
.
boshed
cupola; Special
directions
required
for
CONTENTS.
PAGE
keeping
and
shaping
up
of
lining
the
the
odd-shaped
and
patent
109
cupolas
.............
Thickness
repairing;
and
Relining
on
of
Length
time
of
cupola
lining; Location
the
Destruction
lining;
the
lining
of the
will
lining
of
and
at
the
last; Burning
est-wear
great-
the
below
eres;
tuy-
of
away
the
110
lining
Thickness
at
of
the
lining required
melting
Repairing
zone
the
protect
Mode
CHAPTER
opinions
cupola
of
which
at
charging
Experiments
of the
Arrangement
learned
was
for the
cupola
High
of
from
took
in
point
the
to
as
Different
place;
ways
113
iron
point
what
is
really
in
melted
114
cupola
.....
this
for the
experiment
next
experiment;
116
.
of the
Arrangement
bars
and
.117
heat
next
of
115
pressure
112
.
.........
of iron
bars
........
experimental
an
experiment
first
actually
cupola
definitely at
learn
to
of the
What
loading
or
by foundrymen
of iron
melting
Construction
cupola;
Results
the
split brick
Melting.
in
held
formerly
V.
Experiments
Various
.111
making
of
lining
the
casing; Repairing
split brick;
with
lining
to
blast
be
may
of
Arrangement
the
almost
bars
due
wholly
for the
the
and
size of
the
to
heat
next
the
eres;
tuy-
of
result
this
.118
experiment
of
Arrangement
the
the
for
cupola
and
heat
next
of
result
the
ment
experi119
Fuel
by
Fire
Low
in the
used
blast
the
under
and
the
Charges
used
Charges
with
Cause
of iron
cupola
Melting
passing
with
with
zone
in
melting
120
cupola
the
122
tuyeres.
of
melting
zone
in
123
zone
melting
melting
124
zone
....
in
zone
practical melting.
tuyeres
the
in
bottom
certain
above
hard
near
the
the
of heated
fuel
127
.....
made
dull
128
....
Experiments
tuyeres;
top;
charcoal
cupola
experiments;
these
Failure
iron; Experiments
through
of the
in
amount
cupola
cupola being
placed
state
done
was
through
125
.126
zone
coal; Softening
to
of the
formed
was
by passing it in molten
melting
blast
high
the
the
of
melting
melting
most
the
zone
melted
of
depth
depth
the
melting
cupola
experiments
which
Development
a
and
the
low
location
the
raising
the
in the
of
Necessity
a
location
with
experiment
an
and
to learn
Experiments
before
of
What
in the
zone
in
121
determines
cupola; Lowering
Change
fuel; Melting
melted
in
..........
Results
zone;
is not
iron
why
Reasons
of the
flame
tuyeres
tuyeres;
Melting
experiment;
in
of this
in
129
plan
softening
its descent
with
from
iron
the
130
CONTENTS.
XI
PAGE
Time
time
proper
for
charging
Devices
for
for
charging;
and
putting
raising the
for
Device
DiflFerence
charging;
for
opinion
of
among
Experiments
the
on
133
134
the
of limestone
use
what
On
the
in the
of
Weight
How
of
charging
in the
Slag
slag;
Shells;
it pay
Does
of
Use
of shells
iron
of iron
Heavy
upon
Fluor
silicon
of
at the
in
present
breakage
due
of
and
spar,
its
iron
other
to
Per
use
the
flux
silicon
carbon
from
described
Practice
The
of
and
Stationary
with
cupola,
bottom
144
.
irons; Effect
of
carbon
145
iron
....
147
VII.
of
Cupolas.
Style Cupolas.
this country
many
years
ago,
149
illustrated
casting
reservoir
Use
......
throughout
use
contain;
iron
molten
Styles
Old
general
143
.
146
Different
in
per
.........
by boiling; Poling
style cupola
as
high
of
use
ruined
in the
fluxing
may
of
iron
southern
cheap
view
the
is often
iron
an
142
.
Increase
and
noise
crackling
with
fluxing;
141
slagging
spalls
melting
silicon
of
of the
the
drawing
for
cost
iron
why
and
of
cent,
of free
as
of the
materials
Reasons
silicon
time
Marble
them;
CHAPTER
Old
140
shells; Cause
melting
method
General
......
of the
chemical
iron;
high
138
.....
slagging;
slag hole
melting by improper
iron ; Removal
cast
in
trouble
and
iron;
on
time
Cleaning
and
improper
by
lost
iron
upon
cupola? Estimate
malleable
slag;
139
first strikes
heat
fluid
.......
flux
of
produce
to
137
cupola
The
mineral
cheap
foundry
cent,
Effect
the
with
Experiments
slag
stone
lime-
.....
required
cupola; Importance
to
oyster, clam
when
making
of
of
use
.........
Cause
limestone;
the
bottom
the
136
large quantities
lining
on
cupola;
135
....
cupola by
of
fluxes; Purpose
as
pig-iron
in
limestone
from
used
of
cinder
slag; Efi'ect of
of the
slag
to
in
of
quantity
of fluxes
action
brittle
slag drawn
Constituents
The
production
Limestone
depends;
Variation
of
Cupolas.
in
fluxes; Materials
in the
making
VI.
Iron
of
of
Use
flux;
132
....
doors
Fluxing
a
charging
time
proper
........
CHAPTER
of
the
the
to
as
doors
bottom
raising heavy
Definition
ascertain
to
after
blast
foundrymen
the
of the
use
described
cupola;
and
old-style cupola
151
....
152
illustrated
.....
Old
described
and
trated
illus154
Expanding
cupola,
described
and
illustrated
155
xii
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Ireland's
cupola,
Ireland's
center
Voisin's
blast
described
cupola,
Objection
this
to
bottom;
of
with
Working
of Mr.
described
Pevie
favor
and
made
Whiting
Crandall
The
described
Mode
Claims
of
cupola;
of this
of
181
Elizabethport
at
illustrated;
and
184
cupola,
Stewart's
cupola;
described
the
The
Greiner
patent
economical
cupola,
188
..........
consists
invention
189
of
illustrated
cupola
Greiner
of the
190
.
191
.........
Greiner
description
Colliau
cupola;
patent
hot-blast
cupola,
192
of the
described
cupola,
the
Jumbo
improved
and
aud
results
obtained
in
melting
196
illustrated.
198
200
cupola
cupola
with
Johnson
patent
center
blast
tuyere,
202
illustrated.
for
the
the
air to
Crandall
193
.
194
illustrated
and
described
for
cupola
furnace
Colliau
for the
applying
this
203
cupola
cupola; Blakeney
cupola,
described
and
204
illustrated
Advantages
180
illustrated
and
made
....
illustrated
constructing
in
workings
cupola,
table
178
.
179
steel, described
melting
conclusions.
in
and
of test-heats
illustrated
of the
described
History
Elizabethport
and
this
of
Greiner's
N.
Elizabethport,
used
the
in
iron
186
novelty
Principle
ordinary
from
cupola
blown
177
.
............
and
the
"
182
illustrated
Charge
the
...........
described
melting
cupola
eliminated
are
at
at
Herbertz
cupola
for
used
bronze.
cupola,
Jumbo
in
draft
create
to
the
silica
in the
than
Results
cupola
Melting
The
of
hearth
this
176
from
and
carbon
gases
cupola
melting;
escaping
Herbertz
in the
of
Claims
jet
steam
cupola
cupola
of the
Points
of
Herbertz
less
why
Herbertz's
Mr.
.......
illustrated; Movable
and
of the
hearth
What
170
172
cupola
application
the
Herbertz
Rapid
169
.175
Explanation
and
sand
the
on
illustrated
and
described
Composition
Object
charcoal
of
quantity
England
Mackenzie
the
heats
Pevie
described
cupola,
173
cupola
Process
reservoir
or
.............
Advantages
The
in
described
cupola,
cupola
the
....
Tank
by putting
of tanks
of the
Herbertz
Test
iron
cupola,
Management
The
Soft
Use
Mackenzie
163
illustrated
and
...........
of
161
.......
described
cupola;
....
167
illustrated
Production
of
style
159
illustrated
and
illustrated
and
steam-jet cupola,
Woodward's
and
described
cupola,
157
illustrated
and
described
of this
cupola
20?
CONTENTS.
XI
CHAPTER
Art
11
VIII.
Mei"ting.
in
PAGE
The
melting
of
art
chance
work
in
and
mode
and
Location
of
of the
iron
in
cupola
understood
of
do
to
the
melting
good
of
the
many
melting.
understading
Preparation
tuyeres;
by
in
experienced
Necessity
of
operation
arrangement
Troubles
in art;
or
little
but
cupola
foremen;
nature
heat; Lighting
Melting
in
foundry
and
foundrymen
No
iron
206
struction
con-
207
.
cupola
for
208
up
cupola
practiced; Necessity
simple
of
close
Things
process;
to
materials
of all the
study
and
learned
be
used
in melting
209
should
What
of
be
foundry
aim
the
being
the
Duties
melter;
of the
SCAI.KS
of
What
the
scale
accurate
an
of iron
melting
melter
210
USE.
THEIR
AND
scaffold; Size
the
of
reduced
when
cupola,
foreman
the
IX.
upon
in
of
....
CHAPTER
Necessity
Advisability
moulder;
of every
to
required;
scale
art, consists
an
211
in
Division
of
fuel
the
understood
by
the
of iron
charges
and
and
cupola records;
report of Abendroth
Cupola
report of Byram
Daily report
Melting
212
213
of
Cupola
slate
Blanks
for
on
for
over
iron
labor
N.
Lebanon
215
Stove
216
.
Works
217
.
218
Works
219
mode
and
essential
by
Mould
the
220
cupola report
records
Pig
and
Shop
and
slate; Correctness
in iron
214
accounts
Detroit, Mich.
Works,
to
of
the
value
CHAPTER
Saving
the
Chester,
Port
Iron
Stove
in
and
keeping
of
Co.,
Accounts.
Department,
charging
reports
X.
CUPOI.A
Bros.,
of Syracuse
castings
Report
calculating
Manner
"
Foundry
of
sheet
of
not
condemned
scales
Cupola
melting
of
methods
Incorrect
The
of
theory
fuel
CHAPTER
Value
The
charges;
foundrymen;
many
of old, worn-out
Use
into
iron
for
use
making
of
them
cupola
out;
account
Report
221
.
XL
Over
of cast
iron
Iron.
pig
moulds
for
collecting
222
CONTENTS.
XIV
CHAPTER
What
XII.
Cupoi,a
Melt.
wii,i.
PAGE
Chief
of
use
other
cupola furnace;
the
than
purposes
Quantity
iron
of
cupola
be
may
melted
in
"
Pratt
heavy
be
can
weight
cupola; Charging
Whitney
of cast-iron
piece
iron
of
Melting
Conn.;
the
at
scrap
cupola
Number
cupola;
of
large pieces
Co., Hartford,
government
furnace
for
223
in
melted
Size and
run;
the
iron
melting
that
of
Employment
Eobdell
that
can
be
of
foundry
and
cannon
other
Co., Wilmington,
Wheel
Car
hours
the
at
of
of
224
Del
CHAPTER
Tin
Melting
Various
of
ways
tin
the
deposited
for
scrap
in
Cupola.
charging;
iron; Quality
the
upon
Scrap
Plate
the
preparing
XIII.
of the
Attempts
molten
to
metal
recover
the
from
225
scrap
Susceptibility
metal;
of the
Production
of
of metal
lost
amount
Action
molten
of
tin
as
the
effect
from
the
with
melting
of
in
Tests
scrap;
of
Uses
learn
to
the
.....
Doctoring
cupola;
tin- plate-scrap
melting
of
227
.
for
cupola expressly
metal
.
melting
228
tin-plate-scrap
.....
profit in
CHAPTER
Cost
Unreliability of melting
business.
the
229
.
XIV.
Melting.
of
accounts
....
as
to
ing
measur-
in baskets
fuel
of
Results
of moisture;
226
scrap
tin-plate-scrap; Construction
Fluxing
of
the
melted
for
tin-plate-scrap; Process
from
Cost
melting
when
scrap
to
metal
gray
in
flux
sheet-iron
metal
the
accurate
an
the
method
Proper
of
account
book;
Cupola
melting
of
in
figuring
foundry
the
cost
of
in
New
sey;
Jer-
melting
per
231
ton
CHAPTER
Examples
of
Necessity
the
giving
of the
Remedy
melting
E.
view
Paris
of
"
at
of
poor
"
of Perry
trouble;
of the
of
causes
foundry
stove
Cause
Bad
230
Sectional
XV.
Bad
Melting.
melting;
Trouble
of
lining
out
with
the
cupolas
at
233
of
shape
236
.
240
troubles
a
West
Co.,
locating
West
the
Troy
Stove
Troy,
N.
Works;
Y.;
Visit
Inspection
at
the
of
foundry
the
of Daniel
foundry
with
242
trouble
.
........
CONTENTS.
XV
PAGE
Trouble
due
of
Experimeut
tnelter
Result
Trouble
of the
Remedy
melting
melting
Poor
in
condition
in
of the
cupola
the
the
Objection
of
the
reduction
of
fuel
246
Locomotive
248
....
bed
being
caused
melting,
of the
Providence
the
....
the
to
247
.......
of
plant
cupola
due
Bad
one
of
burned
and
foundries
Sectional
cupola;
249
.
by wood
leading novelty
much
too
in
elevation
coal; Cause
Philadelphia
showing
250
the
251
the
bed
foundry
the
at
cupola
burning
Uneven
still further
foundry
to
Cincinnati
fuel
trouble;
the
less
244
with
Heats
melting
poor
of
of poor
with
243
with
.........
Visit
cupola;
fuel
cupola
in this
melting
a
up
Works;
Cause
running
much
the
experiment;
of the
Warming
of too
use
experiment
the
to
of bad
Cause
the
to
of
for
; Reason
"
Perry
the
of
necessity
dumping
Co.
253
.......
CHAPTER
XVI.
MEI.TERS.
due
Respect
of
of poor
of
cupola;
good
proper
should
What
be
foundryman
for
tools
aim
the
his
keep
to
Expi"osioN
Conditions
wet
Cause
which
under
the
cause
spout
of
or
sparks;
due
to
up
melter
255
....
posted
melter
256
....
Molten
iron
is
Iron.
explosive; Explosions
caused
by
bod
wet
making
out, and
XVII.
OF
molten
chipping
of every
CHAPTER
position
frequently
melter
254
furnishing
of every
Interest
tnelter; Unfortunate
melting
Necessity
the
with
Interference
melter;
poor
scientific
practical and
the
to
Various
257
of the
causes
thrusting
piece
of
of molten
explosion
cold,
wet
rusted
or
iron; Explosion
iron
into
molten
iron
258
Explosion
mould
or
"
very
with
wet
burg,
rusted
at
foundry
of
of
damp
in the
Accident
foundry
rusted
or
of Wm.
chillMcGil259
when
at
foundry
the
of
Buffalo
explosions
into
poured
Accident
scrap;
the
poured
into
Pa
iron
Accident
the
when
sand-mould;
wet
of molten
Pa.;
Explosion
Prevention
iron
molten
Co., Sharon,
Explosion
the
of
in the
foundry
the
of
Skinner
School
mud
or
of
foundry
North
contact
Marsh,
Lewis-
Engine
Furniture
brought
James
into
Co., Buffalo, N.
Y.
260
at
261
.
262
CONTENTS.
XVI
CHAPTER
XVIII.
Spark-Catching
Devices
Cupolas.
for
PAGE
in
Spark-catcher
Spark-catching
old-style cupolas
device
for
263
modern
264
cupolas
flue
Return
Other
The
best
spark-catching
Prevention
cupola;
of
device;
by John
sparks being
266
.
268
sparks being
of
Cause
Keefe.
O.
carried
of the
out
thrown
from
stack;
Enlarged
stack
269
CHAPTER
Hot
blast
Hot
Cupola
cupolas
the
at
with
exhaust
Heating
the
pipes
blast
utilizing the
Cupolas
the
Cupolas.
Treadwell
by Jagger,
Ransom
"
Co., Albany,
off
cupola;
Carnegie
from
Steel
in low
Explosions
the
blast
Works,
which
blast
the
Y.;
Arrangement
Plans
cupola;
for
274
......
Homestead,
Prevention
Pa.;
of
275
XX.
During
pipes,
be
can
from
cupola
blast
taken
Blast
blast
cupola;
Banking
"
Cupola"
Blast
Gates.
gauges,
off
is taken
Heat
Pipes,
in blast
N.
cupolas
Blast
the
271
Perry
273
heat
Waste
CHAPTER
Taking
"
...........
escaping
of heat
escape
of
for
heat
the
at
Blast
constructed
foundry
XIX.
in
melting; Length
of
Management
of time
from
cupola
off
276
........
Banking
cupola;
Bufi'alo
Blast
of
pipes; Importance
of
Table
prepared
iron
Buff"alo
the
blast-pipes; Friction
in
pipes
of
showing
blower
the
and
being
intendent,
Super-
cupola
of
arrangement
277
.
blast
279
in the
used
construction
in
280
Co
,
Buffalo,
proportion
to
N.
Y.,
the
as
length;
guide
for
Diameter
281
........
condemned
increase
necessary
Foundry
banking
on
pipes
pipes
cause
Knoeppel,
Y.,
........
Forge
of
the
N.
blast-pipes; Materials
diameter
Frequent
Table
by
Mr.
construction
pipes
blast-pipes; Galvanized
increasing
of
the
blast
underground
to
from
pipes; Underground
Objection
Communication
as
in
being insufficient.
diameter
for
the
282
.
diff"erent
lengths
Connection
283
of
blast
pipes
with
cupola
; Combined
area
of
the
branch
pipes
Table
284
of diameter
Connecting
chambers;
blast
Poor
and
area
pipes
of
direct
arrangement
pipes
with
of
285
; Perfect
tuyeres
pipes
in
connection
"perfect cupola"
of
air
286
xviii
CONTENTS.
"
TAOE
of
Speed
cycloidal
surfaces
of
Table
form
to
321
"
the
tact
con-
322
cycloidal
Connersville
of
capacities, etc.,
Vertical
by ordinary speed;
meant
.........
for the
numbers,
hypo-cycloids
epi- and
the
...
impellers.
of
claimed
Advantages
319
320
blower
combining
of
value
Special
in inches
dimensions
by steam,
blowers
foundry
Connersville
driven
blowers
foundry
Staudard
blower
.
cycloidal blowers;
the
and
blower
engine
823
is
What
on
bed
same
326
plate
electric
and
Blower
327
motor
Root's
for this
Claims
blower
positive pressure
rotary
328
blowers
Garden
330
blower
CHAPTER
Cupolas
Kinds
Coke
the
required
Rule
for
placed
Function
Highest
charging
Tests
to
have
to
in
placed
the
the
iron
too
per
the
that
of
be
can
great
Best
be
an
to
upon
in
each
iron
keep
doors
334
for
of the
top
required
that
the
cupola
melting
to
335
zone.
and
charges
charge;
the
General
sumption
con-
336
......
in
required
melting depends;
Advisability
system;
of
Necessity
keeping
of
accurate
an
record
......
paragraphs
sections
XXIII.
by
Mr.
obtaining
Scraps.
illustratingimportant
of the
C.
337
......
country
practical results
Remarks
in
should
of fuel
Cupola
ent
fuel
claim
and
required
is
of the
melted
of the
collect
to
charging
What
fuel
amount
of fuel
melting
low
to
country;
amount
cent,
tuyeres
Fallacy
high
Determination
melting;
of
the
tuyeres;
CHAPTER
Brief
of
332
distance
or
the
tuyeres
in this
use
ascertain
reducing
cupola
work;
foundry
Quantity
work;
333
below
placed
fuel
cupolas
of
what
foundry
for
bottom
amount
On
iron
furnaces
of
cupola; Height
sand
the
above
economical
do
for
fuel
of
melting
Date.
to
up
......
of the
for
Practice
the
kinds
different
in the
it is necessary
hot
in
universal
almost
XXII.
Cupola
and
employed
furnaces
of
329
.......
for
A.
reliable
to
melting
Treat;
principles;
indicate
for
the
general
Terms
melting
foundry
Difficultyexperienced
cupola reports
for
publication
used
of iron
in
in
diflfer-
cupola.
work
343
.
by
339
foundryman
344
....
NOTE.
Paxson-CoUiau
Index
Cupola
345
347
CHAPTER
THE
The
kind
of
cupola
furnace
furnace
for
melts
It
furnace,
be
can
small
or
with
the
less
and
little
furnace
in
primary
all
fuel
and
without
in
heating
iron
be
melted
may
the
in
be
readily
the
the
importance,
in
strength
is
cupola
fuel
out
of
be
to
the
of
of
damage
Large
cooling.
and
in
and
other
any
great
any
cent,
per
put
where
cases
other
any
than
cheaply
more
contraction
of
over
work.
difTerence
can
advantages
intermittently
quantities
very
FURNACE.
many
foundry
run
expansion
from
CUPOLA
has
with
iron
I.
furnace
same
and
consumed,
blast.
the
quently
Conse-
metal
is
preferred
for
to
cwt.
of
not
foundry
work.
In
is
the
reverberatory
required
the
In
of
ton
melt
to
iron,
cast
coke
of
and
two
ten
twenty
fuel
of
iron.
ton
one
and
from
of
ton
one
furnace
pot
furnace
is consumed
half
in
tons
melting
in
melting
of
ton
steel.
In
the
in
In
to
It
minimum
thus
be
waste
to
attempts
of
heat
ton
of
ton
pig
coke
is
sumed
con-
iron.
is melted
iron
of
is
fuel
passing
do
the
have
with
from
172
the
in
still
cupola
melting
three
or
furnace
of
iron,
times
that
ton
four
we
have
the
although
ically
theoret-
work.
been
consumed
off
in
fuel
of
consumed
required
amount
that
seen
consumption
Many
of
cwt.
coke.
of
amount
of
furnace
twenty-five
to
twenty
production
cupola
lbs.
will
furnace
the
the
224
the
blast
from
made
in
the
(I)
decrease
to
the
top
cupola,
for
heating
even
by
the
this
small
utilizing
blast.
the
But
work
the
such
cupola
casing
is
furnace
opening
bottom
the
the
of
blast.
forced
furnace
plate, is arranged
An
furnace.
the
side
with
fuel
the
above
heat
and
have
cupolas
this
in
it
feeding
is constructed
to
carry
has
ofif the
is made
At
height
to
the
and
the
present
iron
steel
or
material
same
give draught
to
heat
cylindricalor
the
of
stone,
one
cupola,
wrought
of
escaping
and
for
The
gases.
universally adopted,
almost
been
entirely in
is made
sufficient
in
in
Frora
used.
been
casing
encased
least
at
in
country.
Those
them.
to
constructed
are
the
of
large
size
weight,
The
the
laid
and
are,
level
of
in cement,
when
is
the
cast
sizes,
supply
charged
a
very
solid
generally
foundry
or
to
are
require
foundation
various
of
foundry they
of
immense
work
to
been
placed
almost
casing
stack
up
and
bottom
Cupolas
up
the
The
is extended
lighting up,
have
bottoms
and
plate.
drop
for
casings.
been
constructed
are
ellipticalform,
and
have
tuyeres
drop
iron
wrought
and
more
or
stationary and
boiler
is made
escaping smoke,
off the
have
they
and
shape,
iron
cast
hundred
time
the
from
cylindrical,elliptical,
square
constructed
been
in
oblong
brick,
furnace
near
gases.
Cupolas
and
the
bottom
the
metal
chimney
or
This
by draught
with
level
molten
carrying
for
air
of
the
lining
provided
are
an
when
sand
charging door,
of
top
stack
door
charging
the
as
the
furnace.
with
ofif the
the
at
on
of
the
admission
opening,
iron, and
and
the
known
casing
of
openings
drawing
for
opening,
the
of
small
shape
covered
more
for
plate, having
diameter
doors
or
bottom
inside
the
to
iron
Two
is in blast.
furnace
shape
with
the
to
hollow
refractory material,
other
or
iron
cast
equal
in
is closed
opening
all
rendered
consisting of
furnace
fire-brick
a
centre
corresponding
and
vertical
with
shell, lined
or
has
futile.
attempts
The
or
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
floor;
iron
with
with
of
iron
solid
this
upon
or
ments
requiremetal.
molten
foundation
made
columns
suit the
to
is
and
to
fuel,
of
support
stone
placed
work
brick
sup-
CUPOLA
THE
the
of
port
is set
cupola
the
of
use
iron
the
of
breaking
the
admits
the
their
the
bottom
floor
depends
from
fourteen
varies
is
stream
ladle
work
inside
the
hard
the
This
it
The
cupola
three
of
and
free
liabilityto
in
falling,
ing
remov-
feet.
fire-brick
centre,
any
molten
cupola,
beneath
diameter
the
The
set
and
iron
and
the
of
on
from
of
in
the
of
of
the
and
the
the
end
under
floor
the
teen
four-
pedestal
to
ladles
The
lined
pedestal.
the
men
full ladle.
make
to
removal
made
to
with
from
flow
In the
the
from
less than
hard
the
cupola outward,
will
as
three
or
be
a
the
wide
two
not
an
of
as
distance
sloped
dump
falls
it strikes
burning
the
of
it
set
forward
the
inside
pit is
its removal.
than
flying when
necessary
the
hand
or
changing
pit should
pit is
edge,
facilitate
back
lift the
This
For
oblong
length equal
high
ends, than
mass
to
higher
moved
from
cupola.
fallingwithin
thus
both
permit
lining.
the
bottom
bottom
hollow
liabilityof
it to
be, and
can
little
low, it is then
very
of
be
one
ladles.
the
at
it easier
too
placed
and
spilled
the
filled,
cupola
in
be
and
in
then
If
to
by sparks
prevented
renders
pit
to
is
ladles
the
above
placed
is lost
iron
open
iron
reduces
repairing
plate
the
the
cient
suffi-
when
way
the
of
upon
can
and
is set
or
the
is collected
and
feet
the
bottom
is
catch
and
ladle
stream,
conveniently
times
cupola
in
ladle
high,
floor,and
excavation
dump,
the
five feet.
to
to
place
pedestal, and
the
If
at
pairing
re-
swing
to
the
of
size
stream
the
rest
arrangement
about
to
inches
the
the
upon
difficult
more
floor.
the
catch
to
and
cupola supports
out
the
of
the
it is better
ten
or
upon
doors
the
of
dump
placed
are
the
brick-work,
to
the
removes
back
inches
from
inches, and
eight
drop
used, considerable
ladle
sized
drops separating
the
the
arrangement
being put
the
height
moulding
for
posts
admit
to
preferred
or
by striking the
doors
floor
removing
where
cases
dump.
The
and
permit
This
of
in
columns
to
be
to
are
all
In
the
from
freedom
apart
them.
height
The
cupola.
they
more
lining.
between
and
supports
distance
and
bottom
sufficient
at
admit
they
as
iron
FURNACE.
from
centre
quality
edges
so
to
that
under
of the
CUPOLA
THE
the
pit under
cupola
block
securely placed,
upon
of
the
doors.
bottom
The
thickness
sufficient
it is then
it in
the
by
The
weight
bottom
doors
iron
of
made
are
when
are,
spring
when
cast
wrought
or
plate
in
dry, running
wooden
additional
more
but
is
they
the
have
be
and
molten
to
reason
The
made
the
sand
plate
and
bottom
the
sliding door
cast
iron
are
iron
bottom
ratchet
the
they
and
of
are
cannot
cast
bound
the
but
they
be
and
in the
iron
or
one
or
bolts
in
doors
the
been
arranged
the
from
of
case
the
sides,
cupola.
leakage
sometimes
and
withdrawn,
place,
which
prop,
dump
are
sand
Numerous
of
of
bottom
sprung,
the
to
made
stout
are
sand, when
holes
to
made
the
the
cast
but
whether
cupola
in
of
dump,
plates, have
bottom,
cast
the
or
Bottom
handle,
to
safety.
windlass
or
is seldom
made
in two
Those
prevent
in favor
more
made
firmest.
holding
for
manipulation
easy
Those
in
or
place.
light,or
for
under
the
of
in
place
ports
sup-
put upon
made
place by
are
slide
through
casings
doors
put
iron
in two
or
doors,
in
abandoned
into
the
will be
making
and
or
of
iron
the
prevent
as
upon
into
place, to
devised
hold
so
flanges to overlap
Sliding doors,
by
to
easiest
or
supported
are
been
withdrawn
admit
They
fast
to
in
when
all been
safest.
rollers
upon
on
have
latches
and
it
heat
door,
cracks
are
props
bolt
iron.
by
wide
when
doors
; and
prop
The
through
out
and
generally
are
stifitest and
warped
iron, have
other
The
bottom.
be
to
of
removed,
piece
one
lightestand
place.
each
and
in
wrought
or
the
are
liable
more
cast
place, the
in
iron
wrought
also
of
be
be
raising them
facilitate
to
must
stack.
and
made
are
support
not
strain
uneven
sections
four
no
the
to
firmly placed
cupola
doors
For
sections.
the
of
that
so
iron
of
ribbed
or
can
securely
be
for
prop
iron, and
cast
place, it
to
block
heavy
the
rest
of
in
when
work,
or
properly flanged
plate must
brick
or
it
The
place.
to
impossible
almost
stone
made
and
If broken
breaking.
is
plate
bottom
of
which
is
iron
FURNACE.
of
burnt
for
this
used.
or
wrought
in staves,
iron
which
plate.
are
together by wrought
When
put in place
iron
bands
THE
these
bands
being
sections, which
are
the
together by
kind
on.
placed
one
and
constructed
is made
two
or
the
The
stack
the
of
casing
stack
The
is
the
foundryman.
but
throws
gives
in
be
from
feet.
inside
of
admit
of
holes
the
cupola
and
blast.
tuyere,
or
are
cupola casing
the
to
and
An
enlarged
but
hills, the
or
necessary
and
roof
they
to
vary
twenty
riveted
or
the
to
lining, and
the
support
stacks
sized
the
give
throws
able
objection-
very
sometimes
of
fancy
draught,
different
to
tracted
con-
good
high,
are
is
or
or
top.
foundry
are
out
as
cupola casing;
weather,
of
casing
taken
liningare
bottom,
These
for
perforated
the
tuyeres,
with
the
supplied
from
connected
are
stack
material
buildings
height
above
strain
replaced
without
with
or
ing
remov-
lining.
casing and
the
by high
angle iron
being
the
sparks
in all kinds
feet
of
sections
near
few
gives
in others,
not
the
requirements
at
As
top.
three
cupola,
it is very
sufficient
of
Bands
entire
forced
blast,
made
the
unless
the
as
stack
surrounded
lighting up
for
thirty
The
the
at
one
those
same
the
of
size
to
with
great.
very
the
of
iron.
piece.
sparks
many
draught,
sparks
is not
more
cast
together
rivets, and
umns,
col-
is
of
sufificient,as
made
one
contracted
great
When
height
the
in
same
localities, and
must
draught
poor
some
used.
stack
few
in
out
very
are
made
that
stack,
iron
casing
than
be
to
brick
by four
iron
continuation
the
made
casing
of
row
enlarged according
or
stack
is
generally being
two
out
one
generally
and
cupola,
est
poor-
riveted
properly lined,
is
is the
time, and
time
plate, securely
casing, when
cracks
wrought
present
bolted
casing generally
iron
cast
cyHndrical
another, and
of
short
upon
the
of
in
cast
are
plate supported
rivets ; but
of
rows
inches
that
boiler
of
the
at
kind
The
used.
generally
top
in
they
on
the
iron
cast
generally employed
It
Or
This
With
upon
FURNACE.
shrinkage
casing.
of
is
shrunk
flanges.
expansion
from
CUPOLA
either
on
the
admission
when
outside
of
by
air
or
with
branch
chamber
inside.
tuyere
more
by draught
air
supplied
blower
an
two
pipes
riveted
The
or
forced
to
each
to
air chamber
the
is made
three
is made
opening
short
through
small
level
is
spout
This
of
iron
number
of
hours.
An
opening
is
door,
the
of
is
frame
placed
swinging door,
closing
when
the
or
filled with
deep flange
The
material.
with
down
and
and
up
laid
hinge
casing
with
with
up
lining
is
cast
localities where
quarries
or
is the
generally
door
the
from
grout
the
clay.
are
composed
fire-brick
bottoms
Some
also
of
not
can
of
small
grades
employed
of
of
soft
sandstone
for
for
tory
refrac-
iron
door
frame
moved
which
frames,
hold
up
is moved
the
for
to
the
door
sion
expan-
refractory
is laid
or
lining.
the
of
fire-brick,
for
sand, is used
be
can
top
In
obtained.
procured, soapstone
creeks,
used.
fire-clayand
be
for
plate with
other
room
plate
material
such
where
plenty
bottom
A
This
"
door
wrought
or
top, and
heat, and
with
refractory material.
a
the
by
door
an
door
swing door,
is lined
localities
in
substances
or
the
the
The
or
lining
lugs
of
weights.
upon
with
the
boiler
of
to
diameter
cast
cast
fire-brick
by
hung
balance
grooves
shrinkage,
and
stack
or
made
consists
door
The
in
down
grooves
fast.
lever
be
the
door.
six
from
iron.
are
of
for
charging
protect
which
holding
sliding
the
to
and
large
in blast
as
fuel
from
provided
consist
or
lower
slag
when
kept
to
sliding
may
for
fire-brick, and
filled in with
the
in
fire-brick,
all around
inside
charging aperture
frame
is
sometimes
the
for
the
except
and
other
An-
the
height varying
outside, upon
grooves
off
plate, according
on
the
ladles.
under
just
cupola
is
An
cupola,
the
it into
used
is supplied
blower.
the
from
drawing
or
at
putting
the
upon
the
furnace, known
opening
casing
or
door
the
pipe, and
lining,just above
made,
the
and
bottom
This
and
iron
never
cupola
the
frame
the
around
iron
in the
cupola.
iron
cast
is
blast
it with
running
tapping
for
feeding
above
feet
twenty
molten
opening
for
placed
the
for
is melted,
amount
casing
is sometimes
tuyeres,
cupola.
the
provided
opening
the
of
the
of
area
pipe connecting
bottom
the
blast
FURNACE.
the
times
four
or
the
from
CUPOLA
THE
up
other
Native
with
from
a
fractory
re-
refractory
refractory
CHAPTER
II.
CONSTRUCTING
about
When
the
work,
first
this
deciding
the
stock
should
to
as
than
cupola
should
possible.
It
be
the
from
before
it
If the
molten
small
to
metal
is
should
that
all
is all
the
be
the
of
parts
by
placed
end
or
light
the
metal
loses
cupola
stock
in
object
the
for
great
this
For
the
so
the
mould,
the
of
work
distance
fluidity
its
fails
in
the
be
may
cupola
near
small
the
the
rapidly conveyed
the
cranes,
the
cupola
But
yard.
bull-ladle
of
centre
and
the
of
part
swinging
foundry
or
the
greater
or
the
near
near
iron
the
and
traveling
hand-ladle
located
molten
the
heavy
is
handled
side
iron
be
constructed.
was
cast
be
one
work
cupola
be
may
at
if the
in
work
work
located
it
molten
It
to
to
that
molten
iron.
it.
from
the
of
material
more
at
ation,
consider-
molten
mind
located
the
into
in
In
getting
convenient
as
fluid
is
that
poured
which
for
purpose
so
be
can
obtain
the
away
borne
cupola
floors
moulding
taken
located
be
is to
if the
and
cast,
be
is
into
the
of
away
foundry
for
location.
taken
are
there
be
to
also
cupola
that
is
must
which
of
iron
proper
be
to
are
taking
mind
melt
to
is the
on
points
the
cupola
constructing
to
in
borne
the
reason
decided
important
and
CUPOLA.
cupola
of
most
cupola
be
to
number
two
be
taken
construct
thing
a
the
to
to
the
work,
moulding-room
to
the
moulds
the
mould-
room.
SCAFFOLD.
It
is often
ing-room
for
it.
When
found
and
to
the
the
yard,
to
place
to
it and
location
getting
this
difificult, owing
the
is the
of
stock
case,
the
must
means
(8)
shape
the
molten
be
of
cupola
iron
provided
ient
conven-
away
for
from
getting
CONSTRUCTING
stock
the
which
At
the
the
the
to
molten
metal
low
present
scafifold
cupola
and
cupola
be
can
difficultyof locating
be
overcome
place
constructed
size
to
pig
and
The
hold
one
The
is
no
weather,
as
benches,
core
cupola
trouble
from
is often
the
be
its
and
core
of
then
floors
sand-
oven,
roof, and
home
at
of
cupola.
under
in
stock
and
cupola
proper
tons
for
ladle
to
may
moulding
staying
the
size
hundred
as
oven,
men
when
case
utilized
supplies are
cupola
made
a
may
scafTold
material
necessary
can
The
coke,
or
yard
sufficient
and
roof
coal
of
of
cost, and
the
to
fuel.
and
moulds.
moderate
very
convenient
foundry
scafifold
for
or
iron
all the
the
to
from
point
steel, a fire-proof
and
scafTold
for
cars
and
the
under
etc.
there
bad
out
are
doors.
When
bucket
or
coke
or
car.
this
arrangement
elevator
should
the
to
placed
once
arrangement
ling of
iron
lost.
should
scafTold
and
fuel
annually tramped
also
incurred
in
for
the
fire-brick
to
with
and
fuel
gives
uneven
it is
the
weight
of
top,
amounts
iron
for
and
way
the
to
taken
to
heat
to
cast
replace
in
scrap
in the
labor
short
this
and
This
rehand-
yard and
the
will pay
time
kind
at
large amount
in the
mud
many
many
iron
of
scafTold.
bottom
in
cupola
stack, when
and
tons,
lined
when
dation,
foun-
with
loaded
more.
If the
bottom
is broken
tons
cupola
is rendered
the
putting
and
cupola
settling,the cupola
impossible
and
FOUNDATION.
be
cannot
care
in
constructing
CUPOLA
much
stock
and
truck
melting.
loss of
the
coal
the
it is broken
for
into
pig
for
or
the
from
for
the
prevents
chain
convey
car
expense
fuel, and
in labor
the
convenient
and
saving
to
provided
from
iron
expense
Too
be
considerable
saves
The
extra
the
endless
an
it is shoveled
as
is thrown
iron
upon
adopted,
constructed
fast
as
elevator
the
as
is
be
scafTold
Another
iron, and
of
iron
at
cupola
the
two
or
light work
bins,
the
yard
under
scrap
space
for
of
of
iron
wrought
of
at
rapidly conveyed
by constructing
the
be
be
located
cupola
constructed
the
take
the
can
price
CUPOLA.
dation
foun-
practicallyworthless,
with
new
one
by
for
without
taking
the
out
it in
should
foundation
foundation
good
work
should
be
bottom
thick
walls
walls,
sufficient
the
walls
columns
projection
at
less
the
in
sufficient
is made
cupola
shell
than
The
plate
supports
to
hold
take
up
these
of
only
plate is used,
or
when
them
the
inches
curved
in
place.
or
the
used, the
the
be
plate does
bottom
placed
the
for
top
the
must
bottom
good
plate
the
and
require to
largest sized
be
at
swinging
doors
not
and
round
iron
of
the
are
made
when
doors
cupola
than
drop
with
being
cupola
can
iron
cast
bottom
top,
polas.
cu-
the
and
used
than
thick
at
are
the
for
of the
of
columns
dump
the
reason
air chamber,
the
at
posts
this
square
under
room
permit
to
let
admit
not
round
the
of
to
removing
apart
and
or
less
are
made
be
tween
be-
pit is required
the
supports
slightlycurved
When
foundation
more
best
when
distance
round
The
do
for
that
supports
apart
inches
iron
construction
admit
to
distance
way
them.
between
column,
walls
low
it
cupola,
three
in the
plate must
ring
by railroad
When
them.
This
and
so
iron
the
the
They
when
and
is set
the
prevent
dump
the
used
to
two
The
breaking.
of
them.
posts.
columns,
be
each
from
upon
of
support
supported
or
to
tent,
ex-
dump.
the
for
large
ring
floor
in the
plate.
supports.
the
heat
to
for
post,
bottom
are,
Separate
or
the
if
and
driven.
iron
cupola
square,
dump,
sufficient
T-shaped
the
keep
to
as
column
cast
below
the
cupola
employed,
for
bottom
removing
outside
between
swing
the
the
the
heavy
time, seldom
of
built
are
placed
in
when
crack
constructed
prevent
present
removal
the
to
be
and
inches
made
freedom
Even
so
work,
stone
each
for
the
set
ribbed
strongly
the
at
is
of
by
are
plate
and
to
broken
and
brick
When
are
breaking
several
placed
solid
of
built
unevenly
which
upon
being warped
pit
and
expense,
plate
by placing
prevented
stone
built
be
settle
settling and
Uneven
for
be
never
they frequently
are,
the
brace
or
be
cannot
piers should
stone
of
bolt
to
much
place.
The
the
entails
lining,which
entire
impossible
it is almost
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
10
bolted
cupola.
to
the
CONSTRUCTING
HEIGHT
The
above
the
work
of
to
be
is
floor
For
and
CUPOLA
small
depends
hand-ladle
small
large
for
should
spout
or
gangway,
for
II
BOTTOM.
cupola
or
inches;
20
inches
30
of
cast.
to
OF
bottom
moulding
to
height
24
the
height
CUPOLA.
be
bull-
and
crane-ladle
the
upon
work
placed
class
the
proper
hand-ladle
work
work
three
five
to
feet.
difficult
It is very
a
large
pieces
from
stream
only
are
of
which
the
work.
for
When
the
in front
done,
floor
pit should
keep
to
be
cupolas
used.
is
in
room
for
cupola
to
it to
middle
into
six
way
when
in
the
place.
For
place
doors
from
and
are
out
dig
large
under
the
back
large
pit in
is
one
for
quired
re-
the
moval
re-
wall
spout, and
part
this
removal
can
of
the
of
the
not
be
dump.
bottom
drop
door
is
diameter
the
door,
if
one
large
that
there
would
very
large cupolas
the
the
to
bottom
used, but
dump,
and
would
without
foundation
be
the
when
they
require
are
difficult
and
is cut
each
on
be
setting the
heavy
door
not
in
side.
always
Four
in
the
in putting
care
more
the
supporting.
made
of
inch
and
and
diflicult
to
are
much
generally
half-inch
frequently
very
doors
large they
are
the
door
hung
and
that
the
large
so
sometimes
are
taking
of
and
of
use
made
the
but
is of
be
clear
and
doors
for
catch
DOORS.
cupola
would
one-half
and
and
swing
high,
too
raise
The
piece,
one
floor
situated
so
and
by constructing
around
diameter,
the
be
done
constructed
small
when
But
made
of
the
up
and
cupola
when
must
the
low
ladle
be
BOITOM
For
hand-ladles
cupola
room
may
under
the
When
cupola.
low,
This
cupola
the
lowering
in
the
the
set
is set
dump.
the
of
to
cupola
the
of
place
to
ladles
change
to
occasionally, requiring
cast
it, in
dangerous
high cupola
it is better
crane-ladle,
front
and
heavy
to
an
cast
iron, and
half
ness
in thick-
vary
in thickness,
raise
lighter and
into
place.
easier
to
and
are
If the
handle
CUPOLA
THE
12
when
made
the
equally
purpose
the
lugs
on
and
the
lugs
the
from
away
propped
the
of
well
made
and
when
way
iron
back
be
opening,
further
drop
back
swung
the
removing
If the
the
doors
may
answer
one.
from
the
long,
dump,
braced
properly
stififer cast
set
are
the
of
the
as
doors
heat
out
up
plate
the
on
well
as
bottom
if
iron, and
wrought
of
FURNACE.
and
dump.
CASING.
The
casing
iron
of
rivets
depends
The
new
in
the
stack
is
often
support
and
the
stack
The
shrinkage
may
be
The
only
to
way
fire-brick, and
tendency
to
by cutting
made
of
sized
in
inch
one
bottom
thickness
The
other
any
is
requires
less
the
Where
the
at
below
the
material
number
for
diameter,
are
very
it is better
or
to
gives
casing
sparks
of
sparks
neighborhoods,
This
cupola.
and
and
thrown
objectionable, as
to
enlarge
make
the
the
stack
door
and
may
be
made
of
any
made
the
tracted
con-
smaller
draught
it also
cupola
in
cupola
from
Plate
generally
better
the
be
almost
lining; but
from
weakened
should
for
stack
door,
charging
the
and
wear
casing.
charging
The
point.
same
the
the
are
properly
im-
selecting
and
enough
casing
and
casing.
of
it is also
the
moved.
re-
expansion
greatest
of
is
when
; but
in
The
heavy
at
thickness
kind
care
part
stack
and
cupola
lined
slag holes,
and
replaced
expansion
to
sheet, and
front, tuyere
inch
take
lining.
lining in
and
strongest
is to
the
up
than
or
than
diameter
same
this
iron
beginning
blast.
the
apart
the
fire-brick, the
of
stack.
and
cupola
sufhcient
due
two
or
cupola lining
properly
above
the
laying
the
^^
or
tear
is in the
rust
cupola.
stack
up
in
in
to
one
while
the
casing
quality
poor
of
when
great when
prevent
heavier
of
y^
as
the
upon
be
is made
plate required
months
few
must
lining
with
the
of
stack
the
of
renewed,
every
casing
and
with
great
so
the
very
lined
height
is seldom
removed
strain
is not
and
and
together
thickness
The
seam.
diameter
one,
cupola
modern
plate, riveted
the
cupola
with
each
at
the
of
boiler
upon
lining
the
to
steel
or
of
rows
shell
or
when
and
creases
inin
closely built
and
the
stack
bottom
of
of
CONSTRUCTING
the
door.
charging
ring
the
upon
brackets
the
riveted
is of
The
height
of
bottom
plate
to
have
plans
construct
from
it.
deal
of
only
all the
But
the
the
with
heat
more
melt
of
be
the
at
height
at
this
down
aperture
is
bar,
and
made
limit
almost
to
the
escaping
through
at
too
door
for
the
great
cupolas
be
trouble
which
at
we
of
heat
have
giving
different
up
dislodged
the
and
be
produced
the
will
limit
to
be
can
quently
settling fre-
the
a
diameter
stock.
long
bar
If
the
takes
with
to
be
cupola by
table
height
and
be
may
seems
one
should
remedied
in
deal
lodgment
following
approximate
diameters
by
there
but
it
low
aperture.
large
of
arranged
the
when
one.
is
in
at
with
cupola
iron
cannot
is
point
than
hangs
height
height desired,
any
the
crease
in-
high cupola
There
charging
Cupolas
stops.
and
to
from
the
bottom,
has
small
and
lining
the
charging aperture
is small
the
by
great
great
low
less fuel
in
aperture
stock
the
practical observation,
of
the
diameter
against
height
gases,
with
and
in
that
founders
time
the
the
melting
of
iron
to
Still
than
is then
for
ignite it,
to
stock.
high cupola
Therefore
which
placed
the
near
is to
combines
aperture
quantity
the
way,
cupola
it escapes
is shown
the
charging
above
given
occurs
worked
place
in
in
from
cupola
this
This
Many
heat
before
the
of
top
discovered
cupola
in
top.
aperture.
low
the
at
the
far
where
for
lodges
When
flame
among
in
the
settles
the
stack
waste
in
utilized
sufificient
diameter.
same
placed,
in
fierce
iron
placed
the
stock
from
known
more
the
the
as
is utilized
It is well
is not
lost
unconsumed.
gas
in
cupola
from
so
heat
stock
heat
oxygen
escaping
burns
The
upon
if the
charging
means
by
shell
out
utilizing the
practical
escapes
in flame
the
it
stack
thrown
iron
cast
supporting
the
distance
of
for
the
heating
gas
which
bottom
placing
the
into
are
is the
high cupola.
in
few
very
by
placing
fall back
devised
the
utilized
the
been
but
cupola,
and
shell, and
shell, and
cupola
done
cupola
then
sparks
height,
good
the
be
may
the
of
to
The
ring.
This
top
CUPOLA.
the
from
size
melting capacity
The
One-fourth
used.
the
by
of
be
can
of
tapping
lined
with
made
of
door
is
closed
door
charging
wire
little
but
of
the
during
give draught
to
the
thrown
sparks being
in
of
in
is
creased
in-
greatly
tuyeres.
The
frame.
is
only
and
lighting up,
the
during
be
charging
it is
as
and
it may
fire-clay; or
heat, and
scaffold
sections
two
or
melting,
the
when
the
one
iron
an
of
cupola
seldom
service
of
to
prevent
latter
part
blast
may
of
CHAMBER.
AIR
air chamber
The
the
placed inside,
the
at
enlarging
large
the
this
increases
chamber
dumping
formed
plate
at
outside
or
cupola
must
to
diameter
of
the
the
bottom
to
with
cupola.
cast
end
iron
and
the
and
the
for
and
the
but
small
sufificient
When
staves
against
the
to
chamber
of
cupolas
extent
to
When
without
the
cupola
the
cupola
rest
casing
at
upon
the
be
cannot
admit
of
interfering with
the
be
tracted
lining con-
When
placed inside,
made
the
boshing
without
inside
shell.
cupola
cupola casing.
melting capacity;
the
one
room
with
tuyeres
boshed
be
make
being placed
of
inside
readily be done,
at
the
supplying
bottom
can
its
contracted
air
for
either
constructed
be
with
part
upon
heat
per
coke
with
hour
fuel
of
heat.
the
is
in
made
importance
greater
to
be
placed
gauze
kind
DOOR.
daubed
or
the
per
number
and
slag
may
fire-brick
melted
melting capacity
the
CHARGING
The
with
varies
cupola
iron
more
coal, and
with
than
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
14
chamber
the
an
the
may
bottom
other.
The
THE
be
should
of
the
admitted
where
way
they
the
When
extend
to
down
plate
must
back
for
be
shell
the
to
piece
the
lead,
chamber
fill up
during
tuyere
three
over
and
that
with
of
inches
plate
These
the
for
openings
six
from
to
curved
inches
rounded
or
at
ragged
very
This
time.
bolted
the
to
through
with
the
being pushed
cupola.
the
iron
But
large
end
out
by
For
is removed
the
small
in
be
the
inside,
into
into
be
not
or
of
the
of
the
made
be
each
the
and
in the
vided
pro-
blast.
made
be
ribbed,
made
to
and
in
eight
one
tons
high,
the
use
short
casting
almost
extend
slightlytapering
the
iron
retained
tap hole
of
are
presents
iron
large cupola
casing
prevent
molten
of
a
to
cupola.
through
cast
bottom
inches
nine
been
with
should
or
the
from
brick
lining has
the
at
opening
by
pressure
over
casing
to
The
or
cupolas,
in front
run
escape
iron
lined
casing
the
with
lighting up,
should
seven
top.
casing,
The
lining.
the
the
cupola
should
formed
should
opening
in
and
after
appearance
may
molten
wide
be
injure
placed
that
the
riveted
should
not
when
and
be
HOLE.
as
the
and
covered
cupola
prevent
the
known
be
openings
placed
of
are
eight
to
and
should
and
out
slag
or
in diameter,
are
removal
the
iron
any
These
orifices
more
or
bottom
slag running
or
should
to
and
iron
flow
will
TAP
One
made
front
away
opening
tuyere
molten
opening
door
tight-fitting
the
chamber
An
each
tuyeres
heat.
injured.
be
slag holes,
bottom.
any
An
four
or
tap and
under
so
removal
the
for
top
the
giving draught
for
tuyere
and
of
chamber.
the
each
way
the
from
cut
the
placed high,
are
air chamber
sheet
of
and
case,
the
of
out
may
this
side
slag holes.
both
at
In
chamber
the
pipes
chamber
plate.
and
larger
the
of
in the
made
bottom
tuyeres
out
up
the
the
each
on
knocked
be
to
placed low,
made
the
placed
to
likely
top
the
places
are
tap and
the
When
least
the
from
arrangement
are
tuyeres
chamber
the
to
This
cupola.
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
iron
from
is
front
in
which
required.
per
hour,
the
which
from
holes.
Two
the
moulds.
side
by
the
side
This
and
in front
the
that
be
may
two
tap holes
the
other
moulders
will
be
cupola
on
the
back
side
or
in each
iron
through
properly put
is
other's
be
placed
cupola,
when
way
of
capable
the
of
to
placed
are
in the
not
is
cupola
tap
order
front
iron
two
sometimes
in better
if the
all the
ofT
run
also
kept
carrying
of
are
practice, for
will
When
melting.
each
is bad
tap hole
one
one
that
so
holes
tap
in
placed
distance
ladles, require
sometimes
the
two
hand
in
are
shorten
to
And
heat.
in,
holes
tap
sides
opposite
is taken
iron
CUPOLA.
CONSTRUCTING
so
catch-
ing-in.
SPOUT.
THE
short
A
iron
from
made
of
the
tap hole
from
from
one
three
In
longer.
much
together
put
up
should
spout
of
center
the
fill a
to
the
by
be
the
and
sometimes
when
done.
When
should
be
When
the
of
up
the
time
of
longer
time
the
remove
cupola,
2
to
than
than
two
ash
of
prevent
is struck
the
a
run
hour
an
hours
the
in
and
and
over
careless
each
heat.
each
heat,
handling
dump,
cupola
or
half, slag
and
place
be
may
the
of
spout
plate.
half,
dross
The
the
in
damage
the
small
very
and
fuel
bridging
bottom
held
after
much
be
foundries
material
the
removing
of
to
only
spout
place, when
way
bolted
to
of
and
near
many
is removed
only
may
stream
great
is
sections
it is filled.
the
plate, and
front, and
of
in the
it is desired
length
bottom
spout
securely
In
great deal
out
not
throw
to
is
section
when
down
filling.
the
upon
knocked
and
taken
and
work
it is made
two
additional
an
ladle
work
in
with
wide
long spout
is made
that
so
ladle
molten
generally
inches
small
for
where
is
spout
eight
large
spout
ladle
the loss of
entails
and
long enough
ladle
making
This
ladles
large
is laid
spout
cleats,
with
high,
foundries
some
to
For
long.
feet
two
to
inches
six
the
conveying
This
ladles.
the
is from
six
to
for
provided
to
iron, and
cast
sides
be
must
spout
of
for
greater
large cupola
must
the
bunging
be
for
tapped
to
iron
from
the
up.
The
slag
hole
which
from
hole
in
The
slag
hole
slag
the
will not
iron.
The
the
in
the
be
the
iron
hole
is
back
of
or
upon
soon
as
the
hole.
slag
in the
closed
is
drawn
placed
the
cupola.
the
sand
slag
has
the
the
iron
cupola
inches
The
bottom,
then
and
the
slag
hole
to
the
molten
slag
and
the
hole
of
blast.
the
If
the
slag
the
at
molten
be
may
remain
large
bottom
sand
lies upon
allowed
and
formed,
the
the
the
melted,
as
face
sur-
and
the
of
escape
fast
as
The
withdrawn,
the
above
slag
surface
above
it in
until
slag hole,
the
prevent
the
with
placed high
is
the
the
upon
cupola
be
upon
tapped.
falls
and
must
is
floats
and
the
catching
placed
at
or
that
so
be
iron
in the
falls below
three
or
the
rises
to
when
to
plate.
cupola,
hole,
tap
should
bottom
hole
bod
hole
how
risen
from
two
slag
When
cupola
with
is held
slag
it has
when
the
and
iron
the
the
bottom
the
of
four
to
provided
is
the
the
tuyeres.
three
from
of
back
of
row
apron
moulders
of
the
to
molten
or
the
from
upon
metal,
accumulates,
remaining
must
depends
If the
to
way
which
at
molten
slag tapped
iron
distance
in the
height
the
cupola.
body
be
lower
between
placed
lining
spout
placed
cupola drops
of
be
and
short
the
of
casing
that
so
possible
bottom
sand
slag
out,
should
greatest
slag
the
is
tapped
level
lower
and
diameter,
the
carry
the
FURNACE.
is
slag
through
is cut
inches
the
below
and
tuyeres,
A
CUPOLA
THE
iron,
opened
as
out
through-
open
heat.
TUYERES.
number
the
near
the
cupola
are
shapes
of
bottom
from
known
and
as
sized
A
the
number,
cupolas.
greater
have
shape,
size
For
small
number
the
and
been
in
These
to
be
tuyeres
bridging.
ings
open-
They
of
all
in almost
learned
by
considered
be
position of tuyeres
two
into
designed
is little to
ing
lin-
and
blast
the
cupolas
only things
cupola,
promotes
casing
pipe.
have
placed
there
them, and
admitting
blast
or
been
position, so
with
for
Tuyeres
tuyeres.
sizes, and
experimenting
cupola
air chamber
the
through
made
are
the
of
the
conceivable
every
are
openings
for
are
different
sufficient.
should
be
CONSTRUCTING
in
placed
in the
meet
lining at
cupola
the
small
cupola
cause
less
small
cupolas
required
belt
In
make
pipes
little difference
and
that
reason
The
to
material
of
The
height
sand
bottom
there
is
height
at
to
where
the
and
done,
in
heavy
tuyeres
the
work
are
the
iron
the
works
from
should
iron
must
it
be
drawn
running
into
bed
and
is cast,
hot
make
and
placed high,
the
so
When
iron.
iron
that
to
handled
large
reduce
In
amount
to
as
tuyeres
In
can
the
are
as
foundries
readily be
of
quantity
in
which
large ladles,
of
the
fast
as
foundries
in
the
feet, and
cupola
this
case.
above
five
tuyeres.
poor
the
the
the
from
the
with
founders
among
lining
the
cupolas
to
the
to
is sometimes
inches
low
placed
are
lined
in hand-ladles,
is all handled
tuyeres
when
in
boxes
bolted
or
as
times
tuyere
through
placed.
be
three
blast
two
or
be
slag hole.
or
to
The
apart.
tap
two
should
They
of
placed
opinion
of
from
should
out,
are
one
they
prevent
shaky,
tuyeres
difference
which
outlet.
escape
and
which
blower
any
grouting
varies
placed low,
melted,
at
wide
old
be
iron, and
cast
prevent
the
and
the
of
made
are
the
eight,
to
distances
should
the
for
four
tuyeres.
placed directlyover
area
area
it becomes
when
fuel
the
shell
cupola
be
selected
from
uniform
at
stock.
the
to
the
to
upright-slot tuyere.
varies
and
blast
evenly
the
than
cupola
placed
tuyere
than
casings
the
of
bed
required
and
never
combined
greater
less
it
but
sufficient
of
of
amount
tuyere.
makes
are
the
and
each
selected
generally
are
provided,
are
they
in
fuel
of
amount
with
distribute
tuyere, and
direct
as
for
These
required,
tuyeres
will
shape
is not
proper
tuyeres
size
oval
tuyeres
long
so
to
as
tuyeres
size
same
should
tuyere
The
the
to
the
of
of
the
of
blast
against the
best
in the
two
connected
the
they require
number
according
be
oval
or
thrown
or
cupola
melting,
arranged
so
flat-slot
The
the
admit
to
be
The
flat-slot
only
shape
in the
number
and
cupola,
or
the
not
the
upright-slot tuyere.
or
When
generally
are
that
little difference
around
large cupolas,
size
but
bed.
the
so
force.
great
the
than
bridging
for
with
triangular
chamber
air
blast
is
and
cupola,
point
one
any
I9
opposite sides,
on
the
of
center
CUPOLA.
iron
may
the
be
THE
20
accumulated
in the
CUPOLA
cupola
FURNACE.
fill a
to
large
ladle
for
heavy piece
work.
of
We
never
not
be
placed
bottom
for
the
from
believe
do
which
cupolas
the
above
bottom
the
of
tuyeres
This
small
diameter,
the
at
quantity
fuel
of
placed high.
this
class
iron
out
with
Cupolas
heat
they
for
without
fuel, and
make
hot
ladle
do
the
the
iron
than
heat
cupola
size
were
for
let the
to
stream
cupola
It is the
two
or
When
cupola,
melted
and
is
kept
in
the
iron
ROWS
MORE
more
or
in
rows
large
one
row
are
number
as
OF
is
hotter
hotter
low
melting
fast
gained
kept
with
not
than
condition
melted.
as
TUYERES.
all the
extending
tuyeres
around
frequently placed
of
be
can
do
of
cent,
per
Nothing
better
of
throughout
high they
iron
for
class
this
for
iron
fuel.
of
practice to place
common
level,
same
by tapping
OR
fluid
extremely
amount
in
employed
hot
are
cupola,
TWO
other.
of
less
tuyeres
the
or
out
throughmuch
extraordinarily large
an
any
iron
in
throughout
But
is made
not
are
tuyeres
with
molten
of
use
and
the
the
and
produce
not
high tuyeres,
at
and
of
three
iron
in
iron
cupolas
and
if the
retained
never
In
even
than
bed
tap hole
high tuyeres
when
by holding
in
is
the
melted
as
the
front.
holding
back
hot,
that
bottom
the
at
for
properly charged,
for
iron
and
insures
quired
re-
low
the
inches
the
in
iron
so
of
tuyeres.
at
or
heat.
the
work,
Molten
fast
as
is
required
work,
of
This
cupola
is
the
hot
and
tuyeres
is allowed
front.
if the
heat,
the
the
two
foundries,
inch
three
sand
tapped
than
placed
one
or
into
running
inches
two
two
be
more
stove
are
within
the
to
employed
below
room
it
of
danger
inches
four
of
and
In
tuyeres
to
above
placed
are
up
back,
the
gives plenty
without
diameter
is made
on
be
should
they
is not
slag
bottom.
heat, the
the
throughout
sand
sand
large
of
if
not
claim
inches
12
or
and
should
cupola, they
inches
lo
work
of
and
high tuyeres,
than
more
kind
any
three
the
in
rows
are
one
in
the
cupola
cupola.
above
employed,
the
they
CONSTRUCTING
in
decrease
the
and
two
rows
one-tenth
area
the
When
three
the
When
apart.
the
tuyeres
inch
one
above
each
The
in the
the
it made
Some
by
those
than
one
capacity
much
which
there
the
through
row
upper
latter
in
per
or
the
the
way
up
rows
to
I2
area
inches
lO
second
from
row.
one-half
to
all
lo
very
first
are
inches
14
is
whether
no
results
that
observed
never
placed
were
two
better
much
have
they
with
cupola
hour
of
is
fast
two
or
the
same
three
tween
be-
or
over
melting
of
the
fuel
small
the
and
heat
for
the
of
rows
in
size of
tuyeres,
required
in the
bed,
fuel
in the
charges
by saving
melting
tuyeres
one-fourth
about
additional
is
of
rows
diameter,
increased
gained by
recompense
heat, and
that
we
between
placed
rows.
larger quantity
is
be
claim
plan, but
the
may
men
When
heats.
be
may
it, or
is secured
cupola, nothing
since
first
placed
are
to
are
the
from
cupola
the
above
and
lower
row
melting large
in
the
of
with
the
those
cupola
this
melting
melting
in
tuyeres
one-fourth
row
placed
are
is made
row
third
placed
are
difference
any
Faster
second
the
rows
beneath
row
ones.
obtained
are
in, the
is
row
from
above
height
placed
are
second
the
to
other.
in
lower
rows
the
when
greater
diameter,
tuyere
tuyere
only
and
the
charging door,
made
at
row,
and
second,
and
put
are
first
the
two
of
area
When
one-half
from
first row,
rows
of
area
the
the
the
top tuyere,
together.
is made
and
the
to
close
row
If the
21
lower
very
first row,
apart.
they placed
are
second
the
of
of
above
small
in, the
inches
that
inches
to
the
1
one-half
of
put
CUPOLA.
the
from
generally placed
are
are
8 to
from
gradually
area
rows
of
is seldom
for
great object
any
heats.
small
LINING,
The
casing
be
may
refractory
substances.
obtained,
native
are
to
be
fire-brick, soapstone
lined
with
In
localities
refractory materials
preferred
to
native
mineral
where
are
fire-brick
used;
substances.
but
or
cannot
other
be
fire-brick
Cupola
brick
are
made
now
lining, and
be
can
shape
any
purchased
at
brick
set
end, and
on
lining, the
material
refractory
leave
grouting
crevices
into
made
When
fill up
to
grout
is laid
course
broken
the
make
flame
materia]
that
to
do
and
the
casing,
do
the
to
heated
when
casing,
should
are
laid
to
give
with
sand
always
be
in
prevent
it
made
one
the
end
one
the
plate.
is slushed
top
the
next
joints are
close
in
is
upon
together
possible, and
as
corners
pene
material
The
laid
are
and
the
case
to
vent
pre-
grouting
out.
expand
is filled
properties
the
burns
expand
not
from
space
the
away
flame
upon
the
same
out
hand,
way.
small
as
burn
joints,and
same
brick
them
and
that
inch
an
the
between
good
Those
casing.
inch
and
the
spread
the
up,
and
the
in
is
laying
of
This
grout
laid
cracks
the
course,
burning
is not
Brick
all
be
the
in
the
been
grouted
crevice
the
has
When
brick.
layer
in
the
as
wedge-shaped
used.
which
taken
laid
and
up
each
at
circle
or
thin
is then
and
grout,
course
with
the
in
dipped
brick
The
plate.
bottom
and
the
it will not
of the
edges
grout,
that
so
price
should
used
brick, into
the
away
thin
brick,
the
between
burns
and
trates
the
as
generally
mortar
or
cupola
lining
in
required
reasonable
curved
most
are
size
or
as
The
durable
and
compact
more
up
almost
of
FURNACE.
straight fire-brick.
common
CUPOLA
THE
22
laid
from
laid
for
room
of
an
expansion,
of
known
un-
from
distance
expansion
by
the
to
Brick
short
close
fourth
grout.
or
burst
being
are
the
of
lining.
lining is
The
selected
small
of
size
cupolas,
cupolas
six
inches
is seldom
cupola
or
false
fire-brick
and
is not
four
very
give
the
for
great, and
stack
The
any
a
to
sized
four-inch
of
heavier
brick
than
diameter
In
lining is seldom
as
lining
lasts
lining.
lining
is put
cupola,
brick
in
the
shell.
and
is used,
reduce
the
of
red
common
thickness
lining
lining.
heating
lining of
inches
desired
in, except
put
shell.
the
brick, and
of
thickness
five-inch
or
nine-inch
prevent
fillingor
than
to
four
or
of
the
for
these
wear
In
large
nine
of
the
a
cases,
in between
made
is
the
heavier
upon
number
it
of
rivets.
The
bracket
from
made
about
from
two
but
little in the
latter
that
so
disturbing
the
of
the
lining but
better
hold
the
is
as
cupolas.
The
inches,
for
One
be
in at
put
thin
very
at
to
put in
be
placed
should
be
The
half
circle
melting
this
point, even
below
the
the
put in
weight
at
cupola lining is
it not
the
were
the
be
reduced
thin
more
lining at
or
even
to
for
powder.
rapidly
the
at
melting
less, in
few
or
crush
the
zone
the
heat
the
It is not
and
zone,
three
feet.
upon
the
to
lower
bottom,
and
is reduced
this
out
reduced
the
the
ing.
cas-
lining
should
burns
one
should
they
up
in
courses
cupola brick,
placed
of
upon
them
in
them,
it becomes
happens
one-half
two
necessary
this
sides
burns
it often
to
soft
three
great weight
lining
first
from
the
of
to
or
the
supports
the
the
made
to
support
No
to
off when
through
to
the
modern
half
of
ally
gener-
lining frequently
most
be
burned
and
given
As
heats, and
or
zone,
the
support
by
be
not
and
one
has
the
and
fit the
to
all
in
single heat.
placed
to
difficult
should
to
out
iron
are
catch
support
more
casing.'
for
of
two
sufficient
respects
some
even
is put
the
only support
may
sufficient
melting
every
and
iron
zone,
in
brick
of
liable
fit the
edge
upper
around
in
more
than
are
to
way
work
iron
more
are
inches
all the
that
and
let the
and
the
any
at
they
thin
form
brick
do
they
and
casing
support
They
angle
or
the
lining. Still,angle
up
brackets
of
brackets
becomes
lining
if the
if
give
the
support
brackets.
sand
or
are
for
not
casing, and
it is sometimes
laying
the
bands
lining than
use
place
extending
rows
brackets
brackets
to
in
replaced without
and
out
These
grouting
their
from
out
lining.
casing, and
when
the
the
the
to
the
for
taken
it.
These
brackets
and
lining,and
up
be
in bands
to
casing
other.
preferred
brace
with
taken
of
many
the
around
may
the
is
lining
The
long.
around
laying
the
of
support
inches
two
each
when
all the
place
extend
above
riveted
lining between
brick
feet
It is put
and
act
lining,but
apart
by
support
in
feet
remainder
lining.
casing
two
section
iron
Angle
to
way
the
for
half
three
to
FURNACE.
shelf
or
and
one
placed
are
CUPOLA
THE
24
that
the
its thickness,
lining often
has
to
CONSTRUCTING
support
and
lining
in
some
these
bricks
when
subjected
crushed
This
the
that
size
of
lining when
weight
the
the
least
of
time.
brick
can
chamber
the
are
the
To
be
laid
formed
is
doors
settles
the
the
so
full
and
bottom
three
the
doors
full size
in
few
this
inches
around
supplied
with
the
of
the
air
reduced
first
edges
in
large
six
be
will
as
the
to
the
sand
absorb
one
the
first few
plate
on
to
out
with-
from
falls
dump
eaten
cupola
from
the
of
less
use
from
made
the
and
quiring
re-
to
quired,
re-
freely as
cupola.
are
the
be
the
casing
all round
constantly
are
light casings
prevent
the
entire
the
arrangement
be
the
reducing
can
lodging
this
or
large cupolas
inches
sand
constant
and
the
edge
may
and
for
way
dumping,
from
two
removed.
plate
six
to
in all
the
preventing
of
great
so
casing, and
support
or
lightened, and
lining
the
to
put in every
to
In many
the
not
are
plate, and
short
chamber
in
the
Therefore,
on
is also shown
bottom
sand
into
bottom
that
maintain
subjected
out
lining. By
much
very
that
Cupolas
moisture
it to
enough
lining to prevent
diameter
doors
back
sloped
the
the
lining
interfering with
the
the
from
around
for
when
shaky.
frequently
be
burned
bottoms,
of
and
been
bottom.
cupola
brick
inches
ten
are
around
casing
when
should
the
bottom
plate
cupolas
results
of
has
sand
the
of
the
they
becomes
door
rebuild
to
heavy
the
at
regular thickness
of
the
iron
angle
(Fig.
of
into
courses
and
and
the
to
of
cupola,
heated
high temperature.
made
illustration
in
to
section
heavy
extend
force
qualitiesof brick
some
over
best
support
be
rusting off
from
the
or
the
for
should
and
in the
and
settles
cupola,
cohesive
heat
pressure
necessary
brackets
In the
arch
heated
and
feet
casing
the
give
not
pressure
three
riveted
frame
no
The
lining.
entire
opening.
do
cupolas,
great
the
for
intense
great with
so
it becomes
Brick
by the
2$
thickness
stack
the
so
aperture,
the
full
CUPOLA.
lining gradually
having
low
size
to
settling is
charging
also
is reduced
and
cupolas
almost
of
cases
few
by
away
casing
at
around
wet
or
this
small
great deal
two
and
the
in
rust
courses
small
point.
holes
of
of
air
If this
through
26
the
is
bottom
iron
FURNACE.
casing, the
or
latter
is
and
kept dry
rusting
prevented.
in
tuyere
to
frame
in the
set
Bottom
edge,
flat
plates
shown
as
; but
top
on
bead
the
cause
cupola
small
with
be
may
be
cupola,
iron
cast
with
connected
with
connected
(Fig. i),
them
place
an
with
the
upon
the
made
perfectly
small
flange
or
finished
more
around
light flange
cast
in
have
to
with
to
shell
the
is, for
may
bridging
prevents
cupola.
cast
better
tuyere
tuyere
illustration
the
it is
holding
for
the
triangular-shaped
is formed
they
or
be
may
in
It
each
around
extending
This
shapes.
shown,
as
the
other, and
any
lining,and
pipe,
separate
air belt
best
very
is shown
lining.
than
extent
the
of
one
in the
position
greater
(Fig. i)
illustration
the
In
CUPOLA
THE
thus
plate,and
look
or
around
the
bottom.
PROOF
FIRE
The
are
charged
the
floor
For
cupola.
three
work
cupola
distance
scaffold
the
give
to
the
floor
this
scaffold
floors
frequently placed
or
four
The
for
any
the
and
other
under
side
of
suit
stock
part
are
two
on
the
of
door
floor
that
kind
upon
with
iron
of
scaffold
the
are
the
thrown
be
to
for
live
scaffold
considerable
for
around
below
door
the
three
or
melted
or
the
to
are
floor, and
when
the
yard.
fire
than
thrown
molten
its supports
force
The
varies, and
sparks
against
but
it.
from
exposed
more
for
upon
the
clear
way
distance
with
level
foundry,
frequently
the
upon
its supports
charging
it to
placing
scaffold
almost
from
below
feet
facilities
is about
stock
it
generally
spout
generally placed
is
feet, but
door
is
all the
extends
from
charge
front
the
from
placing
for
scaffold
charging
are
and
to
iron
scaffold,
or
to
the
cupola, leaving
room
platform
work,
frequently
more
of
construct
and
height
which
ladles
crane
great
so
from
the
of
at
fuel
stock, and
heavy
sides
of
placed
to
the
place
to
on
is
cupola
which
through
opening
or
it is necessary
swinging
light
the
that
the
placed
the
into
which
upon
into
door
charging
SCAFFOLDS.
and
dump-
CONSTRUCTING
it
fire.
on
the
Numerous
fire-proof
In
scaffold
is
with
covered
and
scaffold
it protects
the
wood
wood
becomes
very
the
dry wood
be
the
and
seen,
is
cupola
go
the
covering
sheet
iron
destroy the
and
leaving
which
it in
wet
and
is then
when
covered
and
seen
the
is
house
the
into
or
this
way
in iron
iron
roof.
twelve
was
feet
of
iron
to
they
were
saw
plan
scaffold
and
and
twenty
was
contracted
above
and
heat
the
the
years
the
house
ago,
of
wood
as
be
may
their
after
and
molten
small
iron
run
wall.
the
putting
at
that
up
to
an
on
foundry
constructed
The
walls
floor, and
small
was
brick, the
joist,the
scaffold
extended
fire
building
floor, and
cupola
iron
the
home
perfectlyfire-proof.
by
work
wood-
constructed
supported
five feet
and
night
heat, and
extending through
brick
or
by
foundry buildings
it and
made
iron
an
and
square
be
may
all the
for
wooden
for
very
the
fire and
ignited
foundry
cupola spout
Mich., about
novel
scaffold
We
the
dump
during
each
leave
the
of
many
outside
joist and
in Detroit,
upon
by
if
it cannot
readily combustible
so
men
constructed
room
foundry
is not
with
fire concealed
leave
the
after
iron, and
At
placed
and
the
where
the
forth
to
thin
in contact
iron
to
the
leaving
rust,
come
break
exposed
before
with
smoldering
is better
and
sheet
is done.
cupola
brick
with
extinguished
work
day's
In
kept dampened
time
The
wetting down
before
places
exposed
sheet
may
It
foundry.
entirely uncovered
the
while
fire, it
short
away
and
work
wood-
the
combustible.
pass
after
men,
home
carefully,may
under
in
are
molten
the
of
with
and
eaten
may
floor
practice, for
contact
very
soon
sparks
bad
render
to
from
covering
is very
and
ignite it
and
The
buildings
the
of
them
protect
direct
dry
which
through
side
being
from
and
wood,
make
to
foundry
of
being wetted,
iron
sheet
to
way
from
it from
holes
this
in
prevents
of
iron
devised
foundry
under
dumping.
also
covering
and
sheet
been
wooden
entirely
supports
the
of
2/
the
prevent
constructed
light
have
plans
many
fire-proof the
CUPOLA.
house
scaffold
were
from
sufficient
was
floor
dicular
perpenthis
point
height
to
28
THE
form
at
stack
three
side
one
extended
formed
was
There
were
above
stock
upon
and
fitted
tightly closed.
the
door
Sparks
floor
and
house
the
upon
the
gas
from
on,
and
the
when
the
The
or
and
floors
and
made
of
other
readily combustible
distance
of
the
from
"
Gould
size
and
tons
of
strength
pig
material
and
scrap
required
building recently
supported
roof.
It
ample
room
thus
iron, and
the
extends
for
doing
the
iron
size
with
was
ings,
buildproof
fire-
as
was
blast
was
weather
warm
or
all the
yard
in
coke,
of
wood
In
the
which
of
the
at
Line
and
storing
iron
hundred
and
other
foundry
pany,
Com-
entirelyof
the
foundry,
all
such
safe
sufificient
Engine
support
the
of
iron
new
or
foundry
one
shavings
or
wood
is of
is constructed
for
columns,
constructed
Straight
length
entirely
of
walls, and
car-loads
The
iron
scafifold
J.,is
brick
columns
cupola-
or
being placed
scafifold
the
admit
to
material
scafifold
entire
the
constructed
those
are
cupola.
by
scafifold.
this scaffold
supported by
and
two
up
the
cupola.
N.
erected
by the
in
Newark,
carry
for
scafifold
cupola
N. Y., the
Syracuse,
and
to
burned
scafifold
when
The
columns
door
adjoining
scafifold
the
and
cupola.
iron
supported by
the
and
scaffold
stack
to
moving
re-
which
of
when
of
the
for
doors,
from
great objection
cupola
Eberhardt,
and
the
of
roofs
sufificient
both
fell upon
top
the
scafifolds
brick
walls
the
closed
upon
with
blast
its
opening
one
below
cupola,
and
the
of
top
cupola-house.
one
frames
spout
floor, and
only
and
cupola,
or
in the
safest
brick
door
were
heat
the
up
in
upon
got low
stock
scafifold
the
open
the
of
placed
was
and
scafTold
cupola charged
The
cupola
intense
the
house, and
from
doors
; the
walls
the
roof
stack.
the
best
iron,
the
brick
thrown
foundry
when
as
when
cupola
to
cupola
The
above
When
the
never
were
and
of
the
from
foundry
iron
and
opened
was
the
the
give draught
to
cupola-house,
the
with
could
closed
the
making
were
was
top.
contracted
in
dump
the
feet
the
openings
be
into
windows
placing
the
at
two
by
no
for
wall
about
extended
FURNACE.
and
room
the
through
cupola
stack
feet square
this
of
CUPOLA
iron
foundry
afifording
cupola
plies,
sup-
material, and
CONSTRUCTING
placing
Scaffolds
cupola
buildings.
them
of
stock,
the
under
this
and
kind
also
roof
foundry
greatly
reduce
and
the
reduce
the
29
CUPOLA.
rate
of
convenient
expense
insurance
for
use.
handling
of
of
foundry
CHAPTER
III.
CUPOLA
The
cupola
combustion
the
for
stack,
high
blast
to
bottom.
These
prime
these
for
generally
and
are
are
been
and
made
ter
mat-
ject
sub-
by
given
these
to
the
in
holes.
tuyere
or
has
the
near
tuyeres
years,
advancement
is
forced
sides
cupola,
by
men
construction
cupolas.
of
It
is
only
poured
few
heat
large
for
two
part
melted
in
hundreds
of
tons
due
of
country
has
it
into
discovered
these
have
improvement
been
epidemics
in
steel
in
the
size, shape
tons
are
work,
and
out
with-
works
in
improvement
the
and
60
light foundry
cupola
one
This
the
to
have
periods
look
bottom.
for
be
is
melting
and
ment
arrange-
tuyeres.
There
this
in
Now
to
was
time
same
melting.
hours
four
casting
the
at
considered
was
large
run
in
tons
15
a
were
melted
are
the
dropping
largely
in
cupola
one
when
consumed
day
to
lo
and
cupolas
more
of
since
years
cupola,
or
greater
in
the
for
of
attention
of
practical foundrymen
credit
tuyeres
constructing
deal
great
and
the
in
shape
air
the
as
required
by
or
the
in
air
induced
steam,
case
known
are
of
either
the
draft
openings
and
importance
which
eminent
is due
openings
size, number
location,
to
In
jet
through
cupola
natural
by
by
blower.
with
supplied
fuel
created
or
the
admitted
of
the
of
fan
be
may
vacuum
from
The
furnace
TUYERES.
been
in
the
been
cupola
in
the
epidemics
placed
past
almost
for
of
twenty-five
the
of
the
tuyeres
of
shape
in
great
tuyere
almost
cupolas,
(30)
and
and
years,
impossible
fear
inventing
tuyere
for
secret
and
every
great
several
times
during
these
an
outsider
to
of
melting
would
made
public.
conceivable
results
in
get
be
ing
Dur-
shape
melting
CUPOLA
THE
32
still
tuyere
is
tuyeres
can
but
in
oval
or
of
of
tuyere, which
admits
smaller
Fig.
It
used.
is shown
is
the
cupola,
made
supplied
from
requiring
hot
very
low, generally
and
bottom,
sand
not
of
the
as
freely as
of
the
stock
cupola
is
is to
chill
admits
It
be
of
preferred
larger
of
tuyeres
than
two
of
lower
Fig.
3 is
seen
and
the
same
area,
in
at
CUPOLA
TUYERES
the
outlet
foundries
inches
above
the
bottom
the
on
blast
to
quently
fre-
back
bridge
the
round
for
the
tendency
of
form
very
cupola
the
tuyere
than
is the
placed
are
the
the
same
tuyere,
cupolas requiring
area.
the
expanded
TUYERE.
tuyere, which
Fig.
Fig.
generally
settlingand
round
and
tuyere
and
of
3x8,
and
tuyeres
the
bed
diameter
other
of
admits
the
This
slope
of
round
EXPANDED
In
than
extensively
lining
three
the
tuyeres
the
to
mits
per-
bed
now
They
or
the
with
the
work.
tuyere
the
over
the
being 2x6,
bench
bottom
tuyere
greater
no
capacity.
and
This
rounded
to
the
to
cupola.
a
their
large cupolas
it up
brings
side
in
used
stove,
than
more
in
and
area,
air chamber.
by
for
blast
suit
to
flat in
belt
iron
large
sizes
laid
used
used
of
flat
the
replaced by
oblong tuyere
or
sizes
outside
an
commonly
most
one
oval
are
inches,
or
the
TUYERE.
common
They
volume
of
tuyere
different
of
most
inches.
4x12
the
been
being
where
cupolas
exceed
to
same
fuel
OVAL
In
not
the
round
small
generally
of
amount
with
used
in
diameter
it has
be
could
made
large cupolas
used
extensively
be
FURNACE.
is made
larger
3.
2.
"
OVAL
than
EXPANDED
TUYERE.
at
the
inlet.
It
is reduced
TUYERE.
at
the
inlet
so
CUPOLA
the
that
of
combined
blower
the
cupola
outlet
the
in such
sufficient
length
inlet.
oval
The
on
The
the
the
cupola.
the
is from
the
the
The
be
closed
the
is
is
by
Fig. 4
Mr.
is
Doherty
Pa., and
used
preferred by
lining and
the
through
connecting
the
with
spiral motion
the
cupola
than
when
melting
cupolas
3
no
done
and
two
tuyere
of
delivered
saving
in
account
tuyeres
were,
the
it
the
the
that
over
settlingof
in front
the
than
oval
it.
of
tuyere
time.
tuyeres, designed
phia,
Philadel-
Doherty,
generally
give
the
blast
took
its action
making
the
from
of
after
was
this
however,
at
the
the
more
blast
pipes
angle
as
whirling
or
same
blast
the
ago.
passing straight
The
at
was
placed
tuyeres
of
do.
placed
The
fuel
round
it, instead
to
that
twenty-five years
more
or
were
cupola.
by
long.
as
present
of
"
about
to
tuyeres
deceptive, and
on
the
at
two
same
angle
an
appearance
was
that
of
plainly seen
appearance
found
in the
object being
in the
be
it had
at
from
longer
cinder
to
the
inlet,and
for
many
still be
may
lining,the
Bement
of
Philadelphia
each
the
one-half
or
the
of
TUYERE.
late firm
lining as
tuyere,
could
the
in
to
Doherty arrangement
consists
arrangement
in the
as
of
of the
extensively used
employed
extensively
The
the
seen
that
iron
into
inches
readily by
so
front
is made
claimed
only advantage
the
entering
twelve
flat in the
DOHERTY
In
as
the
to
six
the
at
tuyeres
blast
tuyere
outlet
expanded
it,there
of
one-fourth
chilling of
and
volume
the
entering
the
in
of
part
up
same
is laid
tuyere
account
settles
inlet and
is the
it cannot
and
stock
full
It is
freely from
escape
the
with
blast
of
air belt.
for
at
volume
close
to
outlet
and
expanded
this
case
tuyere
is that
stock
to
outlet
tuyere,
tuyere
the
the
the
of
blast
as
wide
of
the
33
correspond
may
the
from
way
into
pass
width
the
inches
four
in
opening
to
tuyere
the
and
area
equalize
tuyere
permit
to
cupola,
The
and
each
at
tuyere
to
tuyere
TUYERES.
desired
course,
charging door,
heat
intense
in
But
straighttuyere.
and
the
this
investigationit was
careful
hotter
effected
or
faster
motion
of
the
blast.
The
of
proper
pro-
constructed
or
portions, and
in
cupolas
were
and
foundries
improvement
the
of
is
Fig. 5
Fig.
slot
horizontal
of
slot
iron
blast
sheet
used
for
the
to
than
than
of
other
any
the
bottom.
stock, and
does
fast
almost
be
other
any
run
Fig.
is
the
the
economical
to
and
successfully for
in
as
fuel
cupola
the
blast
bridge
cupola
greater
of
the
being
at
the
equally
in
melting
cupola
tuyere,
of
amount
placed
weight
is known
tuyere
smaller
bars
short
is greater
this
with
length
time
of
hours.
two
Mackenzie
This
by
separating
cast
tending
ex-
is formed
slot
It distributes
TUYERE.
MACKENZIE
In
The
one-
slot
continuous
are
tuyere
and
of
tendency
the
cannot
tuyere
It admits
above
with
or
This
heat.
the
by
tuyere.
But
which
of
one
side,
extending
bed
heats.
than
TUYERE.
wide,
cupola.
the
around
warped
height
same
5.
BLAST
inches
two
each
on
plates, on
or
to
one
cupola
way
the
prevent
lining
from
the
around
cast
the
tuyere
4.
all the
to
to
TUYERE.
consists
two
This
tuyere.
SHEET
third
is attached
TUYERE.
Fig.
DOHERTY
in
placed
were
importance
no
BLAST
the
seen
them
tuyere
blast.
SHEET
In
but
still in use,
small
the
on
of
Many
time.
that
are
spiralmotion
the
decided
at
use
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
34
is
6
of
seen
Newark,
continuous
the
N.
slot
tuyere, designed
Mackenzie
J.,and
or
sheet
used
in the
blast
Mackenzie
tuyere, but
by
Mr.
cupola.
differs
from
CUPOLA
the
just
one
bosh
described
the
overhangs
protected by
the
in
slot
TUYERES.
that
from
four
is boshed
cupola
to
bosh
overhanging
SHELL
the
35
six
and
The
slot
closed
up
inches.
be
cannot
the
and
is
by
IRON
ANGLE
^BED
PLATE
MACKENZIE
the
tuyere
belt
box
constructed
are
at
through
each
a
of
end
two-inch
of
oval
an
blast
The
air chamber.
The
stock.
the
settling of
the
slot
TUYERE.
Fig. 7
cupola
is
seen
constructed
the
by
or
cupola,
extending
M.
air chamber
and
passes
all the
with
with
an
from
into
way
round
used
in
this
inside
tuyere
the
cupola
the
cupola.
lUYERE.
Blakeney
The
cupolas
oblong shape,
the
enters
BLAKENEY
In
Mackenzie
Steel
tuyere
Company,
the
Blakeney
Springfield,Ohio.
36
THE
This
tuyere
blast
tuyere, and
is
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
modification
all the
extends
is conducted
The
blast
and,
striking
all around
passes
the
and
cupola
tuyeres
above
described
may
Fig.
is
AND
This
one
was
designed
cupola,
for
40-inch
the
be
used
VERTICAL
AND
coke,
one.
One
blast
chamber,
the
of
centre
freely and
evenly
with
All
is done
with
into
pipe,
one
of
rear
shell.
either
it.
coal
SLOT
TUYERE.
and
vertical
or
slot
to
the
coke.
tuyere.
8.
SLOT
VERTICAL
and
in
the
to
through
tuyeres
melting
Fig.
HORIZONTAL
chamber
curved
horizontal
the
seen
riveted
sidewise
admits
good
HORIZONTAL
In
the
tuyere
very
air
spaces
through
This
furnace.
the
blank
the
air chamber
the
to
It is
cupola.
TUYERE.
belt
outside
an
sheet
7.
BLAKENEY
from
the
on
the
around
way
Fig.
supplied
improvement
an
or
we
have
tuyere
TUYERE.
seen
was
it used
placed
in
on
but
each
CUPOLA
side
extended
wide,
vertical
above
could
cupola
inch
be
for
run
Fig.
is
also
tuyere,
seen
and
12
tuyere
did
two
to
three
inches
two
to
eight
of
to
the
to
be
REVERSED
Figs.
principally
TUYERE.
in
cupolas
twelve
inches
equal
distances
11
are
from
long,
two
and
two
by
Fig.
Mr.
cupolas
one
12
opening
eight
or
ten
tuyere
inches
in
from
are
From
long.
cupola, according
for
coke
melting.
Fig.
10.
SLOT
Fig.
TUYERE.
VERTICAL
vertical
diameter
three
to
used
bridging.
prevent
placed
are
TUYERE.
tuyeres
wide
and
in
and
II.
SLOT
slot
inches
more
to
ten
cupola
at
apart.
is
that
or
the
seen
Truesdale
in
or
this
reversed
or
extensively used,
the
to
slot
been
has
small
of
TRUESDALE
In
placed
seen
the
and
bridging.
twelve
are
VERTICAL
and
in
to
tuyere
the
placed
were
melting,
without
slots
9.
10
excellent
ten
tuyere
excellent
made
are
and
long,
inch
and
cupola,
horizontal
The
tuyeres
This
an
Fig.
They
these
diameter.
is said
In
wide
the
tuyere,
TUYERE.
and
for coke.
used
each
of
inches
long time
vertical
slot
round
REVERSED
In
37
way
wide
The
shown.
as
horizontal
one-third
slots,
it
The
cupola.
the
of
TUYERES.
of
REDUCING
Truesdale
Cincinnati,
vicinity about
tuyere
tuyeres
were
TUYERE.
reducing
Ohio, and
1874.
The
in.
The
lower
tuyere
designed
extensively
tuyere
used
in
consisted
another
tuyere
until
was
of
six,
made
38
THE
three
inches
four
or
placed
inch
one
FlG.
CUPOLA
in
FURNACE.
diameter,
apart, and
and
each
made
one
above
tuyeres
of
it
smaller
were
diam-
12.
O
Fig.
Fig.
13.
14.
O
TRIANGULAR
TUYERE.
o
TRUESDALE
REDUCING
LAWRENCE
REDUCING
TUYERE.
until
eter
tuyeres
they
in each
smaller
the
the
of
chamber,
melting
fast
it could
not
be
the
of
in
In
Fig.
Frank
coke
is
Lawrance
cupola,
or
13
is still in
built
the
seen
him.
melting,
small
and
the
but
is
in
use
so
Lawrance
This
works
ward
to-
were
belt
Very
the
dency
ten-
great
that
it gave
cellent
ex-
foundries.
numerous
REDUCING
were
tuyeres
stays.
tuyere,
diameter
inside
an
the
the
cupola
cupolas
from
on
this
TUYERE.
of
by
with
the
which
to
cast
apart,
LAWRANCE
In
to
The
supplied
staves,
cupolas
of
blast
of
row
apart, and
further
bottom.
dovetails
cupolas
results, and
the
bottom
inches
less
iron
The
placed
tuyeres
or
in
used.
six
were
at
cast
cleats
done
was
and
admitted
than
and
by
bridge
to
bed
formed
attached
were
and
row
inch.
one
four
two,
diameter
top
to
succeeding
generally boshed,
air
reduced
were
placed
were
tuyeres
of
TUYERE.
tuyere
was
equally
used
in the
designed
well
with
for
Lawrance
either
either.
coal
The
THE
40
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
WATER
In
be
to
the
or
is
tuyere
exposed
tuyere
hollow
and
thrown
shown
where
filled with
the
where
hot
water,
end
or
one
exposed
in illustration.
The
in the
is left open
the
heat
from
is also
pipe
tuyeres
been
bottom
slag.
of
the
used
spray
pipe,
with
coil
16.
TUYERE,
The
and
When
cupolas
exposed
used
bottom
being placed
water
and
at
is
the
sides
in
which
the
to
the
in this way
the
is made
from
sufificient
used
never
heat
the
of
height
was
molten
is
tuyere
to
above
in
water
the
when
it has
but
in
placed
iron, cinder
placed
feet
stantly
con-
cupolas
cupola,
tuyere
of
TUYERE.
which
through
tuyere
tuyere
in
placed
are
in
the
inside
cast
flows.
the
is cast
small
made
COLLIAU
gas
of
15
WATER
of
bottom
and
Fig.
Fig.
melted
opening
tuyere
end
tuyere
be
to
of
part
is used.
the
to
designed
or
liable
and
blast
surrounding
whole
placed
tuyeres
is
tuyere
the
heat
intense
an
with
metal
or
against
to
This
tuyere.
furnaces
or
case
in furnaces
or
water
cupolas
is the
injured,as
The
the
seen
in
used
cupola
as
is
Fig. 15
TUYERE.
in the
long,
sand
the
the
and
centre
mouth
bottom
to
CUPOLA
molten
prevent
the
is
iron
protected and
For
this
hollow
or
in the
up
prevented
the
purpose
Victor
late
the
above
The
first
bottom
this
gas
pipe tuyere
from
made
the
first
the
row
furnish
create
with
the
pass
straight
to
second
The
of
111.,was
the
designed
Detroit, Mich.,
Whiting
as
tuyere
is
the
from
arrangement
shape
and
made
Colliau, and
apart.
cupola.
Both
the
the
the
in
rows
Whiting,
upper
and
in
tuyeres
the
lining,
at
second
sharp
is to
row
escaping
and
gases
than
is obtained
fuel.
of
amount
same
are
Company,
not
lower
Chicago,
Colliau
tuyere.
but
differs
somewhat
to
first
The
second
row
the
placed
rows
tured
manufac-
the
on
tuyere.
the
cupola,
of
practical foundryman
tuyere,
Colliau
are
the
of
to
row
The
Whiting
larger in proportion
two
made
are
downward
Equipment
tuyeres, and
slightlyexpanded
2, and
TUYERE.
double
12
flat,slightly
cupola through
the
sand
from
row
diameter.
from
tuyeres
the
second
melting point
improvement
an
the
the
at
Mr.
by
in
object
one
rows
long, according
the
Foundry
Whiting
inches
the
Colliau
above
are
consume
tuyere, used
Whiting
row
Fig.
pointed
are
to
in
14
the
into
heat
intense
shown
inches
cut.
oxygen
single row
by
the
ordinary cupola.
second
first
tuyeres
row
in the
the
the
in two
height
and
6 to
in
in the
The
WHITING
The
than
designed by
used
same
row.
The
from
more
heat
of water.
is better
placed
as
the
and
and
sufficient
a
the
to
stream
tuyere
are
row
to that
cupola.
shown
angle, as
first
wide
in the
those
and
one
about
similar
inches
round
tuyeres
of
at
the
above
of
double
ordinary cupola
tuyeres
size
the
place
placed
expanded
the
of
part
TUYERE.
CoUiau
cupola
in the
to
the
melting by
of
in
is
row
inches
the
seen
other
as
18
is
Colliau
In
cupola.
to
The
exposed
from
coil
it.
spray
Fig.
into
and
cupola
COLLIAU
In
slag overflowing
or
tuyere" extending
TUYERES.
at
pass
are
lower
so
row
are
the
of
than
row
great
straight
The
in
flat,
same
the
distance
into
the
CUPOLA
THE
42
FURNACE.
CHENNEY
The
Chenney
tuyere, designed
in
similar
the
tuyeres,
lower
to
difference
being
downward
point
rows
at
THE
The
double
and
designed
a
two
or
of
tuyeres
that
time, the
apart.
in
of
those
diameter
tuyeres
The
run
out,
as
hole
for
heats
great
the
obtained
by
abandoned.
Mr.
in Woodward's
Colliau
therefore,
by
the
but
heat
double
liningis
on
not
been
the
double
tuyere
in
was
also
lower.
the
which
raking
or
cupola
but
appear
of
also
used
patents
tuyeres
in
was
Voisin's
and
constructor,
English cupola,
an
short
in
recent
more
and
of
cupola,
row
this
into
introduced
were
his
long heats,
in
the
number
in
These
upper
jet cupola,
the
double
which
country
fuel
proven
tuyere
hand,
at
this
that
many
Mr.
by
point
saving
any
and
than
the
tests
second
sumes
con-
row
single tuyere,
in
melting.
and,
That
at
the
melting
for
the
destruction
the
single tuyere
cupola
disputed,
by comparative
cupola
the
is efifected
in the
be
the
that
with
escape
cannot
greater
other
tuyere
is created
tuyere
much
the
the
the
dumping
days.
results
great saving in
intense
more
for
gases
a
without
inches
18
one-third
were
in
about
1876.
It is claimed
the
Ireland
those
about
only
as
land's
Ire-
In
England
twice
they
about
in
of
Ireland,
builder.
rows
row
hours
double
steam
before
years
by
Ireland
another
in two
and
first been
have
to
use
satisfactory,and
so
The
cupola, by
used
good
not
were
upper
in
very
in
lower,
many
custom
given
they
also
lining.
1854 by Mr.
were
the
in
and
upper
the
to
cupola
and
row
the
Whiting
the
appears
were
upper
in
was
was
have
to
the
tuyere
and
both
about
placed
were
placed
were
slag
was
tuyeres
Those
which
of
CoUiau
that
practical use
many
double
TUYERE.
Chenney,
Mr.
is
sharp angle
DOUBLE
rows
into
put
late
the
arrangement
only
the
by
Pittsburgh, Pa.,
of
practical foundryman
very
TUYERES.
with
in
fuel
made
is
in
single tuyere
zone
of
effected
has
melting
with
cupola,
when
CUPOLA
constructed
properly
been
proven
in
fuel
than
faster
undisputed,
a
the
and
lining.
and
as
small
of
made
than
greater.
with
heat
each
the
that
so
and
the
the
best
number
of
rows
can
of
be
results
obtained
have
the
of
one
present
time
Chester,
N.
the
best
is
Y.,
to
melt
with
The
and
72
blast
from
rows
10
tuyeres
second
This
inches
square.
which
is
the
same
inches
inches
in the
for
the
number
apart,
first
This
row
the
of
in
for
double
should
capacity
melting.
the
60
in
melting
done
work
at
use
diameter
at
is
and
in each
the
third
in four
row.
in the
row
hot
hours,
country
requiring
the
zontal
hori-
in three
in this
and
supplied
those
iron
the
Port
pipe
square,
of
ably
Prob-
soil
being placed
tons
than
Bros.,
cupola
in
three
cupola.
kind
door,
those
light
with
melting
faster
inches
inches
and
fastest
hours
melts
cupola
tuyere
work
Abendroth
tuyeres
square,
be
amount
its fullest
this
of
is 6o
are
of
above
as
double
the
tuyere
charging
12
do
in
large
must
greater
plate, sinks,
stove
cupola
at
inches
probably
doing
by
36 tuyeres, placed
row
iron
bed
constructed
double
constructed
plumbers' fittings.
tuyeres
in
melting cupolas
one
but
the
ordering
to
run
been
of
or
the
the
or
fuel
of
'ITJYERES.
purpose
single
will
be
may
large cupolas
with
done
double
great height
no
with
cupola
the
than
more
tuyeres
and
that
OF
for
only
to
the
to
constructing
one
due
upper
bed
ROWS
tuyeres,
it is
When
; for
the
the
on
THREE
is
bottom
cupola,
smallest
is
single tuyere,
This
above
When
single.
melting
the
as
sand
height
diameter
double
lining.
bed, owing
the
charged
cupola,
selected,
same
single tuyere
be
the
for
above
same
can
tuyere
be
much
in
iron
of
is
required
and
iron
it
the
lower
its full
to
ical
econom-
melts
same
in
of
expense
the
about
the
saved
about
tuyeres
upper
time
most
tuyere
the
of
it has
contrary
is the
double
single
is
fuel
of
the
the
cupola
cupolas
extra
run
On
the
iron
heats
amount
the
is
in
the
the
for
That
between
whether
cupola
ton
per
single tuyere
single
43
managed.
that
compensates
tuyere
and
the
question
TUYERES.
for
iron.
THE
44
In
the
be
be
double
In Ireland's
placed
in the
the
In
of
tuyeres
in
object
of
the
lower
the
number
of
lower
row,
each
filled with
lower
to
the
consume
theory
the
the
first
be
charge
it settles
only
the
the
upper
the
lower
and
not
rows
large
too
is too
the
theory
made
big,
point that
cool
to
the
iron
force
To
zone.
be
two
supply
to
as
the
to
gases
in
tuyeres
the
the
to
second
lower
the
such
blast
than
into
heat
the
tuyeres
large
high
it.
bed
But
and
of
in
and
in
than
in
cupola,
are
the
made
oxygen
effect
cupola
oxygen
effect
of
the
of
fore
be-
gases
are
second
give
pose
pur-
tuyeres
rows
in the
they
this
the
of
tuyere
their
gases
melting
supply
volume
this
between
gases,
double
the
placed
were
the
modern
for
out,
rather
of
the
row,
If
greater
third
or
oxygen
burned
gas
all parts
unconsumed
the
these
times
escape
ence
differ-
consumed
for
it for
to
combustion
In
the
oxygen
the
be
can
is
cupola
escaping
number
three
or
proper
between
consume
the
is filled.
prepare
should
they
the
it and
The
any
tuyeres
bed, and
ber
num-
supply
the
of
row
small, and
admit
if
the
melting
carried
and
the
and
If
or
to
they
one
escaping
the
over
cupola
is correct,
be
iron.
is not
the
and
before, is
make
only
are
should
so
for
placed
consuming
heat
to
proportion
great
cool
to
in
tuyere
above
iron
the
If the
tuyeres.
lower
by
cupola,
of
tuyeres
permit
the
fuel
placed
into
row,
at
which
heat
of
in the
should
tuyeres.
tuyeres
with
gases
combustion
point
any
the
as
producing
of
lower
are
one
row.
gases
not
that
tuyeres
stated
as
were
same
lower
the
tuyeres
so
upper
at
it does
tuyeres
the
unconsumed
point, and
upper
long
so
fuel
this
at
the
ones,
from
of
cupola,
may
higher
row
the
the
in
the
burn
to
is admitted
gases
in
tuyeres
oxygen
whether
those
at
lower
and
row,
may
they
or
row
cupola
tuyere
in each
row,
in the
tuyere
double
these
blast
in the
were
between
combustion
of
double
as
placed
are
the
the
amount
as
tuyeres
modern
placing
supply
from
at
lower
row
generally placed
are
to
the
between.
tuyeres
upper
in
cupolas
upper
the
cupola
tuyere
the
level.
was
FURNACE.
triple tuyere
or
between
placed
CUPOLA
would
placed
deeper
row
is
this
are
at
be
low
one
to
so
melting
CUPOLA
and
zone,
fuel
their
and
do
cupola
is to
cause
than
melting
faster
the
of
effect
TUYERES.
is
Fig. 17
device
of
zones
in
box
of
the
the
inch
cupola
about
the
charging
these
small
amount
of
the
burn
the
and
carbon
effected
cupolas
of
be
or
adjusted
the
save
small
or
to
with
this
iron
in the
bed.
the
iron
this
be
They
is drawn
the
device
and
gas
are
preparing
melting
in
saving
great
in
use
zone.
Europe,
country.
with
is to
tuyere.
greiner
it reaches
TUYERES.
in
placed
conform
the
way
fuel
sometimes
are
by
tuyeres
ADJUSTABLE
Tuyeres
to
in this
number
that
cupola
before
17.
near
by consuming
melting
number
the
from
Fig.
fuel
sufficient
the
at
in the
saving
tance
dis-
produced
formed
acid
for
quite
oxide
pre-heat
to
and
to
the
sumed
con-
into
is claimed
to
oxygen
are
gas
short
zone
admit
pipes
is thus
iron
large
It
carbonic
absorbing
in fuel
melting
door.
carbonic
the
utilized
upper
wind
lining
a
the
gases
it
extending
from
apart,
into
branch
with
the
blast
this
of
vice
de-
the
of
cupola,
the
when
upright
top
through
above
of
heat
This
of
diameter
foot
the
iron
novelty
combustible
the
zone.
the
to
around
of
admission
and
number
attached
pipes
the
melting
consists
pipes
cupola
melt
the
single tuyere
The
tuyere.
to
necessary
reaches
Greiner
judicious
the
descending
the
in
done
of
TUYERE.
cupola, whereby
within
the
the
seen
consists
is
combustion
rapid
more
diameter.
same
GREINER
In
45
size
the
drawn
are
from
cupola
of
from
placed
the
the
heat
the
low
cupola
they
that
so
cupola,
when
as
fast
melted
be
to
and
the
as
may
thus
heat
is
melted,
46
and
placed high
held
in the
when
cupola
arranged cupolas
The
air belt
about
bolted
door
has
each
hold
and
the
removed
in
is desired
the
and
who
they
can
once
or
make
their
adjusting
from
of
can
three
or
the
tuyeres
one
to
charging
the
other, is
cupola,
BOTTOM
In
Fig.
tuyere,
the
to
tuyeres.
is
will
as
the
seen
be
center
of
the
It is not
by forcing
the
blast
the
cupola
designed
through
brick
are
the
at
top,
when
the
it
top and
With
and
cost,
the
make
fuel
old
the
been
bed
plan
of
other, and
the
by raising
since
the
from
so
casting
The
above
long
foundry-
such
of
can
placed high
way.
one
at
to
the
blast
center
or
passes
through
of
the
from
the
tuyere
modern
abandoned.
TUYERE.
bottom
observed,
instead
cupola
the
shell
fire-brick,
the
practicable with
has
and
the
cupola.
tuyeres
heat
not
On
adjustable tuyere
an
in this
the
during
shell
box.
to
from
only
holes
tuyere
the
ing
slid-
clay, and
or
great deal
arranged
tuyeres
bottom
has
placed
the
their
iron
cupola
tuyere
moderate
and
cast
height
and
up
belt
very
the
to
is riveted
removed
air
save
of
daubing
have
must
length
tuyere
are
The
the
making
at
way
year,
in two
putting
way
brick
large casting
twice
the
style of
they
lower
to
Pa.
shell
box
box.
desired
the
of
the
is filled in with
any
best
to
belt
this
of
iron
slot
left at
when
in this
think
by having
pipe
bottom
Whiting
arranged
men
The
little stiff
full
angle
of
of
it the
raise
the
the
bottom
place by
to
at
Colliau
be
the
cupola
nearly
front
box
it is desired
from
held
The
the
be
Birdsboro,
this
From
is to
of
is riveted
down
of
is
opening
One
is the
seen
cupola
extends
piece
iron
Mfg. Company,
length
each
slot
When
bottom.
placed
full
when
or
work.
of
plate.
lining in place.
tuyere
and
this
of
"
the
shell
of
large
have
we
tuyere.
extending
side
is
around
the
slot in front
kind
bottom
each
of
heat
Drill
the
to
FURNACE.
large piece
this
of
from
in front
plate
for
extending
4 feet
air box
the
Diamond
Pennsylvania
to
CUPOLA
THE
up
through
change
molten
the
level
same
the
bottom
admits
sides, and
the
tuyere.
nature
iron
in the
the
This
of
blast
as
the
side
of
the
iron
bottom
of
48
molten
bottom
placed
cap
and
on
The
arrows.
in
doors
and
must
after
they
are
broken
have
bottom
leakage
be
the
The
foundrymen
with
old
the
Ireland
1867.
many
been
The
brought
bottom
foundrymen
Thomas
West,
D.
his
this
read
Chicago,
West's
article
had
the
general
use
in
country
by
before
the
111., October
with
cupola
number
the
an
of
been
number
cupolas
in
their
found
men
doubt,
no
before
prominently
who
August
tuyere
it would,
this.
before
ably written
article
Foundrymen's
18,
tuyere
1893,
and
Since
foundrymen
in
which
claims
the
have
of
bottom
country
practical
Western
quite
it up.
this
used
was
country
bottom
lining.
versing
con-
about
the
of
tuyere
brought
was
time
met
by
In
new.
at
these
side
times
had
in
a
it, and
heat.
spoils a
tuyere
given
Hibler
tom
bot-
Massachusetts
sections
and
sand
in the
fast
one
It
prevent
removing
have
we
being
the
it to
nothing
in
used
and
experiments
and
H.
Voisin
into
B.
over
tuyere
of
at
describes
it
is
and
ago
and
great many
40's, and
;
dump.
in
bottom
different
ago,
in
the
years
"
and
the
there
by
years
advantages
have
in
in
patented
was
that
tuyere
tried
and
way
in the
slag, and
foundrymen
foundrymen
foundrymen
tried
cupola
old
back
away
been
doors
it
gets
burned
or
periods,
learned
we
iron
has
often
tuyere
frequently
are
several
State
tuyere
The
iron.
in the
around
the
bottom
same
support,
an
fore
be-
prevent
heat
carefully
very
up
the
by
the
to
hole
to
the
by
iron
daubed
and
in
removable
and
different
at
ago
popular
made
dried
dumped,
falling or
tuyere
with
in that
is
molten
indicated
attached
withdrawn
cupola
in
be
rounded
the
as
cap,
carefully
descent
cupola through
place through
and
up,
the
their
with
off
the
to
cannot
bottom
years
put
men
it sometimes
any
in
molten
of
and
13,
be
adjustable
an
must
had
It
injured
or
be
must
the
throw
to
under
it in
is done
is admitted
tuyere
put
This
tuyere
place.
before
removed
other
blast
tuyere
it is put
must
the
into
dropping
the
of
the
FURNACE.
cupola.
top
around
opening
the
of
slag, and
20
fuel
the
to
of
CUPOLA
THE
for
the
by
sociation
Ashe
it
publication
published
CUPOLA
their
with
experience
in
saving
lining
discovered
by
and
some
But
with
their
make
cupolas,
with
opening by
loses
same
the
as
the
the
the
from
same
volume
the
with
power
required
small
which
passes
into
the
force
behind
the
blast
that
to
the
does
follows
blast
run
the
blower
was
one
of
into
small
the
that
stock
drives
Neither
is
It is the
ume
vol-
is
into
by increasing
blast
it
in
gained
tuyere
the
force
to
It is not
cupola
is lost
from
of
nothing
a
small
blast
melting.
through
ume
vol-
blast.
that
much
from
the
small
same
large tuyere.
the
of
a
the
the
the
through
tuyere.
small
tuyere
have
we
placed
were
blast
velocity,and
great
old-fashioned
the
the
into
from
further
from
tuyeres
center
air
front
blast
the
the
When
any
small
blast
solid
of
forcing
the
the
in
fuel
penetrate
It therefore
cupola
but
it strikes
solid
not
but
blast.
melting by
The
into
come
velocity than
greater
the
which
velocity of
of
never
driven
large opening.
it will
center,
be
may
velocity when
and
velocity at
it to
not
overlooked
was
placing
it to
driving
large opening,
strikes
tuyere
is gone
the
air
in
putting
of
Air
with
its
mistake
and
blower.
from
opening
than
that
it will
ago,
have
foundrymen
tuyere
great
TUYERES.
view
force
blower
air
of
with
the
OF
great
greater
with
cupola
small
it effects
use.
Foundrymen
cupola
if these
it years
SIZE
in
all claim
in the
feature
new
49
and
tuyere
fuel.
experimenters
general
the
TUYERES.
in
melting
of
in
the
the
In
only
two
tuyeres
and
30-inch cupola,
modern
tuyeres
greatest
cupola.
stave
seen,
the
cupola
and
the
is
these
of
the
or
made
cupolas,
many
inches
due
admission
to
of
in
of
diameter
in
made
improvement
largely
free
mistakes
the
ment
enlarge-
blast
to
the
cupola.
The
three
blower
combined
the
times
is of
4
tuyere
area
proper
of
size
area
the
for
of
outlet
the
cupola
of
the
cupola.
should
blower
These
be
equal
when
to
the
dimensions
50
THE
large
may
seem
the
size
not
represent
the
or
or
the
tuyere.
the
tuyere
This
the
volume
When
is
filled
which
the
fall in front
tuyere
more
and
for
liable
this
Small
admitting
the
by
off
stopped
and
they
should
never
but
HEIGHT
to
There
is
the
height
above
the
at
2
the
sand
height
of
hot
for
think
in
above
nor
the
hot
very
the
In
cupola,
the
tuyeres
that
hold
at
is it wasted
have
under
away
the
and
heights.
the
to
the
tuyeres
any
as
extent
wide
fast
we
tuyeres
not
by
different
claimed
melted,
in
these
heat
do
in
the
melting
effect
of
experiments
in
or
and
distances
the
consumed
the
iron
various
observed
by
it
keep
light castings
made
at
by
have
to
and
hold
to
from
at
variation
the
being
as
have
learned
is
This
making
closely
We
cupolas
cupola
high tuyeres
placed
opinion
of
to
as
cupola
it is necessary
in the
iron
experiments
have
different
fuel
to
bottom,
sand
that
in
in
it
foundries,
iron
foundrymen
extent
some
Foundrymen
draw
many
we
to
molten
iron
it necessary
cupola.
iron
to
be
to
points.
difference
bottom.
work
heavy
cupola.
bridging by
placed
placed
are
sand
is due
large casting.
requiring
not
high
tuyeres
the
ones,
liable
certain
be
is this
great
in different
done
making
foundrymen
the
above
in
the
tuyeres
large
more
among
should
tuyeres
tuyeres
work
of
that
time
opinion
of
So
Small
than
at
of
TUYERE.
tuyeres
bottom.
5 feet
to
classes
difference
distance
or
present
inches
in the
wide
OF
it and
remove
promote
blast
of
fuel
of
large piece
placed
to
is represented
pieces
way
of
iron.
of
outlet
the
only
tend
amount
the
and
be
not
in front
tons
useless.
this
are
also
by
cannot
rendered
in
fuel
down
blast
cupola by
space
Should
blast
the
to
does
is in
cupola
between
closed
insufilicient
an
the
tuyere
in blast
is not
the
tuyere,
that
remembered
blast
escape.
furthermore,
tuyeres,
in
be
to
reason
admitted
the
may
closed
be
crevices
of
when
weighted
of
blast
of
be
may
are
mouth
number
tuyere
is
fuel
be
cupola
may
cupola
with
the
by the
fuel
that
it must
when
the
of
blast
FURNACE,
sight, but
tuyere
area
of
fuel closes
through
first
at
of
area
CUPOLA
melting,
molten
iron
CUPOLA
in
coming
of
bottom
heat
and
be
may
it correct.
through
combustible
can
be
the
of
there
is
length
that
fluid
for
have
to
in
only slag
light fluid
on
the
it, and
bottom
only
iron
reaches
closed
the
with
the
the
be
drawn
drawn
the
the
to
slag
for
the
slag
iron
prevent
The
as
slag
then
it is drawn
the
escape
is
of
it flows
is that
and
slag
iron
to
is
rests
iron
fill up
to
the
the
soon
as
slag
it.
slag
in
sand
with
hole.
is
cupola
the
be
must
cupola
through
hole
the
while
the
The
or
molten
it is
and
out
covered
cupola.
hot
kept
between
As
falls in the
blast
in
any
practical
be
permitted
hole.
for
w^hen
no
is
minutes
off
hot
long heats.
its surface
few
then
molten
is
hole
slag
upon
charcoal,
can
in
point
any
cupola
heat
through
the
stock
sufificient
among
be
can
the
the
ladle
not
are
support
iron
there
at
cupola
likely that
or
slag
of
when
When
drawn
iron
can
top
the
high tuyeres
of
tap
on
in
are
up
only
iron
it
to
front.
the
to
be
favor
cupola
when
raise
and
time
high
floats
be
may
drawn
then
may
of
of
of
air than
in
that
tuyeres.
be
can
fillingup
from
that
slag
and
molten
Slag
slag
bottom
this
them
cupola
the
given
reason
necessary
length
found
and
the
fact
molten
metal
and
molten
of
our
iron
is not
well-known
bodies
exclude
to
Another
large
greater
charcoal
it is
in
No
wood
keep
to
all
is to
If there
consume
heat
and
time;
of
to
this
in
tuyeres,
tuyeres
the
consumed.
are
the
under
the
cupola
coke
and
during
lighting
at
being
the
substances
it is not
tuyeres.
sufficient
not
combustible
below
the
of
foundrymen
with
fuel
bottom
soft
cupola
in
remained
having
it
molten
the
the
in
before
tried
cupola,
used
after
coal
above
cupola
in the
in
of
wood
tuyeres, then
hard
have
bringing
bottom
charred
dump
the
melted
function
the
If these
under
less
and
the
by
front
consumed
We
dump.
placed
prevent
the
be
not
iron
in
of
heat.
consumed
charcoal
in
hard
to
through
will
the
in
found
Pieces
found
air
charcoal
be
may
is taken
care
of
soften
to
with
in contact
in
the
on,
experiments
often
admission
by
is put
if
Charcoal
it.
and
cupola,
consumed
blast
with
contact
TUYERES.
with
hole
Iron
iron
tapped
the
must
face
sur-
be
tapped
THE
52
permitting
after
CUPOLA
cupola
FURNACE.
fill up
to
to
is
always
dull.
When
the
fill up
cupola
slag
be
may
hole
slag
the
drawn
regulates
itself
not
drawn
cupola
be
Hot
handled
placed
low
so
than
more
not
Tuyeres
hold
molten
very
hot
and
that
stopped
cupola
is made
In
fast
fill
that
tapping
full, and
to
placed
give
fill the
from
the
of
6 to
cupolas
melt
10
to
in
small
slow
as
iron
that
the
ing
havare
not
front
bottom.
iron
them
to
must
be
melted,
as
fast
it
as
and
be
can
working
The
tuyeres
large ones,
if
free
in any
provision
melted.
section
sufficiently
the
seconds
10
the
be
may
iron
or
above
bottom,
sand
collected
catching
before
hand-ladle
seconds.
the
diameter
above
in
sand
is not
every
of
las
cupo-
are
below
as
melting
of
inches
about
inches
so
fast
in the
man
very
in these
high
tuyeres
those
fast
as
iron.
hand-ladle,
quantity
ladle
as
for
cupola
capable
not
from
each
as
iron
pound
sufficient
low
as
with
cupola
space
iron
accummulate
iron
foundry
the
cupola
the
in
Molten
and
work,
melt
to
when
to
up
placed
40
the
from
cupolas
cupolas
placed
small
are
give ample
only
handling
smaller
to
In
be
for
tuyeres
so
it is
may
way
large enough
handled,
it is
above
is drawn
is
cupola
inches
of
be
may
iron
cupolas
the
of
2}4.
kind
hold
iron, the
back
slag
of
large diameter,
of
bottom,
this
for
slag
in stove
molten
the
at
in
sand
ox
iron
and
cupolas
the
in this
placed
In
remain
to
cupola.
made
tuyeres
for
those
above
than
more
the
inch
be
more,
further-
flow
hot.
it
the
for
It is, therefore,
that
to
keep
in
The
size.
high
the
surface
that
blast.
proper
not
cannot
low.
bottom
large
of
to
and
reason
always placed
are
is
or
ladle
this
for
permitted
is it necesssary
nor
light work
for
and
tuyeres,
in
and
place tuyeres
to
large casting
iron
hole
the
tapped,
cupola, and,
of
waste
be
can
have
to
necessary
the
of
opened
without
cupola,
for
should
when
slag
bottom
be
heat
it is not
before
the
may
necessary
from
iron
off
hole
slag
low
placed
with
throughout
open
is
the
sand
if the
tuyeres
bottom.
iron
is drawn
should
These
as
be
very
fast
as
CUPOLA
melted
the
the
from
cupola
until
cupola
large
body
machine
and
placed
The
cupola
for
are
of
the
from
be
sand
bottom
at
that
at
so
be
in
inches
is chilled
is
in
flowing
if in the
holding
by
sufficient
is all that
supply
to
used
in
placed
low
in
at
that
as
they
tuyeres
heated
is
in
value
use
of
the
not
the
of
the
be
can
iron,
placed
bottom
the
fuel
great
the
year
cupolas
in
cupola
for
in
this
should
the
is sufficient
cupolas
in
because
be
placed
facilities
under
the
by being
the
dump.
States
United
to
the
were
wasted
burned
that
work
and
cupola
is
and
height
cupola
and
and
for
of
melting
to
above
feet
cupolas
placed
not
the
of
many
all
crushed
every
in
in
size
in
and
so
placed
is
large ladle,
in
at
be
in
constructed
the
wasted
high tuyeres
the
melted,
sand
slag
room
placed
are
Tuyeres
for
when
of
tuyeres
works
consumed
fuel
with
as
should
bottom
placing
or
cupola
cupola
Slag
place tuyeres
to
work
abundance
an
for
the
slag
ladle.
fast
as
and
the
level
necessary
sand
probably
first
on
above
heavy
for
The
height.
the
handling
cupolas
steel
are
not
the
is drawn
inches
iron,
from
slag.
tap
necessary.
They
tuyeres
to
iron
more
removing
Bessemer
bottom.
if the
or
cupola
slag
the
into
is not
high tuyeres
separating
for
the
in
this
The
with
hole
running
of
iron
these
slag.
erally
gen-
bottom.
explained,
for
tap
are
sand
hold
is to
before
invented
back
the
high
tapping
it
tuyeres
above
reason
the
at
been
gives
while
is
off
cupolas
as
for
above
This
iron
holding
But,
is, therefore,
height
tapped.
rich.
it
so
Another
i,
It
to
tuyeres
point,
drawn
tuyeres
from
the
the
that
point.
The
the
than
inches
24
preventing
from
at
great
to
have
and
drawn
it may
The
iron
foundry
necessary
spouts
iron
may
i8
is drawn
cupolas
number
for
the
is collected
jobbing
placing
they
many
as
iron
advisable.
or
that
the
more
large casting.
necessary
be
ladle
of
from
in
object
or
the
to
that
small
so
53
stream.
In
is
is
stream
TUYERES.
make
by
man
THE
54
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
NUMBER
cupola
one
on
side
of
in
this
the
against
lining
tuyeres
than
other
Any
have
given
in the
small
of
the
bed,
and
if
Buffalo
with
they
School
blast
sides.
This
cupola
in
did
with
stove
use
lining
two
with
would
tuyeres.
in
of
The
show
to
blast
When
The
to
the
a
bed
number
ber
num-
evenly
tuyeres, which
and
oftener
are
obtained
are
blast
with
N.
Y.,
inches, placed
inches
these
the
Mo.,
about
inside,
saw
20
years
from
tuyeres
large
are
struction
de-
large
in
use
and
ago,
these
nothing gained
by
the
dimensions
obtained
evenly
opposite
on
We
the
supplied
tuyeres, and
above
is
is
two
of
diameter
light.
there
of
in
two
is very
by
large cupola
Buffalo,
results
that
tuyeres
large
numbers
blast
results
supplied
60
only
in St. Louis,
melting.
go
be
is
about
and
them.
12x18
melting
blast.
cupola,
four
or
the
iron,
Better
may
which
tuyeres
foundry
and
Company,
melting
the
small
of
tuyeres
cupola,
excellent
cupolas
fewer
lining
the
large
put in small
to
of
of
by
place
to
each
amount
in
two
distribute
big enough.
are
two
excellent
of
ones.
in
these
necessary
to
it
be
tuyeres
40-inch cupola,
than
melting
large
equal
placed
But
fuel, cinder
Furniture
by
in
of
opposite
against
on
and
center
destruction
in
two
located
are
located
an
of
least
at
in the
be
used
advisable
and
largest cupola
tuyeres
does
than
they
uneven
cupola
the
by
large tuyeres
The
in
and
admit
blast
destruction
reason,
are
may
It is not
it is not
useless
rendered
from
results
the
ranged
ar-
the
by
this
unevenly
been
tuyere
one
greater number
to
larger cupolas.
tuyeres
easily closed
are
have
cupolas.
same
an
to
and
placed
tuyere
one
driven
meet
apart,
desired
tuyeres
better
no
will
cupola they
forced
in
cupola,
When
being
is
For
blast
distances
lOO
as
heat
cupola,
prevent
number
greater
in
from
objection
great.
stock.
a
the
the
the
in
blast
the
and
of
high
as
to
heat
number
and
of
the
all sides
the
from
side
that
so
equal
at
on
that
is very
placed
are
and
blast
point
through
two
is
way
sides
opposite
but
cupola,
always placed
are
diffused
the
TUYERES.
with
supplied
opposite
this
at
be
may
OF
two
in distributing
number
placed
it
in
of
one
56
THE
They
have
each
been
other
certain
at
the
the
is
quality
given
into
the
tuyere
the
in
comes
is the
result,
tuyeres,
if
claimed
that
the
in the
fuel
shape
the
the
fuel, and
blast
bed
be
the
the
carbon
of
acts
of
with
the
iron
as
what
efTect
same
the
iron
the
on
melted
blast
by
iron
tuyeres
when
cupola
making
or
the
burned
point
desired
casing,
or
lining at
to
the
to
it may
the
but
be
in
iron
point
an
the
lining
It
the
of
be
may
stated, the
is
changed
from
by
tuyere
one
or
size
one
cast
very
they
tuyere
end
and
flange
answer
at
the
into
it with
the
and
at
the
tuyere.
lining or
This
bolted
to
placed
in the
boxes
flange and
very
ture,
aper-
desired.
insures
point desired.
purpose
the
the
iron
be
The
up.
to
and
broken
cupola
cast
of
brick
of
way
often
the
air-tightjoint,as it then
cupola
the
are
into
lining of
poor
support
with
it is laid
to
slag getting
formed
and
in the
regular shape
without
as
to
blast
flange on
cast
is
and
no
the
put
it is better
casing,making
laid
is
shape
a
this
tuyeres,
prevent
desired
ways,
to
angle
gas.
drops through
tuyeres
blast
zone,
acid
before
as
formed
nothing
there
with
cast
the
of
having
the
is
generally
more
be
may
brick, but
until
or
are
box,
tuyere
in both
shape
melting
it
it
produces
carbonic
as
the
of
often
are
there
it is difficult
Tuyeres
box
for
away
and
and
the
laying
tuyeres,
maintain
be
may
the
and
enters
and
or
angle
its oxygen
the
of
of
or
supplied.
but
prove
im-
BOXES.
TUYERE
The
to
another.
from
as
is
the
angle
or
shape
shape
blast
upon
the
to
the
of
mouth
fuel
top
being
after
the
the
of
attempt
the
until
at
amount
proper
center
shape
The
across
instantly changed,
fuel
matter
no
angle given
or
would
contact
the
it.
in the
escapes
to
leaves
of
is then
the
It then
it
front
crevices
with
blast
point
the
to
than
cupola by
in
point
absurd
the
it
combustion.
This
in
instant
combination
where
iron
of
point down,
up,
to
more
fuel
through
passes
nothing
the
by
point
to
it strikes
to
FURNACE.
angles, and
The
tuyeres.
tuyere
placed
There
cupola.
CUPOLA
well
the
are
made
bolt
them
the
blast
Tuyere
when
the
TUYERES.
CUPOIA
is
lining
is
removed
or
and
between
cupola
cold
The
cool,
water
only
and
it
to
prevent
part
is
the
is
generally
lining
end
and
is
the
casing
where
not
that
box
fire,
about
cast
end
covered
is
cast
to
inch
with
shorter
little
section
ing
groutthe
there
from
the
hollow
it
blast
enters
by
it
than
clay
fill
the
it
with
heat.
be
to
box
the
box
tuyere
and
liable
and
protect
the
and
keeps
injured
or
good.
cupola
exposed
and
no
or
which
and
lining,
to
melted
settles
through
does
to
being
the
the
it
shaky,
and
often
crevices
necessary
it
next
lining
and
supplied
the
of
the
leaving
blast
old
becomes
out,
points
at
it
replaced,
falls
filling
escapes
the
when
but
new,
5/
at
the
thickness
or
daubing.
The
injured
this
point
of
the
CHAPTER
CUPOLA
The
learned
be
it
can
be
by
working
it
much
latest
This
working
in
of
of
favor
question
the
It is
personal
If he
attention
is not
this
branch
have
his
in
length
cupola
can
rules,
We
shall
of
he
bad
of
arise
at
point,
every
at
is
the
he
time.
to
should
attention
for
is
operating
rules
also
the
the
well
may
be
able
and
do
give
that
so
rule
given
for
shall
point,
conclusions
draw
to
his
devote
everything
any
directions
but
every
not
by
which
to
only give
not
cupola
which
that
see
successfully
run
working
his
finds
from
be
cupola
personal
has
to
then
its
give
to
time
found
what
if he
requires,
it his
to
the
be
matter
cupola
not
it
day
intelligent
always
no
old
right
cupola.
conditions
for
that
each
his
has
or
give
time
therefore
founder
the
by
will
the
the
of
one
foundryman
of
question
upon
to
worked,
every
working
foreman
superior
advantage
of
is
only
can
constructed
decided
properly
business
of
the
of
effect
the
of
about
and
No
practical
the
duty
the
to
foundry
sufficient
the
be
only
is
is
design
It
be
must
this
and
ways.
cupola
cupola
every
different
and
that
one
construction.
in
can
cupola,
of
successfully,
run
patented
or
each
working
whether
disputed
improved
style.
the
before
done
very
MANAGEMENT.
in
peculiarities
IV.
apply.
not
ing
work-
proper
the
results
to
or
when
founder
have
set
or
data
some
the
overcome
difficulty.
The
to
cupola
lining
the
prolonged
of
brick
having
for
heat
the
is put
THE
been
newly
first
is not
heat
required
in
LINING.
DRYING
and
laid
but
for
up
(58)
lined,
to
this
in
is
nothing
dry
it.
when
thin
very
only
grout.
to
one
The
be
done
high
or
ness
thick-
lining
'CUPOLA
be
may
dried
put in,
by making
the
But
will
be
fire
burned
the
When
thick
put in
is
evenly,
holes
in
When
the
cupola
bottom
before
fillingof
or
in
the
and
sand
work
and
allowed
to
is
dropped
to
first
heat
is to
small
and
thing
put
diameter
men
made
Two
them.
place
while
they
then
their
bodies
the
and
the
the
the
knees
supported by
Numerous
dump
been
carelessness
abandoned.
light,it is
sometimes
large
it into
it is
place
on
and
the
two
door
support
one-half
into
;
prop
with
raised
supported by
the
under
get
place
heavy
be
can
door
their
on
it is
backs, and
their
into
temporary
for
is of
lift and
raise
it
as
one
to
and
where
doors,
raise
the
lining
is
door
it with
far
then
prop.
have
devices
is
supports
two
the
the
cupola
raised
the
cupola
as
in
cupola
the
be
required
are
half
and
up
morning
off
or
lining.
put
the
up
it may
cupola
the
the
In the
When
when
men
The
and
doors.
men
man
between
hands
into
if the
lining
heat,
making
But
and
chipping
in the
cool
and
DOORS.
light
man.
other
prop.
then
door
the
temporary
THE
in
fire is made
and
for
bottom
one
third
ashes
and
slowly
are
night.
over
dried
doors
inches
time
behind
coke
or
when
get inside
men
raise
and
UP
parts, three
in two
bed
ashes,
several
cracks
the
bottom
done
up
required,
are
with
jarred
cavities
the
remove
be
when
and
way,
in
sand
then
coal
remain
be
to
supported by
than
the
or
lining,more
through
good
PUTTING
The
filled
sand
or
and
It must
leave
the
up
is
sooner
early
too
clay
wet
out
and
and
making
bottom
Httle
cupola
casing
drying.
casing
with
sand
melting.
covered
started
fillingwill crack,
crumble
will
out
the
or
the
heat
the
and
between
required
are
care
backing
the
be
not
much
too
will retard
which
fire for
must
59
fire after
wood
by starting the
or
usual.
MANAGEMENT.
soon
in
When
been
get
out
arranged
order
of
manipulation,
the
cupola
supported by
an
and
is very
iron
raising
for
the
from
they
bolt
doors
heat
have
small
the
of the
almost
and
attached
the
to
all
door
the
60
THE
under
side
the
of
bottom
readily withdrawn
the
doors
under
Double
doors
settling of
the
A
the
one
great
heat
setting the
plate
done
by
the
times
the
support
All
this
lO
inches
The
the
a
size
size
For
cast
cupola
for
the
small
The
iron
distance
to
the
high
the
and
it
is
or
being
two
men
placed
are
taken
the
with
down
two
right position
In
by
and
for
for
but
to
small
pressure
is
the
to
cupolas
large cupolas
are
not
seldom
therefore, if light,liable
the
to
be
floor, will
the
for
is
from
only
have
pulled
out
and
prop.
depends
inches
a
of
upon
supported
in
the
entirely by
3^
and
square
lining,while
3 to
bent
disturbed
the
stock
made
from
with
bottom
almost
are
large cupolas
they
against the
props
inches
foundation
sure
support
supported
the
level
extend
being
bedding
im-
foundation
or
It must
not
block
end
a
fioor
its
by
saved
upon.
insure
A
time
the
rest
to
makes
and
and
in
dump.
required
stock
block
prop
cupolas
props
support,
too
this
they
and
into
and
under
While
up
avoided
the
out
prop
extent
diameter,
are
heavy
cupola.
of
large
put
gotten
be
can
displaced,
of
cupolas
to
labor
long, placed
be
be
to
it is
sand
more
which
in
sand
short,
too
frequently requires
position
often
before
shoveling
seldom
has
sufificient
when
cramped
extra
the
down
which
prop,
the
make
doors.
under
iron
den
sud-
but
placed
or
little sand.
away
by
or
prop,
often
little
prevent
foundation
main
is
to
center
permanent
long
too
prop
in the
plate upon
plate
hinges.
melting large
the
small
by putting
scraping
cupola,
three
or
the
raised
in the
the
under
The
heavy
handle
to
it.
upon
making
be
must
lowered
down
the
iron,
post
or
when
occur
place
be
can
But
prop
doors
and
no
it
bottom.
prop
the
fuel
have
to
by laying
prop
low,
too
or
which
upon
iron
of
may
melters
stout
iron
end
the
as
the
opposite
stout
charging
stock,
drop
edge
each
at
many
cupola
every
by
front, where
to
the
near
light one
when
under
the
at
hook
iron
an
supported
are
springing
chunks.
plate
door
the
generally
them
with
FURNACE.
generally supported by
are
placed
and
CUPOLA
to
to
large
prop.
inches
diameter.
greater weight
the
twisted
dump
to
such
and
an
CUPOLA
extent
made
often
the
of
the
bottom.
Quite
from
the
is
placed
in
releases
useless.
For
actually
necessary
is
number
ring
and
the
to
this
and
dump
When
prop.
the
ring
the
it is at
it, and
as
and
bottom
or
be
The
it.
which
long loop
removed
drawn
once
top
is to
are
adopted
heating
prop
loop
or
the
support
have
avoid
hangs loosely, or
the
for
near
prop
they
reason
foundrymen
of
the
it from
large
out
which
draw
to
ring is made
hook
than
attaching
of
which
stands
them
heavier
plan
with
render
to
as
MANAGEMENT.
the
under
from
cupola.
Some
and
measure
Many
of
would
not
give
up
now
as
the
of
older
cut
them
are
they
melter
20
years
Such
DROPPING
When
the
it is desired
laid
the
sudden
of
the
and
the
is then
main
jerk
of
a
permit
the
always
bar
the
be
than
door
or
it down.
which
the
dump
10
in
the
doors
to
this
is
with
top
Bolts
falls
many
are
slowly, and
by
with
inches
to
the
straight bar,
sometimes
are
the
but
small
on
bolt
can
hook
hook
the
hind
be-
By
bottom
of
place
blows
more
also
the
of
it.
but
prop,
can
prop
the
it out
or
fully
care-
large
from
knock
release
strike
Two
drop.
are
heat
the
cupola
to
used
and
and
made
first taken
are
end
blow
thrusts
only
bent
12
The
way.
when
find
by removing
props
one
or
to
necessary
hit, and
bring
the
sufficientlyhard
released
at
under
hook
as
left.
hammer,
be
not
on
about
and
the
handle
placed
sometimes
are
by striking it
missed
the
plentiful
so
we
it is done
small
of
will
they
but
them
doors
The
stroke
with
prop
prop
bar
bar
the
bolt.
that
long
other
the
by
so
away
dump.
on
released
being
out,
the
drawing
or
props
rather
would
DOORS.
THE
drop
to
of
cupola
began traveling
Canada,
few
the
not
are
heat.
every
think
they
first
we
and
still
are
and
but
prop,
cupola
melters
when
ago,
iron
they
prop,
country
there
visitingfoundries
new
try it.
this
through
their
for
prop
the
than
were
the
use
superstitious that
so
without
job
never
wood
new
melt
their
melters
be
it
of
can
released
it is oftener
required
cupolas
generally
be
to
from
with-
62
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
hammer
without
THE
drawn
by
blow
If it cannot
the
it
in
hook
in this
is made
that
so
with
struck
the
withdrawn
be
meher,
placed
of
the
door
them
when
dry
with
bed
be
to
tough
is
that
mass
in
and
be
and
action
of
Mixtures
and
makes
stove
makes
cinder,
the
soft
remains
bottom
and
other
from
the
the
very
and
with
sand
best
new
molten
of
the
for
bottom.
pliable,packs
too
the
sands
hard
to
very
drop
not
for
sand
limited
the
slag.
do
suitable
ones
cupola
resist
form
and
door
are
not
and
cupola,
the
after
do
hard,
extent
sand.
are
No.
the
They
burned
with
gangways
around
fire
and
only
been
foundries
kind
are
the
before
melt
burn
the
than
used
doors
into
bar
place.
sand
has
through
hard
burn
inplace
well, but
are
that
the
the
form
permit
all
lining
out
in
iron
sands
sand
cupola, passed
and
dug
keep
molten
purpose
permit
and
bottom
this
when
to
as
is known
and
melt
or
escape
covered
which
for
iron,
of
then
are
ported,
sup-
burned
might
away
cupola
for
the
to
be
to
burn
friable
used
better
scrapings
iron,
has
loam
and
bottom,
In
the
The
well.
or
dry.
adheres
difficult
of
bar
plate
sand
doors
doors,
so
it when
thin
employed
the
it be
when
dumped.
friable
ring
been
in thickness,
cupola frequently
small
dropped
can
sands
clay
the
to
must
The
will
that
have
bottom
sand
fall from
not
through
run
The
The
get down
will
the
inches
quality
neither
dropped,
iron
of
to
that
or
properly
and
may
with
clay.
several
bottom.
iron
molten
which
with
sand
of
not
must
mass
closed
sand
the
as
bolt
hooked
place
that
holes
or
through
are
in
are
carefully covered
are
all cracks
and
the
of
ing
burn-
of
BOITOM.
doors
or
openings
any
through
melter.
danger
with
drawn
the
to
SAND
When
end
the
be
it may
without
way
on
danger
large
collected
riddle
cupola
floors
gangway
to
in
front
the
recover
bottom.
It is clean
close, resists
the
of
sand
free
action
the
scrap
This
and
the
from
of
the
64
CUPOLA
THE
The
first sand
with
the
hands
from
to
in it is
down
obtained,
which
the
to
The
cupola.
all
smoothly
with
edges
the
around
its
lining
is then
bottom
small
cupolas
the
called
pitch
the
throw
the
carefully
brushed
bucket
thin
and
front
slushing
the
of
caught
in the
bottom,
and
rise of
the
iron
and
the
bottom
it
working
The
bottom.
off, and
is sometimes
wash
bucket
it
as
in
thrown
This
out.
runs
give
to
be
may
the
prevent
smoothed
is done
is
evenly
of
sand
and
clay
the
to
throwing
edges
and
lining
or
bottom
spots there
and
off
layers
carefully around
the
iron
the
of
rammed
butted
soft
any
edges
in
of
for
goes
raises
slightly
to
bottom
evenly
bottom
for
the
balance
thickness
next
feels
and
is
slope
or
the
and
melter
between
down
way
in at
hands
the
it.
wants
around
the
layer
he
as
inches, according
3 to
The
lining, and
the
near
each
in
As
over
required
given,
over.
his
tight joint.
desired
is then
front
the
is from
sand
carefully packed
spread evenly
until
trampled
the
is
thick, and
inches
in
insure
to
shovels
helper
thrown
is thrown
sand
the
his
inside, and
goes
FURNACE.
smooth,
is
hard
surface.
The
bottom
sand
metal, but
molten
place
bottom
this
kind
the
used
filled with
and
slag by
the
or
bottom
covered
is
cinder
iron, and
the
renewed
with
it is
ofif the
only
the
whether
gets
of
sand
from
wet,
hard
of
the
sand
that
become
question
bottom
the
into
the
bottom
into
new
of
has
worn
converted
and
up
addition
the
layer
cut
sand
bottom
by
a
heat
it has
stop.
by placing
Sand
them.
until
readily
of
stroyed
de-
to
the
of
prevented
support
bottom
is difftcult
the
takes
iron
loosening
or
be
can
to
in
When
be
cracking
to
and
up
molten
of
springing
to
This
cut
or
that
cupola
due
doors
running
stands.
it must
the
over
molten
in
occupied
and
lining.
and
over
the
be
the
under
leakage
may
impervious
penetrated
case
of
charging
props
way
bottom
around
more
of
when
doors
out
the
from
Leakage
which
remain
always
not
is sometimes
it, in
by
been
does
this
sand,
time
gives
tion,
condior
the
sand
molders'
heaps.
Molten
iron
will
not
He
upon
substance,
but
will
CUPOLA
boil
explode
or
placed.
If the
hard,
rammed
or
and
bottom
iron
if the
in
rammed
ashes
after
such
an
Even
and
place
and
if all the
great
flow
deal
of
flat,molten
As
to
to
a
the
change
shall
leak
have
we
We
after
given
for
bottom
the
to
from
do
with
temperature
the
lies in the
bottom
of
falls into
this
melted
iron
to
all parts of
When
cupola.
limited
very
be
may
the
blast
when
is
dried
give
to
the
for
time
bottom
sand
preventing
the
leaks
fail,
melter.
tap hole
the
in the
putting
the
cover
attempt
it occurs,
under
it from
after
not
for
down,
Water
cracks
sand
as
wetter,
comes
it.
wet
the
iron
the
used.
slope given
or
out,
to
long
same
sand
coke
or
upon
other
no
protect
bottom
is when
leak
remedies
down
and
"
bottom,
iron
dried
only
ing
boil-
the
the
for
coal
leak;
is concerned,
as
the
any
every
worked
wet
before
out
wet
very
stopping
a
worked
comes
be
not
to
be
be
evenly
as
it is
dried
were
stop
pitch
working
dull.
to
should
sand
that
iron
is started, and
fire
iron
for
it is time
to
the
should
molten
was
or
through
have
we
sand
up
about
cupola
ram
down,
cut
too
before
came
soon
shavings, wood,
from
if it
directions
iron
the
the
on.
any
as
it is dried
extent
before
dripping
The
that
of
seen
then
should
soon
and
the
far
not
the
rapidly
so
and
cut
iron
cuts
being
out
not
doors,
bottom
if the
dried
it,but
the
pounder
through
cut
of
sand
for
degree
bottom
with,
well
bottom
the
too
bottom
cases,
molten
rammed
to
a
the
it,it did
the
rammed
impression
to
and
; and
these
with
down
heavy
was
when
place
sand
the
heat
bottom
harder, and
The
bottom
In
wet
mold
no
mold.
stone.
it is
lie upon
When
it to
a
or
not
it gets
attribute
take
wet,
will
through.
Ihem
the
contend
to
have
until
which
upon
too
iron
they generally
the
elements
run
or
was
took
In
and
the
in contact
cases
day.
sand
material
is made
the
as
came
once
sand
seen
dry,
the
up
frequently
sand
such
we
melt
hard
molten
at
up
have
as
very
in
cut
we
worked
but
bottom
melters
through,
cut
unevenly,
it will
soft ;
and
65
MANAGEMENT.
the
molten
bottom
has
the
iron
is made
too
low
and
becomes
of
bottom
the
cause
the
iron
cupola
and
drop by drop,
nice
and
it is
66
chilled
instantly
This
is dull.
slowly, and
when
efifect is
low
iron.
run
continuous
It is
the
stream
the
ladle
hole
with
quantity
is
spout
the
pitch
the
made
iron
may
be
made
hard
they
be
may
the
the
or
center
great
bottom
the
open
that
the
the
small
iron
impossible to stop
front
body
with
out
long
as
The
iron
the
of
the
at
bottom,
iron
soft
be
made
with
outside
the
an
in
iron
forced
be
is any
out
by
tap hole
the
instant
as
if the
do
it is almost
there
as
soft
indications
would
therefore
iron.
of
hard
weight places
ton
the
at
concentrates
as
may
iron
never
the
hundred
few
front
rushes
it
This
spout.
way
flat,and
were
comparatively
is
the
the
extremely
should
around
all
great the
all the
pitch
and
hard
how
quality of
the
by
bottom
high
upon
pressure
iron
flow
spout, while
the
the
on
the
bottom.
fly,giving
and
The
and
in such
from
tap
entirelystopped
of
the
of
the
But
matter
action
smooth
in the
be
over
high pitch,
cupola.
no
pitch
shooting
has
to
order, and
freely from
may
The
extremely
center
iron
expert
deceived.
in the
the
best
the
to
the
sparkle
The
trough
slag
with
bottom.
in
it
bottom
bottom,
by
run
to
in
be
in
outlet
to
the
cupola.
deceived
only
cannot
hollow
the
in
iron.
it is
and
of
entirelychanged
be
spout
little
with
may
when
ver}'-
impossible
spout
flows
make
such
prevent
Slag
iron
of
to
men.
tap hole
iron
of
the
is very
slag
of
it is almost
and
iron
tap hole
the
with
very
dull
very
to
from
tap hole
the
of
cause
iron
cupola
cupola melting
cupola
the
from
is consumed
the
from
the
by changing
the
closely watched
stream
from
slag
of
in
fuel
of
throws
keep
to
be
there
when
even
quantity
burning
the
be
may
stream
must
and
drawn
marked
bottom
difficult
more
when
iron
spouting velocity,and
and
force
FURNACE.
more
high pitch
great
a
the
and
sufficient
hot
CUPOLA
THE
molten
iron
in the
cupola.
with
only
out
from
the
should
bottom
The
back
foot.
slight rise
more
to
This
than
front
has
made
be
the
around
or
should
been
flat and
inches
not
found
the
to
more
be
than
side
from
should
lining,which
from
be
level
lining.
sufficient
to
slope
side
not
tend
ex-
pitch
The
to
inch
to
to
throw
all the
iron
melt
that
the
little
iron
But
ordinary cupola.
an
slope
more
and
rapidly
more
be
may
in
cupolas
given,
prevent
to
as
so
it
chillingon
be
sloped
bottom.
all the
that
them
of
with
provided
as
serve
the
in
guide
to
slope
this
for
The
that
so
should
for
gauge,
each
of
tuyere,
be
it may
he
reason
melter
other
bottom
bottom,
put in alike
and
so
either
from
what
see
some
or
or
the
sloping
and
pitch
proper
top
drawn
alike.
stick
the
from
be
cupola,
slope
notched
must
can
melter
the
get the
down
measuring
cupola
inside
seldom
bottom
the
difficult for
when
bottom
in the
iron
It is very
giving
many
tap holes
two
melted
tap hole.
be
with
cupolas
In
is
in
front
slowly
very
concentrate
the
the
to
6^
MANAGEMENT.
CUPOLA
to
given
heat.
every
SPOUT.
The
old
pig
of
piece
build
and
iron
spouts
bottom,
and
to
about
of
material
made
generally
and
spout
cleaning
this
nice
the
When
that
when
old
be
removed
spout.
line
be
with
For
them,
used.
cut
is
and
making
without
molding
sand
is the
most
The
of
make
the
the
sand
It is
up.
crust
wet
of
up
deal
material
economical
of
it makes
it from
of
an
used
be
removing
good
fire
readily
too
used
made
and
stream
cannot
be
the
spout
bottom,
up
spout
bar, and
sand
break
dirt, and
the
cupola
refractory
sands
by
can
wide
mixture
quickly
up
with
of
and
the
sand
fused
sand
molding
easily
or
and
dross
inches
10
molding
or
crumble
coating
the
of
is not
of
spout
and
over
loam
The
eight-square
or
iron.
the
front,
loam.
or
with
lined
short
of the
fall from
from
molding sand,
others
7 to
molten
material
Some
deep,
are
the
clay
flat
given
are
place
side
with
foot, and
different
readily dried,
used
6 inches
lining that
spout
lining can
to
from
sand.
purpose.
clean
cast
lineal
with
iron
of
them
of
iron, while
when
for
consists
sharp
excellent
molten
of
them
They
the
to
protect
to
lining is
clay
inch
long.
feet
10
I
from
are
each
plate on
between
made
are
is to
cupola spout
bottom
the
on
spout
up
modern
and
making
of
way
lining that
the
and
the
to
can
68
Some
the
of
alone
linings
materials
where
a
CUPOLA
THE
loam
or
used
they
when
up
in
the
best
make
impossible
in the
be
cannot
much
sand
melts
in spots.
lining dry
refractory
that
the
from
run
There
that
are
are
most
spout
putting
made
used
commonly
it in
bottom
to
joint is
extend
made
lining
the
those
is cut
into
between
without
away
the
the
used
is wet
from
they
iron
be
can
described
as
be
may
lining.
spout
linings
is
use
procured
the
are
or
in the
their
localities,and
stricted
re-
at
materials
purpose.
new
up
to
the
bottom
heat,
every
it adhere
make
cupola past
sand
for
cuts
becomes
break
and
materials
two
of
tons
the
clay
and
dried,
100
or
above
made
spout
and
too
with
the
these
and
When
touched
When
or
rapidly,
spout
lining.
of
materials
this
for
is
50
where
districts
But
cost.
The
sand
the
the
it is
long,
dried
the
the
up
will not
is
lining crumbles
mixed
certain
in
mixed
and
iron
spout
when
made
them
other
of
found
only
to
moderate
number
of
one
give
the
up
stream.
lining
with
lined
spout
bined
com-
make
when
bungs
the
mixed
fire-brick, and
as
the
It cracks
in
clay
when
not
that
so
taps when
by
spout
fire
of
high heat,
very
destroying
melted
and
lining crumbles
the
thoroughly
not
are
without
does
lining
to
tough slag
is used
is cut
and
the
it is short.
removed
sand
bar
into
probably
linings.
first few
fly when
is melted
and
the
spout
and
sputter
get the
to
and,
"
properly
not
be
to
slag
mixed
when
But
heated
until
and
mixture
thoroughly
and
is used
clay
is
make
liable
so
refractory substances
two
country
lining material
other
any
poorest
combination
of
boil
much
too
almost
the
of
The
only
They
is, not
dross
of
the
the
of
cost.
that
"
spout
are
sections
spout
linings.
spout
one
When
water
These
right proportions
very
they
than
and
moderate
sand
the
excellent
sand,
some
quickly.
used
sand.
sharp
and
at
molding
cleaning
extensively
more
in
procured
they dry
furthermore,
with
purpose
lining than
stronger
broken
be
can
make
clays
mixed
this
for
blue
and
when
FURNACE.
front
the
and
and
the
tap hole.
spout
when
and
it.
to
spout
A
The
lining
perfect
lining,and
CUPOLA
little
wash
clay
get the
sand
of
bottom,
and
bottom.
The
thick
when
spout
not
at
the
the
and
the
sides
leave
the
to
and
the
in the
pitch
cupola
and
pitch.
This
lining.
is the
the
sand
inch
lining
at
the
the
as
proper
light
not
than
about
the
it
to
is made
pitch,
proper
iron
If the
is made
end
outer
practice
common
spout
bod
place,
but
spout
to
wide
almost
sticks,
the
or
the
made
small
with
stick
round
the
surface
inch
spout
is liable
it is
slag, and
or
used
in
the
hands
used
to
the
off
carry
the
tap hole
up
from
groove
to
But
the
spout
round
is seldom
rammer
generally
half
as
so
keep
back
broad
cupola.
from
and
top is sufficient
any
dirt
by
safety.
it is
and
the
at
bottom,
sloped
give
A
the
middle
are
iron.
of
stream
up
for
the
the
in
one
of
full at
up
groove
from
choked
built
narrow
inches
large
the
taken
higher
same
the
given
lining are
in
the
of
stream
made
been
next
top
carrying
be
given
always
middle
to
been
the
of
only
stream
deep
has
make
to
spouts.
The
for
spout
be
hole
tap
first and
in
joint
must
it the
give
to
is put
pitch given
in short
to
also
end
Care
the
at
spout
bottom
has
heavier
the
the
over
cutting.
prevent
bottom
brushed
generally
perfect and
more
is
69
MANAGEMENT.
making
and
make
up
one
of
the
tap
hole.
When
for
molding
and
up
with
hands
in balls
the
the
bod
stick
but
great
have
itself
it
of
The
around
pressure
material
molten
iron
greatest
the
it up
true
made
are
be
taken
and
the
strain
current
not
very
making
up
the
moment
upon
of
but
the'
the
stream
refractory, and
or
is
be
to
to
it may
in
groove
be
be
the
to
it will clean
in.
stopped
cut
and
difficulty,
long spout
that
lining
spout
it is liable
of
spout
hands,
little
so
cupola
mixture
in the
the
the
form
with
up
in
with
shape
and
or
shaped
and
placed
properly pitched,
and
is
to
must
perfectly true
into
pressed
stick
clay
and
wet
than
little wetter
bod
When
it is worked
or
the
stick.
bod
spouts
care
with
down
and
is used
Short
middle,
is beaten
beaten
and
it is worked
is used
is used,
sand
and
clay
sand
molding
is
under
away
melted
broken
and
by
the
if the
up
by
70
THE
the
tap bar
if not
heated
used,
are
over
the
very
heavy
hole,
lining
split fire
the
the
in
heat
the
from
and
center
material
spout
during
at
spout
and
not
heat,
has
great
the
it
is
heat
to
with
forming
through
at
spout
when
away
with
long
It
heat
be
once
very
to
out
of
is
when
hot
by
bar
semi-fluid
the
The
The
to
the
should
liftingit
with
up
quite
break
the
be
cold.
up
and
this
occur
flows
lining
All
the
every
from
spout
bar,
the
become
removed
a
be
does
to
may
ling
crumb-
lining melting
keep
and
occurs,
of
in
form
it is due
slag
the
of
may
material
spout
in
stream
When
no
prevent
spout
iron
of
tained
mainmay
To
if it does
when
collects
condition
material,
; but
Slag
iron
the
the
stream.
same
before
quality
lining
difficult
slag
lining
streams
The
pools
the
the
for
with
to
when
it is
stream
and
time.
same
is due
this
after
the
more
heat.
mixed
This
vent
preheat.
therefore, be
or
do
to
the
very
that
tap.
and
slag
is
tap
to
for
tapped,
groove
every
changed.
sharp
tough
with
heat
one
is used
is
up
the
material.
iron.
the
slag.
up
placed
the
flat bottom
two
small
by
with
poor
bunged
or
at
is due
being properly
due
and
away
the
blacking
cannot,
stream
This
washed
every
the
by
is
throughout
cupola
deal
running
being
tap hole
remove
it there
tap.
not
choked
should
keep
form
not
when
tap hole
material
bunged
spout
to
the
spout,
the
of
every
occur
material
the
do
from
the
broad,
so
sand
When
with
perature.
tem-
wash.
stream
lining
in holes
out
is
spout
of
end
the
lining
cut
time
continuous
length
this, shape
the
every
the
over
pools.
the
fall
with
that
is drawn
hole
friable
clay
made
course
is
with
hole.
painted
sharp
iron
tap
or
when
and
tap
high
tenacious
very
under
good
coated
new
the
of
coated
is
clay
to
materials
not
are
is embedded
dried, but
spout
or
fire
of
heated
other
or
amount
insure
it is sometimes
takes
brick
and
or
up
If
sand
under
large
is seldom
spout
made
material
a
when
well
layer
and
cutting
The
molding
high temperature
FURNACE.
tenacious
very
When
stand
CUPOLA
material
the
chipped
attempts
destroy
and
in order
from
or
the
the
to
lining.
opening
not
the
to
and
spout
to
made
up
the
by
plate
heat
with
is sometimes
is
falls away
the
two
control
When
the
that
flow
the
tap hole
up
with
the
on
front
and
are
dried
iron
an
the
tap
use
using
When
or
ragged
closes
be
The
is
soft
flux,
or
is used
on
the
This
the
and
one,
stop in
tough
this
occurs
it
material.
fusible
that
in
flux
one
the
this
difficulty
Mineral
fluxes
overcome
otherwise
is not
keeping
has
the
been
substituted
material
front
tap hole
be
must
used.
and
it becomes
the
to
front
of
with
by continually opening
way
after
semi-fluid
When
experienced
material
and
new
into
remove.
material
front
fire until
If
from
melted
tap hole
the
up
open
only
another
the
blast.
difificult to
very
the
hole.
the
it melts
to
kept
composition
board
and
in it, and
new
generally
is poor
the
no
into
is
is then
It
refractory
a
chill
may
cutting
iron
difhcult
trouble
another,
changed
iron
wet, it
too
the
of
if
iron.
is
bar.
make
when
the
iron
drying,
escape
lining
molten
is worked
passing through
and
only
more
When
the
the
of
top when
prevent
the
for
material
that
the
at
one.
down
can
sometimes
back
clay
concentrate
of
material
without
stream
of
front
slag
fusible.
the
settles
adherent
for
to
pressure
front
long
tapped
become
the
to
too
work,
by
holes
the
closed
be
bad
tap hole
open
and
full thickness
by the
opening
is made
cannot
old
is
be
must
very
to
the
the
made
out
When
in.
tap hole
slag
forced
from
opening
or
tap
generally
are
spout
from
built
is
stopping in,
the
the
with
up
spout
they
before
of
fire
the
from
up.
made
wood
loam
or
top
generally
be
properly put
makes
been
When
tap hole
on
drawn
is
it.
front
cupola
have
front
front.
laid
bar
carefully trimmed
sand
the
from
cannot
the
the
the
tap hole
material
surplus
spout,
material,
molding
flame
The
and
wet
it and
dry
upon
and
other
or
The
the
spout
lining
long.
from
and
front
spout
sand,
and
removed
the
If the
inches
FURNACE.
the
forming
is then
hole
bar
than
more
front
is
CUPOLA
THE
72
inside
the
front
solid
and
material
in the
melts
is rammed
front, the
and
makes
front
a
bad
CUPOLA
hole
tap
Hning
spout
in
be
to
are
the
material
be
always
can
them
by mixing
they
when
even
MANAGEMENT.
be
to
drawn
the
tap hole
the
from
large body
when
rapidly
The
inches
is desired
the
This
to
is
in
is
stream
be
rod
material
that
This
tap hole
position
on
will
the
insures
always
the
stream.
refractory
some
from
it in
fully
care-
an
oven
thoroughly dried,
and
regular
it
that
But
dry
y^
desirable
tap hole
when
form,
to
When
hole.
and
cut
not
ladle
large.
inch
very
tap
a
splitfire-brick
work.
late
accumu-
made
of
is
suit
to
large
enlarged by
mold
they
to
is
it is very
forming
in which
small
placing
by
iron
ous
continu-
from
kinds
and
cut
the
run
fill
hole
sizes
continuous
not
to
and
the
tapped,
different
form
it, which
the
sized
made
front
hole
is
up
throughout
heat.
We
and
have
already
the
forming
and
side
of
the
the
working
bottom
the
to
is
is sufficient
work
the
of
sloped
to
to
cupola
throw
to
the
run
iron
frequently put
in.
In
in side
by
side
put
made
up
so
be
that
poured,
tap
from
front
consider
the
tion
loca-
hole
is
it makes
side
in
placed
to
convey
difYerence
no
it is
the
placed
in
if the
,
iron
any
to
few
tap hole
the
hole.
One
ordinary cupola,
cupolas
only
in the
convenient
which
upon
the
and
putting
only
it is most
some
the
here
The
which
from
of
manner
shall
tap holes.
of
HOLES.
TAP
the
described
cupola
iron
THE
number
the
are
which
for
how
upon
is made
cupola
various
LOCATING
are
sand
sharp
If it is desired
the
the
stove.
around
the
tap hole
the
of
suit
to
prepared
a
or
HOLE.
cupola.
in
made
should
have
placed
iron
are
around
melters
front
purpose
If it is desired
generally prevented
material
on
the
of
of
run
hole
tap
the
for
good
and
clay
depends
the
cupola,
cupola
diameter,
TAP
is made
the
holes
tap
OF
cupola.
melting capacity
a
or
the
from
stream
fire
from
right proportions
good.
used.
the
sizes
is
made
SIZES
The
73
two
inches
can
fronts
and
apart, and
be
kept
in
tap hole
but
two
are
tap holes
two
better
spouts
order
THE
74
for
off
drawing
too
case
the
great
cupola
they
placed
in this
both
are
time, and
for
that,
for
other's
way.
will
Two
holes
tap
in
They
cupola,
to
in
Six
a
spout
there
rapidly
iron, and
falls to
and
to
melted
that
is nearest
distance
heavy
in
stream
in.
work
of
of
those
the
catching
SLAG
hole
slag
cupola,
but
the
slagging.
and
when
iron
in
is drawn
for
capacity
off
used
except
The
to
hole
which
is
it is desired
a
cupola
the
from
cupola
it
placed
to
slag
as
the
men
tons
always
tap holes
of
the
at
cupola
sufificient
being
spout
one
are
other.
HOLE.
drawing
it is not
at
the
two
side
at
so
spilling of
than
men-catching
ladles
it is difBcult
that
the
from
move
from
work,
but
poured,
to
and
away
so
in
placed
be
ladles
ladle
ladles.
of
have
more
hand
for
are
to
admit
to
way
They
When
placed
hand
number
the
from
or
also
in
men
flies
of
safely taken
this
gets
once
it.
cupola
be
of
sides
are
venience
con-
molding
cupola
iron
can
for
the
to
the
the
clashing
catch
again
the
apart
the
of
out
danger
opposite
the
minute,
cupola
cupola
tap holes
hour
in
than
managed
in this way.
around
more
of
or
per
When
even
it is poor
on
all that
at
in each
and
cupola
of
work
are
the
Two
are
is
always put
are
ladles
iron
removal
per
the
in
stop
the
removed
when
from
ladle
men
melt, and
tap holes
iron
the
minute.
and
made
and
another.
to
hand
per
filled
are
the
facilitate
40-pound
properly
frequently placed
carrying
room
to
the
holes
tap
advantage
to
together
generally placed
save
cupolas
worked
in
in the
Two
hand
for
will
cupola
are
are
molding
one
if
fronts
carrying
floors.
hole
iron
two
be
and
accumulates
time.
one
worked
close
tap
put in
be
about,
turn
iron
at
cannot
so
tapped
are
melted
of
only
are
One
to
They
they
they
FURNACE.
opened
can
way
same
practice
iron.
quantity
the
run
CUPOLA
slag
is sometimes
be
can
below
accumulate
hole
fast
the
when
cupola
is
run
in
yond
be-
successfully without
run
the
placed
level
the
of
large body
is
placed high.
as
melted
the
hole
When
is
of
tuyeres,
molten
the
placed
iron
low.
MANAGEMENT.
CUPOLA
The
opening
oval
and
plug
inches
in the
thick.
the
the
casing
inches
flow
make
it porous
the
the
desired
to
plug
be
difificult to
is not
hole
of
the
made
hole
of
tap
the
in
this
hole
from
the
flush
with
fluid
in the
sufficient
better
flush
to
with
heat
sand
the
or
hole
inside
quantity
in the
cut
away
the
inside
the
of
No
this
it with
bake
hard,
plug
in the
hole
is
to
hole
is
made
when
and
way,
mitted
per-
blacking
placed
tap
of
i]4,
slag
the
little
through
hole
than
it is
sharp pointed
the
and
long
the
slag
chills
or
keep
will
entire
The
front.
may
There
the
lining, for
to
casing
and
lining.
flow
as
of
is
any
hole
tap
slag
off
drawn
same
from
slag
lining, and
and
to
the
placed
are
whenever
it.
be
difficulty
kept
is
it
can
lining,
never
is
inside
lining
the
it is
large
quantity
and
front
cupola
the
injuring
sufficient
be
in the
tap
lining
the
lining
hole
without
the
the
the
in
hole
and
the
made
more
the
If
hole
in the
hole
is
slag
all.
When
the
chill
the
at
it open.
and
away
iron, and
when
and
cupola,
chilling.
of
is
drawn
admit
and
cupola,
plug
the
opened
a
be
the
tap
diameter
it
it is
it for
than
and
to
edges
more
low
with
the
The
through
not
it cannot
slag
will
is
of
is from
from
away
after
in
consists
front.
is made
placed
not
in
from
in the
prevent
made
necessary.
cut
the
and
lining.
does
hole
be
opening
mixed
is cut
when
hole
hole
and
the
hole
tap
is cut
placed
and
size
to
the
arranged
inches
or
is
draw
or
it must
front,
might
hole
rapidly
open
thick
the
out
small
is made
very
until
the
diameter
front
when
more
tap
to
hole
material
properly
difficult
or
with
cut
chills
Slag
plug
flush
This
may
inch
heated,
slag
tap
bar.
tap
when
plug
generally
placed high
the
of
hole
molding
is
for
end
the
or
inside
through
used
throughout
loam
of
hole
the
outer
When
made
on
the
to
long.
to
when
material
same
is
Hning
and
casing
inches.
front
placed
is
the
3x4x5
hole
the
of
plug
about
slag
The
through
75
hot
there
and
is
It is therefore
place
the
front
"J^
CUPOLA
THE
FURNACE.
LIGHTING
When
the
the
charging
The
wood
pieces
quickly.
into
it and
his
from
the
the
bottom,
over
and
so
bed
the
the
so
wood
should
be
will
be
much
time
will
settle
unevenly.
layer
bed
fuel
is
has
small
coal
is then
but
that
may
be
The
fire left to
burn
there
is
melter
and
show
through
few
fire of
shovels
possible.
in the
of
Straw
the
fuel
He
shavings
other
may
cannot
smoke
makes
be
the
used
be
light wood,
closes
iron
in
the
all
into
the
place
of
the
fill up
any
bed
ing
charg-
the
draft
front
and
the
and
out
tuyeres, the
a
the
fire
wood
charging
beginning
the
to
remaining
as
but
doors
tuyere
bed
level
one
as
and
cupola.
shavings
procured.
The
and
not
it must
fire
in
puts
of
top
the
the
at
the
at
and
in
bed
The
The
builds
and
and
bed, he
the
and
front
looks
off
to
or
and
out
burned
nearly
the
then
give
to
frontspout
is burned
of
is
at
He
top
then
wood
coals
them.
dry
begins charging
or
hot
lighted
opened
the
wood.
settling.
uneven
large
All
kept
the
light dry
and
the
are
wood,
wood.
shavings
the
is then
arrange
gets
over
over
outside
very
melter
the
which
are
When
up.
if the
door,
the
be
not
the
over
an
doors
tuyere
to
spout
by
to
quickly.
placed
evenly
and
generally puts
the
on
closed
good
formed
taken
must
arranged
shovelfuls,
few
opening.
in
wood
lighting the
for
burning them,
in
is
and
heavier
of
wood
of
is
pieces
coke
or
thrown
is then
door
been
down
the
around
layer
Care
consumed
wood
in
put
holes
of
the
and
used,
goes
evenly spread
are
evenly and
up
evenly
of
this
on
cupola.
burn
too
the
layer
melter
few-
up
shavings
plenty
get
required quantity
it will
that
wood
thin
the
the
down
to
and
the
in
placed
large
shavings
taken
shavings,
until
on
When
The
door.
good light.
the
is
bottom.
down,
dropped
the
in from
the
over
and
that
him
thrown
are
distributed
cupola
passes
being
care
is
placed
so
shavings
splitfine
and
helper
charging
insure
laid
short
When
the
evenly
and
time, and
and
to
door
is cut
at
is small
cupola
UP.
for
wood
be
used
lighting up
should
in
too
be
when
dry pine
large
sticks
MANAGEMENT.
CUPOLA
the
or
out
bed
will be
and
if the
it smokes
fuel.
in
used
the
the
small
when
bed
had
the
bed
would
the
the
on
failure.
the
is melted
melting point
highest point
the
in
melting
point
is the
in
depth.
volume
of
blast
A
small
volume
a
blast
To
large
not
be
do
not
require
the
the
blast
and
not,
warm
or
heated
be
to
out
with-
enough
fast
in
with
iron
to
up
out
We
it did
bed
in
careless
the
the
BED.
limited
The
zone.
which
is melted
iron
between
Iron
the
of
of
nature
blast
gives
melting point.
in volume
the
hard
with
melting
melting
fuel
the
melted
it
by
employed
is
tends
ex-
zone
is from
and
to
but
determined
is
is the
lowest
and
points,
tuyeres, and
location
exact
be
may
as
properly,
highest
the
The
above
known
space,
melting point
dull.
volume
melting
But
before
was
side, but
does
within
good
other
in
side
once.
thought
generally
the
being equal
He
two
Its
low
charged
side.
other
other
at
and
these
and
the
on
melter
below
cupola
inches
the
or
successfully.
the
properly.
or
and
the
across
gives
iron
other
cupola
lining burns
space
above
hardened
at
melts
iron
extent
burned,
out,
it out.
cupola
zone
which
at
limited
in
the
dropped
6o-inch
burn
melting
or
be
the
cupola
not
one
the
and
burn
to
and
the
on
on
up
side
cupola
not
ofif
Never
for
and
run
that
THE
Iron
the
should
wood
heat
lighting up,
up
fuel
burned
reason
it burn
charged,
be
of
on
it is
side
better
bottom
up
cupola,
one
one
had
and
the
wasting
on
burned
was
up
before
is burned
place
to
green
is burned
wood
wood
how
or
the
and
up
the
on
may
on
wood
only
heat
bed
ofif,for the
make
heat
'the
the
see
hard
up
bottom
drop
half
arranging
the
the
burns
to
was
burns
is put
large cupola
heat
cannot
reason,
bed
blast
the
once
before
before
charged
melter
same
cupola,
the
after
is
much
too
lighting up.
When
a
iron
the
and
For
burned
'J'J
to
the
ing.
in melt-
soft, combustible
fuel
both
point
low
fuel
melting point,
fuels.
must
be
discovered.
78
and
only
the
sufficient
the
of
top
bed
anthracite
hard
coal
in the
top
of
bed
the
inches.
coke
But
these
and
the
rule
and
the
charged
down
the
the
the
latter
end
edge
the
of
When
melting
bed
does
charge
dull
If
in
should
proper
be
results
if the
bed, it should
charge, the
the
of
of
bed
the
bed
bed
the
is too
placed only
half
hot
and
it should
The
is dull.
melting
up
fast, but
the
latter
the
part
the
proper
heavy
for
the
bed, and
latter
the
of
is also
height
is
the
on
way
and
bed
at
fuel should
of
the
up
is
hotter
to
down
but
done
being
quantity
fuel
melting point
grow
the
is
comes
the
when
this
be
must
care
point.
with
on
until
then
the
charge
be
top
is
melting
ing
melt-
the
quick
not
high
the
and
down
does
and
zone
the
on
charge
height;
and
faster
is too
of
in
very
melts
bed
the
at
time
melts
but
edge
upper
the
to
long
iron
charge,
comes
quantity of iron
bed
raised
iron
dull
is
the
or
iron
the
charge
the
the
iron
by comparison
cupolas
melting
best
being wasted,
the
charge
noting
the
and
top
melt
the
on
if the
taken
zone
then
place
If
melting
the
not
the
of
25
blast
of
according
is hot, the
the
upon
to
bring
to
the
part
the
first
in
iron
on,
and
are
as
slow
of
increased
point.
so
comes
the
of
time
and
If the
is put
melted
being
reduced
if it
or
lower
to
the
the
get
is put
blast
charge
melting begins.
dull,
be
is
bed
it.
the
of
Fuel
be
when
to
hard
20
So
good.
learned
upon
melting
end
iron
zone.
the
after
latter
should
be
must
with
volume
of
the
above
coke
the
fuel is
quantity
out;
soft
by
hold
always
not
with
is varied
melting point
slowly during
and
do
cupola
iron
coming
the
and
bring
to
the
14 inches
bed
is burned
wood
inches,
18
When
sufficient
the
of
top
the
use
bed
cupola.
find
To
is to
melting point
rules
in each
point
from
the
rule
when
tuyeres
in the
placed
melting point.
the
bring
fuel
of
the
to
up
to
FURNACE.
quantity
coal, the
Connellsville
at
CUPOLA
THE
the
the
bed
the
melting
weight
is too
done
charges
is
of
light.
of
found
iron
to
indicates
iron
When
on
the
in various
be
light,the
that
bed
raising
gradually by increasing
sized
or
it is
may
or
bed
at
be
creased,
in-
lowering
decreasing
80
CUPOLA
THE
FURNACE.
CHARGING.
The
old
stocking, loading
place
to
the
in the
This
The
fuel
fills
great deal
to
and
layer
a
of
layer
the
the
iron
and
This
when
charge
point.
In
melting
the
charge
and
melting
of
melted
fuel
settles
places
the
ready
to
top
melt
iron
is
this
top
top
of
the
with
the
the
bed
next
is
in
the
and
of
iron
until
iron
melting
to
of
obtain
that
of
the
in
the
the
cupola,
best
results
less.
melting
of
fuel
the
top
The
been
bed
and
melting
zone,
with
each
This
heat.
and
fuel
just
the
on
so
is about
zone.
has
with
iron, and
throughout
iron
from
melting
it unites
top
amount
down
iron
of
the
at
charge
of
the
of
charge
again
settles
the
at
certain
as
the
is also
fuel
melting
when
bed
by
extending
cupola
than
is
in this way
entire
of
it
is known
body
fuel
separated by
is
charged
the
a
bed
the
the
fuel
of
below
cupola
way
on
iron
of
bottom
theory
followed
this
put in the
iron
cupola,
the
of
the
to
zone
of
charge
is lost, and
and
of
cupola
in
in the
iron, and
charge
or
above
layer
placed
is
the
be
melted
iron
and
is to
layer
consumption
the
of fuel and
must
200
proportion.
melting capacity
and
the
on
the
charged
of
cupola
melting point
charge
that
be
from
to
50
with
the
cupola
fuel
filled
stocking
of
succeeding
correct
from
to
500
then
cupola,
be
in
each
of
The
first
of
to
50
charge
or
the
to
mixed,
is consumed
is
fill it above
to
iron
of
cupola
from
and
the
Each
When
surface
The
of
reduced
way
down
are
the
the
the
stocking
cupola.
greater
iron
all
mixes
surface
layer
is utilized.
one-half
in
should
iron, and
of
melting
surface
into
placed
put
localities
some
cupola
are
charges.
or
the
comes
the
over
layers
fuel.
charging
of
way
charge
or
in
of
to
that
melting
from
separated
iron
size
down
space
modern
in
and
the
cupola
come
the
of
iron
in
are
until
on
so
bed
or
fuel
of
stocking
they
and
fuel
fuel
vogue
cupola.
of
way
cupola
of
iron, and
of
placed
quantity
shovels
four
pounds
fuel
iron, according
of
to
one
the
this
On
still in
way
putting
or
sufficient
tuyeres.
pounds
the
and
way
the
from
is
practice
a
cupola.
CUPOLA
let
The
theory.
point
bottom
the
If the
point.
the
dull
all
iron
are
When
and
the
the
end
iron
is
of
either
but
rule
no
of
their
cupolas
height
same
than
made
the
bed
will melt
The
weight
from
of the
and
four
coal
one
bed.
and
of
the
holds
good
of
first
heavier
one-half
times
the
to
is
light
too
When
iron
first
of
but
fuel
of
four
is
iron
charge
than
charge
coke
and
ally
gener-
full
the
charge
the
all
bed
the
iron
of
the
such
the
and
of
rule
tuyeres
at
the
required for
settling
in
is
generally
subsequent
varies
weight
weight
of
cupolas.
always placed
charge
one-half
slowly
iron.
in
correct,
are
the
first
with
of
realized.
weight
heavier
the
of
comes
stoppage
heat, and
the
amount
one-half
first of
charges
are
same
a
iron
dull
fuel
of
the
be
to
fuel, and
of
to
anthracite
varids
weight
charges
half to
one-
with
charge
the
bed
the
it
comes
light the
cupolas
the
one-third
from
and
these
of
melting
melts
too
approximately
about
other
charges.
is
and
The
bed.
that
iron
it
one
weight
that
the
of
some
sizes
dififerent
the
coke
raise
continuous
to
is dull
cannot
proportion
or
is
result
both
cupola
of
to
the
at
there
charges
the
are
making
for
coal
anthracite
long
the
heavy
ing
melt-
the
the
the
heavy
slowly throughout
definite
any
is
the
progresses.
too
When
the
of
When
hot, but
are
exact
melted, when
heat.
heat
iron
hot
and
charge, changing
heat
fuel and
of
Manufacturers
for
the
iron
of
melting capacity
There
as
melting.
hot
comes
each
if the
and
charges
charges
of
the
heavy
too
been
comes
of fuel
charges
in
the
and
iron
first
amount
to
zone
charge
the
of
in the
required
made
have
the
The
amount
are
upon
be
must
zone.
melting
of the
end
melting
unevenly,
hardened
the
to
the
at
slow
very
two
iron
of
light the
too
melting
but
exact
the
bed
melting,
settlingfrom
the
charges
few
while
be
of
the
heat
the
and
cupola
upon
melting
must
charges
through
placed
of
the
bottom
until
charge
charging
of
comes
in
iron
charge
from
of
theory
charge through
the
the
to
fuel in each
bed
of
amount
iron
of
amount
the
practical working
in each
and
charge
in
the
consider
us
the
described
having
Now,
MANAGEMENT.
of
from
of
the
one-half
the
first
times
82
THE
wide
These
the
variations
proportion
in
iron
variation
estimating
the
for
bed
is also
due
the
weight
of
the
bed, the
the
should
experiments
largest amount
that
There
is
iron
or
should
amount
of
first
charge
and
iron
to
give
run
of
coke
they
vary
should
iron
and
produce
good
way
pounds
from
the
in
judgment
poor
14
to
cases
be
to
of
hot
per
cent,
the
to
fuel
and
heavy
iron
for
the
iron
to
the
as
all
In
the
of
the
pound
heat,
iron
pound
fuel
this
is
of
fuel
can
be
of
due
are
to
cases
the
of
coal
With
fuel
cases
for
or
fuel
the
other
charge
work,
both
coal.
to
in many
cupola.
bed
of
the
to
iron
of
the
fuel
practice, the
of
iron
of
of
anthracite
of
the
safety, and
of
In
pound
cent,
per
as
of
heat.
charges
pounds
of
the
working
good
iron
15
quality
the
to
in the
made
the
through
learn
make
to
or
careful
charges
parts
special work
of
charge.
charges
in different
in
weight
to
weight
the
of
of
greater
and
with
the
of
the
to
the
to
first
in the
to
amount
The
be.
bed
of
judgment
melting,
the
charge
high tuyeres.
cupola
weight
weight
iron
of
in
on
the
some
variations
These
in many
of
charges
6 to
from
for
temperature
the
of
coke.
iron
even
an
weight
varies
hotter
large
bad
should
placed
frequently changed
is
the
largely due
very
every
proportion
iron, and
of
are
to
be
with
making
for
definite
any
will
be
first
proportion
it will melt
always
rule
no
in
the
the
cases
charge
made
iron
of
with
many
first
bed
cupola
average
be
the
of
of
and
charge
the
weight
tuyeres
in
first
better
of
in
the
weight
the
weight
height
required
But
the
to
FURNACE.
in
in the
difference
fuel
CUPOLA
charge
will melt
the
only
be
can
obtained.
PLACING
The
charging
so
the
cupola
pig
or
the
bed
pieces
the
the
is very
high
placed
and
how
see
upon
iron
when
the
iron, and
can
other
is made
bed
melter
is
scrap
of
top
placed
the
in.
in the
level
as
smoke
place
to
bed
up
The
cupola
of
to
all have
the
the
fuel and
pig
should
the
before
disappeared
charges.
When
the
plate
other
light
stove
prevent
with
it
as
must
hundred
few
breaking
thrown
CHARGES.
THE
the
or
heavy pieces
settling down
be
end
broken
toward
into
the
of
into
short
lining.
The
pieces
each
is
charge
cupola
and
fill up
with
charged
when
in with
go
The
placed
level
the
the
charge
fuel
of
iron
and
and
is distributed
each
evenly
iron, and
the
second
charge
of
iron
is put
first,and
the
second
charge
of
fuel
the
so
until
on
the
is then
When
opened
and
be
melted
is
on
the
is
cupola
charges
of
door
charging
fuel
burning
the
iron
charged,
and
it
At
the
to
this
stage
heat
is
fuel
of
waste
the
heat, and
in
the
When
so
be
intense
thrown
door
on
is
iron
light
door
charging
that
the
of
the
shovel.
men
that
is
be
or
the
door,
the
of
pieces
or
that
low
in the
is in
at
this
melted
on
the
the
limited
the
the
in
charged.
and
cupola
tion
condi-
bad
only
is
fuel
already
quantity
of
it.
is
opening
it, and
the
scrap
iron
must
of
the
into
the
alongside
around
the
of
stage
the
by standing
throwing
been
at
heat
near
iron
It
iron.
has
very
cupola
but
go
going
is finished
sometimes
more
the
cannot
and
melt
opened
is
to
place
to
sufficient
is
so
cupola
and
scrap,
distance
heat
is
can
iron
charging
melted
is not
stock
it into
door
prevent
charging
all
iron
to
the
all the
sparks
on.
goes
scafifold.
more
the
charging
only
in from
out
that
charge
to
the
ing
Charg-
blast
difificult
prevent
there
the
at
When
nearly
or
work,
heat
intense
cupola
the
cupola
the
of
resuming
for
the
off
so
to
is discovered
pour
the
upon
all
is
flame
closed
thrown
being
When
cupola
is
hot
properly.
first,and
door.
to
of
the
as
charging
door
and
same
the
until
charging
men
charge
settle, and
the
the
for
iron
and
the
the
until
While
cupola.
making
it hot
fuel
the
gates
riddlings
the
as
before
as
the
or
over
in
to
to
generally
of
charging
begins
used
charge.
same
closed
stock
filled to
kept
and
makes
which
in
placed
door
the
continued
charging
igniting
gas
the
the
melting begins
is
the
and
stopped
filled to
is
cupola
is
scrap
to
as
gates
are
top
on
gangway
shovels
few
The
scrap
so
stack, and
and
pig
Old
charge.
the
top.
on
the
of
top
together
up
be
can
heavy,
few
it
on
when
barrel
gates,
its escape
as
the
up
pig
Rattle
light.
level
close
placed
are
prevent
as
are
and
iron
and
made
scrap
holes
other
or
heat
all the
utilize
to
pig
of
83
MANAGEMENT.
CUPOLA
84
melting
Poor
should
falls
it falls
in
cupola,
and
the
and
side
way
one-half
of
the
box,
or
evenly
over
iron
shovel
be
done
This
way
the
be
never
in with
thrown
it is desired
generally
flux.
the
of
of
flux
iron
has
when
heat
with
melted
the
around
iron
to
and
admit
the
slag
to
is
cleanse
the
of
in
have
of sand
the
it is
the
in
impurities,but
slag being
not
drawn
from
if the
quantity
propensity
charged,
flux
large
and
If the
melted.
of
except
required
of
cent,
per
been
milled
and
flux
is used
only
in small
ties
quanti-
are
on.
charged
ton
charge
cupola
The
iron
iron
or
without
iron
of
tributed.
dis-
iron,
of
required
amount
dirty scrap
of
iron, and
the
near
slag through
of
it of
charged
heat.
of
iron, the
to
is
the
of
ton
cupola,
charge
not
or
evenly
slag-producing
the
to
pounds
outside
the
is
the
the
in
it
through
and
charge
every
where
gates that
to
10
large body
of
iron
and
charged
sometimes
a
spread
fuel with
each
heat
condition
is all clean
desired
brittle
from
of
the
heavy coating
If it is not
a
the
and
iron
on
the
on
upon
pounds
is sprues
in
used
and
100
melted
be
to
make
put
been
used
to
30
is less than
the
is
required depends
is from
cupola properly
the
put
of
charges,
two
or
one
material
the
from
be
cannot
hands,
of
top
on
one-sixth
about
amount
proper
and
cupola
be
can
FLUX.
cupola
that, flux
After
last
the
is sometimes
flux
The
but
cupola
only
to
the
in
charged
is
the
charge
To
iron.
of
iron, and
into
place
one
and
of
emptied
CHARGING
flux
fuel
one
on
is about
charging
of
the
of
fuel
the
where
fork.
or
When
with
melting capacity
charge
all be
must
cannot
side
other
it all
for
generally lays
the
to
fuel
or
barrow,
iron
rolls
mixing
of
from
fuel
it all falls in
for
the
The
other.
should
Fuel
basket
the
on
old
to
realized.
the
iron
the
equal
about
the
Iron
charging.
cupola
cupola.
melting
good
bad
to
into
the
of
pile,and
due
dumped
side
one
on
be
may
be
never
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
sufficient
which
not
the
to
in
is
quantity
filter the
sufficient
cupola.
This
placed
Flux
lining.
to
to
is
duce
pro-
molten
quantity
way
of
works
fluxing
overheated
when
the
slag
the
boiling
hole
be
bottom
fills the
drawn
the
be
to
tuyeres,
the
from
has
generally
long heat
impurities, becomes
and
cupola
cannot
in
of
amount
the
in
slag
the
and
large
up
heat, but
short
boils
and
and
in
absorbs
sometimes
slag
well
very
85
MANAGEMENT.
CUPOLA
cupola
at
dropped.
BLAST.
the
Before
closed
to
luted
and
the
of
way
the
on
blast
the
from
only
begining
melting
good
way
the
remedy
blast
evil
the
blast
dust
to
the
bursts
into
stock
is
kept
height
good
chargers
to
cause
any
dropped,
to
prevent
where
The
more
one
or
gas
it is liable
than
the
of
from
the
to
explode
we
care
to
blast
of
tuyere
the
of
the
here
the
this
are
into
to
give
to
volume
colored
If
still lower.
in
door
they
the
are
cupola
is
bottom
once
the
of
the
at
cupola
aim
until
before
ofif from
doors
for
by
of
settles, changing
point
heat
it is the
is shut
rush
by
bluish
stock
destroy the
blast
door
charging
the
vary
melting.
sinks
cupola passing
and
same
properly,
never
indicated
stock
the
the
work
but
follows
as
abandoned
given
not
ignite,and
up
end
more
the
not
the
the
full consideration
space
with
When
at
or
the
as
stock
the
keep
flame
does
gas
through charging.
for
flame
level
up
the
bluish
old
in the
charging
Then
stack.
hot
yellowish
the
at
The
cupola charged
does
it is
the
is the
improve
to
ing.
escapand
ing
decreas-
or
heat.
charges,
on,
and
the
up
put
time
This
the
cupola
heat
is first
tap hole
passing
which
gas
of
in
the
start.
is
ing
dur-
to
once,
been
has
of
done
at
tightly
is not
increasing
cupola
end
If the
parts
blast
the
from
be
can
by changing
in different
When
the
to
described.
before
manner
the
and
blast
time
the
heat
the
of
speed
from
and
light
the
the blast
full
cupola
blast
stages
the
to
up
all
from
and
out
of
any
examined
be
the
of
escape
are
doors
tuyere
blown
not
practical foundrymen,
by
of
should
given
different
at
the
speeded
blast
of
putting
it
of
is
the
on
prevent
they
blower
full volume
put
luting has
the
The
is
to
heat, and
that
see
blast
opened
blast
pipe,
pipe.
cupola
it and
would
would
take
lead
up
our
86
THE
readers
far
too
therefore
the
from
leave
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
subject
working
of
cupola.
under
another
We
shall
heading.
MELTING.
the
and
exact
molten
iron
three
hours
high,
iron
the
after
is put
the
blast
burned
the
high
not
doing
the
fire
the
blast
its work
We
is put
early
wasted
when
the
off,
for
to
claim
the
the
on
blast
in both
three
to
has
very
the
case
the
this
charge
of
the
is
iron
hole
tap
bed
is either
the
the
iron
off
from
light
the
and
first
charge
iron
is
charging
for
fuel
bed
is
soon
the
door
heat
ready
of
to
iron.
melt
blast
that
draft
is
iron
is
with
is
fuel
rises
from
except
shut
in the
blast
the
to
the
and
and
iron,
of
fuel
in
it is utilized
blast
comes
the
be
and
that
iron
is on,
supplied
cumbustion
and
charged.
charged
the
only
charge
to
slide
the
When
is
cannot
no
air
as
before
are
iron
prefer
we
there
hours
power
the
as
and
When
the
and
before
by lighting
three
or
fuel
claim
cupola,
is wasted
two
blast, and
charging
the
molten
when
the
heating
fuel
it is generally
; and
begin
the
strong
filled
in
melting point,
is on,
before
cupola
is very
high.
too
the
at
ways,
pipe.
bed
5 to
surplus
appear
as
the
the
blast
the
does
iron
hours
off
shutting
shut
minutes
the
is not
any
that
others
through
draft
or
too
in from
before
time
cupola
the
will
blast
the
the
to
while
iron
to
to
two
six
and
hour
been
not
charging
on,
cupola
an
after
Some
two
down
If iron
on.
is sometimes
as
pipe
hour
as
melted
from
melting
differ
by putting
iron
when
bed
when
of
efficiently.
and
is put
have
come
fire has
Foundrymen
blast
it to
minutes
the
or
melts
on,
is not
to
tap hole
if the
iron
tap hole.
20
or
is filled
bed
charged
the
at
charged
three
is
high,
uncertain
an
iron
is put
appearance
is
the
in from
appears
cupola
permits
half
15
too
the
and
at
appears
the
iron
is too
from
the
iron
and
on,
blast
by the
the
goes
When
bed
it is very
When
tap hole
the
the
after
soon
is indicated
blast
on.
after
time
the
from
is
cupola
tap hole.
immediately
up
within
of
before
the
and
length
flows
on,
When
at
minutes,
20
in
begins
Melting
is put
down
on,
in
1
THE
55
the
as
the
is set,
bod
should
other
it too
in the
high
is
cupola,
melted
or
When
round,
the
to
is all
into
gangs,
the
iron
the
of the
iron
at
the
If it has
melt
not
been
the
next
latter end
charge.
very
latter
is
of
slowly
at
the
at
done
take
and
between
there
is
catches
the
and
poured,
away
melter
the
how
indicates
cupola
the
heat, except
the
will
stream
the
melts
iron
charges
and
beginning
latter end
of
and
iron
of
the
hot
of fuel
are
iron
too
be
and
When
dull
as
heavy
at
the
too
are
of each
heat.
grows
throughout
charges
charges
of
will
get smaller
of the
end
slowly
charge
the
if the
to
divided
throughout
the
the
be
properly charged
every
When
end, and
dull
tap hole
temperature
even
If the
flow
When
an
it is not
iron.
fast toward
progresses.
of
be
spout.
it is sometimes
the
when
so
the
gang
cold
so
hand-ladle
should
is not
If
cupola
this purpose.
men
as
work.
cupola, but
each
get
can
temperature
is used
fuel
the
from
long heat,
the
iron
iron
of
hot
making
quantity and
melts
the
If this
it
is not
at
in
before
not
for
the
men
melted.
as
in the
hand-ladles
with
men
slowly
melts
large cupola
of
fast
as
the
to
in
as
stop in the
gang
iron
iron
for
heat
dull
collect
chill the
very
the iron
in and
in
and
ladles
much
the
small
the
cupola
too
is very
pouring
never
ladle
large-ladlefrom
remove
men,
flow
give
to
of
melting.
in
iron
in
cupola
cupola
ing
melt-
dull.
in
in
from
should
we
only enough
fast
as
is blamed
in
foundry
poured
with
they
even
handled
stop
large number
is
be
to
stop
to
necessary
The
it
or
cupola
necessary
that
drawn
hot
or
by melting
and
iron
as
be
can
hardened
it slow
plate
cupola by
it
foundry
of
stove
run
molten
kept
kind
in
and
should
as
to
with
fast, and
and
any
burned
melting
be
can
get enough
to
all
iron
fast
running
except
iron
as
were
full
it
for
and
is not
and
for
enough
gained by holding
it hot,
keep
cupola
it is burned
cupola
hot
bod
the
through
melted
fluid
and
fast, but
and
Nothing
we
be
lightcasi;ings.Iron
it hot
tap hole
new
from
hot
if it is not
should
drawn
be
never
work
cutting
Iron
bar.
tap
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
beginning
heavy
the
and
fast
charge
are
charge.
also
is
too
If the
heavy
cupola
CUPOLA
melts
unevenly
the
it is not
should
charging
of
beginning
the
to
being
be
is
bright
end
The
cupola.
and
make
the
cupola,
front
blast
fuel
with
to
bar
let the
blast
the
the
at
blast
at
the
stock
and
the
of
into
the
end
of
of
the
out
heat
the
in
the
natural
passages
are
closed
up.
working
to
slag
have
tuyeres
The
only
cinder
as
into
escape
to
or
run
the
time
slag
door
should
away
with
has
bar
to
in
same
to
poke
front
get
into
fuel
of
for
in
the
The
when
as
the
tuyere
each
of
tuyere
which
less
made
and
opened
should
be
iron
opened
the
this
and
iron
the
off
only
is
cupola
than
entered
the
of
into
into
cinder
the
the
after
before.
when
is
The
blast
the
it in such
or
stock
the
bar
tuyere.
slag
running
of
most
for
way
with
stock.
bored
hole
no
enters
up
opening
this
at
the
into
entering
for
in front
into
poked
well
poked
formed
or
molten
prevent
blast
close
only
are
made
there
and
tuyeres
is
settle
cinder
not
forming
has
and
stock,
it
be
may
opening
from
be
the
often
If the
blast
new
of
and
prevent
top.
lodged
then
a
but
the
tuyere
stream
cupola,
poked
been
in
fuel
black.
and
the
to
the
open
around
bar
cinder
or
fuel
to
pieces
cold
necessary
cold
long
The
remain
just
air
no
tuyere
openings
cupola
presents
remove
the
not
opening
an
each
of
the
by
cupola.
the
at
is
the
tuyeres,
But
tough
it
away
bottom
the
stage
break
or
Toward
chill
and
hot,
was
not
becomes
the
into
passes
from
tuyere
tuyere
admitting
does
on
each
of
the
between
way
fuel
evenly
blackened
and
and
up
these
the
after
blast, therefore,
the
its
in front
and
passing in,
in front
and
tuyeres,
of
passage
works
but
the
of
soon
large opening
fuel
chilled
first put
when
blast
the
closed
being
of
appearance
mode
TUYERES.
on,
blast
melt
it does
the
and
heat.
THE
it is
cold
of
until
the
of
is first put
hot, but
and
volume
large
the
blast
the
properly worked,
changed
POKING
When
89
MANAGEMENT.
way
tuyere
broken
tuyere.
THE
90
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
FUEL.
Theoretically
coal, and
anthracite
of
ville coke.
in
the
to
melt
to
iron
is
the
this
and
the
of
fuel when
charging,
or
to
in
melter
generally
next
put
will
heat
to
the
the
on
misled
only
pounds
of
accurate
We
pounds
to
the
cupola
the
found
per
of
he
pound
in every
cent,
of
the
of
met
iron
to
iron
of
core
he
to
one
and
foundry
to
the
the
it
cause
does
comes
come
of
they
of
iron
hot
the
are
not
often
melting
are
fuel
how
is to
melted
many
have
and
delivered
that
amount
fuel
are
exactly
and
bought
of
heat, but
than
are
The
shovelfuls
know
amount
men
foundrymen
fuel
before
uneven.
any
every
pound
it any
pound
with
was
that
fuel.
get
suppose
can
fuel
or
extra
much
three
two
iron
way
of
few
pare
com-
for
have
may
an
the
been
ovens.
fuel ; and
to
size
in the
but
too
extra
if the
this
foundryman
melted
found
the
for
put in
from
few
pound
from
or
iron
put in
In
the
of
amount
iron
in
are
melting
kept
recently
compare
the
is
in stoves
consumed
melting.
melted
burned
and
if the
foundryman
deducting
after
iron
of
good
are
to
when
time
report
to
melter
been
it hot, and
iron
he
fuel
Connells-
of
full heat
iron
of
charges
blamed
cupola
the
has
same
report.
account
cupola,
the
cupola
iron
it with
bed
shovelfuls
the
to
circumstances,
the
for
the
up
at
way
in
done
pounds
generally put
of
iron
or
more
pounds
considered
favorable
extra
pounds
The
be
office
little
Six
of
pounds
can
the
make
the
by
more
14
fuel
he
heat
next
work.
Connells-
of
foundry
a
pound
amount.
level
shoveling
the
foundry
necessary
shovelfuls
dull, and
it takes
fewer
above
It is sometimes
is
and
under
foundries
of
than
fuel
of
than
cupola
majority
and
the
in
by practical foundrymen
little better
of
coal
for
with
pound
is done
foreman,
cupola
anthracite
ville coke
A
in
melted
are
with
pounds
melting
the
of
iron
of
15
this
But
mind
of
pounds
ten
the
who
of
fuel, but
fuel
bought
only melting
the
about
is claimed
There
is
he
thought
about
same
to
be
when
and
melting
was
he
came
to
delivered
for
pounds
iron
would
results
melting
of
very
be
large
CUPOLA
few
cents'
work
of
worth
by using
cupola
too
is not
melted
is
the
to
make
required
melted
using,
little fuel
in
If the
his
it
his
iron
he
better
that
they
cupola
melts
to
off
how
an
than
the
pound
melt
the
stream
a
his
and
it
or
to
pound
of
foundryman
hot
the
amount
of
stated, iron
cannot
of
either
their
melt
to
of
the
either
too
his
neighbor
much
too
iron
size
be
or
too
as
hot
they
much
are
too
or
of
iron
except
of
get smaller.
his
from
the
cupola
blast,
iron
nor
size
even
the
If the
with
too
end
of
melter
an
or
the
to
only
make
If it is
given
cupola
fuel, is the
he
cause
will
out
through-
this
run
too
ence
differ-
cannot
parent
ap-
the
on
any
has.
get
story
cases
melted
blast, then
even
much
of
of
blast."
enough
temperature
a
to
founder
old, old
heat, the
and
guide
little,and
not
of
long
melting
majority
the
how
the
as
the
too
cupola
size
pounds
many
haven't
being
the
better
faster
It does
zone.
toward
do
the
in
throughout
an
soon
than
little blast
blast
of
stream
heat
melting
how
the
As
We
blast
and
how
will hear
"
is due
hour,
him
and
he
much
cupola
or
fuel.
cupola,
per
will get
asks
neighbor
is
melt
heat, he
of
blast
of
he
does
what
kind
is at
of
the
of
fault,
the
even
un-
melting.
We
have
fluid
cupola
in
and
using
foreman
too
the
much
neither
and
of
may
stream
with
the
iron
an
not
if he
his
have
volume
even
run
by
in the
edge
in
are
to
deficiency
upper
is
only
melted
tons
from
cupolas
fuel
have
many
melter
much
with
What
before
cupola
will ask
imitate
to
both
More
be
how
results
from
As
can
him
undertakes
melted
tap hole
it.
fuel
melting
of
casting, regardless
in
foundryman
it take
run
much
too
fun
be
can
nothing gained
melting.
cupola,
does
the
for
castings.
the
at
foundrymen
know
to
make
sound
fast
iron
of
produce
and
as
cupola
to
to
hot
fast
in
for
is
worth
little fuel.
too
as
dollar's
losing a
there
fuel,
of
well
as
cupola
iron
and
iron, and
quantity
cupola
dull
by
melted
from
enough
in the
pounds
many
fuel, but
fuel
great
dull
how
wants
floor
makes
Iron
learn
the
on
fuel
of
MANAGEMENT.
watched
the
charging
of
cupolas
in
great
many
THE
92
and
stove
machinery
in
in
because
a
hot
and
cupola
liave
must
iron
to
iron
even
too
his
in
iron
in
rotating
end
is drawn
bod
and
down
in
be
the
opened
with
each
for
the
small
or
and
small
that
made
or
when
the
are
then
be
made
pointed
of
point
slightly curved
at
but
is very
rapidly
are
when
with
after
generally
molten
made
round
to
suit
all
are
of
point
iron
at
few
the
the
made
times.
forge.
for
They
hole
can
dressed
are
point
square,
so
be
to
tap
given
are
leaves
been
sizes,
the
that
square
large
straight except
bars
heat, and
and
slag
any
long spout.
The
taps have
few
made
spout.
rotated
two
or
and
different
point, so
work
of
the
each
keep
the
the
of
are
side
size
same
iron.
sized
bars
the
fancy.
may
difificult to
The
near
before
forge
be
from
with
line
melter
round
contact
they
the
the
very
become
is done
bars
may
filled.
the
is provided
one
hole
only
provided
the
size, except
by
is
it cannot
are
all of
made
one
bars
are
different
for
hole
hand
six
the
away
are
that
for
other
bar
than
clearing the
it
used, the
be
tapping
into
carried
This
more
same
for
The
sledging
for
bars
handle
cutting
for
inch
hand
as
tightly closed
to
to
The
serve
seldom
the
of
small
to
in
the
use
from
end.
ladles
provided
are
or
ladle
of
founder
stove
tapping.
one
so
the
is melted
ladles
bod
in
iron
large
be
to
bars
at
three
when
are
of
when
The
bar, and
all made
may
the
bar
becomes
From
and
are
that
When
the
hand
the
which
ones
dirt
tap hole
cupola,
tap bars
end
one
tap hole.
cupola.
working
cannot
long.
feet
lO
case
at
iron
the
making
for
ring
to
round
to
withdrawing
straight with
used
oval
an
and
he
or
simply
BARS.
of
from
are
with
made
are
made
are
and
the
is
is
work.
bars
diameter,
bad
sumed
con-
than
This
with
fuel, and
of
is
foundry
foundry.
worked
cupola properly
fuel
more
machine
produced
TAPPING
Tapping
rule
stove
quantity
as
be
cannot
great
the
pour
and
iron
hot
making
FURNACE.
foundries,
dull
making
consumed
CUPOLA
and
shape
any
cuts
away
nice, clean
hole,
they generally
and
they
For
this
come
reason
CUPOLA
Some
which
they
never
the
getting
into
part
it
the
and
points
rack
should
in which
There
than
to
heat
is
post
from
the
kinds
wood
inches
and
as
stopping in,
until
it sets
heat
small
larger
The
combination
inch
of
the
of
from
object
heat
of
length
of
be
when
against
up
in
the
They
are
generally
to
number
tap
takes
fire
hole
from
become
soon
for
of
When
in the
ofT;
made
other.
they
this
and
necessary
stick.
iron
i
bod
sawed
cupola;
from
the
some
than
to
the
inches
is to
spout
every
rod
is
end
rod
to
3 feet
of
the
time
made
for
the
prevent
the
to
An
of
long
rod
diameter,
diameter
same
long.
feet
to
stick, and
rod
the
the
is of
and
On
the
the
of
the
diameter
to
of
stick.
I
stick
from
end
one
to
use.
foundry
equal
an
account
to
reason
sometimes
in diameter.
stick, and
on
about
stick
longer
long.
feet
against
have
and
for
and
round,
or
this
them
wood
and
the
an
hole,
tap
floor
stopping
for
10
one
the
set
or
fallingdown.
and
On
made
always
are
to
hole, and
ends
about
combination
is held
spout.
the
used
prefer
stick
the
of
are
wood
soft
in the
near
they
the
STICKS.
the
dangerous
to
vent
pre-
bars, and
wanted
time
BOD
the
until
bad
just as
and
straightening
of
around
lying
from
some
and
octagonal
are
and
hard
wood,
the
end
on
all the
are
and
diameter
each
bars
stick
sticks
both
the
bod
stick
bars
for
reach
the
anvil,
an
from
but
remove
tapping,
cupola
easy
to
and
dross
or
within
it is
they
of
the
near
slovenly
and
hammer
point,
tapping,
do
before
spout
A
before
they
flat
sharp
bod
This
cinder
tap
tap
run,
the
ladles.
more
which
The
the
placed
the
place
being
wood
from
provided
nothing
The
hole.
93
bar, with
away
the
breaking
have
Two
the
be
be
to
is
bod
should
block,
steel
cutting
opening
of
greater
of
use
short
for
it for
use
iron
have
melters
MANAGEMENT.
is
iron
round
is
cupola
from
placed
in
the
being
correspond
ring is placed
of
placed
is
wood
iron
carrying
stick
the
as
round
the
stopped in,
to
the
end
button
bod.
burned
The
by
the
and
the
length
of
THE
94
the
The
spout.
button
the
does
ojection
not
button
and
rod
the
heat
it cool,
This
repeated wetting
with
and
fly;
An
in
the
this
for
the
at
even
or
rod
iron
grandfathers
our
sticks
bod
four
on
end
of
the
the
in
and
of
keeping
without
bod
is
is
desired
nice
the
quickly
made
hand
make
made
in
after
for
Some
and
is
edges
come
and
sparkle
stick
sticks,
is also
used
by
used
not
were
Three
melters.
They
reach
easy
stick
the
all
or
placed
are
bars, within
each
time
the
of
metal.
of
the
easily
the
of
time
clean
hole.
Some
bods
in their
native
bar
of
iron
bod
is
and
an
the
the
state, and
clay,
and
be
point
of
the
sands
molding
are
be
is
forced
out
several
used
to
it
be
can
stopped
the
by
holds
and
also
with
is used
hole
bar,
it
as
away
that
is
tap
become
to
cupola
bod
is
not
flies
sand
clean
if the
may
to
friable
excellent
there
have
nice
bod
if
cut
do
bod
does
and
be
the
to
it
permitted
sledge
If
the
sputters
it cannot
and
the
fire
of
well, and
make
with
the
size.
hold
not
away
bar
When
it
and
great deal
rapidly,
that
proper
loams
cut
hard
heavy
the
length
largely
If the
so
has
when
cupola,
hole.
tap
hole
tap
from
composed
the
or
hole.
it does
iron
of
is
the
closing
stopping in,
it bakes
of
MATERIAL.
combination
easily before
any
pressure
the
hole
but
to
up.
cupola.
on
of
of
bar, and
crumbles
iron
with
kept
for
bod
clay,
water
perfectly dry
the
the
fire
of
out
the
they
is
flow
working
of
up
comes
if the
but
tap
used
the
stop
which
of
composed
give
plug
to
the
with
is used
is in blast.
bod
material
stick
and
wood
the
BOD
The
the
and
the
of
alongside
stick, and
them
each
for
the
wood
popular
not
are
cupola
founders
provided
are
rack
most
is that
the
bod
it makes
stopping in,
for
the
out
buttom,
iron
button
foundries
some
dry
as
stick
time
every
the
expense
and
well
as
wet
rusts
molten
combination
bod
will
reason
extra
the
be
must
FURNACE.
to
the
carry
keep
in contact
CUPOLA
well
leaves
make
materials
good
that
96
THE
CUPOLA
TAPPING
When
the
blast
is left open
the
hole.
blast
This
is
bod
each
on
stick
it adhere
the
to
taken
is
be
it too
wet
when
too
the
bod
with
stuff
the
small
shallow
and
it
be
can
is
that
The
and
with
the
ladles
work
is
the
made
the
and
start.
the
at
the
the
handle
but
bod
same
end
it
or
when
molders
go
is
tap
and
kept
time
the
and
that
so
the
hole
of
iron
pointed,
and
and
in
stay
in
dulled
work
is
their
half
around
in
the
to
heat.
the
the
to
warm
If the
remove
dampness
this
point
tap is
bod,
small
of
back
and
or
the
clear
to
regular pouring
the
a
removed
is used
heavy
forward
it into
stream,
be
minutes
by
by placing
it
to
enough
few
small
has
through
with
on
in
first iron
the
the
pressing
bar
hot
and
made
giving
When
hole
and
spout
open
chilled
But
small
distance,
the
hole
comes
tap is made
been
of
hole
soon
is
the
from
closed, unless
small
has
The
the
into
at
tap bar.
flows
hole
the
the
the
back
minutes
large,long
is made
stick
When
large body
of
depend
very
short
well
the
of
few
made
until
hold
tap hole.
of
fly
handful
end
tapping.
in
stopped
with
in
when
away
well
bottom.
against
and
and
that
sand
hole
pressed
is then
light,a
iron
the
melted
tap bar
the
into
must
iron
is made
in for
bod
bod
chills
generally
size
the
the
removed
first iron
hole, which
any
be
the
and
make
to
not
bod
care
small
bod
and
be
to
the
shape
he
the
does
the
on
is used,
broken
cupola,
it may
until
place
stick
has
or
firmly
only stopped
only pressed
in the
collects
so
bod
bod
by taking
it
and
tapped
and
quickly
large
size
is
small
is
time
iron
the
is made
pressing
The
the
hole
the
bod
and
hand.
how
upon
The
but
it will make
or
iron,
The
sand
button,
or
the
places
use.
molding
from
after
sticks, and
instant
stick
when
wet.
bod
for
hot
the
for
and
open,
minutes
20
waiting
than
bod
always
freely and
to
and
ready
the
of
have
to
melter
little wetter
end
not
from
stuff
is
flows
and
in
bod
to
is worked
material
be
the
IN.
tap hole
melts
generally
bars,
tap
STOPPING
the
on
iron
While
his
arranges
the
is
on.
AND
is put
until
FURNACE.
in
not
from
the
bar
rotation
by carrying
circle
and
at
the
MANAGEMENT.
CUPOLA
time
same
the
bar
Httle
the
is
remove
sides
of
When
the
is
stream
close
elevated
at
by
stick
that
seconds
set
not
enter
the
another
bod
great
knack
They
hold
it up,
under
hole
is then
and
the
side
of the
The
applied
sticks
bod
the
stick
over
are
with
the
the
spout
and
movable
melter
impossible
for
the
the
near
which
arm
that
stand
on.
But
He
and
too
can
acquire.
the
the
these
cupola
place
has
cutting
of
to
ofT
plan
is to
short
the
bars
is
the
run
the
placed
is sometimes
bars
or
bod, and
in with
to
up
bod
use
are
slender
the
and
then
push
or
soon,
and
long
place
better
placed alongside
be
can
nervous
tap bars
the
in.
to
long
rest
is
attempt
when
hole,
the
it,and
and
get
bracket
or
tap
to
platform
in
stream,
does
never
for
that
melters
stop in when
cannot
heat
There
time.
cupola stopped
melter
angle
so
the
cool
accurately place
get the
An
stopping
to
the
bod.
to
difificult to
proper
through
used, upon
tapping
the
at
sputters and
few
keep
to
to
stream
frequently made
are
high,
up
stream
iron
It is also
very
bod
the
stream
for
bod
is
the
of
the
stick
they get
the
strike
stick
hole
and
of the
next
hole,
The
stopped
some
stream
and
difificult to
sticks.
placed
aim
it is
it is sometimes
long
the
of
over
the
of
bod
in water
the
the
from
end
the
the
dipped
for
sides
directly
checks
part
with
ready
far
through
their
that
be
too
hole, and
bod
heavy
bod
or
The
is
the
or
movement
and
is
removed
in such
the
spout.
against
stream
hole.
stick
to
hole
in
of
sure
in the
round
spout,
over
forward
held
the
of
the
other
the
the
into
held
placed
the
and
is then
force
fast
the
not
bod
is
from
downward
stick
clean,
spout
and
sharp angle
be
in.
catching
men
around
sticking
shoot
may
tap hole
The
the
and
the
the
bod
smoothly
be
line with
through,
worked
always
bod
forces
the
has
in
is cut
and
may
must
in, the
quick
until
bar
stop
to
a
once.
so
to
that
bod
bod
twice
or
hole
the
burn
about
closed
at
flow
and
spout
the
the
as
once
The
will make
soon
the
of
hole.
will not
As
hole
any
the
position as
the
the
into
run
to
stream
it in.
pressing
97
and
sticks
sticks
when
construct
spout
for
and
sticks,
98
CUPOLA
THE
much
has
and
bars
tap hole
the
obtained
charge
is too
high
much
fuel
of
iron
fuel
If
the
flows
freely
large
melts, crumbles
the
or
poor
hole
tap
melted
kept
the
it is
good
if rammed
hole
cannot
be
opened
tap
bakes
is not
bod
does
the
melter
heat
and
If the
the
and
pitch.
If the
hole
spout
has
or
front
terial
ma-
also
and
material
is
the
If
be
ragged
without
sledge
should
is not
be
good
melt
does
not
heat,
it is the
cupola
every
not
material
soft
material
same
the
of
not
much
it may
and
the
and
hold, the
not
right.
in
put
evenly throughout
hard
too
heat,
force
the
open,
when
bod
the
be
cannot
great
made.
properly
heat
the
of
been
each
the
out,
by
If the
fault
is poor
is melted
changed.
bod
material
cuts
of
iron, the
pitch.
tap hole
charges
end
too
the
the
heavy,
too
with
much
too
not
the
has
with
If too
If the
at
bed
toward
are
tap hole
hole
much
down.
iron
of
results
If the
is dull
and
and
If the
bar, the
has
and
up
the
by
has
If the
hole
tap
gums
inside.
or
long
too
dull.
coming
bottom
tap
in the
charge.
the
sand
the
from
mixed.
is poor
and
the
burned
or
melting
from
or
properly
been
is slow
bottom
the
or
each
of
control, the
to
charges
end
flows
iron
in
slowly
If the
the
at
been
slack
time
melts
iron
has
and
long
large, there
too
If
slag
is too
with
than
melter
the
bed
fast
is
long.
dull
is difficult
and
the
is
comes
charge.
down
is used,
are
If the
labor.
first iron
heat
skill of
the
seen
comes
the
last if the
the
is
his
from
first
the
tap hole
of the
control
better
sticks.
and
At
FURNACE.
cupola.
DUMPING.
As
there
are
The
is
at
be
to
made
blast
is
doors
the
molders
the
iron
no
once
tuyere
from
as
soon
at
cupola
harm.
The
cupola
men
melted
and
iron
poured
blast
in the
in
refuse
to
prevent
pipe,
cupola
the
pig
where
is then
bed.
the
cupola.
blower
the
it
if
preparations
from
the
work,
their
purposes,
stopping
opened
the
other
the
by
off
once
into
for
dumping
shut
first
are
melted
for
pouring
through
are
of
escape
might
the
and
drawn
off
If there
is
gas
much
do
by
a
the
lot of
CUPOLA
small
in the
iron
melt
it to
lot of
pig
dump,
and
drawn
off.
laid
and
with
other
and
doors
of
flame
and
bottom
hot
in
dump
throw
the
the
free
as
of
Small
only
when
away
cool
a
bar
and
short
that
the
the
off
falls.
door
bridge
in time
the
if there
or
get
to
be
pieces
of
will
pig
only
run
for
cupola,
no
refuse
The
aim
and
few
hole
cupolas
bar
pears
disap-
bar
be
and
started
dump
this
for
dump
may
it is started
instant
so
with
used
the
the
hanging
be
for
then
into
not
be
white
men
do
must
the
surface
may
to
guard,
the
of
breaks
hours
thrown
and
how
up
the
refuse
in
from
of
the
break
the
entirelydue
small
in
it may
will
cupola
pieces
the
break
to
at
He
puts
time,
cupola,
few
charging door,
through
refuse
to
the
dumped
heat.
next
small
of
is
is then
that
and
tuyeres,
bridge
melter
for
and
center
is
the
the
the
away
large body
hanging
above
over
below
ready
and
in the
matter
flame
the
that
through it,so
made
are
strike
bridging
and
tuyeres
is not
the
long
of
out.
bottom
sand
refuse
his
large cupola
sheet
from
cupola
frequently
on
greater
more
chill
puts
long
be
must
the
and
But
it to
Small
drops.
and
or
The
is
the
at
settles,revealing the
any
has
shoots
This
any
ten
in at
they
out
melter
bottom
melter
from
flame
the
the
them
on
it is hot.
door
as
with
water
the
When
falls
cupola.
the
removed
drop.
bottom
dust
dislodge
to
sand
the
and
purpose
and
while
lining
after
sheet
tries
and
freely,and
of
heat,
the
tuyeres
fall
buckets
first
bar
feet
iron
hooked
sand
the
under
doors
directions.
the
and
heap
few
deaden
bar
instant
an
all
in
cupola
is
by strikingit
the
drop,
melted
are
with
given
fall with
removed
it falls the
instantly shoots
the
of
bottom
is
if there
the
as
is then
melting
of
but
dump,
soon
pulling
or
instant
refuse
dust
in
top
time
it is let
as
the
prop
large cupola
the
dropped
main
the
at
the
the
of
part
The
melted
been
unmelted
supporting
props
long bar
is
99
not
of
iron
heavy
bottom
away.
bottom,
to
or
has
it out
picking
save
small
The
that
cupola
to
the
MANAGEMENT.
in
the
so
bridge.
cupola
when
mismanagement,
for
be
six
be,
can
run
for
CUPOLA
THE
lOO
without
eight hours
or
FURNACE.
be
and
bridging
clean
dumped
if properly
worked.
the
When
the
under
In
under
the
windlass
with
it is scattered
with
In
foundries
great many
is
plenty
and
of
is wet
down
are
thrown
the
watchman
taken
not
will be
to
to
the
by
on
put
made
cupola
cupola
down
wet
on
that
water,
it the
it falls upon
number
under
from
to
falls,but
the
doors
the
cupola.
run
under
be
to
swing
clear
avoid
heating
required
for
cupola.
For
have
been
dump
to
of
the
reasons
set
under
or
trucks
water
it is left for
be
must
the
the
cupola
dump
car,
and
be
removed
car,
after
are
ploding
ex-
the
cupolas
from
the
car
structed
con-
dump
as
are
it is taken
seldom
and
from
used.
receive
it
for
room
so
structed.
con-
when
considerable
and
dump
been
is sufficient
few
cupola
the
have
receive
there
the
the
of
removing
for
and
unless
cars
it falls
heat.
cars
car
there
as
Care
of
in
But
where
under
danger
ing
lift-
and
pipe
DUMP.
cupola
used
and
it, and
floor
devised
injuring the
handling
made
Iron
must
and
these
THE
dumping,
or
night.
the
or
next
been
the
cannot
they
The
to
have
plans
of
the
will be
there
demned
con-
buckets
few
deaden
to
men
REMOVING
or
men,
by
of
it is let lie
cold
during
much
too
wet
so
when
the
by
worked
the
is small
dump
it when
remove
into
not
In other
slightly cooled.
been
the
where
to
room
has
dump
bar
tially
par-
will
lengths
before
cupola
by running
up
the
after
up
the
been
hook
short
chain
hook
the
or
three
or
under
rake
placed
with
scattering it.
and
hot
when
is
it and
that
heap
very
frame
or
upon
so
long
two
placed
are
is broken
dump
it
foundries
pipe
it
in
removed
is withdrawn
fallen
it up
hook
of
mass
when
up
easily
and
harden
to
water
falls
broken
iron
has
dump
breaking
pipe
the
heavy
it without
slipthrough
hand.
semi-fluid
mass
more
dumping
the
after
cooled
foundries
and
before
cupola
This
or
down
foundries
some
fuel.
if scattered
readily wet
it is
cupola
and
and
cupola,
more
cold.
and
dirt
slag, cinder,
iron,
it is
falls from
dump
hot
is
room
under
the
Iron
crates
the
dump
CUPOLA
and
be
cupola
and
handle
the
dump
picked
the
and
cupola
cold
and
picked
out
and
thrown
in
Anthracite
to
high
heat
other
bottom
wetted.
the
the
cupola
and
chips
is
cupola
over
off
iron
dump
and
dump,
so
it all
;
and
it.
mixed
by picking
it is
and
shovel
all the
it is
separated
in
be
This
short
been
jected
suboven
core
heat
and
when
the
only
the
it that
unless
daubing
to
the
from
in two
the
of
great deal
into
and
only
out
the
of
tuyeres
of
parts
up.
Nothing
cupola
same
but
to
the
iron
is
cover
re-
by picking
color
as
impossible
time
the
the
around
and
the
cover
re-
be
of
pig
pieces
recovered
to
it
pains
tumbling barrels,
all the
into
goes
floor
ways,
it is almost
throw
time
the
As
slag.
the
over
sand
pile and
and
other
to
the
melter
the
and
is often
iron
to
cinder
adhering
in
barrow
wheel-
If
out
of cinder
ring
into
dump.
or
is done
remainder
a
shoveled
it is riddled
it is taken
cheaper
is
furnace.
any
cupola,
are
coke
The
or
iron
of
oven
produces
all removed
with
bar
stove
in
are
preparatory
The
and
and
is removed
the
may
after
sledge
cupola
in the
with
dump
it.
from
milling
if it
refuse
down
up
has
core
or
alone
again
is then
that
remelting.
scafTold
at
over
way
any
with
up
rattle-barrels
the
that
cleaned
the
by
for
burn
is removed
dump
the
as
it
pick
must
if any.
out,
over
of
any
the
other
breaks
and
with
or
worth
it
bulk
The
lining.
done
used
If not,
as
taken
be
is to
to
to
cupola.
dump
large pieces
again put
the
to
to
not
and
picked
taken
pile
doubtful
soon
will
coal
are
the
the
cheap
passed through
has
it is very
large pieces
The
in
taken
be
The
over.
thrown
that
with
mixed
as
is broken
dump
picked
coal
and
furnace,
it is
work
much
under
tried, but
the
under
fast
as
it is from
as
been
and
The
pile to
crate
it in wheelbarrows
remove
devised.
yet been
when
by hand,
over
they get
it is almost
and
have
plans
1 01
but
crane,
the
from
other
of
the
broken,
soon
are
number
be
with
out
swung
MANAGEMENT.
where
that
recovering.
CHIPPING
Before
going
into the
cupola
OUT.
to
chip
it out
the melter
slushes
is
THE
I02
door
buckets
two
or
one
lay the
to
up
the
bridge
As
soon
he
as
gets
down
down
the
shelf
lining over
the
all
the
proper
brick,
the
for
and
daubing,
in
some
should
be
Some
melters
have
they
tuyeres
the
over
rather
tend
fuel
the
for
also
They
as
it settles
small
free
for
humps
hours
form
for
the
lining above
should
these
lining
able
advis-
or
to
well
as
as
the
new
honeycombed
hard
tend
or
an
the
the
hump
build
cinder
cinder
to
cause
base.
tuyere
than
the
it around
follows
The
bridging.
hour,
the
over
while
the
cause
also
They
melting point
removed,
interfere
bridging.
for
from
into
refuse
All
bad
they hang up
humps
in its
the
tuyere.
of
melting
by
will
the
blast.
not
work
work
free
with
the
that
charging
the
it out,
iron
cupola
humps
3 to
keep
the
tuyeres
same
from
to
is chilled
and
humps
lining
These
and
hump
the
on
out
the
at
the
humps
clean.
be
the
to
deep
these
upon
large cupolas
in
trims
down
all soft
projection or
under
nucleus
and
dump
equally
melting
that
into
and
with
removed
the
and
necessary
projections of
the
inches
12
iron
than
and
all
gives
matter
But
let the
hump
lodges
more
heat
they
dead
the
cupola
and
causes
and
becomes
strikes
descent
have
throw
to
the
theory
6 to
and
breaks
removed.
must
tuyeres,
thick
inches
adherent
with
interfere
bridging
the
and
better.
cases
slag and
It is not
be
likely to
are
stands
in, he
work
to
sharp pick
and
up.
cinder
cinder
should
cinder
daubing
all the
off
chip
to
for
takes
cinder
of
it down.
breaks
heavy pick
or
the
always projectsfrom
that
then
He
down
it from
into
sledge
or
sledge
cinder
tuyeres.
shape
with
and
projecting lumps
off
bar
cannot
break
to
down
goes
if he
he
that
it and
slag
of
or
charging
bottom
endeavors
and
bar
heavy
hole
through
goes
that
with
the
badly bridged
so
the
liningfrom
in from
goes
is
long
the
charging door,
and
charging door,
then
cupola
takes
the
from
around
water
He
if the
it he
into
get
of
dust.
can
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
stock
the
with
for
two
melting
form
or
on
other
and
tard
re-
melting.
The
used
are
entirelytoo
light for
the
THE
I04
Some
the
of
and
yellow
make
the
best
and
fire
clay
and
when
wet,
sand
alone
and
that
When
action
evenly
and
falls out
Fire
absorbs
clay
and
tub
be
with
clay
day
as
The
more
mixing
daubing
varies
in
in
cupola.
the
sand
pands
ex-
uneven
an
applied
it is worked
box
for
if
than
is
in
day
applied
or
as
gained by
is made
to
daubing
the
soon
using
sand
is made
lining and
the
mixing
two
sand,
and
The
after
as
be
better, and
mixing
clay
The
with
be
should
hoe
to
the
tub
round
one-fourth
be
filled
heat.
next
sand
of
clay
the
I2
to
be
and
up,
the
in
amount
from
from
large soaking
it should
good strong
results.
and
requires
and
until
the
it
sand.
mixed
and
gives good
be
can
soak
The
nearly dry,
or
it
Nothing
box
long
the
cupola
evenly
qualities of
each
of
clay dry,
be
purpose.
the
to
one-half
make
sufficientlysoft
cupola
left to
good daubing
according
stiff
the
for
make
the
the
after
cannot
shovel, therefore
to
actly
ex-
heated,
when
making
slowly, and
with
near
and
water
sand
provided
in
crack
not
and
heated,
it becomes
mixed
evenly
every
clay and
when
very
before
provided
with
covered
clay
water
soaking
thoroughly
should
the
does
cracks
clay
whatever
they
mixed,
fire-brick
as
Sharp
daubing.
hours'
24
of
fire
rapidly.
extent
any
well
as
the
mixed
not
uncertain
and
heat
of
to
adhesive
substances,
two
adhesive,
shrinks
nor
shall
we
properties
thoroughly
are
plastic and
expands
the
these
of
various
which
dried
adhesive
When
heated.
is very
neither
resists
and
to
when
probably
plastic and
very
when
plasticor
no
soapstone
under
and
composed
known
country,
cracks
and
that
fractory,
re-
with
But
daubing.
clay is
right proportions,
daubing
drying,
Fire
the
of
is
and
mixed
some
sands
the
of
when
or
used
silica
sections
possesses
expands
the
shrinks
but
the
a
of
sand.
designate sharp
excellent
adhesive
very
and
extensively
one
are
alone
soapstone
make
most
dififerent
in
names
mines
clays
daubing
Ground
coal
from
FURNACE,
blue
and
good
refractory sand.
clays
CUPOLA
clay requires
three-fourths,
but
generally
is added
as
made
the
to
thick
to
and
stick.
it makes
better
prepared.
poor,
cheap
daubing,
for
it
CUPOLA
does
not
thick
the
retards
and
taken
time
and
is
and
the
wet
lining
daubing
is then
handfuls
plastered
been
to
in any
and
made
After
is
Daubing
protect
the
the
more
far
never
two
one,
if the
three
or
time
and
lining. Besides,
new
for
good shape
aim
of
the
New
the
from
door
the
cupola
tuyeres, and
about
when
inches
of
the
holes
when
has
with
purposes
the
trowel
aim
last
melters
lining
fuel
enough
month
in
to
the
as
he
bottom
When
and
diameter
at
to
larger
back
tuyeres,
with
the
ble
possi-
can.
plate
boshed.
this
kept
and
best
last
for
pay
one,
poor
up
sumed
con-
long when
as
long
is not
keep
to
gained by doing
lining in
smaller
many
being
just
the
from
being by
making
as
viz., to
"
latter
great
every
it last
cupola
The
amount
over
and
so
lining is sloped
above
than
is
kept
straight
is made
better
on
put the
to
make
and
the
the
when
as
be
made
linings are
charging
boshed
melting
melting
for
only
wasted
lining will
should
melter
shape
dust
in small
stick
two.
by doing
power
hands
and
two
Nothing
is retarded
paired
re-
better.
cracks
cupola,
themselves
years.
the
remove
required
for
it, their
to
they pride
melting
and
in
attention
any
the
of
be
LINING.
the
shape
ing
daub-
possible.
as
lining
to
important
lining,and
for
to
lining and
pay
the
applied
near
purpose
the
the
THE
the
lining to
the
it is smoothed
SHAPING
is
the
stick
lining with
smooth
as
will
other, and
trowel.
to
penetrate
in this manner,
on
brush
wet
or
than
with
thrown
made
box
for
brush
daubing
the
to
wet
is
ing
daub-
for
cupola
the
more
daubing
if the
of
tuyeres
and
wanted
made
parts
a
the
on
be
can
on
that
so
The
the
boxes
with
over
heat.
from
The
cupola.
thrown
this way
in
better
it
small
or
cupola,
when
into
the
over
cupola
distance
some
in buckets
the
the
under
melts
or
the
up
shovel
off
chills
ofif the
run
on
board
to
to
box
first brushed
are
and
on
it is
conveyed
falls
and
down
runs
mixing
When
placed
lining,but
required
are
placed
hand.
at
IO5
melting by bunging
the
from
brick
which
tough slag
and
fuel
the
protect
MANAGEMENT.
to
the
it is
below
diameter
long
slope
I06
THE
of
adhere
inches.
20
or
hard
It furthermore
reduces
the
hollow
the
belly
Above
and
slowly
becomes
the
thin
cinder
made
the
above
than
made
be
it should
lining
should
lower
edge,
under
each
the
tuyere
not
run
will
each
heat
away
to
be
does
the
heat
the
the
lining very
passes
to
be
the
up
No
form
to
expand
the
better
however,
casing.
for
permitted
be
or
and
it is
the
tuyere
than
little further
the
little
away
the
the
of
more
when
of
up
stock
or
at
the
No
in
of
top
and
tuyere
to
stock
sudden
lower
it
edge
lining
offset
of
or
the
for
being
burned
of
the
should
ing
melt-
projections and
sudden
and
it is
extent
edge
upper
the
at
melting
projections
or
fill a
the
at
sufBcient
prevent
the
lining
it is when
out
settlingupon
out
the
between
and
at
lodges
in to
offsets
remain
rapidly.
form
filled
lining
spread
bellied
when
sudden
or
the
fill in
to
perfectly straight,as
it
melts
keep
permitted
not
of
them,
tuyere
side
the
inches
to
into
cut
it
heat, and
falling from
bottom
until
form
to
be
very
over
hump
or
pairing.
re-
one.
every
edge
iron
the
the
should
advisable
make
and
to
zone,
molten
of
or
necessary
It must,
zone.
that
fall clear
cupola
lining
away
plate
of
out
requires
it.
zone
for
so
brick
brick
upper
project
heat
lining just
running
edge
in every
new
permitted
The
it.
to
the
the
at
the
iron
prevent
make
made
tuyere
It is not
new,
to
and
into
melting
to
ing
melt-
that
with
bottom
be
the
repairing
projection
ever
placed right
be
No
cupola by
burns
any
the
to
the
from
should
tuyeres
necessary
close
the
and
lining
to
if
remove.
point at
point
replaced
adhere
tuyeres.
inch
the
over
the
of
or
thought
straight
top
be
off
chipped
this
requires
to
that
slag
this
the
zone
tuyeres, and
of
rapidly
it at
seldom
it has
that
be
lining
melting
and
and
must
tuyeres
in
evenly
so
The
is burned
cinder
is difificult to
Above
very
and
melting capacity
away
the
that
bridge.
to
the
over
each
after
forms
burns
lining
or
brick
ledge
lining just
the
to
FURNACE.
the
the
to
off close
in time
and
out
In
heat
in every
chipped
not
CUPOLA
offset, and
and
hollow
melting
cuts
should
zone
so
away
be
over
CUPOLA
the
bridging
the
of
melting
shape,
that
the
stock
is
given
should
thick, except
to
of fire brick
fill up
make
of
water
combination
When
the
by
intense
heat
before
where
In the
of
cupola
and
it is dried
or
to
into
it loose
was
the
that
cupola
small
and
his
this
object
only
aim
heat
lining every
would
the
make
and
up.
The
thick
all
around
the
heat
dried
and
glazed
dried
was
daubing
through.
converted
into
and
the
the
in
outside
inches
the
cupola,
this
with
was
was
put
no
and
way
in
on
the
for
no
lining,
the
shatters
sectional
at
the
melter
was
the
This
tuyeres,
a
hard
the
escaping
to
water
from
mon
com-
tuyeres
4 inches
The
wet.
very
outside
of
the
from
from
on
in the
formed
daubing
With
cupola.
hollow
the
this
daubing
being
steam,
and
is
melting whatever,
about
lining in
do
ing
daub-
top.
diameter
zone
The
Ind., in 1875.
The
perature.
tem-
on.
the
to
up
skin
there
as
of
only
the
of
escaping
the
pieces
high
goes
back
inch
give
it is
blast
lining straight
to
the
only
quantity
to
lining,and
fill in
required
There
the
lining at
melting
straight
small
thick
very
4 tons.
up
from
melting.
than
heated
nothing
keep
to
at
yellow elay
knew
he
in view
about
was
was
in
the
reduce
Richmond,
35
oval
an
it settles
as
and
at
saw
about
who
German,
working
we
one,
heat
average
of
accompanying
a
made
when
the
from
the
then
it is forced
steam
of
top
and
the
escape,
the
on
to
the
more
even
glazes the
blast
of
cupola,
it to
before
through
moisture
tears
into
bed
the
by
it is converted
daubing
view
created
the
for
way
the
of
middle
zone
lining
is put
daubing
heat
on
only
long
zone.
All
it firmer.
cause
given
down
melting
holes, and
pressed
be
fill it
boshed
put
small
be
the
the
be
to
it sinks
as
melting
never
should
and
daubing
the
to
and
bottom
of
there
lining should
above
shape
be
the
to
from
expand
the
at
away
the
assumes
will
should
tuyeres
the
settlingand
it in
on
lining
taper
belly in
IO7
lodge
the
reverse
lodge
Daubing
dried
above
a
the
not
taper
their
The
lining burns
cupola
lower
cupola.
The
zone.
so
will
and
zone,
melting
stock
inches
from
taper
the
for
tuyeres,
MANAGEMENT.
before
to
it
escape,
behind
was
it
the
io8
THE
daubing
in
stock
out
into
it loose
from
settling got
down
the
from
tore
bridge, with
the
blast
cupola
only
passed
the
the
the
Fig.
THROUGH
SECTION
all the
over
bottom
the
had
daubing
to
the
be
composed
lining in
be
and
illustration,and
to
melted
iron
stock
were
the
and
out
in
found
doubled
complete
which
half
was
CUPOLA.
the
When
at
that
over.
the
cupola
the
broken
was
entirelyof daubing
sheet
it
19.
BRIDGED
bridge
heat
the
and
pressed
through
center
Before
running
was
dropped.
when
in the
fuel
and
it formed
lining until
stock.
The
top.
daubing
the
opening
into
up
the
lining at
behind
small
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
had
the
tuyeres, and
had
shape
down
broken
cooled
shown
it
was
loose
ofT,
in
the
found
from
MANAGEMENT.
CUPOLA
This
melter
Some
with
the
nights
bar
cupola
eight
would
cool
thick
The
iron
boshed
the
shape
same
almost
less than
18
or
regular taper
so
the
Should
melter
does
but
bosh,
in which
tuyeres,
out
These
odd-shaped
and
keeping
drawing,
shape
of
the
it burns
as
should
be
way
cupolas
the
only
to
the
as
the
is that
from
taper
lining
settlingand
in
with
settling.
similar
same
the
the
the
over
ing
bridg-
causes
cupolas.
boshed
and
the
should
be
to
away
given
the
improvements
the
tuyeres
it burns
lining as
lining
and
to
in
the
shaping
for
cupolas
other
slope
not
lining and
boshed
with
lodges
should
it in
zone
the
in
the
to
up
the
of
up
such
of
stock
melting
is made
smooth
on
thick
in
as
lining should
be made
lodge
form
to
bosh
the
to
not
up
proper
lining it
the
the
at
tuyeres.
straight
and
made
hollow
directions
common
in
give
the
the
over
be
great trouble
not
permits
the
at
usually
extent
tuyeres, and
with
one
out
must
The
straight cupola.
small
burn
it
straight cupola,
the
be
to
must
will
stock
the
that
and
long, and
heats
out
an
the
bosh
the
of
top
inches
20
cupola
slightlyboshed
the
peated
re-
thin
time
burn
great
so
slope
the
from
taper
the
ofif two
the
not
shaping
the
of
top
above
6 inches
at
start
The
door.
charging
be
the
straight from
tected
pro-
with
ran
"so
clean.
to
nor
in
and
straight-lined cupola,
the
and
does
cupola
not
by
coated
half
than
less
in
through,
more
properly
been
tuyeres
lining was
out
cut
was
the
at
hole
The
cupola properly
this
in the
zone
but
work
got
in dumping
difificulty
no
lining of
melting
had
and
taken,
he
by morning.
if it had
the
melted
in it and
would
he
before
daubing,
daubed
We
daubing.
ofT
than
bridging
o'clock
in dumpdifificulty
ing.
and
melting
slow
dumping
after
until
the
by
had
always
IO9
for
hung
when
and
in
shape
near
the
and
new
cupolas
of
the
the
out
are
and
shape
shaping
based
lining,and
shaping
turer
manufac-
every
blue
on
it should
printed
the
when
the
be
or
the
put
directions
lining.
arrangement
the
the
patent
cupola, showing
Full
thin.
becomes
chipping
framed
furnish
up
and
out,
for
to
All
of
lining gets
no
THE
the
shape
of
out
the
shape
any
other
and
the
of
the
of
either.
condemned
More
thrown
thickness
The
this
is
lining
heat
but
the
is the
when
the
it has
At
and
heat
the
in
the
oxides
with
of
making
good
is taken
A
not
the
made
of
the
cupola
lining burns
repaired
heats.
Above
evenly,
and
away
every
the
the
of
melting
gets thinnest
the
the
ing
melt-
this
point
at
the
of
is from
the
lining by
and
chipping
door
charging
with
the
by
in
time
the
months
lasts
stack
the
lifetime
last depends
in which
way
to
lined
three
it
four
or
use.
at
the
out
it burns
above
the
and
six
burn
melted
and
sulphides
heat.
generally
a
rapidly
just
and
funnel
about
at
coated
from
zone
very
iron
would
on
where
assumes
terminating
At
is in constant
heat
wear
gradually
destruction
affected
very
ings
lin-
away
bottom,
thinnest
becomes
varies
heavier
to
time.
some
stock
of
the
more
the
of
4)^
from
it burns
away
and
cupola.
length
of, and
the
where
form
courses
greatest
cupola gradually
properly put
amount
The
the
to
more
cupola,
principal wear
the
The
or
in thickness
the
of
down
little
material
care
when
years
for
contracted
two
is toward
a
end
lining
is but
upon
so
the
up
the
cupola.
in
it burns
tuyeres
is from
and
the
than
when
top except
either
zone,
up
for
slight,and
stack
size
wear
use
the
the
to
lining is always
in
below
principal wear
In
it up,
keeping
large cupolas.
point
largest
been
is very
jarring
in
greatest
and
zone,
the
greatest, and
with
shape
have
cupolas
lining is generally
is then
melting
this
the
lining varies
to
the
at
From
rapidly.
evenly,
is generally
drawings showing
of
for
by putting
improved
want
bottom
casing
The
point.
inches, according
12
style,and
REPAIRING.
lined
the
it is formed
or
at
for
out
AND
newly
from
is boshed.
bosh
brick
is
cupola
same
the
the
of
old
an
the
and
disarranged,
cause.
When
cupola
nor
directions
liningand
is
tuyeres
one
RELINING
the
FURNACE.
improved
an
than
worse
been
working
is neither
cupola
CUPOLA
the
to
melting
the
away
casing
more
and
zone,
in
if
few
slowly
and
melting point.
From
THE
112
without
done
brick
split
place
of
is
inches,
this
procured
from
by
splitting
the
Most
the
of
brick
split
reduced
put
in
the
to
well
daubing
in
put
deal
regular
less
if
put
in
inches.
the
lasts
regular
with
labor
poor,
the
only
long
way;
and
in
when
as
and
put
equal
an
it
be
can
material.
non-adhesive
It
and
lining
cupola
in
the
for
diameter
with
of
good
thickness
'put
is
lining
new
the
can
cupola
the
shape
melting
reduction
from
of
section
best
lining,
as
of
way.
bats
the
as
diameter
with
as
and
This
for
expense
in
extent
with
mixed,
The
alone.
way,
rapidly
as
but
split.
to
split
this
in
true,
difificult
are
almost
in
same
maintained
is
from
the
and
after
regular
made
and
readily
chisel
the
be
may
very
oiT
put
daubing
to
in
cupola
be
with
not
split
spall
can
shaped
they
made
were
sharp
then
xiot
they
When
around.
procured
generally
lining
all
with
lining
could
and
in
fire-brick
repair
to
brick
split
brick
sized
them
brick
The
thick
inch
leading
first
manufacturers,
regular
new
the
the
were
ago.
fire-brick
be
cannot
we
years
nicking
carefully
be
with
interfere
only
all
by
made
now
believe
20
some
way,
brick
is
We
be
of
that
lining
fire-brick,
ordinary
an
and
manufacturers.
old
the
in
humps
forming
melting.
the
in
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
in
is, however,
unrefractory
ing
lin-
of
at
great
less
worth-
ing.
daub-
CHAPTER
V.
EXPERIMENTS
In
different
visiting
cupolas
of
time,
found
we
iron
of
not
that
there
that
done
was
iron
on
still others
above
claimed
the
hundred-weight
or
two
shovels
of
until
the
This
and
the
to
charge
iron
of
second
fuel
of
the
tuyeres.
was
in
similar
of
fuel
this
only
way,
heavier,
the
who
but
using
flame
made
an
heat.
8
at
(113)
third
the
amount
same
portion,
pro-
charging
together,
the
five
to
and
tuyeres
twenty-
layer
was
with
done
opinion
upon
of
above
that
fuel
the
cupolas
their
light
iron,
of
distance
iron
or
charge
second
charge
charged
of
one
then
covered
short
of
blast
charges
extravagant
charging
were
and
the
the
This
melted
bed
again
it from
bed,
from
it from
was
filled.
way
cupola
by
which
the
one
iron
from
on
separate
separate
Foundrymen
melted
iron
a
in
to
foundries
different
the
and
and
foundries
to
melt
to
placed
fuel
blast
distance
to
in the
loaded
or
way
other
the
on
fuel
the
this
it to
weight
and
mixed
were
upon
fuel
of
that
theory
iron
of
similar
cupola
the
In
placed
charge
the
and
door.
iron
filled
charging
led
some
in
put
were
more
in
In
others
furnace,
short
opinions
cupolas.
was
charged
were
weight
of
cupola
of
charging
hundred
fuel, then
way
cupolas
various
at
that
the
by
air
an
melted
only
iron
of
in
melting
door,
tuyeres
melting
to
held
claimed
charging
the
of
was
loading
or
the
to
front
These
two
door.
iron
the
foundrymen
tuyeres
present
opinions
which
at
ment
manage-
the
at
different
cupola
the
as
and
in
principle
tuyeres.
or
understood
Some
in
that
charging
of
ways
melted
when
ago,
many
point
the
similar
were
place.
from
only
was
flame,
and
took
MELTING.
years
well
so
the
to
as
actually
melting
foundries
was
by foundrymen
IN
and
for
those
each
CUPOLA
THE
14
To
learn
cupola,
was
also
other
of
in
small
closed
when
Sturtivant
fan
was
arranged
the
steel
blast
of
pipe,
inches
four
the
lining,and
first
the
and
what
at
procured
placed
number
them
of
ten
apart
from
in the
lining so
burned
At
away.
made
small
soon
as
escape
the
hole
The
first bar
and
the
as
of
others
been
put
put
in and
in
place
up
charging
door,
which
blast
on.
The
through
this
the
was
fan
was
the
which
melted
of
bottom
started
pig
the
door
in
the
cupola
was
six
the
and
of
When
put
up,
As
way.
filled
the
with
brick
pig
the
the
would
lining.
bottom,
had
sand
bottom
soon
coke
as
to
the
heat
from
run
very
slowly during
all
they
and
feet
and
casing
bottom,
six
it
as
the
the
above
pig
fuel
blast
and
inches
each
the
we
and
iron
of
clay
inches
usual
facts
pig
of
for
melted,
iron
ends
of
were
these
fell out
was
sides
cupola
removed
inches.
six
tuyeres
with
we
in
blast
round
ends
heat
and
three
placed
was
the
fan.
inches
cupola,
settle
between
space
the
burned
put
each
intervals
fire
was
of
iron
in the
creasing
in-
eighteen
soft
fastened
not
ends
the
the
fire
No.
through
iron
at
of
could
fire-clay,and
with
a
they
filled in the
lining and
casing
that
bars
and
center,
to
ascertain
other
it
accurate
of
cupola
To
each
across
center
in this
first.
small
of
melting
in
but
the
opposite
on
bottom.
point
cupola.
very
in two
the
what
at
it melted
point
in
was
them
with
of
pressure
first put
above
made
learning
of
purpose
placed
placed
inches
experiments
we
cupola
we
and
diameter
cupola, twenty-four
The
The
easilycut
supplied by
revolutions
exact
thin
cupola,
of
the
and
the
the
of
structed
con-
we
be
from
blast
of
cupola,
ascertain
to
size
number
heat.
the
inside
the
for
there
connected
we
distance
volume
the
near
experimental
diameter
the
cupola
short
the
regulate
to
spring air-gauge
each
at
large
decreasing
or
On
placed
could
ber
num-
found
casing
holes
This
required.
entirely too
was
other
in
foundrymen,
among
and
to
had
we
light sheet-iron
tuyere
not
Fan
The
with
cupola
lining,through which
and
opinion
of
in reference
which
to
as
really melted
was
something
melting,
difiference
iron
point
ascertain
to
points
wide
what
definitelyat
and
FURNACE.
the
the
the
and
EXPERIMENTS
the
air-gauge
the
pipe
at
the
time
showed
the
through
been
the
charges
permitted
time
minutes
inches
the
flow
began
inches
pig
the
above
the
ends
of
hole
for
kept
short
until
on
the
time
then
the
fuel
all
was
flame
the
burned
small
when
pig
and
the
was
at
the
blast
the
tap
was
charging
the
it
twelve
from
but
of
in the
holes
iron
the
at
up,
end
placed
one
altogether ;
six
escape
each
at
another
the
by
of
placed
minutes,
dribbling of
of
the
was
it ceased
appearance
three
freely until
indicated
as
was
about
weight
cessation
flow
to
the
in
door
bottom
was
dropped.
then
When
the
cupola
four
bars
placed
and
they
showed
intense
heat.
an
tuyeres,
time, when
that
indicated
this
melted
was
the
of
by the
casing
there
for
flowed
and
There
pig.
melted
tap hole
the
in
placed
iron
tap hole
one
indicated
as
hole
the
and
made
by
the
was
tuyeres,
had
pig
again
The
melted.
holes
the
from
the
of
the
melted
have
with
continued
shown
was
as
the
tap
the
at
and
on,
in
down
The
note
light
probably
heat,
and
put
was
pig
the
appeared
first
melted,
The
this
flow
blast
would
during
of
escaped freelv
cupola.
melted
as
the
heavily weighted
in the
Iron
was
top
from
After
to
fast
blast
in
part
placed
was
the
blast
been
greater
attributed
iron
and
of
closed
as
the
pig
the
iron
of
had
We
no
pig iron,
not
cold.
blast
pig.
pressure
out
one
above
the
of
The
after
when
iron
of
it melted.
freely until
the
bars
and
run
which
at
three
to
that
fact
fuel
all.
at
the
and
blast
of
pressure
heat,
I I
ounce
the
closely packed
small
made
was
ten
iron
the
to
ff the
of
one
pressure
fuel.
greater
than
during
no
blast
but
cupola
less
time
any
of
pressure
showed
MELTING.
IN
and
was
was
placed
and
at
from
the
hole,
as
sixth
and
two
below
off
the
had
tuyeres
the
almost
cupola
the
tuyeres.
mentioned
blast
The
above,
bars
had
met
iron
was
melted
that
been
on
in the
that
melted
as
such
with
center
dribbled
from
indicated
the
of
by
cupola
the
bar.
the
bar
tuyeres,
the
from
this
to
tions
indicaThis
place.
level
bent,
or
subjected
showed
still in
was
the
of
none
melted
been
having
of
but
partly melted,
seventh
found
was
The
where
it
indications
no
across
point
cooled
tap
The
escape
Il6
blast
of
the
from
and
bar
small
was
not
in
and
showed
than
the
harder
partly
melted
very
blast
the
twelve
For
The
fan
the
blast
the
pipe,
the
melted
the
the
later
These
times.
tuyeres
seventh
melted
within
melted
bars
very
hot.
after
the
was
tap hole
was
pigs
There
and
or
about
burned
no
was
on
sixth
was
the
when
fuel
the
twelve
out,
was
in the
placed
fuel
the
above
was
fired
in the
In
dififerent
still
the
iron
the
dropped,
after
heights
inches
in
the
tuyeres.
and
from
the
from
former
were
the
other
the
heat, and
in
the
not
minutes
iron
melted
as
few
from
in the
was
cupola
iron
of
did
six
they began,
The
in
Then
above
other.
blast
heat,
at
and
ing
chargof
this
melt.
same
speed
of
tuyeres
dribbling
to
the
first to
as
the
to
and
inches
cupola,
required
inches
the bottom
in
replaced by
placed
after
melted,
were
replaced by
bar
melted,
no
tuyeres
the
tuyeres
There
regular
the
pressure
below
each
cess,
pro-
and
air-gauge.
The
of
pig
wi]tha light
of
fuel
used
were
rapidly
that
the
the
were
and
up
the
bar
minutes
few
out
removed
placed
was
the
in
in
filled with
the
heated
showing
top
four-ounce
above
placed
bars
first bar
one
iron
from
were
tuyeres.
melted
three
melted
the
iron
that
the
the
tuyeres
by
melted
showed
made
pigs
hardened
about
was
indicated
later the
minutes
few
heat
bars
highly
correct
bent
intense
an
tenth
harder,
was
also
give
the
be
to
heat, and
as
the
of
top
off
was
sized
different
at
one
two
and
to
been
each
of
badly
was
and
shades
bars
to
bars
the
above
cupola
one,
having
from
two
former
as
former
melt, and
only
inches
so
of
This
cupola.
same
ninth
this
found
bent
increased
the
above
burned
The
in the
as
door.
in
or
the
The
pig,
slowly
the
and
in the
bar
ends
subjected
from
three
heat
straight one.
manner
iron
melted
next
ones,
new
The
or
fourteen
or
the
signs
two
cupola
all.
the
at
eighth
been
less
afterward
we
casing
The
at
when
was
charging
of
way
melted
than
melted
and
in the
having
of
bar.
eighth
shade
iron
holes
evidence
heat, but
place
FURNACE.
entirely gone.
were
showed
and
to
CUPOLA
THE
this
blast
was
heat.
put
fill it to
the
charging
top
of
the
last
and
the
cupola permitted
door,
pig, was
all
to
EXPERIMENTS
cool
When
off.
fifth bar,
melted
the
subjected
the
slightly bent,
and
had
tenth
bar
of
each
bar.
indications
From
this
just
above
at
the
in the
fifth bar
all, and
to
increased
the
cupola
the
at
the
for
that
extent
an
been
to
tuyeres
decreased
melting
at
that
extent
an
or
raised
was
been
great
so
heat.
stronger
it from
prevented
bar
eighth
had
The
of
the
of
by
heat
place,
heat.
front
in
subjected
melting temperature
dicated
in-
as
in
increase
from
decreased
was
sixth,
holes
was
former
directly in
heat
blast, and
of
level
higher
to
that
the
them,
volume
greater
learned
we
the
change
no
The
bar
the
been
not
small
having
during
showed
point
heat
than
the
ninth
of
had
entirely out,
through
extent
some
heat.
melted
The
to
and
this
in
that
found
had
change
been
blast
showed
that
at
it,it was
no
the
higher temperature
and
ends
II
tuyeres, which
of
escape
the
at
examine
temperature
bars
eighth
and
casing
to
high
so
the
MELTING.
heat, showed
former
to
by
the
in to
went
we
placed opposite
in
seventh
IN
it
readily melted.
was
For
the
the
same
eight
in
would
heat
We
be
the
blast.
test
the
this
it
that
showed
was
was
were
pass
gauge
the
were
to
put
that
found
not
too
resistance
due
the
showed
in blast.
We
to
offered
and
the
to
permit
the
when
at
blast
of
the
the
the
when
of
volume
blast
in the
it
the
curred
oc-
cupola
In
doing
speed
same
the
that
cupola
when
the
the
eres
tuy-
of
shown
tuyeres, and
stock
found
days,
pressure
of
pressure
by
at
increase
fan.
concluded
great
so
just
one
pressure
the
of
gauge
ounces
once
melting
was
charging
the
six
it
several
running
on
smallness
the
for
an
melting temperature
four-ounce
speeds
fan
give
cupola by the
without
different
gauge
to
the
over
pressure
small
last
the
exactly
to
in
in the
blast
fan
The
that
matter
with
eight ounces
through them,
was
with
air-gauge
the
of
as
with
in
cupola
air-gauge.
same
as
the
on
and
disappointed
same
the
thinking
blast, the
cupola
much
very
the
by
level
higher
bars
speed
anticipated
a
were
us
and
in
to
results
to
shown
as
had
raised
After
the
practically the
was
blast, and
was
increased
ounce-pressure,
this
that
arranged the
we
and
way,
described.
of
heat
next
blast
to
by
the
to
the
not
cupola.
Il8
the
the
when
After
placed
we
The
and
lower
the
could
be
bars
in the
with
only
showed
melt
the
named
at
tenth
bar
tuyeres
about
the
No.
soft
hardness
and
the
of
But
this
three
last
pig
and
it
due
to
not
to
the
the
only
the
tuyere
in
nor
melting
the
pig
iron
in the
remained
and
been
strong
bars
blast
was
were
at
raised
melted
the
of
first
to
as
been
a
heat
higher
at
last to
from
or
slag
large
ing
harden-
no
lighter blast.
during
and
in these
slag
were
heats, and
in the
lower
the
cupola,
In this heat
level
a
was
The
of the
hardness
before
the
strong
unmelted
iron
the
below
hard, although
with
the
The
it flowed
as
had
supposed.
a
was
the
heats
the
the
rotation
cupola.
to
cupola
that
burning
as
in the
subjected to
found
first to
bar, which
white
was
in former
bars
and
slag
of
there
as
bar
heats.
ninth
tuyeres
attributed
in this heat,
the
of
cold
sixth
the
in
in former
as
placed
we
melted
pig
had
when
gauge
the
been
the
on
the
The
melted
deal
good
had
the
the
when
iron
the
used
that
fan
at
from
the
pressure
was
and
out
ran
of blast.
none
above
iron
result
apart
and
and
ounces
were
iron
by
roasting and
three
fan,
rearranging
before
as
ounces
time
inches
melting temperature
but
the
bars, melted
the
eight
bars
The
afterwards
was
small
too
results
of
without
melted
melted,
heats
former
size of
the tuyere-area
of
top
tuyeres, which
not
was
the
of
of blast
volume
the
The
four
the
melted.
of
accompanied
was
shown
had
same
not
placed twenty-four
melt,
air-
increase
heat
cupola
ninth
and
were
the
to
were
six
by
to
replaced
above
eighth
was
on
produced by
comparison
tuyeres.
heats,
in former
seventh,
raise
pressure
inches
six
neither
the
that
small
shape
we
charged
speed
gauge
placed
heat
and
due
tuyeres
of blast
former
of
many
the
cupola.
next
same
the
of this
the
blast
was
volume
that
so
with
made
up,
the
at
bottom,
the
made
time
same
placed
For
made
great
wholly
were
the
at
the
cupola
two
tuyeres
almost
was
seen
pressure
discovery that
the
the
to
have
high
little blast
very
making
admit
to
show
pressure
and
tuyeres
FURNACE.
discovery, we
in blast
when
cupolas
gauge
this
making
Since
it
CUPOLA
THE
the
cupola,
level.
THE
I20
had
showed
signs
no
fuel
The
used
We
melted
close
the
and
did
iron
blast
and
would
But
the
in
the
The
failure
the
mixed
do
the
by
sixth
iron
less
The
way.
that
blast
packed
freely
showed
but
out,
volume
to
blast
blown
not
melted
in
the
if it were,
the blast
blast,
of
tuyeres
bars
only
melted.
ones
by
mild
melted
not
was
directly
strongest,
melted
not
was
cupola by
the
was
the
been
not
in
cupola
limited
melts, and
increase
the
or
that
by
is
be
in
it
when
was
the
years
fuel
same
all the
way
posed
sup-
ago
and
iron
in in separate
being put
of
in the
cupola
as
melt
to
melting temperature
or
space
zone
of the
volume
zone
melted
in
in
in
zone
be
may
the
a
by
cupola.
cupola
were
charges,
that
raised
It
outside
higher level
or
lowered
However
strong
of
the
this
shown
zone,
in
is
iron
by
an
depth
blast, but
also
was
there
in which
cupola
blast.
of
increased
is not
to
blast, showed
the
melting
placed higher
cannot
melted
charging door,
place
melting
decrease
melting
bars
done.
the
this
tenth
foundrymen,
most
raising of
and
is
the
to
commonly
now
certain
iron
tuyeres
over
cupola by increasing
zone
with
is not
iron
the
of
the
that
in the
The
of
was
first and
just
one
tuyeres
to
the
front
of
heat, showed
is
the
tuyeres
same
blast.
strong
from
as
fire
tuyeres, where
melted
been
blast, and
the
in this heat
fuel ; for
the
of
the
over
one
the
that
showed
flame
have
and
well
freely
escaped
scrap,
permit
gauge
so
ported
sup-
harder.
was
and
in front
melt
iron
weighted
not
regular
small
not
The
ounces
with
the
in
and
pig
did
of
was
blast
cupola
cupola
and
large
large pieces.
in this
was
fuel.
not
heats
These
heat
the
three
cupola
as
the
charges
of
pressure
the
charged
through
escape
the
heat
the
and
the
bars
coke
The
cupola,
the
in
coke
Connelsville
under
cupola
heated.
extent
hard
the
of
part
upper
any
formed
were
made
in this
the
in
to
was
between
crevices
blast, and
iron
been
heat
the
in
afterward
and
in the
lining in charging.
iron
through the
FURNACE.
coke
having
of
cavities
by the
with
the
in this
Large
pieces.
down
but
heated,
been
CUPOIA
the
that
either
EXPERIMENTS
above
below
or
melted
not
the
of
either
fire in the
subsequent
when
the
may
large
very
done
with
be
given
FUEL
UNDER
to
it
The
volume
of blast
regular
the
out
the
and
blast
of
showed
way,
and
were
putting
volume
large
cupola
below
and
blast.
in the
charged
was
strong
121
above
placed
lightor
melting
poor
blast
bars
cupola by
cupola
much
too
with
MELTING.
IN
iron
that
thereby
injured.
In
the
first two
fell from
the
the
where
this
blast
turned
the
and
out
fuel
ashes
the
and
The
bottom
and
through,
totally unfit
it
the
after
blast
the
coke
put
was
blast
the
cupola
action
at
We
fuel
at
with
double
slides, the
with
glass.
The
be
withdrawn
; but
different
the
of
mica
for
observed
through
Through
these
there
moved
re-
was
been
no
buried
gradually,
little ashes
very
like
the
the
burning
had
we
put
below
point.
inner
one
not
glass
openings
it
was
by
the
the
observed
before
the
at
peep
all
arranged
the
outer
heat, and
action
holes
observe
to
were
and
ash
termining
accurately de-
tuyeres
mica
and
bed
of
holes
The
affected
without
number
the
with
minutes
few
all the
the
of
means
no
and
cupola
consumed
not
was
the
that
of
up
heated
coke,
into
put
thought
coke
been
gas-house
When
points
this
it had
that
afterward
was
the
was
then
down
and
fire
the
had
let
coke
We
by
that
on
point.
that
then
we
were
that
was
spongy
coke.
and
put
was
this
in the
on,
bottom
purposes.
made
was
cinder
found
showed
and
soft
Ccnnelsville
in the
found
until
the
kept
we
in
learn
to
off, and
and
pieces
fuel
tuyeres.
melting
for
hard
was
the
all the
heat
hose
filled with
be
third
cooled
was
small
The
examined
was
it
that
determined
the
ashes
coke
dropped, although
We
in
considerable
were
it from
few
to
to
door
The
cinder.
when
coke
cold.
found
was
well
tuyeres, and
and
bottom
was
into
water
except
cupola
the
from
them
that
and
cupola
cupola
the
above
in the
the
noticed
up.
from,
of
from
the
burned
came
stream
was
charging
been
coke
until
on
the
of
had
cupola
it
when
cupola
indications
the
heats
TUYERES.
THE
of
escape
of
that
the
the
the
fuel
one
could
fuel
blast.
was
THE
122
always
at
white
the
blast
had
and
remained
heat
been
fuel
the
down
the
never
it
that
consumed
was
not
the
only
consumed
fuel
in
in
two
the
failure
before
three
inches
bottom.
the
The
bars
tuyeres
when
these
two
inches
four
but
melted,
were
hole
with
the
with
slag
the
or
iron
we
points
eres
tuyand
on,
that
was
cupola
higher
that
failed
to
looking
the
of
heat
with
three
tap
where
melted
iron
else
something
it
filled
being
the
bars
the
know
not
time
but
for ;
four-
from
tuyeres
the
note
heat
flowed
did
we
and
the
and
level, namely,
this
that
slag
sand
before
as
in
In
the
door,
as
bottom.
of
opposite sides,
on
same
at
placed
we
above
charging
afraid
so
we
was
cupola
inch
the
the
on,
great
were
servation
ob-
the
large tuyeres,
cupola,
in
the
the
so
these
closed.
was
one
placed
were
we
or
quantity
iron, that
or
put
was
settle
to
or
blast
the
be
But
under
placed
of
red
could
From
the
dull
streams.
away.
front
the
in
to
above
the
and
from
came
coke
blast
pressure
change
four
placed
of
ounce
the
bottom
were
filled with
cupola
twenty-
the
from
any
after
TUYERES,
inches,
six
small
part
but
on,
iron
and
time
the
with
melt
to
by
four
tuyeres,
the
put
Molten
fuel
the
this
LOW
After
it became
burning
during
lighting up
time
drops
that
burned
was
undergo
were
concluded
was
in
blast
heat.
the
to
if it
do
the
short
fuel
seen
it would
as
for
throughout
so
was
FURNACE.
just before
on
fallingthrough
seen
CUPOIA
was
learned.
We
so
the
near
been
at
cut
lining
was
had
former
imagine
not
heats
where
perfect
been
when
the
It
burned
there
slag
how
came
was
found
no
from.
to
any
the
ash
sand
it had
that
which
heat
and
fuel
in
we
when
the
at
iron
cut
The
than
a
of
had
been
extent
were
we
place
bottom
not
the
over,
nicel}'glazed.
greater
slag, and
But
the
and
put in and
out
with
coke
badly
was
when
as
the
the
being placed
tuyeres
out
out
see
blast.
the
as
burned
raked
to
from
when
and
was
and
bottom,
by
up
all and
filled
front
the
dropping
slag came
bottom,
been
the
out
the
thought
sand
had
cupola
took
first
at
in
loss
that
to
had
EXPERIMENTS
been
melted
slag came
beginning
unmelted
iron
when
been
this
hard
iron
burned
The
the
and
up
bars
in this
melted
heat
above
when
as
the
the
These
in
in
zone
or
of
the
the
in the
depth
raised
and
one
heated
there
in blast, and
that
iron
this
above
the
tuyeres
same
time.
melted
equally
In
these
inches
inches
making
from
any
one
level
of
blast.
placed
on
level
placed eighteen
and
almost
the
ready
to
blast
by lowering
the
raised
the
tuyeres
tuyeres
above
melt.
the
melting.
the
the
Bars
was
melting
the
distance
blast,
of
charging
and
lowered
was
of
that
to
tuyeres
character
in the
heat, with
first
inches
of
of
volume
zone
above
with
the
melted
be
and
melting
in the
another
In
the
been
have
differance
to
volume
change
any
by
melting
cannot
tuyeres
tuyeres
the
heats
could
zone
the
exists
location
the
by
by
zone
The
zone.
is determined
making
the
volume
iron
that
of
zone
of
without
without
Three
the
the
cupola
the
ZONE.
the
cupola twenty-one
and
of
the
of
cupola.
extent
the
outside
cupola
height
and
when
cupola
cupola
with
bottom.
above
fact
established
heats
in
heat
bottom.
MELTING
zone
been
results
placed twenty-four
were
as
replaced
we
The
the
in about
the
was
slag.
inches
and
it
it had
of
the
above
slag, and
tuyeres
in the
melted
in
as
eighteen
with
placed
experiment.
same
rotation
same
trouble
no
the
inches
and
cupola
unsatisfactory that
so
repeated
twelve
in the
was
well
as
were
and
into
converted
practically the
were
melted
There
heat
out
placed six,
were
melted
placed twenty-four
tuyeres
bars
when
When
when
the
the
of
fully two-thirds
glass, and
as
bottom
pig, but
there
heats, and
of
heats.
cupola
remained
number
the
soft
had
and
23
the
where
in the
placed
fire in the
during
No.
of this
results
the
by
was
brittle
and
during
found
was
were
experiments
and
up
pigs melted
tuyeres
burned
lighting
cupola
the
it
examined,
was
the
of
the
under
had
heat
All
from.
the
at
in this
MELTING.
IN
ing,
melt-
the
distance
same
The
zone
was
by increasing
light blast,
bar
partly melted,
tuyeres
placed
was
above
highly
and
THE
124
these
below
bars
depth
volume
not
melted
zone
and
next
six
inches
these
the
that
the
entire
blast
of
zone
cupola,
certain
amount
degree
before
the
carbon
fuel
hot
blast
would
the
that
location
the
These
tests
were
cupola
from
the
fuel
nearly
the
through
In
melted
a
bed
hundred
the
door
took
heat
before
only
placed twenty-four
inches
of
that
weight
height
in
iron
on
of
the
iron
bars
cupola
it,and
turned
have
the
and
in this
found
we
changed
iron.
of
fuel
burned
fuel
the
in the
up
and
burned
as
fire show
the
charged.
the
above
of
made
way,
zone
depth
the
was
to
was
in
the
charges
the
possible,and
as
bed
fire
have
to
care
heated
With
somewhat
heavy
the
after
heat, with
former
regular
the
and
and
in the
with
with
of
the
certain
amount
afterward
fuel
to
heated.
were
the
through
heat;
necessary,
zone
volume
the
combination
by carefully measuring
we
top of the
the
cupola,
heated
the
of
in the
were
that
each
In
pass
stationary and
of
of
charging
in each
been
the
inches
intense
an
that
it entered
to
it became
charged
depth
made
settled, and
alike
iron
down
air
placed
eighteen
when
freely into
before
In heats
and
weighting
become
remained
have
fuel and
with
and
have
not
increased.
been
cupola
the
would
the
through
pass
for
In
ing
melted, show-
was
level
cold
produce
to
cold
of
probably
zone
fuel
the
bar
by increasing
was
entered
blast.
blast.
about
zone
was
melting
showing
cupola
higher
blast
fuel
its oxygen
this
the
the
heated
of
it must
to
necessary
volume
the
greater
raised
that
was
of
in the
the
of
largej
tuyeres
blast,
of
remained
zone
the
melted,
volume
the
had
zone
stronger
of
not
was
by
raising of
fact
it
and
the
was
the
the
to
raised
of
the
by
bars
two
heat, with
outside
was
larger volume
placed higher
depth
attributed
we
by
bar
it
the
with
level
raised
the- tuyeres
been
again
a
still
on
that
been
the next
heat, and
these
and
zone,
In
placed
had
zone
above
heats
and
bar
heat, with
had
zone
inches.
by the
that
showing
melting
all, showing
the
the
the
eighteen
at
little affected
melted,
of
blast, the
of
FURNACE.
very
were
edges
about
of
were
them
the
on
were
bars
two
between
CUPOLA
cupola,
tuyeres.
put
on
the
bar
We
charge
same
was
placed
of
blast
three
with
EXPERIMENTS
which
melted
we
hour
an
until
before
This
burned
the
the
In
heat
charges
to
With
minutes
and
With
hot
With
and
With
melted
hot
and
charge
the
iron
first part of
it
bed
foundry
work.
in these
these
with
bed
for
Our
be
placed
heats
would
eighteen
of
to
in eaeh
within
inches
two
lower, until
and
it
the
made
in
down
in
twenty
the
heat.
minutes,
ten
in five minutes,
heat.
in
down
the
latter
each
as
minutes,
four
end
of
melted
charge
the
the
part dull.
down
came
in
minutes.
four
light work.
for
iron
was
be
not
and
low
probably
have
twenty
dull, and
very
it could
blast
fuel to
In
between
ten
to
were
charge
heat.
placed
of
to
the
used
for
melting
been
best
inches, and
with
general
zone,
the
hot.
general
results
adopted
we
this
experiments.
experiments
the
obtained
we
had
come
bed
down
toward
iron
light
practical melting,
throughout
pound
With
ing
melt-
weight.
came
latter
that
dull
the
heats.
came
bed, the
so
two
next
fuel
was
further
in
dull
too
experiments
bed
zone
of
bed,
was
it
iron
the
and
melt
to
fuel
to
the
down
twelve-inch
ten-inch
In
hot
was
fast, but
With
iron
was
the
came
previous
first,but
at
slow
very
above
tuyeres,
came
bed, iron
fast
for half
on
slowly throughout
throughout
fourteen-inch
Melted
hot
sixteen-inch
With
and
it
inches
two
iron
iron
in
began
hundred
bed,
bed,
when
of
top
the
melted
than
faster
fast
the
heat
eighteen-inch bed,
an
melted
and
hot, but
was
was
permitted
three
inch
melting
fuel, and
was
above
or
same,
twenty-inch
melted
the
was
25
stock.
the
inches
twenty-two
iron
blast
placed
was
the
by
subsequent
ten
iron
of
iron
placed
we
in each
lowered
was
the
settlingof
next
and
lower,
there
before
the
by
melted,
the
The
the
and
was
that
supported
away
zone
charge
MELTING.
height.
melted,
iron
the
that
at
indicated
and
zone
bar
any
half
about
faster.
be
the
IN
the
and
to
these
the
pounds
melt
learn
the
of
amount
iron
of
experiments
charges
of
depth
iron.
of
an
we
iron
of
iron
melting
that
should
temperature
even
the
made
at
the
ratio
charges
of
one
126
THE
the
For
bed
four
the
coke
first heat
of
four
cwt.
The
with
and
fast, and
For
the
of
coke
coke
the
in this
heat
next
For
the
coke
In
when
the
the
the
each
the
throughout
of
this way.
in
machine
an
and
heat
catch
ladle
hot
of
the
and
weight,
of
second
before
the
pig bed.
fuel
dull
too
In
(one
to
which
should
after
melting
by
the
the
first
to
this
charge,
we
ten) between
raised
charge
melting,
and
of
the
the
when
it
iron
the
pour
heat
have
In
hot, but
charge
work
used
the
charges
the top
iron
iron
of
but
became
the
melt
iron
chance
other
or
the
piece
The
first
dull, and
At
the
soon
into
put
ginning
be-
the
percentage
of
former
heats,
its former
height
do
not
duller
hot
was
but
little,
in the
to
cupola.
iron
dull.
same
bed
proper
im-
hundred
dull.
be
to
to
eight
of
almost
seen
of
to
the
it did
perature
tem-
majority
the
up
had
as
first of
in the
became
livened
exactly
the
their
iron
very
and
little dull
attributed
heat
was
cwt., and
cupolas
be
soon
in
seen
to
it became
it
and
uneven
we
never
this
were
cwt.,
very
have
of
and
melted.
when
may
were,
six
was
cupola
is
melting
seven
thing
a
heat.
five cwt.,
mysterious working
charges
was
of
hot
slight change
light pulley
all melted
was
third
hot
often
melting
the
to
charge
the
and
sure
pres-
one.
cupola watching
eighty pounds.
charge
of
became
but
last of the
the
the
coke
heat
all
melted
the
iron
this
for
pour
uneven
heat
next
to
iron
of
moulders
the
iron
The
charging,
until
and
ounces
iron
of
common
four
charge
iron
How
it is
round
standing
in
foundries
jobbing
light work.
For
fact
temperature,
uneven
every
of
In
was
former
was
were,
the
heat.
heat
in
last of each
making
the
results
there
iron
on
iron
the
in
charge melted,
charge melted,
next
melt
The
coke,
of
charges
charges
of
throughout
as
heat
this
the
charges
the
the
as
pounds.
last of
heat
The
heat
this
iron
heat
next
seventy
the
made
we
of
temperature
before,
this
fiftypounds.
same
until
on
as
In
made
we
sixty pounds.
the
so
same
on
forty pounds
temperature
even
heat
practicallythe
For
an
next
of
charges
the
was
eighteen inches,
of
iron
iron, and
large tuyeres.
two
bed
this
on
of
blast
FURNACE.
put in
we
iron
cwt.
charged.
CUPOLA
as
so,
the
as
shown
melting
of
128
THE
takes
tuyeres
the
heat
for
it not
the
occasional
large
molten
three
cupola placed
charged
due
to
the
tuyeres,
with
at
the
low
iron
the
chilled
above
the
the
blast
is the
zone,
and
fuel
placed
is
it descends
in
placed
the
melting
fuel
the
placed
zone
after
be
to
be
each
the
that
the
charge
the
top
charge
bed
sinks
iron
melts
the
lower
dull,
bed
until
Scarcely
receive
scarcely
any
two
as
the
charge
it gets
an
cupolas
the
to
the
near
the
cupolas
volume
be
of
of
above
fuel
must
the
zone
the
at
of
end
of
made
too
heavy,
melting
the
charge
is
of
the
have
blast, and
the
of
top
bottom
bottom
quantity
into
succeeding charge
two
can
in
extent
time
long
iron, and
iron
of
above
is raised
melting
fuel
of
is burned
settle
can
in
raised
below
same
iron
bed
the
melting
placed
is
great
of
ones,
of
in
zone
iron
the
charge
stoppage
each
any
of
is
in the
If too
same
quantity
iron
makes
low
part
bed
and
zone,
top
the
is not
sinks
or
the
hot
outside
no
get
fuel under
with
as
large
fuel
on.
each
great
so
fuel ; and
of
ceases.
or
of
the
the
of
If the
iron.
to
until
is put
is
takes
to
it is the
is melted
upon
erly
prop-
tuyeres
and
zone,
If too
before
there
is lowered
bed
zone
charges,
away
of
the
into
melting
and
melted,
iron
charged
blast
in the
burned
the
area
the
after
No
zone.
settles
the
high tuyeres
melted
be
iron
is
again
the
iron
cannot
the
and
away
in
and
zone
above
into
the
the
produced
under
in
undoubtedly
was
blast
fuel
of
same.
bed, the
through
with
tuyeres
the
until
in its descent
of
iron
impossible
This
amount
through
tuyeres
and
found
and
holes.
the
bottom
was
fuel, and
bypassing
With
heat
long
slag
light work.
location
when
the
above
charging
The
in
for
dull
believe
the
through
tuyeres.
iron, it
same
tuyeres.
distance
hot
being
for
the
feet
tap hole
difiference
no
make
to
the
iron
below
in
the
as
We
red.
tap and
is made
cupola
fuel
of
amount
hot
in
high
the
from
deader
cupola
When
cupola.
grows
dropping
blast
in
cherry
of
part
iron
of
escape
melted
Iron
this
the
fuel
dull
in this
out
go
iron
of
the
high,
becomes
and
fire would
were
placed
are
progresses
the
FURNACE.
no
tuyeres
CUPOLA
is melted,
the
zone,
the
and
and
ing
melt-
this
alike.
the
zone
same
for
charged exactly
by
zone
tuyere
reason
To
do
EXPERIMENTS
the
and
zone,
melting
after
melted
be
in
After
the
give
charges
for
volume
and
Fuel
above
in
in the
is heated
fuel
and
the
amount
The
utilized.
the
zone,
and
it to
for
the
bottom
the
heat
and
the
with
the
the
escape
of
the
entire
heat
of
the
melting
but
not
be
remained
melted
9
placed
these
zone
outside
be
It
at
the
in
of
hopes
same
the
of
tuyere-area
to
melter.
the
bed
is,
prepared
the
the
time
height
to
be
more
the
charging
for
to
zone
in it, and
one
can
table
no
and
above
greater
door
in
admit
of
the
into
the
hoped
was
flues
by
be
cupola
melted
not
were
above
zone,
and
this
been
structed
con-
provision
plan
utilized
very
by being
the
tuyeres,
arranged
realized,
the
the
top, and
would
increased
as
the
passing
has
cupola
near
after
below
developed
A
by permitting
tuyeres
upward
escape
through
fuel
not
was
the
to
blast
the
by
be
to
on.
placed
the
can
we
replenish
melting
downward.
cupola.
But
economically.
placed
entire
it may
of
; and
different
sufftcient
oxide
tuyeres
of
in different
instructions
zone,
cupola
the
escape
produced
the
for
that
low
too
melting
to
developed above
carbonic
in
zone
And
is put
is
zone
at
or
blast
or
by permitting
made
stock,
the
blast
through
placed
of
melting
the
iron
heat
be
before
cupola
latter, and
zone
weight
practical value
any
from
prepared
the
the
of
iron
bed
the
ing
melt-
finds
the
of
vary
the
he
top
amount
cupola
the
into
of
amount
of
until
vary
sizes, with
be
brought
should
cupola
large
iron
the
to
of
top
the
only practical
heat
and
to
melter
29
fuel.
of
above
escaping
bed
reducing
different
of
fuel
must
managing
cupola
the
combustion
melted
and
the
of
experience
the
the
finds
He
finds
charge
blast, would
of
by
he
the
without
are
cupolas
placed
heated
by
charging
for
iron.
years' active
twenty
cupolas,
of
charge
restored
properly
raise
for
he
charges
until
iron
of
until
will
charge
charges
the
vary
that
fuel
of
amount
to
bed
in the
MELTING.
it is necessary
cupola
fuel
of
amount
the
in
melting
good
IN
in
that
quickly
for
the
was
and
depth
the
Iron
tuyeres.
all
melting,
below
cupola
near
eres,
tuycould
failure.
THE
I30
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
WITH
MELTING
All
the
ville coke,
that
found
with
the
the
the
zone
In
with
charges
half
coal
of
adapted
them
same
the
with
either
coal
tuyeres
in
coke
iron
be
may
found
melted
SOFTENING
In
hardest
to
the
thought
molten
below
twentywith
charcoal
was
cupola.
not
consumed
charcoal
four
inches
charcoal
melting
burned
bottom
filled the
to
and
and
the
tuyeres,
the
coke
prevent
this
before
to
warm
cupola
We
the
with
in
found
above
to
the
cupola
this
wood
was
tuyeres,
cided
de-
was
put
in
filled
was
to
do
would
all
ready
for
fire to
burned
placed
coke
charcoal
tuyeres
a
fuel
we
were
tuyeres
the
melting
drop through
the
put in
When
to
ing
pass-
that
found
and
the
the
heat, and
it
We
cupola by
tuyeres
the
the
that
subjecting
The
afraid
we
with
charcoal.
been
melting
above
were
placed
cupola
from
during
after
and
these
tuyeres.
we
with
It had
bottom
cupola.
charcoal
coke,
and
crucible,
tuyeres.
the
above
placed.
was
up
charging,
the
under
In
any
fuel
obtained
the
cially
espe-
in melting
difificulty
in its descent
to
be
of
with
no
crucible
be
one-
be
must
by melting it, or
might
from
used.
as
the
and
tuyeres
IRON.
closed
through
the'tuyeres
of
in
bottom
in
softened
results
same
HARD
iron
be
heat
iron
the
to
zone
the
could
iron
prolonged
bed
with
experimenting
cupola
in almost
suit
to
obtained
opinion prevails
be
tuyeres
coke, if charged
or
be
could
iron
of
depth
rapidly
were
the
An
cannot
same
heights, and
and
them;
coke.
or
the
used
we
at
coke,
for
experiments
the
that
above
with
than
results
charges
eight, and
to
heavier
foundrymen
among
inches
iron
of
was
tuyeres
so
away
this
it
the
was
burn
best
the
nor
charges
the
fourteen
one
two-thirds
to
heavier
in
ones
above
coke,
not
Connels-
experiments
high
so
did
experiments
of
these
with
as
coal
the
and
about
of
not
blast
similar
of
In
was
of
coke
these
bed
zone
great, but
as
coal.
with
made
were
number
anthracite
volume
so
melted.
made
melting
same
zone
the
in
also
we
with
cupola
same
of
but
described
just
experiments
COAL.
dry the
out
we
shavings
EXPERIMENTS
and
and
wood,
The
charcoal
ready
When
charge
The
blast.
charcoal
the
that
heat
was
it would
melting,
all
recorded.
but
much
For
and
the
next
wood
great deal
the
For
distance
soon
off the
when
the
placed
and
the
came
iron
at
away
down
was
softened
in
to
all
the
the
of
the
front
the
The
during
tapped
cupola
of
for
the
becoming
filled
shavings
and
There
burn
charcoal
was
the
at
to
in
On
did
iron
But
after
mottled
iron
as
to
and
tuyeres
bed
coke
of
hard,
to
appear
melted
fast
as
well,
the
not
and
front
all white
scrap,
the
the
to
the
and
way,
very
up
short
away,
ordinary
worked
bed
tim.e
bottom,
coke.
put
charcoal.
some
them.
ments,
experi-
burning
and
almost
cess,
suc-
experimenters
put
charcoal
heat, and
by
with
in the
pig
up
would
making
the
for
charcoal
the
When
of
write
satisfactory.
charging.
for
imental
exper-
to
fires to
This
the
ground.
and
all
an
over
tuyeres
hot
of
five cwt.
on.
extent
allow
bottom.
ready
was
little softened
the
to
bed
good
put
hot.
very
remain
at
at
our
always
same
two
cupola
to
up
the
not
were
tuyeres
charge
blast
getting
fire from
the
the
such
successful
lighting the
for
in
other
tuyeres,
filled the
burned
was
had
in
we
the
cupola
was
burn
heat
the
to
charcoal
draught
we
failures
results
lit the
it
as
found
we
to
the
above
settling,and
their
over
the
on
to
in
report
going
put
through
not
their
save
put in
successes
are
only
placed shavings
we
than
report
and
the
taken
heat
trouble
next
be
may
and
was
of
we
attempted
we
cupola
information
the
time, and
same
care
charcoal
of
if
coke
bottom
failure
only
in
of
top
on
the
expense
with
cupola
in
the
cooled
failures
more
would
valuable
time
shut
heats
much
they
the
afraid
are
generally
if
much
give
as
we
how
Experimenters
and
charcoal.
charging
was
from
not
the
its descent
cupola
run
was
Experiments
matter
no
the
This
experimental
our
be
scarcely
failure.
the
of
the
scrap,
in
but
in
for
and
pig
hot,
bottom
all
ready
hard
of
cwt.
above
top when
on
fire at
was
131
tuyeres
little
a
on
cupola
melted
iron
to
extent
five
not
MELTING.
the
at
burned
and
the
of
fire
only
was
charging,
for
cupola.
one
lit the
IN
well
melted,
when
the
allowed
melting,
when
aud
run
it
was
into
CUPOLA
THE
132
pigs
length
dull
very
we
not
fast
as
too
dull
were
not
fit to
run
to
light work,
run
to
extent
any
work
which
into
in
dull
of
iron
is
the
to
after
several
hours
FOR
burned
up
is wasted
In
charged
the
blast
is put
the
heat
the
door
cupola
two
the
as
the
As
iron
there
see
is
heavy
for
vantage
ad-
no
soon
on
fuel
and
as
bed
that
is
is
heat
charged.
iron
the
to
iron
others,
In
blast
soon
as
iron
on
charged
the
claim
permitted
the
before
is put
fire.
is
in
as
as
putting
if iron
fuel
on,
and
up
hours
blast
the
of
and
others
the
lighting
three
bed
is filled with
fire is burned
or
foundries
some
and
blast
the
that
is wasted,
cupola
before
the
after
on
was
foundrymen
among
on
before
foundries
charging
iron
claim
by putting
some
opinion
of
Some
and
it
CHARGING.
charging.
the
cupola
way.
charging
for
iron,
extent,
could
we
was
tapped
in the
enough
soft
poured,
in this
difference
time
proper
blast
the
wide
be
can
when
charcoal.
mixtures
iron
iron
flowing properties
the
became
hard
of
limited
by
TIME
There
the
for
charcoal
using
it to
cient
suffi-
experiment
held
increased
difficultyin making
no
When
for
iron
grades
in the
change
soften
the
This
different
hot.
to
cupola
this extent,
with
and
time
of
in the
light work.
marked
any
melted
as
held
it to
times
of
length
sufficient
soften
found
never
almost
to
number
when
But
time
of
and
repeated
but
work.
heavy
or
FURNACE.
is
in
remain
to
and
is put on,
charging
in
iron
of
begins.
We
made
blast
others
of
long
In
on.
in
Iron
as
Iron
the
charging
before
charged
time
heats
some
for
at
in the
just described
heats
and
the
putting
fire
it melted
which
it melted
in
five
was
after
minutes
the
on
lit
the
was
blast
and
in
thirty minutes.
before
charged
time
melting
minutes,
to
experiments
time
proper
uncertain
put
of
charging.
after
very
number
the
ascertain
to
was
and
in
the
melting
was
very
in
fire
after
the
uncertain
others
not
burned
was
blast
;
for
in
was
some
through
put
heats
thirty minutes.
on,
the
and
it melted
Iron
bed
the
was
time
in
ten
charged
EXPERIMENTS
bed
the
after
off, melted
in time
Iron
of
in from
melted
In
blower
saved
were
before
putting
minutes
after
heat
We
charged.
the
of
but
as
burned
soon
for
it
from
charged.
There
lit
burned
has
or
and
evenly,
charging
number
doors
labor
FOR
of
the
sufificient
When
into
long bar,
door,
to
the
cupola,
and
weight
are
not
have
on
when
swung
have
the
as
iron
go
the
burned
bed
charge
in less
out
iron
the
before
was
fire is
burn
not
or
iron
of
melted
soon
fire may
been
hand.
other
end
the
is down
used
thus
up
before
through
door
the
it is desired
downward.
for
of
the
is belted
is cast
upon
bar
DOORS.
the
oldest
to
weight
its
up
to
raise
the
As
the
trouble
these
of
the
or
hinges
stands
bottom
raising the
avoiding
One
of which
end
one
BOTTOM
THE
place, and
by
the
balance
door
RAISING
devices
raising them
of
is
of
cupolas
of
that
would
charging
tuyeres
heat
iron
the
all the
the
first
in
bottom
bed
the
as
b}' this
The
heating
on
was
charging.
in
have
to
closing
put
iron
the
from
five
during
wasted
was
for
to
fast
the
after
draught
and
hours
three
as
the
run
three
or
in from
fuel
was
to
iron.
DEVICES
for
up,
on.
power
scon
ready
front
risk
on,
charging began,
equally
on
front
was
is great
put
was
put
was
two
melted
any
was
or
blast
prefer
we
the
the
when
minutes
blast
and
iron
off the
in the
the
time
put
that
bed
melting,
when
regular
more
as
melted
and
shut
utilized
was
to
preparatory
than
the
as
it
soon
the
was
we
as
iron
for
think
not
the
after
that
on,
blast
little after
very
arose
time
was
cupola by putting
one
ten
burned
minutes.
found
blast,
the
charging,
of
in
on
by charging
do
melted
before
put
twenty
was
blast
when
was
minutes
blast
to
the
on
the
as
manner
it
and
hours
five
the
fifteen
heats
these
three
to
and
charged
on
was
smoke
heavy
33
height.
or
three
blast
the
and
generally
proper
two
in from
Iron
the
charged
melted
the
and
melting,
was
through
after
sooner
of
bed
the
burned
was
MELTING.
IN
under
ball
when
weight
the
vices
de-
side
almost
raised.
of
alongside
door
and
bar
descends
the
and
the
fHE
134
door
is balanced
CUPOLA
its
upon
where
it is
when
properly arranged
supported by
easily and
very
the
and
is attached
the
by
For
Another
to
bottom
sufficient
the
beyond
fast
shaft, and
when
placed
the
door
the
upon
direction
from
the
hangs
arm
the
shaft
down
dump,
when
the
The
door
the
to
end
of
the
up
is
the
with
arm
of the
one
Another
hand
the
the
with
end
of
bottom,
the
best
chain
devices
end
bar
or
the
wrench
five
shaft.
The
upright position,and
door
which
is swung
up
it is
keyed.
from
the
handling
the
iron
place by
When
or
of the
the
post
keyed
in
wa\'
is up
at
it is
only
necessary
the
door
is
placed
the
This
the
of
the
cupola.
door
long, placed
rotation
is not
doors.
expensive,
the
of
in
place
at
the
and
place.
less
upon
tached
at-
draw
raise
feet
the
to
end
is
door
of
blocks
top
the
down
the
the
into
and
six
or
pulley
and
the
props.
raisingheavy
doors
square
column
bottom
floor
for
same
removing
scaffold
seen
crank
alongside
in the
the
is down
or
chain
shaft, and
managing
inches
upon
door
endless
by drawing
into
end
bar
the
putting
for small
shaft
iron
arm
raise
the
of
the
the
shaft
is
lugs
An
the
on
few
the
in
the
half
door
When
of
have
we
them,
out
The
near
broken
the
and
to
equally good
one,
make
is to
the
of the
which
shaft, pointing in
the
of
by
or
of
of
bar
arm
out
way
side
at
is
pair
extend
door.
is up
the
by
under
arm
and
door
of
is raised
the
as
the
and
dropped.
the
heavy
raisingheavy
in
inch
turns
or
alongside
cupola
plate,out
shaft
of
end
the
bottom
the
dumping
little used.
for
hole
plate.
is raised
supporting
and
bottom
door
the
to
bolts
one
an
end
one
in
is very
best
in
the
is sometimes
large
put
have
the
of
door
the
with
and
to
the
this device
reasons
door,
edge
the
probably
length
the
upon
bottom
is
the
and
and
large lugs
cast
door
jerk given
breaks
or
door,
these
the
of
device,
continually getting
door
device, and
doors, is
of
the
to
bar.
the
to
it is
place,
This
raises
order,
upward
into
up
support.
good
dropping
the
of
swings
place, but
sudden
end
attached
end
bar
the
on
in
into
and
other
or
prop
sudden
consequent
weight
the
The
hinges
and
quickly
order.
of
out
FURNACE,
shaft
the
the
bar
all in the
upon
in
bar
shaft
by
on
is
way
an
the
to
moved
re-
of
136
fluxing the
of
and
even
the
blast
long
flux.
In
last
principle
fuls to
this
way
but
to
iron,
of
each
charge
is not
make
lining when
the
up
in
this
fuel
keep
the
cause
bridging
tends
to
the
absorb
of
to
cupola
dirt
handin
the
cupola,
in the
cinder
or
chipped
the
from
heat.
produce
not
the
from
iron
the
sufficient
ash
and
of
free, but
working
reduce
the
on
few
from
slag
and
open
and
for
shovelfuls
using limestone
and
does
way
in
cupola
cupola
heat,
drawn
down
cupola
Foundry-
few
the
brittle
easily broken
quantity
and
and
be
to
use
upon
as
in the
object
slag
dump
be
slag
practice to
The
iron.
cupola.
using limestone
of
through
of
used
idea
is constructed
foundry
distributed
making
Limestone
and
limestone
or
the
limestone,
of
use
finely broken
clean
can
the
it is the
produce
to
a
that
cupola,
of
free
months,
for
days.
as
the
foundries
many
the
for
cupola furnace,
order
good smelting
few
conceived
ago
charge
in
is
riddlefuls
few
it not
up
furnace
general
same
men
clog
FURNACE.
in
kept
Were
would
The
is
furnace
years.
furnace
or
CUPOLA
THE
the
rather
melting capacity
of
the
cupola.
The
Some
it
of
depends
to
limestones
iron
for
afifinity
In
the
as
heavy
in
cinder
for
crumbles
or
limestone.
small
we
The
to
blast
break
pieces
slacks
have
may
results
quantities in
The
tendency
of
slag
hard
or
are
find
the
from
so
uncertain
find
brittle
cinder
the
sphere,
atmo-
with
wet
water.
produced
by
in
that
we
do
LARGE
QUANTITIES.
cupola
the
of
limestone
IN
all.
almost
of
it.
it at
use
using
in
little
action
to
cinder
in
cinder
with
cinder
exposure
brittle
or
stone.
but
with
quicklimewhen
obtained
cupola
we
short
like
a
others
at
the
have
combination
we
stone
lime-
of
use
combine
after
down
and
others
furnaces
as
while
the
quality of
iron
while
into
enter
about
the
upon
state,
not
years;
to
even
cupola
do
hard
atmosphere
In
and
cupola by
for
afifinity
great
molten
piles
and
in
extent
great
have
freely when
that
brittle cinder
making
is to
not
chill
think
and
OF
FLUXING
adhere
this
at
the
to
liningjust
point, and
great is this
So
melt
properly
than
three
tendency
To
their
in
fluid
bottom,
and
dirt
the
the
and
days
at
iron
in
custom
to
to
the
cupola
to
and
carry
be
case
to
absorb
used
in
the
the
of
ash
of
used, and
the
charged
and
the
as
furnace
blast{\ux
limestone
the
in
heat,
to
sufficient
quantity
the
fuel
and
gates
fuel, and
limestone
fluid
from
to
In
would
only clean
of
The
be
tity
quan-
with
varies
which
under
of
ton
per
slag
must
in lime.
pounds
JOG
than
limestone
conditions
in
absorb
to
amount
slag, therefore,
the
25
lean
rich
stone
and
out
with-
them.
to
and
greater
amount
limestone
required
milled
were
requires
good
produce
is
the
of
them
slag
adhering
limestone
of
also
sand
melt
of
of
It is the
gates
enough
use
for
ton
per
melted.
to
drawn
quality
and
fuel
in blast
and
be
the
bottom
be
may
the
sprews
the
and
the
the
required
sand, and
cent,
to
of
iron
to
of
to
order
to
the
stock
ash
them
the
sprews
amounts
the
upon
iron
cent,
the
it contains
of
cupola
than
dirt
the
with
melting point
carries
where
per
the
melting
is
good
of
produce
Poor
required
quality
remove
if the
melted.
limestone
more
clog
to
of
absorbs
slag depends
foundries,
larger per
necessary
iron
in
and
and
slag
condition
out
for
adopted
through
and
iron
amount
fluid
some
milling
this
the
thirty to forty
from
melts
the
The
the
and
stone
tendency
to
settles
slag
cupola kept
produce
to
it settles
This
where
time.
when
from
limestone
of
cent,
per
slag.
cupola,
will not
cupola
tapping slag.
sand
or
cent,
per
furnace.
large one
have
cases
large
in its descent
and
this
many
it melts
cupola,
ofT
large
forms
of
and
cupolas,
When
using
of
and
cupola
the
of
small
hours,
two
overcome
in
bridge, foundrymen
that
the
around
working
proper
37
and
tuyeres
bridge
to
than
more
hours.
plan
the
CUPOLAS.
IN
the
over
prevent
for
IRON
the
it is
iron
melted.
The
and
gates
number
the
weight
are
of
limestone
of
the
not
hours,
used.
slag
drawn
milled, and
is about
When
from
the
one-third
the
cupola
cupola
is
greater
sprews
and
when
the
sprews
kept
in blast
than
the
gates
are
for
weight
of
milled,
138
THE
the
weight
the
of
When
The
small
numerous
the
than
in
the
the
value
when
greater
the
EFFECT
Many
the
of
oxides,
The
flux
is
injure
its
diffused
in
in minute
the
mould
in
making
or
tranverse
strengths
the
oxides,
silicates, etc.,
native
metal,
and
do
nor
is to
furnace
the
elements,
blast
clog
the
upon
injure
its
and
the
injuring
strong
blast
cupola
is not
deterioration
bridge
iron
quality.
bridging
avoid
and
upon
to
in
with
through
its
and
effect
If
by
keep
the
iron
in
it.
improve
melting.
The
the
of
working
the
effect, therefore,
quality
of
ployed
em-
divided
iron
these
of
their
clean
tensile
the
When
them.
the
the
cupola
quality
the
of
and
from
concentrate
the
in
center
we
and
iron, but
limestone
to
vent
pre-
free,
concentration
of
the
of
cupola
limestone
open
and
from
and
by
in
parts
running
opening
use
by
the
cupola
tuyeres,
small
melting
3 to
materials.
iron
tendency
the
furnace
from
with
metal
the
impair
free
made
component
upon
in
The
the
greater
finely
castings,
not
up
earthy
separated
over
locked
substances
less
or
sound
it.
they improve
and
tests
be
to
mineral
prevent
do
they
iron
at
of
iron
more
not
are
chemical
combined
frequently impaired
are
the
of
IRON.
other
sharp,
and
their
is to
slag
slagged.
conjoined
fluxes,
and
by
number
oxides,
stone.
lime-
weight
except
of
cupola
the
The
quality.
elements
native
UPON
in
time
mechanically
combination
reduced
often
and
separated,
FLUX
contain
in
silicates, etc.,
the
of
found,
of
loss
was
and
fluxes
cupola
as
In
cupola
limestones
been
recovered
the
OF
heat,
iron
metal.
found
we
short
cent,
per
be
the
of
has
shot
of
cannot
cupola,
same
cent,
per
particles
the
weight
limestone.
the
to
for
of
cupola
4
the
to
run
part
of
from
These
slag.
only
latter
from
contain
to
equal
is
weight
slag drawn
analysis,
cost
the
the
than
is about
cupola
during
is less
slag
in
the
drawn
only
slag
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
prevent
we
of
in
its
OF
FLUXING
ACTION
THE
Limestone
contain
the
of
1893.
sand
for
made
an
The
cupola
long time,
iron
effect
that
As
flux
and
and
produced
the
upon
the
in
sand
exhausted,
Trouble
then
with
thick, tough
hole, and
portion
called
iron
We
open.
of
mixture
the
heat.
sand
With
resisted
the
upon
open
and
in
illustrate
the
heat
the
with
tough slag.
This
was
due
the
lining would
stood
many
From
the
the
action
select
ever
been
heats
with
various
of
flux
they
to
find
cut
be
of
sand
one
no
any
the
the
flux
linmg
most
or
or
the
melted
into
in the
making
heat, while
flux
at
be
and
profitable in
the
lining
moulding
and
a
slag
thick,
limestone
it fusible.
it would
and
selected
lining to
in
entire
have
all.
brick
slag,
off
sand, the
moulding
and
ing
mould-
of
upon
iron
and
tap
trouble
molten
it
large
the
run
fluxes
property
lining may
to
shells
of
qualities of cupola
almost
to
or
further
no
effect
this
in
out
shells
market,
suit
with
changed
place
tap
Johnson
be
order
the
Mr.
in
flux
the
up
material
was
some
with
lined
have
in the
now
been
cupola
to
the
by
keep
oyster
limestone
but
them.
to
good
with
pressure
of
closed
used
no
place
done
be
and
front
sand
there
and
be
front
and
had
shells
hole.
tap
shells
of
melted
and
could
the
sharp
flux
no
what
sary
neces-
by cutting away
the
done,
to
serves
drawn
that
fire-clayand
tap hole
This
material.
learn
was
down
enlarge
to
advised
This
sand.
keeping
front
settled
and
heat
supply
in
was
sand
Oyster
the
used
It
the
freely and
When
front.
The
it became
heat.
flowed
was
be
only
ofifice to
our
the
that
slag
could
the
of
at
hole
began
limestone
of
J., in
moulding
new
action
ofT the
front.
lining
illustrated
cupola.
enlarged,
that
slag
the
run
the
was
with
in the
used
to
with
This
in
put
heats
the
frequently
Co., Hainesport, N.
resisted
tap slag
became
into
been
flux
no
fluxes
as
it fusible.
"
39
LINING.
combination
Johnson
and
it.
into
had
front
upon
use
used
were
D.
ON
employed
render
front
excellent
molten
to
John
of
FLUXES
enter
atid
CUPOLAS.
IN
minerals
which
furnace
foundry
OF
other
impurities
material
at
and
IRON
lining
that
will resist
foundrymen
suit the
their
rial
mate-
may
flux, which
locality.
THE
140
CUPOLA
HOW
the
This
is
limestone
slagged
if
be
of
exact
when
the
other
the
iron.
first few
or
the
cupola
When
the
cupola
in
charged
is
of
is drawn
from
This
slag-hole.
lining under
where
it will
the
spout
the
slag
hole
is
how
the
iron
is drawn
and
iron
in
large ladle,
drawn
as
slag
hole
fills up
fast
"is
with
iron
with
is drawn
placed
cupola
the
as
slag
melted
until
hole
the
iron
from
a
bod
from
and
the
to
the
raises
it to
cupola
the
the
the
as
are
is used
hours.
few
limestone
is
is
fast
and
drawn
as
in the
point
iron
The
from
height
upon
is melted
when
the
low.
When
as
When
falls and
of
casing and
it is desired
placed
escape
known
depends
slag hole.
slag
slag.
quantity
only be
can
at
When
cupola.
slag hole
prevent
removing
the
placed high,
cupola,
heat,
the
bottom
sand
sufficient
is
in
way
the
the
opening
an
and
removing
the
light,six
the
through
tuyeres
the
above
of
ways.
the
for
stone
lime-
are
for
way
iron
charge
limestone
way
is made
of
from
of
special work,
of
out
convenient
one-sixth
cupola through
is withdrawn
closed
be
iron
after
the
cupolas
third
or
ordinary
dififerent
level
small
of
is the
some
opening
lower
the
In
generally
with
is used
second
about
the
the
charge
charges
This
for
run
the
iron,
of
with
each
perimenting
ex-
generally
is
iron.
of
by
limestone
limestone
the
in
in
fluid
ton
per
cient
suffi-
material
learned
it is
be
can
make
to
be
only
The
with
run
number
slag
is
iron
used, but
put
charges
limestone.
when
hold
No
generally
or
without
charged
cupola
it.
eight charges,
the
and
generally charged
In
The
iron
charging
cupola, a
limestone
milled.
the
of
the
can
good
of
in
cupola
any
their
slagging
slag-producing
material
fluxing
not
for
slag from
with
cupola
required
begins using
bed
is
the
is
top
on
melter
on
as
or
the
remelt
the
charged
or
limestone
in
knowledge
of
slag,
draw
from
the
To
amount
with
trouble
lack
worked.
in
charged
The
slag.
to
drawing
properly
CUPOLA.
experience
largely due
and
quantity
must
SLAG
sometimes
Foundrymen
cupolas.
TO
FURNACE.
the
to
fill
iron
is
the
cupola
the
the
slag
blast.
When
the
slag
melted,
to
iron
hole
is
the
hole
is
OF
FLUXING
low
placed
the
through
slag
of
amount
large, there
The
fuel
too
long
flow
is
and
a
from
become
no
time, it
may
the
hole.
slag
time
open
throughout
high
that
slag
the
iron, it should
molten
and
closed
soon
as
DOES
is
Nothing
gates
and
the
melting
the
carry
cupola
be
can
sand
of
slagging.
small
in blast
for
and
the
we
melt
in
who
quantity
find
of
iron
greater
found
to
that
length
make
the
of
an
cost
placed
fills up
to
and
and
wear
foundries
by
and
slagging
to
working
free.
condition
of
amount
for
iron
but
required
for
their
cupola
and
it
greater
melted
cupolas temporarily
the
so
with
sprews
by slagging,
faster
their
cupola
remain
to
in labor
on,
cupola
larger
is generally
the
the
many
sand
iron
is
successfully in the
in
good melting
much
the
keep
hole
slag begins
when
saving
the
small
opening.
melted
effected
and
cupola
after
the
not
cupola
difificulty
by slagging
endeavoring
cupola,
be
from
cupola
the
great
slag;
When
CUPOLA
be
with
slag
as
for
impurities,
permitted
the
from
it will
with
heat.
can
but
to
and
is
soon
SLAG
gates with
Foundrymen
the
overcome
In
time
melt
to
heat
made
in blast
kept
length
be
not
too
cupola
mucky
hour
an
when
as
the
in
The
the
of
TO
PAY
and
out
made
impurities
up
slag
it falls below
can
and
sprews
can
low
drawn
slagging;
machinery
of
tear
placed
opened
the
and
without
cupola
to
gained by slagging
milled
are
be
IT
the
cupola through
the
hour
an
as
regulated by
tuyeres
the
drawing
be
of
filled
be
from
remainder
only
best
is not
and
fill the
and
flow
when
can
it may
up
half
melt, and
to
thick
great importance.
in from
opened
open
way
hole
remain
to
so
Or
for
of
matter
become
not
is
takes
cupola
permitted
boil
will
The
hole.
begins
of
if
iron, and
is the
flow
if the
remain
to
blast.
of
bottom
This
the
and
I4I
permitted
heat.
for
cupola,
escape
boiling, it
therefore
rise
in the
over-heated,
when
slag
cnpola,
in the
slag
the
from
it is
the
of
CUPOLAS.
IN
opened
remainder
slag
drawing
when
and
IRON
work,
by
too
can
keeping
it
slagging
time.
estimate
of
of
limestone
the
cost
of
in different
localities
THE
142
varied
from
from
to
25
cents
50
pounds
100
varied
drawn
iron
combined
with
these
wide
differences
used,
and
the
that
the
Such
estimate
would
ton.
ton
of
to
25
The
pounds
100
in
the
the
in
be
of
found
it
made
each
at
With
limestone
of
impossible
value
The
cent.
and
drawn
slag
of
of
iron.
7 per
quantity
practical
any
be
must
and
varied
amount
of
ton
to
quantity
we
The
per
from
cost
used
amount
melted.
iron
slag varied
it contained,
estimate
an
from
FURNACE.
per
per
difiference
iron
of
$3
to
slag
cent,
CUPOLA
per
make
to
an
foundrymen.
to
foundry
be
to
of
any
practical value.
SHELLS.
0)'ster,clam
and
frequently used
are
where
they
shells
The
about
the
place
of
When
limestone
keeps
the
either
effect
same
in
heat
crackling
noise
slack,
and
the
flakes
of
shell
The
this
of
would
melts
and
used
are
used
in
flakes
and
shell
may
heat, when
is due
th5
surface,
and
to
forms
be
and
in small
at
fluid
when
flakes
the
first
helps
to
that
to
seen
up
assists
in
have
slag
the
that
slag
cupola.
the
shell
in
the
not
of
of
when
in
keeping
of
lime, and
inner
are
great
as
refuse
cupola
the
with
hard
cupola
remainder
the
up
ties.
large quanti-
the
of
is
pass
covered
often
from
absorbs
clog
quantities,or
clogs
used
are
The
sight.
slag
that
be
thrown
of
fluid
destruction
loss
used
limestone.
as
freely from
flat, is
the
to
in
shells
be
may
cupola
flows
in
of
the
tirely
en-
as
it
shell
melting,
the
it open
shells
when
large quantities.
MARBLE
Marble
and
shells
and
quantities,and
melting
of
foundry roof,
thick
becomes
iron
and
free
refuse
shell;
appear
They
small
or
the
first strikes
after
the
iron.
large
upon
it the
crackling
of
surface
the
limestone.
limestone
as
way
ties
in locali-
than
cost
lime,
of
limestone
of
less
same
to
cupola working
the
at
the
in
place
in
procured
in
largely composed
are
flux
proportion
same
used
as
be
can
shells
charged
are
the
about
other
and
is another
of
the
SPALLS.
carbonates
the
spalls or
THE
144
be.
have
We
effect
fluxing,and
and
melting
made
silicon
of
into
combination
it.
Iron
hard
as
it with
deleterious
cohesive
strength.
in cast
iron
to
when
powder
So
proportion
nature
and
form
sudden
by
is
chill.
class
other
should
silicon
contain
work,
of
iron
cheap
the
these
for
in
the
For
be
reduced
Silicon
iron.
an
is
the
in
The
changed
pig
may
in
chilling property
iron
or
high
in
upon
an
in cast
it
is
this
for
this
making
in foundries
is
iron
iron
of
to
one
Southern
making
from
time
strength
iron
a
we
being
cheap
is
used
mixture
iron
to
it may
large
in stove
tain
con-
cent.
per
of
the
in
of
amount
foundries
soft
foreman
the
in this
extent
great
any
ployed
em-
plate,light
three
destroys
and
is
strength, it
stove
to
amount
chilling tendency
amount
there
the
for
two
the
reduce
larger
and
also
present
foundries
its
the
requiring great
cent.
contain
impairing
work
the
yet retain
upon
light machinery
For
per
depends
and
iron
and
contain
may
work,
the
all.
etc., it may
But
iron
heavy work,
at
none
work.
and
of
force
chilling tendency
an
is sufificient to
amount
At
cohesive
iron
mould
largely used
force
one-half
iron, without
the
and
as
iron
ing
hav-
destroys
silicon.
cast
an
sand
the
of
of
make.
from
class
into
manufacture
impurities
to
This
silicon, and
by
run
iron,
soft
it
may
of
lead
as
transverse
of
pure
soft
of
iron
This
casting,
are
cent,
per
bench
in
irons
sufificient cohesive
of
iron
impurity
an
reduces
cast
and
mould,
is
excess
to
upon
work.
of
The
an
in
in the
silicon
reason
with
effect
as
excess
strongest
freely
enters
made
destruction
destruction
desirable
very
An
of
crystallization
when
The
iron.
detriment
destroyed
hardened
not
of
hard
iron
cast
is
cooling
become
silicon
the
that
combined
in any
But
the
is
great
silicon
by
upon
be
may
and
crystallization,
ard
tensile
steel
the
ascertain
to
softening
it should
what
silicon
that
has
and
silicon.
effect
force
found
iron
cast
treble
or
experiments
have
tempered
as
double
many
iron, and
on
FURNACE.
maybe
great
with
by combining
a
CUPOLA
strength
of
mould.
silicon
high
for the
casting.
informed
At
one
me
pose
purof
that
FLUXING
they
using
were
large,and
New
he
York,
broken
in transit
At
another
they
per
and
shipped
their
in transit
irons
In
of
$14
at
other
of
heavy breakage
Another
matter
irons
for
weak
iron, and
by
iron
the
Northern
the
be
the
and
plate
castings
made
were
age
break-
any
by experience
$20
of
ton
per
cheap Southern
as
irons
made
of
the
by
force
and
to
iron
added
silicon
other
The
Southern
irons
irons
than
now
were
and
are
made
of
kind
of
iron
silicon,in
ening
soft-
iron.
of
carbon,
as
cast
without
rotten,
or
readily as
con.
sili-
put upon
the
were
used
softeners
as
better
far
such
maintained
it brittle
cupola
silicon
hardest
of
rendering
light work,
then
as
addition
in
this
good
iron
cast
upon
be
of
made
one
high
last,made
work
good
softeners.
as
these
stove
chillingtendency.
softest
high
will
for
stove
works,
warehouse
had
of
using
stove
effect
the
can
long
as
its cohesive
Before
us
them
cost
their
cost
silicon
in
long
them?
same
made
carbon
and
repaired.
we
reputation
last
reducing
destroying
were
their
at
found
mixture
considered
using
be
can
stoves
that
never
had
using high
be
can
has
and
foundries
plate,is,how
certainly not
Carbon
irons
plate to
in
and
at
very
and
breakage
irons
than
run
when
to
stove
foundries
will
for
long
of
any
They
was
ton.
per
number
handling.
in the
N.
crating, and
or
Pennsylvania
of
cheaper
was
in
mixture
lightest stoves
or
lot
their
warehouse
remounted
Troy,
scarcely
boxing
to
45
said
shop
their
Pennsylvania
of
had
without
Chicago
that
mixture
be
to
in
foundry
They
ton.
back
and
ton,
mounting
miles, but
25
sent
stove
using
were
$20
in
and
and
per
shipment
of
CUPOLAS.
$14
cost
barrels
made
distance
IN
that
tumbHng
never
IRON
mixture
in the
breakage
OF
grade
the
from
of
silicon
irons.
It is difificult to
cupola,
flame
but
free
cupola
in
blast ; and
extent
as
10
to
soft
make
silicon
remove
carbon
is
produced
iron
it unfit
for
iron
readily removed
by
be
may
from
strong
hardened
the
work.
when
by
and
in
This
melted
the
large
melting
can
be
in
oxidizing
volume
to
such
of
an
prevented
146
to
CUPOLA
THE
by using
extent
some
in the
and
cupola,
in the
We
cupola
have
spent
the
on
the
also
deterioration
of
the
at
chemical
time
the
of
a
is
spar
flame
moderate
of
iron
other
in
extent
flux
at
sufficient
in
used
slag
great distance
any
absorbs
that
which
with
it
freely,and
working
and
this
for
certain
and
had
this
for
the
at
poor
of
limestone,
that
limestone
reduces
slag
We
in
long
have
it to
burn
be
and
two
be
the
considerable
its
Fluor
of
ing
melt-
cupola
open
and
it also
the
afTected
time,
with
the
excellent
country,
crease
in-
to
reduce
and
When
the
used
efficiency of
to
as
very
erally
gen-
limestone
the
with
it cannot
the
of
parts
can
but
mine,
alone
to
material
founder
of
fluxes
short
cupola lining.
employed
an
of
limestone
fluid
very
residue
very
only
used
as
when
large quantities
increases
enables
of
use
spar
But
in
at
expense
retarded
lining
of
the
make
procured
the
the
sections
be
to
but
in
are
injurious efifect
combined
used
out
the
greatly
not
can
in other
of
upon
flux, in
clean.
frequently
often
purpose.
mines.
that
cost
spar
and
used
vicinity
spar
could
'limestone
the
the
fluor
way,
and
dump
fluxing properties
injurious efifect
this
it to
the
it is
reason
the
in
engaged
are
keeps
quality
moderate
prove
im-
non-metallic
This
in
would
cupola, produces
only
can
by it.
procured
be
always
in
lining material
of
extent
be
it
reason
grades
limited
in
causes
melting, but
greatly
the
from
the
has
in contact;
comes
not
country,
liquefiesthe
and
would
cupola
been
the
quantities
ing
experimentas
cupola
time
native
material
heavy
icals
chem-
of
use
in
for this
as
also
of
low
iron
SPAR.
used
it has
sections
this
transporting
in
compound
it is found
and
cost,
by the
money
in
present
extensively
where
country
and
FLUOR
iFluor
the
melting
carbonizing flame.
of
such
of
and
prevented
great deal
quality, and
manufacture
be
produce
to
blast
mild
can
production
only prevent
its
it
FURNACE.
spar
use
cheap
flux, while
upon
flux
for
the
the
ing,
lin-
tapping
heats.
used
fluor
spar
in
number
of
cupolas
and
with
FLUXING
great
meking
cupola
in the
was
latter
IRON
irons
to
the
of
the
at
as
dross
the
iron
favorite
potato
molten
The
potato
the
metal
boiling
said
in
also
of
used
as
good
to
be
too
or
as
end
of
the
of
greatly
for
raw
this
the
time.
moisture
of
long
short
it, and
ing
boil-
gentle
gained by
is
nothing
practice has
the
it in
exploding
that
demonstrated
hold
by
off
place
amount
benefited
of
amount
boiling.
to
and
without
gently
the
ladle,
many
skimmed
was
was
sufficient
in
by agitating
large
after
bar
tap
understood
ladle
ladle
well
it
purer
in
iron
in
apple
an
the
upon
ladle, but
iron
end
this
potato,
or
the
it caused
pole
inches
The
pole
molten
for
boil
to
since
continued
dis-
been
of
tap bar
if the
was
considered
not
was
clay
chanced
violently and
was
green
around
the
all parts
of
wood
pole,
the
and
metal
as
were
into
the
of
into
the
and
thrust
This
iron.
thrust
and
cleansing
in diameter,
reverberatory furnace,
the
of
way
the
three
wood.
of
be
to
clay placed
favorite
to
was
without
country.
safe
damp,
Another
tu
which
boiling iron
as
slow
times
some-
explode.
to
ago
from
ladle, and
damp
for
or
surface,
be
to
in
caused
metal
has
practice
ball
melted
practice
common
impurities
bottom
the
in this
A
where
cases
dumped
so
This
the
boil
iron
apple contained
was
but
was
was
metal.
the
on
near
or
agitate or
be
not
cupolas
of
agitating
of
metal,
it
considered
apple
or
the
on
was
way
of
it improved
BOILING.
BY
in
iron
molten
collect
to
and
to
the
boiling
or
could
IRON
time,
cleanse
to
number
but
extent,
melting capacity,
heat, and
fluxes
of
use
present
foundries
in
it to harden
found
never
47
labor.
of
the
noticeable
its
CLEANIXG
Before
We
materially
beyond
CUPOLAS.
IN
of iron.
very
run
part
great deal
these
of
any
the
the
brands
different
many
soften
or
OF
the
metal
the
pole
was
stirred
was
was
moved
agitated,and
with
to
in
it.
pole
hard
ladle
The
the
mixture
or
effect
it to
cause
through
better
years
other
or
metal
molten
metal
with
done
hickory
green
irons
mixing
boil
metal
of
the
148
dififerent
grades
in
practice
the
iron
;
of
but
poled
poling
requiring
in
been
has
iron
melted
is
in
very
ladle
for
strong
furnaces
homogeneous
iron
years
many
in
and
of
and
rolls
iron.
common
have
we
believe
we
cupola-melted
foundries
for
but
ago,
with
many
geneous
homo-
more
was
years,
discontinued
practiced
reverberatory
a
poHng
twenty-five
entirely
still
effected
was
The
foundries
many
practice
FURNACE.
produced.
iron
seen
iron
of
casting
not
CUPOLA
THE
in
and
the
other
ing
mix-
ings
cast-
CHAPTER
DIFFERENT
Before
to
seeing
them
should
be
In
Fig
the
in
placed
the
for
each
The
stack
brick
stack
the
high
stacks
the
built
was
heat,
an
flame
and
top,
the
drawn
this
the
built
which
was
due
bottom
and
staves,
which
tight
by
the
It
stack
and
held
draw-bolts
( 149)
threw
size.
plate,
were
is
placed
the
is constructed
placed
which
elbows.
than
size
to
These
few
very
casing
together
or
through
cupola
the
cupola-
columns
brick.
The
and
the
subjected
out
the
for
center
tuyere
red
their
columns
brick
not
was
the
above
placed
from
larger
common
high
to
much
is
door,
is
cupola,
the
use
cast-iron
drop
stack
upon
in
column
gases
of
of
in
brick
still
square
iron
opening
side
of
very
of
out
through-
height
these
upon
cupola.
built
was
An
placed
and
square
terest
in-
of
defects
use
are
sufificient
manipulating
for
which
unconsumed
and
each
on
of
center
plate
sometimes
was
of
not
were
cast-iron
bands,
plate, having
made
were
between
and
built
walls,
diameter
of
dump.
plate
openings
at
the
plate,
general
and
at
in
in
the
foundation
Upon
be
which
of
brick
the
all
in
now
opportunity
an
foundries.
op'ening
cupola.
off
many
ago,
with
of
may
defects,
small
of
cupolas
had
not
style cupola
years
removal
cupolas
ones.
old
old-time
cast-iron
carry
have
their
the
of
old-fashioned
modern
many
corner
the
the
the
seen
the
upon
another
to
is
plate,
of
construction
CUPOLAS.
CUPOLAS.
who
in
country
bottom
top
the
observing
avoided
of
upon
STYLE
founders
or
20
some
floor
OLD
of
account
many
OF
STYLES
describing
short
use,
VII.
by
through
was
was
The
the
a
side
invery
large
sparks
placed
formed
wrought-iron
the
flanged
THE
I50
ends
bands
of
the
placed
were
cupolas
bands.
were
only
When
in
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
the
position
from
six
to
Fig.
OLD
STYLE
casing
when
hot
eight
20.
CUPOLA.
made
was
and
feet
tapering, the
shrunk
high,
and
on.
those
The
of
CUPOLA
THE
152
the
and
bottom
large amount
cupola
space
the
stock.
made
between
It
was
did
deal
bed
that
fuel
was
that
the
spread
not
heat
of
fill the
to
through
escaped
by the
stock
the
retaining a
of
purpose
lining and
found
of
cent,
per
the
also
high
stock
great
the
for
top
iron, the
it settled, and
such
greater
the
at
molten
of
as
the
small
FURNACE.
settlingof
shifting of tuyeres
melted
cupola
in
consumed
quired
re-
slowly, and
than
large
in small
heats.
RESERVOIR
THE
To
the
overcome
the
of
molten
objections
in
the
cupola,
the
to
still be
and
tuyeres,
iron
CUPOLA.
able
hold
to
reservoir
large
ing
shift-
and
tapering cupola
of
amount
cupola. Fig.
21,
was
designed.
The
casing
this
of
section,
bottom
to
constructed
was
section
molten
shifting the
tuyeres.
tap
stock
made
was
after
the
than
from
be
the
bottom
almost
the
as
cupola
longer.
good
is
height
heavy
The
kept
in
to
better
made
the
the
charcoal
can
pouring
in
large
be
tinued
con-
large
heats
of
fuel
diameter
The
tuyeres.
cast,
small
or
reservoir
same
general
be
not
melting.
the
is to
did
amount
the
of
above
suit
condition
in
economical
for
piece
iron
for
heats
after
The
melting
inches
with
molten
condition
are
eight
or
covered
and
air.
when
and
done,
at
large
and
could
melting
tapped.
was
in small
but
cupolas
six
to
placed
are
the
time
and
face,
larger sur-
melting
economical
too
was
iron
over
of
without
cupola
breast,
for
cupola,
of
more
bed
present
in ladles
held
and
the
for
the
tuyeres
to
large body
faster
condition
the taper
in
the
on
upper
admitted
spread
was
the
than
the
in
inches,
four
twenty-
diameter
held
being
metal
bad
so
to
arrangement
pressure
tapered cupola,
required
At
did
cupola
in
as
This
The
the
twelve
from
the
iron, and
wrought
of
greater
iron
reduced
the
of
proper.
of
which
made
was
one-third
of
large body
leave
height
cupola
or
cupola
work
of
run
the
coke
to
is
clude
ex-
in
this
way
in
the
cupola,
and
melts
faster
and
as
and
be
iron
kept
DIFFERENT
STYLES
Fig.
RESERVOIR
OF
21.
CUPOLA.
CUPOLAS.
153
THE
154
CUPOLA
STATIONARY
In
Fig
is
shown
FURNACE.
BOTTOM
the
old
CUPOLA.
style English
is constructed
cupola
solid
foundation
brick
work
of
bottom
made
has
stationary
which
the
after
drawn
the
is
the
at
out
dropping
as
iron
are
raking
for
and
square,
the
has
cupola
with
These
in front
cupola
with
an
the
When
made
in it and
open
of
amount
when
wall
pieces
of
coke
inside
of
the
coke
is
built
Fig.
BOTTOM
CUPOLA.
and
the
23.
front
is
well
with
up
with
cupola
placed
are
the
even
for
up
ignited with
alight, a
STATIONARY
coke
is
apron
feet
two
the
been
small
of
is about
iron.
place
done
opening
when
wrought
is
cupola,
generally
in blast, is covered
of
in
cupola.
out
pola
cu-
is melted,
it under
The
diameter.
the
front
drop-bottom
cupolas
The
in
generally
now
is
ash, cinder
of
slag, remaining
and
or
bottom.
sand
refuse, consisting
of
stone
brick, upon
upon
of
and
This
cupola.
the
lining.
The
bed
form
the
molding
sand
to
spout
new
solid.
The
loam
loam
or
Fig.
the
the
breast-plate is
loam
in
front
the
heat, and
two
with
men
the
cupola,
bar
long
or
it is broken
down
by throwing
in
extensively
were
this
We
country.
believe
this
still in
are
in
used
saw
is the
general
pieces
in
only
Baltimore
in
one
in
use
never
which
24
is
is
said
This
little fuel.
charging
for
the
of
of
purpose
diameter
tuyeres
door.
with
at
These
charging
thirty inches,
the
Below
fiftyinches,
form
to
or
tuyeres
give
room
is done
by
in
hangs
with
door
cupolas
in
any
extent
years
ago,
and
but
they
country
of
iron
before
the
heat
and
bands
door
was
one-half
the
for
were
the
of
with
sixty
diameter
metal.
very
of
on
the
by
the
blast,
bustion
com-
firebrick.
at
to
The
the
brick,
common
inches
lining expanded
molten
admit
to
produced
built
with
and
putting
lined
cupola,
expanding
designed
was
cupolas
wrought-iron
the
from
These
rapidly
very
utilizing all
fuel.
of the
banded
peculiar
large quantity
fender
refuse
few
the
of
melted
have
to
out.
CUPOLA.
elevation
sectional
dug
England.
EXPANDING
Fig.
This
to
in this
use
been
workmen
iron.
but
England,
one
the
charging
pig
of
has
sheet-iron
If the
the
breast
ness
full thick-
front
begins.
from
place
to
heat
loam
protect
rake.
pronged
are
It is then
the
the
the
process
spout
put the
to
up
away,
to
the
prefer
When
broken
out
two-
made
forced
After
bottom.
sand
and
cupola
raking
long
removed
the
of
and
the
over
being
it
melters
and
been
has
front
position
hole
in with
rammed
cupola.
tap
cupola.
the
lining of
the
in
the
up
apron
the
placed
the
the
and
making
against
casing,
in
in the
placed
filled
prevent
Some
way.
brick
the
After
when
iron
is
is then
placed
position, the
in
the
of
melted
molten
ordinary
inside
solid
rammed
is then
position before
in
apron
in from
is
the
in
up
the
with
even
23,
of
pressure
breast-plate is placed
made
front
the
55
stick
round
wedged
the
by
put in,
hole, and
tap
apron,
and
out
is then
coke
of
CUPOLAS.
OF
STYLES
DIFFERENT
The
and
the
at
the
charging
forty
or
bottom
even
was
156
THE
CUPOLA
Fig.
EXPANDING
FURNACE.
24.
CUPOLA.
DIFFERENT
the
stationary,and
The
bottom
The
the
of
of
in
the
this
done
in
have
been
drawn
was
the
the
to
the
at
little above
the
diameter
stock,
57
front.
tuyeres
of the
top
but
six
and
being placed
of
very
to
stack
certainly
in the
iron
have
even
been
to
appear
the
to
the
of
the
obtained
of
cupola
cent,
per
should
results
pounds
door
insured
lining
melting
best
half
large
the
of
good
the
charging
iron
taper
that
so
cupola;
about
of
even
the
at
utilization
The
melting.
settlingof
level
large quantity
time, and
one
heat
from
CUPOLAS.
melting
after
greatly increased
admitted
OF
contracted.
gradually
at
refuse
cupola expanded
the
it
STYLES
pound
of
coke.
This
old
of
the
of
top
used
large cupolas
very
practically the
the
be
might
form
lining
the
the
at
boshes
of
patents
there
cupola,
in
about
that
sizes, but
and
view
the
The
plate
to
inches
tapered
two
of
and
draw
plate
charging
diameter
to
to
and
increased
which
sill of
two
tuyeres
inches
diameter.
of
bottom
from
best
It is built
give
to
it
took
which
and
constructed
tuyeres,
cupola,
or
tracting
con-
straight from
bosh
has
variety
is that
design
number
largely
was
of
with
out
shapes
of
shown
and
in
for
tional
sec-
contraction
of
ter
diame-
cavity of enlarged
capacity
used
retaining molten
cupola.
cupola,
high
rows
them
in the
metal
the
at
sized
door.
inventor
1856,
the
tion
construc-
cupola.
the
was
probably
Fig. 25.
diameter
below
time,
the
by boshing
making
charging
about
England
in
ordinary
and
tuyeres,
which
for
the
obtained
Ireland's
Ireland's
in
are
the
to
advantage
but
results
same
to
feet
three
eighteen
front.
cupola
and
was
is
shown,
The
shell
charging
inches
inches
four
door,
the
at
twenty-five
was
door.
the
diameter,
The
to
section
was
feet
top.
it
There
the
constructed
lower
with
bottom
from
parallel and
thence
row
feet
fifty
gradually
were
upper
six
stationary
two
row
inches
bottom
158
THE
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
f'iG. 25.
IRELAND'S
DOUBLK
TUYERE
CUPOLA.
i6o
THE
CUPOLA
Fig.
FURNACE.
26.
IRELAND'S
CENTER
BLAST
CUPOLA.
bosh
the
bosh
at
three
feet
charging door,
whence
to
Height
of stack.
top
of boshes
bosh
and
AA,
A A
from
from
to
four
the
nine
inches
height
from
The
blast
inches.
in
top
five inches,
feet
;
from
foot
one
inches
seven
placed
tuyere
one
feet
six
diameter
it tapers
eighteen
l6l
CUPOLAS.
inches
nine
crucible
of
BB,
to
charging door,
to
OF
STYLES
DIFFERENT
the
of
center
of
length
of
top
is supplied
bottom
of
crucible.
The
tuyere
hole
into
which
diameter,
L.
level
the
passed
inches
mouth
inches
half-inch
water
the
above
feet
is
diameter,
the
of
and
seven
two
is nine
bottom
iron
which, H, is
A^, five
the
of
is
of
hole
slag
the
through
below
placed just
is the
per
hour
tuyere.
bottom
sand
tap-hole
and
with
and
spout.
This
a-half
of coke
cwt.
satisfaction,
this
melted
cupola
his
In
is constructed
the
This
cupola.
side
placed
belt.
set,
to
has
set
set,
so
Two
claims
escaping
of
sets
apart
of
zone
tuyeres
formation
of
1 1
fusion
obviates
carbonic
to
oxide
those
some
in the
extent
body
lead
the
cupola.
of the
and
at
of
on
air
in number,
than
the
to
the
air
lower
diagonally
higher level.
the
tuyeres,
cupola, creating
alone, and
the
of
the
from
four
lining
them
shell
pipes, one
two
arrangement
gases
the
capacity
the
in
The
right angles
at
of less
burnt
are
with
structs
con-
air chamber
oblong,
are
and
this
from
tuyeres
between
are
through
gases
or
of Voisin's
done.
round
way
lovv'er set
they
that
been
supplied
round,
are
and
plans
external
an
all the
is
The
England
elevation
sectional
plate with
distances
upper
Voisin
second
of
seen
good melting
cupola.
lower
the
that
is
cupola.
his
given
tuyeres.
placed horizontallythrough
are
the
the
in
use
two
have
to
appear
changed
cupola.
boiler
not
general
voisin's
air chamber
equal
at
The
Mr.
set
of
the
into
belt
side
material, extending
same
each
with
very
of
into
Ireland
Fig. 27
in which
it does
came
Mr.
cupolas
illustration
cupola,
never
and
country,
but
iron
of
tons
ton,
per
it
for
three
evil
the
effect
second
of
the
62
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
Fig.
"
27.
1
voisin's
cupola.
"
DIFFERENT
This
the
is constructed
cupola
lining,but
Vertical
it:
of
foot
one
bosh,
of
dimensions
feet
two
inches;
bottom
inches;
Below
inches
at
bosh,
of
at
foot
two
inches;
ten
feet
two
seven
Horizontal
tuyeres,
eight
bottom
at
mensions:
di-
foot
one
inches
charging door,
at
end
of
feet
two
inches.
seven
The
the
is made
casing
stack, and
with
brick
Mr.
this
to
Voisin
above
has
invented
in
melting
In
the
seen
stack, which
cupola
the
steam-jet, but
the
from
the
draw
termed,
are
lower
In
the
to
five inches.
outside, which
The
Each
can
are
of
be
upper
contracted
dififerent
two
just
be
with
eight,varying
the
air-inlets
when
of
is
the
applying
stood
under-
once
they
In
levels.
size
provided
to
placed
cupola.
three
from
with
the
five
from
size of the
in diameter
is
upon
tom
stationary bot-
in
it is desired
air-inlets
the
above
air-inlets, as
or
different
to
the
up
of
at
rent
cur-
is constructed
tuyeres
according
closed
row
at
blown
modes
will
in
extent
induced
an
steam-jet
openings, varying
diameter,
there
row
upper
cupola
of
rows
four
are
in
inches
eight
draught.
Two
but
construction
some
of
means
English cupola,
placed radially
are
to
The
cupolas,
the
to
use
general principle
front.
there
row
several
are
the
of
by
much
figure (28).
general plan
and
is very
There
door.
charging
in
by
caused
draught
strong
or
lined
results.
view, showing
is worked
cupola
be
to
to
cupola.
steam-jet cupola,
This
dififerent
best
steam-jet
sectional
Woodward
England.
the
is
28
Fig.
it has
of
the
give
to
plate to taper
cupola.
number
bottom
dimensions
this
specially for
is said
one
the
get
made
the
straight from
woodward's
of
stack,
four
inches
feet
eres,
tuy-
lower
one
inches.
ten
feet
ten
six
of
feet;
two
foot
one
feet
two
bosh,
of
door,
bottom
to
tuyeres,
top
charging door,
door
stack, three
to
taper
charging
to
charging
of
length
below
to
tuyeres
inside
outline
general
offset
to
below
63
give
bottom
offset
inches
four
bosh
of
top
dimensions
from
inches
ten
CUPOLAS.
slightlyvarying shapes
in
following
the
OF
STYLES
cover
shut
off
the
from
ten
to
164
THE
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
Fig
WOOnWARD'S
28.
STEAM-JET
CUPOLA.
DIFFERENT
fifteen
inches
above
air-inlets
the
the
below
The
A
charges
in
and
admission
has
which
near
The
the
air-inlet
The
the
charging
opening
ofT the
the
of
door
has
When
or
for
and
order
with
The
in
with
the
lever
the
top
the
of
way
until
is then
and
exclude
iron
as
the
the
are
stock
than
B
of
top
on
steam-jet
the
and
the
when
put
into
settles, and
air at the
top
from
put in
of the
the
is
hopper
the
shutting
as
into
The
bad
at
door
cupola.
melting
shown
as
are
the
and
the
The
flue
the
nozzle
cupola,
the
melting
of
near
the
attached
of
ordinary
the
the
once
by
bottom
dropped
is at
H
and
in in the
door
as
feeding
be worked
M,
it
in
same
to
stack
and
time,
one
the
bottom
cupola
the
heat, but
continuous
charges put
The
is filled.
on-
cupola
cupola.
fillingthe
When
P.
melted
is turned
stock
bottom,
it with
connects
be
to
the
is removed
the
chills will
freely,when
run
air inlets
the
semi-fluid
feeding hopper,
at
any
time.
be
and
close
melting stops.
for
can
stack
The
by
cupola
cupola
construction
cupola
closed, and
the
the
draught
iron
iron
the
The
with
for
the
to
steam
on
short
flue and
side
is left open
the
iron
sliding door
steam-pipe
hopper
cupola
use
28.
Fig.
is induced
the
fuel
the
D, is placed
draught
the
to
opened
gets the
soon
in
//
to
the
the
effect
same
connected
the
door
tightly
in
throughout
up
general
shown
hopper
large
air.
any
taken
iron
All
before
door
of
door
working,
where
the
cause
bungs
larger amount
Fig. 29.
to
it
it is desired
is constructed
those
the
of
the
of
care
repeated opening
working
is
spot
continued
the
of
larged
en-
charging
accumulate
to
seen
will
and
air-inlets
and
the
the
at
nozzle
cupola
closed
be
in the
blast
the
again opened.
may
at
stock, and
retention
admission
melter
at
door
the
way,
the
and
is
that
be
may
in and
is put
the
iron
degree
the
the
temperature
rise to
soon
When
air.
regulated by
air-inlets
state.
ordinary
through
on
of the
put in
are
prevent
turned
of
be
to
to
center
contracted
cupola.
iron
the
lining is
of
65
The
admit
to
by steam-pipe D,
boiler
the
air to the
fuel and
of
CUPOLAS.
row.
in the
iron
luted
is then
steam
the
layers in
alternate
closed
lower
air-inlets
molten
of
amount
the
throw
to
OF
STYLES
hopper
charges
of
into
the
closed
to
66
THE
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
Fig.
woodward's
29.
steam-jet
cupola.
68
THE
CUPOLA
Fig.
FURNACE.
30.
Y^
TANK
OR
RESERVOIR
CUPOLA.
tank, where
it is allowed
carbonized
be
These
and
have
the
tank
the
heat
entire
be
might
of
casing
and
In
latter
this
and
the
case,
the
same
tank
keeping
Another
iron
when
machine
the
putting
by
in the
dump.
This
closed
before
Tanks
founder
The
iron
small
the
mixed
made
in
at
to
for
an
even
the
run
cupola
tank.
the
and
has
attached
to
charcoal.
grade
parts
other
the
of
same
some
the
and
ordinary
shrinkage
than
of
from
parts
the
for
patterns
the
charcoal
heat
as
used
in
time
and
ladles
grade
the
are
low
of
at
iron
run
be
or
into
casting
in the
is
front
the
or
of
but
burned,
and
will
and
top
on
high
burned
front
in
out
wood.
with
connection
for
bed
found
irons
mixing
heat
from
is melted
the
be
tuyeres
the
produced
bottom,
sand
may
are
charcoal
be
can
is not
and
tuyeres
large casting
entire
the
lighting
if the
same
iron
soft
on
the
up,
present
a
the
that
for
but
England,
in
into
and
bed, the
the
cupola,
tank
be
closed, the
not
are
are,
the
tank
if the
case
lighting up,
extent
some
the
to
tank
it with
when
and
from
cupola during
is the
tap-hole
lighting up
less
iron
the
the
expense
in the
made
hold
to
the
the
than
supplying
shrinks
wood
lighting
In
remains
and
iron
charcoal
of
and
shavings
charcoal.
the
ferent
dif-
blast, which
the
of
softer
founders
some
quantity
the
of
the
to
to
cupola.
cupola,
must
to
shrinkage.
It is claimed
placing
made
are
time
softened
to
clamped
in the
and
the
and
cupola
additional
tank
from
allowance
in
that
riveted
escape
size
so
heat
the
or
change
the
from
stove
cupola,
by
is the
taken
or
difference
as
tank
the
up
taken
that
tank
is considerable
objection
iron
of
there
the
from
the
cupola produces
but
cupola,
pouring,
been
is bolted
prevent
in the
pressure
The
it in
to
have
continued
top
of
number
sufficient
of
before
they
lining
the
in
made
iron
length
69
charcoal.
grade throughout
even
extent;
greater
been
sufficient
constructed
been
has
CUPOLAS.
the
by
molten
of
an
remain
to
softened
cupolas
ways
OF
STYLES
DIFFERENT
the
time.
in all the
cupolas
small
hours
tank
castings
cupola.
saves
in
from
drawn
makes
and
enable
melt
to
and
This
to
or
to
wellcon-
CUPOLA
THE
170
siderable
wait
in
time
iron
for
the
casting, as
melt,
to
FURNACE.
the
is often
as
moulders
Fig.
is shown
31
and
manufactured
this
cupola
with
straightone
time
of
get
Mr.
the
in
evenly,
and
the
bottom
cupola,
belt
and
the
and
the
capacity
the
the
to
leaving
bottom,
diameter
This
hour
cupola
before
as
foundry
was
or
boshed
at
this
the
as
the
below
and
to
tuyeres,
avoid
the
ducing
re-
tuyeres,
by
made
old
freely,a
To
point.
near
the
in
at
supported
the
the
cupola,
cupola
bosh
that
freely and
and
evenly
iron
was
below
great
that
Heats
hours, the
in two
and
molten
and
cupola
wrought
and
reduced,
increased,
the
first introduced,
practice.
melted
of
put
an
apron
to
overhang
of
the
as
the
tuyeres
same
boshing.
when
cupola,
cupola
center
was
center
fault
the
the
casing
the
stock
around
tuyeres
blast
in the
extending
the
discovered
this
the
to
holding
for
above
lining just
riveted
to
nearer
well
so
overcome
blast
contracted
lining was
the
To
in
put
was
blast
the
the
melt
not
tuyeres.
admit
tuyere
place
did
that
cupola
blast
the
admit
and
casting days,
on
the
to
great
this time
save
time
erally
gen-
and
on
small
too
were
o'clock
Moulders
went
had
in
custom
constructing
He
dropped.
use
cupolas
from
low
and
two
or
moulder
of
the
was
one
To
common
tuyeres
heat.
iron.
each
idea
hours
was
common
lining
the
at
blast
for
from
in two
blast
the
waiting
work
more
heat
tuyeres
in
It
When
J.
the
was
small
slowly.
melting
when
use
very
the
on
in
conceived
melt
until
on
were
lost
Mackenzie
would
put
in
one
of
very
afternoon
was
hours'
few
to
moulding
stopped
deal
time,
all the
blow
and
that
at
only
it melted
and
N.
Co., Newark,
number
limited
charging doors,
foundries
the
designed
Mackenzie
the
of
practical foundryman,
Isbel-Porter
by
was
elevation
Mackenzie,
Mr.
by
Cupola, designed
case,
sectional
to
CUPOLA.
MACKENZIE
In
obliged
not
are
the
the
number
cost
of
had
revolution
required
quantity
of
known
was
moulds
producing
of
fuel
in
melting
half
day
consumed
put up
by
each
castings greatly
two-
and
to
in
melt
ing
in meltmoulder
reduced
DIFFERENT
STYLES
Fig.
MACKENZIE
OF
31.
CUPOLA.
CUPOLAS.
171
THE
172
these
Many
of
short
heats
cupolas
of
one
melting
the
of
cupola
to
the
dump,
especially if
had
have
and
have
the
tuyeres
if
care
builds
be
out,
capacity
to
bridge
as
very
and
shown
much,
hang
bosh
is
and
very
to
in
and
up.
small
in
hard
increases
frequently
and
the
to
difficult
after
which
for
nomical
eco-
tendency
it melts
difficult
to
one.
adhere
lining
the
melting in these
them
Fig. 32,
most
great, that
so
is
cinder
remove
The
is
and
a
the
long'heats
In
experience
slag
probably
are
heat
cupola
become
taken
operation, and
constant
use.
the
at
of
the
that
and
not
end
much
found
in
now
bridge
toward
hours,
two
ones
FURNACE.
still in
are
or
slowly
We
CUPOLA
the
to
heat
reduces
should
be
lining
the
of
the
kept
over
and
remove,
every
tendency
cupolas,
it
soon
melting
cupola
as
near
DIFFERENT
the
shown
shape
the
over
in
-Fig.
31
CUPOLAS.
in the
out
73
all
possible, and
as
bellying
and
tuyeres
OF
STYLES
melting
building
far
as
zone,
out
as
possible,prevented.
the
In
illustration
placed
hand-ladle
front, back
The
side
or
the
removing
outlet
the
of
of
inserted
driven
at
blast
the
and
pound,
Such
the
of
pressure
from
below
lower
part
through
the
and
The
movable
screws,
which
and
thereby
quantity
work
screws
Fig-
33,
that
so
the
the
a
are
this
smoke
at
the
for
pipe,
special stack
or
pound
which
of
blowers
or
engines.
steam
appliances,
is
in
air is allowed
blast
by
action
gion
re-
upper
the
freelyat
enter
between
its
at
creates
in the
to
forced
provided
water
opening
to
repairs,is expensive.
blown
being
inches
annular
shown
as
their
the
movable
be
can
The
standards
removed
like the
By J.
at
the
connects
is built
the
the
B.
Nau,
down-comer
New
cupola,
York.
with
as
the
from
in the
either
of
of
center
four
will,
the
The
opening.
moment
cupola
it at
regulation
together
any
on
raise
or
annular
jet is applied
steam
which
easy
of
special car
33, is mounted
lower
and
through
the
on
Fig.
complete
introduced
in
in
action
common
of
carried
shaft.
and
care
The
shaft.
allow
latter
mechanical
many
rows
hearth.
from
cases
for any
or
several
or
the
melting material,
the
an
iron
by blowing engines
of
to
while
either
or
instead
hearth,
blast
of
for
convenient
one
above
most
continual
the
upper
by
in
it does
3 inches
from
cupola,
hearth
low
placed
most
through
steam-jet pipe,
the
of
very
be
may
shafting by special
as
to
cupola,
with
of
vacuum
set
are
melting
for
distance
and
belting
through
end
upper
found
blown
is obtained
consequently subject
Herbertz
as
either
some
plant,requiring
The
pit
monly
cupola pit, com-
CUPOLA.*
used
varies
blast
through
a
the
cupola
cupolas
are
purpose,
tuyeres
they
HERBERTZ
cupolas generally
other
to
the
dump.
THE
The
when
cupolas
under
work.
is shown
(Fig. 31)
seen
in
hearth,
neath
underline
of
directly with
blast
furnace,
THE
174
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
Fig.
SwhM
33.
^;:^^i^?^
SECTION
OF
HERBERTZ'S
IRON-MELTING
CUPOLA.
iy6
THE
however,
time,
in
foundry
This
The
to
be
other
low
of
coke
well
to
adapted
coke
iron), leads
to
the
carbonic
acid,
FiG.
been
in
made
that
showed
burnt
to
1500
Europe,
and
in
most
the
kg., or
burnt
in the
mixture
iron
No.
3 and
coke
the
(or in
melt
20
combustion
burnt
be
must
pletely
com-
greatest possi-
analyses
in
whole
oxide.
was
kg.
450
kilogramme
the
other
carbonic
cupola
of
of
2.2
lbs.
1050
have
escaping
cases
In
was
small
very
one
kg.*
foundry
gases
carbon
of
amount
few
this, test-heats
prove
1.5 tons.
*
to
the
that
inventor
iron
of
enough
generate
to
the
to
the
by
iron.
pig
SECTION.
the
cases
of
34.
order
acid, while
of carbon
foundry
of
In
carbonic
proportion
test-heats
heat.
of
amount
be
the
HORIZONTAL
ble
car-wheel
melting
weight
conclusion
thus
and
the
would
that
or
the
for
of
cent,
per
complete,
it at
coke, claimed
of
of
be
with
made
J.
pound
must
to
N.
consumption
4
as
words,
pounds
of
is very
FURNACE.
been
Eh'zabethport,
reduced
as
have
tests
cupola
very
CUPOLA
of
scrap,
of these
burg
Luxema
total
DIFFERENT
The
of
6.8
kg.
190
coke
melting
water,
used
was
again
the next
for
only
was
real
careful
weighing
loss
molten
metal
escaping
coke
of
the
of
only
taken
were
that
had
the
9.9
only 5
iron
2.66
the
and
Five
the
steam-jet was
minutes
after
minutes
Twenty-five
was
the
the
This
coke
cent,
of
melting
ash.
.5 of carbonic
of
nitrogen.
It will be
Nevertheless,
favorable
than
where
escaping
12
gases
the
contain
Oxygen.
Nitrogen,
80.3
7.0
83.75
13.3
6.3
804
10.71
6.73
82.60
utes
min-
20
of
loss
be
in
of
obtained
from
iron
in
this
been
of the
of
gases
an
analyses
12.50
to
was
gases
76.9
oxygen,
carbon
was
did
due
to
not
the
charged intentionally.
these
with
charge
probably
was
7.5 per
(lightingand
used
was
made.
was
and
water
had
of
of
oxide, 8.2
acid, which
number
coke
gas
composition
carbonic
that
it
of
cent,
that
seen
wet
cent,
per
composition
certain
85.8
average
coke
would
The
1300".
7.1
The
carbonic
of
amount
the
of
temperature
6.5
per
acid, 3.4
entirelyto
increased
2.7
The
cent.
per
stituting
con-
oxide.
thoroughly
together).
1 1
burn
obtained,
was
nearly
About
coke
only 3.45
with
contained
1460 kg., or
acting 13. i
(after35
heat
test
the
Average
Another
coke
of
steam-jet
after
cast
the
be used
amount
that
Carbonic
9.25
of
end
After
7.1
acting
was
At
steam-jet
it
of
cent.
following composition
acting
top
could
in part to
acid.
on
cent., whereas
per
per
amounted
Carbonic
Before
real
The
cent.
per
sulphur;
iron.
showed
cast
of
used, including
and
out
high,
was
gases
the
of
coke
kg. pig
1500
was
and
77
cent,
3 per
cent,
cupola
of
148 kg.,or
melting
pci" cent,
97-33
^T
"
but
P^^
amount
to
coke
of
1.037
day's charge, so
215
of
amount
kg.
215
was
total
contained
in the
put
The
CUPOLAS.
and
and
was
iron.
OF
dry
ash
of
fillingcoke
of
lighting coke,
fusion
air
was
cent,
per
kg. of pig
1000
STYLES
is still far
ordinary
have
19.90
more
blown
shown
that
percent,
of
pola,
cu-
the
car-
178
CUPOLA
THE
bonic
acid
and
4.80
fuel
1.73
furthermore,
analyses show,
the
to
in the
utilized
carbonic
of
cent,
per
that
thoroughly
is
FURNACE.
of the
case
and
oxide.
Herbertz
pola,
cu-
maximum
the
yields
The
of
heat.
To
such
obtain
air should
shown
the
by
that the
the
it
and
the
causes
reduction
of
of
free
influence
the
elements
for
elimination
deteriorate
the
carbon
less
Herbertz
this
and
is
length
this
of
it reaches
the
atmosphere,
In
almost
shaft
the
the
pig
iron
melting
the
is
elimination
Herbertz
entirely in
cupola,
the
and
zone,
lower
of
shown
that
where
of
the
iron
the
cupola.
The
the
blue
cupola,
flame
heated
and
by
its elements
combustion
regions, and
where
This
in
on
whereas
the
the
has
opening,
place through
a
in
combustion
annular
surrounded
part
and
practice has
of
less
or
more
silicon
is this
from
in
Some
iron.
only
takes
continues
and
it has
Not
the
regions
upper
the
by their partial
iron.
manner:
little above
and
ordinary blown
combustion
cupola,
the
actual
following
in the
all the
case
in the
that
carbon,
as
eliminated
are
place
seen
ordinary
that
where
of
gases
the
of
oxidized,
quality of
seems
the
in
takes
cupola
the
than
such
be
regions,
acid.
supposition
composition
pig iron,
silicon
cupola,
flame
the
it
explained
been
no
but
case,
the
under
lower
the
escaping
the
to
instance, might
manganese,
not
lead
on
the
in
upward
combustion
carbonic
the
of
rise.
gases
regions unburnt,
upper
oxygen
the
in
the
this
in
pushed
are
gases
free
Another
the
entirelyin
the
part
cupola, might
pernicious
of
presence
Herbertz
obtained
circumference
which
velocity, and
be
cannot
the
of
some
these
is
first is
combustion.
uniform
cupola
and
pressure
conditions
The
blown
The
acid.
the
velocity with
reduced
very
all around
cupola
rise to very
gives
ordinary
great
such
the
explain
to
carbonic
of
amount
advanced
to
the
that
actually happens
certain
been
carbon
of
this
of
gases
have
reasons
enters
is the
with
but
air
sheet
reason
in the
it is necessary
that
and
excess,
presence
combustion
complete
In
slight
Several
oxygen.
thin
in
be
combustion
complete
and
in
entire
top.
In
pasty before
oxidizing
an
is easy.
takes
the
upper
place
re-
DIFFERENT
gions
less heated
are
the
of
ascending
It must
over
be
the
up,
minutes.
stated
Had
and
at
the
had
resists
the
above
tests
work
been
continued
number
have
been
^J kg.
as
charge
of
was
really burnt,
the
In
only
cupola
been
is
would
melt
6 per
to
with
the
No.
One-third
It
the
counting
of
minutes
after
tapped
wait
iron
made
few
outside
total
is
with
It
minutes
mixture
in the
began
put
was
was
used
old
before
to
on
melt
to
good,
very
in
and
only
per
this
cupola,
test
it must
so
the
be
and
that
had
foundry,
car-wheel
coke,
cent,
of
this
very
Ten
not
reduced
to
fifteen
it into
was
of
during
the
of
of
put in the
two-thirds
create
casting
made
iron
rapidly.
and
hearth
scrap
Notwithstanding
iron
the steam
iron
is
plate
iron
ordinary cupola
foundry
hearth
bottom
of
and
pig
ton,
diameter
castings
mixture
of
old
fillingcoke.
ofT.
the
the
of
from
The
words,
as
inches, when
coke
of
amounted
outside
an
height
other.
and
in the
diameter
feet
13
down
fuel, the
amount
The
each
melted
was
is rated
mixture
same
previously
used
cupola
wheels,
car
was
The
the
the
Elizabethport,
at
cent.
has
And
iron.
of
proper
shaft
(at
after
other
melting
cupola
of
top
In
the
the
190
coke
kg.
500
say
weeks
few
have
cupola
cent.
per
for
hour.
inches, and
498,
in
put
565 kg.
of
the
of
pounds
15.15
coke
of
total
for
Then,
melting
of
of
sumption
con-
as
been
should
we
kg.
out
6.6
for
the
made,
have
35
length
lighting coke.
of
iron), or
to
only
first heat
certain
would
375
or
leave
equal
extended
been
made,
taken
working
an
were
scrap.
been
which
in contact
are
tests
the
would
tests
feet
to
shaft
to
this
tons
hearth
was
over,
7 inches, whereas
4 feet
viz.
been
been
75,
of
have
cupola
the
melting
the
weight
consumption
during
coke
of coke
pound
the
the
and
coke
addition
had
charges
lighting coke
of
further
any
if five consecutive
cent,
79
influence
considerably lowered,
cupola
5 per
the
in the
for
charges
of
the
without
lasting
1.5 tons,
kg.
better
the
of
CUPOLAS.
iron
that
of
fuel would
of
pig
once
greater
OF
gases.
single charge
one
time
STYLES
hot
that
the
molds.
same
stated
the
as
that
men
had
Though
has
the
always
castings
l8o
CUPOLA
THE
obtained
chill
the
on
advisable
tire.
to
result
The
work
mixture
one-fourth
foundry
scrap.
large economy
with
and
it better
one-third
No,
castings
obtained
The
metal,
very
pure
The
were
hot
too
the
this
on
been
in the
done
two-thirds
with
cast
immediately
after
mixture
of
scrap.
The
y^g inch
chill.
car-wheel
and
ordinary cupola,
dense
tough
day the
constituted
with
than
day's
three-fourths
and
mixture
obtained
and
be
to
this
of
day.
first
third
the
iron
foundry
were
very
throughout
charge
use
had
foundry
The
On
deemed
second
the
on
little
very
was
the
on
scrap
better.
and
3
results
chill it
improvement
No.
what
over
presented
better
car-wheel
deeper
was
and
obtain
to
marked
chill
wheels
car
but
nothing
use
was
average
for
In order
showed
the
soft
too
were
FURNACE.
tapping,
was
cast.
day
was
follows
as
hearth
on
small
filled with
of
the
screws
coke
and
was
After
natural
draft
the
fillingcoke
put
on
the
was
filling
in
annular
were
to
until
it
fire started
hearth.
the
pushed
through
alternate
opening
shaft
and
plugged
work
with
of
the
under
the
the
to
the
the
three
the
with
natural
hearth
i^
about
top
of
of
shaft, and
the
molding
draft
with
the
of
tuyeres
the
the
raised
by
at
the
the
and
lowered
inches
hearth.
sand, and
the
the
means
rim.
ing
Fill-
bottom
of
the
tuyeres
to
lower
at
the
cupola again
annular
under
charge
enough
the
When
bottom.
limestone.
between
The
upper
itself,working
at
was
highest bull's-eye,
above-named
iron, coke
through
to
its lower
left to
was
is mounted
outside,
top
on
tuyeres
was
dried
coke
level
three
cupola
layers
done,
and
prepared
and
^^^^^^
^^^
Elizabethport
at
fully ignited
was
in contact
through
the
5400
wood
came
charged
this
1800
used
hearth,
then
then
300
cupola
shavings,
was
pounds.
90
pounds.
432
6x900=
scrap,
This
wood
It
level.
in the
car.
15
foundry, 6x
Foundry
The
72
was
When
form
an
rim
of
bottom
allowed
opening,
until
DIFP^ERENT
the
first iron
in action.
put
was
had
pHed,
the
on,
the
the
start
than
6 per
other
80
I
When
addition.
hour
The
and
iron
pig
of
water
long
as
the
charge,
fell somewhat
below
end
of
the
while
at
seen
As
the
the
the
as
the
pulled
coke
remaining
3^
cupola,
per
loss
it
cent.,
of
still the
Thus
the
good
results
the
cupola,
the
No.
and
an
lower
foundry
The
the
vacuum
heard
was
spark
flame
or
with
had
and
ordinary cupola.
been
obtained
may
with
the
the
in the
amounted
only
to
the
with
iron
from
cast
taken
be
can
nary
ordi-
cupola.
ordinary foundry
of
and
water,
iron
compared
and
once
lighting coke
of
out
run
opened
was
loss
of
with
No.
one-quarter
scraps
scrap
be
that
conclusively shown
mixture
two-thirds
This
iron
have
a
last
pit, where,
as
three-quarters foundry
as
noise
cooled
grade
in the
as
obtained
were
iron
third
that
ash
entire
in
Elizabethport
at
of
Toward
hearth
weighing
the
cent,
the
saved
figure when
per
results
foundry
new
also
tests
in
4 inches
3 and
any
w^as
be
to
the
the
careful
low
very
same
was
tons.
lower, the
and
content
that
found
least
at
any
pounds
constant.
was
of
into
entire
After
was
It is remarkable
and
door
gathered
following melting.
the
bottom
the
out,
nor
done
was
fell down
mass
of
disagreeable
on,
more
melted
was
between
became
No
at
cupola.
melting
cupola,
level
going
was
the
of
top
ignited
hearth
the
the
this
3 inches.
melting
soon
from
when
used
not
5140
instead
kept
was
to
troduce
in-
to
its pressure
pounds
7200
remained
level
with
applied,
2-| tons,
say
only
pola
cu-
regularly without
corresponds
cupola
the
as
of
the
of
intervals
was
at
moment
top
made
were
was
which
in the
created
steam
hour,
per
coke
continued
charge
minutes,
24
and
the
entire
melted
vacuum
coke,
of
The
ap-
rose
that
regular
Lighting
was
column,
From
at
steam-jet
steam
water
rapid.
subsequent charges
cent,
pounds.
and
the
no
water.
only opened
materials.
raw
all the
of
regular, hot
was
when
y'g^inch
inches
was
about
to
3 and
melting
this tnoment
draft, which,
equal
between
to
once
The
been
At
down.
melting
was
l8l
CUPOLAS.
OF
STYLES
iron
explained
when
melted
mixture
when
by
of
3
in
one-
melted
the
as
reason
in
82
CUPOLA
THE
that
carbon
less
in the
melted
silicon
and
Herbertz
first tests
with
attended
steel
when
the
metal
Figs. 35
and
adapted
to
similar
iron, with
kind
the
to
the
the
top in
circular
the
through
once
the
cupola.
obtain
with
and
For
the
the
is better
carbon
greatest
fuel
in the
metal
is
for
that
of
melted
covered
disobtain
to
heated
air.
cupola especially
the
tirely
en-
pig
of
number
The
of
air enters
is sucked
F.
is
melting
certain
down
and
at
it enters
it is heated
pipes
will be
steel.
liquid
ever,
How-
soon
part, where
100"
zone
with
there
the
of
to
consequent!}-
increased
sufficiently
Bessemer
in this
steel,
each
way,
well
as
separately
success.
steel
high
to
seems
On
of
account
the
temperature,
slightlyincrease.
in
working
Europe
crucible.
at
yet
as
to
was
order
work.
lower
or
amount
used
from
500"
of
brick
the
to
in
cupola
through
heavy
of
the
Continent
and
were
than
adapted
cupola
space,
melting
crops,
casting
with
tact
in the
from
in the
wrought-iron
as
laid
thoroughly
The
pipes
ranging
temperature
to
construction
its passage
By
temperature
the
iron
it
work
iron
easily.
cast
made
to
steam-jet cupola
are
be
to
advisable
the
be
to
were
lighting coke.
of
cent,
per
exception, however,
when
steel
other
small
fluidity,and
work.
of
wrought-iron pipes
at
lacked
36 illustrate
this
lO
castings had
deemed
was
to
liquid enough
steel
results, it
melt
to
files and
with
together
only
was
small
that
better
with
metal
molten
iron
STEEL.
cupola
ends, old
melted
and
the
from
MELTING
Herbertz
Rail
were
FOR
USED
in the
success.
foundry iron,
The
CUPOLA
made
ends
crop
eliminated
are
cupola.
HERBEKTZ
The
FURNACE.
their
value
metals
or
the
United
No
be
con
of
percentage
ing
steel-melt-
States, but
to
seems
its direct
more
the
on
and
more
appreciated.
For
melting
European
ordinary
other
cupola
works.
foundry
has
recently
Especially
cupola
alloys,
with
been
bronze
the
such
best
as
lead, copper,
introduced
has
been
results.
in
melted
The
some
in
an
tempera-
84
iron, the
the
The
whereas
The
cent.
steam-jet, is
fuel
this
amounted
be
to
Fig.
crucible
that
bronze
is burnt
loss
The
metal
of
in the
used
for
and
remelting
the
the
of
remelting
of
In
a
Fig.
the
seen
to
square
any
24
inches,
in the
corners
square
with
18
corners
increase
in the
elimination
these
foundry
in the
be
to
tin
shape
of
the
in the
the
be
the
the
the
fact
in
found
smoke.
white
creased
slightlyinThe
tin.
are
than
to
often
to
seems
of
due
same
cupolas
those
as
iron.
cupola, designed
of
the
of
this
24
as
CUPOLA.
lining,and
and
of
than
purer
even
of
metals
Pevie
practical foundryman
cupolas,
and
is
37
is said
melting
PEVIE
high
as
quicker
is
amount
escapes
the
of
obtained
small
during
account
on
used
out
per, cent.,
12
application
five times
This
fusion, the
the
during
the
use
36.
bronze
in crucibles.
remelted
bronze
the
and
furnace,
only
pig
be very
to
is sometimes
without
nearly
any
seems
to
of
case
without
obtained
economy
even
in the
and
draft
consumption
fusion,
claimed
than
lower
natural
consumption
in crucibles
per
with
The
total
FURNACE.
being
case
worked
cupola
steam-jet.
large.
40
this
in
required
ture
of
CUPOLA
THE
to
30
State
of
design
larger
inches
melting capacity
by
Maine.
are
built
ones
are
wide
of
the
Mr.
Pevie,
The
small
square,
made
inside
the
with
oblong
lining,
cupola desired,
DIFFERENT
STYLES
Fig.
PEVIE
OF
37.
CUPOLA.
CUPOLAS.
185
86
THE
by increasing the
is obtained
the
increasing
Blast
is
through
sides
The
plan
vertical
the
and
blast
with
which
But
in
the
and
it may
to
the
lining was
has
blast
an
even
in its
time
in
operation,
the
and
altered
greatly
the
is
Stewart
which
more
Fig. 38
is
to
Iron
of
one
the
required
for
extending
seen
shape
around
as
between
shown
the
in the
stock
Blast
the
is
tuyers
of
illustration.
three
of
and
dency
ten-
when
it
them
J.,and
N.
cupolas
first
The
row
throw
the
from
second
and
object
row
at
use
cupola,
the
blast
of
amount
belt
of
row
in
This
to
reduce
cupola
boshed
supplied
lining
the
reason
in these
Scotland.
cupola, through
the
this
Smithville,
of
Glasgow,
and
horizontally through
and
view
the
bed.
the
management
for
linings
pola,
cu-
original form.
is
of
of
cupola.
sectional
Works,
bridges
evenly
made
only
of
the
of
their
from
and
at
one
large diameter,
center
a
know
We
is not
bridging,
from
original shape,
since.
how
careful
only by
of
name
if it
matter
cupola
prevented
use.
in the
construction
this
of
saw
blast
for
no
the
by
or
we
years
of
considered
was
be
heats
general
Corry, Pa.,
It
twenty
some
its work,
do
cannot
than
stock
(the
distribution
be
to
Maine
the
of
correct,
was
the
to
this
construction
in
town
visited
Stewart's
In
the
of
upon
used, and
this
of
we
great.
kept
into
been
small
theory
commonly
cupolas
by tuyeres
long
present
at
two
in
importance
very
in
came
then
peculiar construction
bridge
it could
the
length
all parts
to
distributed
evenly
construction
the
the
that
at
chamber,
cupola
This
melting.
which
distributed
and
never
done
of
up,
be
of
cupolas.
air
full
the
blast
of
amount
even
Pevie, in
matter
clogs
round
inner
an
constructing
tuyere
forgotten),
cupola
only
in
equal
an
round
Mr.
of
is
Pevie
certainly more
melting
foundry
from
the
place
in
cupola
with
extending
tuyere
produce
small
excellent
Mr.
of
to
was
the
sides
the
of
is done
as
two
on
slot
supply
to
was
length
cupola.
object
stock
for
diameter;
supplied
of
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
fuel
air-chamber
tuyeres
passing
placed
above
pointing downwards,
of
this
second
row
of
DIFFERENT
OF
STYLES
Fig.
STEWART'S
38.
CUPOLA.
CUPOLAS.
187
88
THE
is to
tuyeres
increase
the
the
melting capacity
top
of
vertical
gas-pipe
branches
four
twelve
sufficient
The
best
melting
inch
above
is
it
for
apart
around
oxygen
to
absurd
the
fill a
the
to
do
lining,we
be
of
volume
blast
This
fuel
equal
they
burns
collapse
them
cupolas
of
large
claims
or
capacity
when
the
to
the
While
oxide
near
amount
admitted
placed
in the
and
impossible
cupola
them
is
of
rows
cupola,
lining, and
heated
of
many
second
ignite
to
as
they
are
it is almost
in this
of
amount
sufficient
the
of
pipes
open
feet
more
or
ing.
lin-
frequently clogged by
are
melting
of
if
even
first and
of
admit
melting,
they
openings
carbonic
of
rapid
cupola.
the
of
center
the
one-
the
extent
an
would
ends, and
to
after
probably
tuyeres
and
as
quently
fre-
keep
heat
du-e
is excellent
which
to
the
for
are
the
Greiner
Cupola
made
CUPOLA.
ECONOMICAL
PATENT
GREINER
Economical
following
ends
the
Fig. 39 is shown
Greiner
such
if the
sufficient
the
diameter.
THE
In
from
inside
the
to
slag
heat
of
arrangement
shape given
for
rapid melting
The
is melted.
the
at
during
open
do,
not
the
away
in
their
to
or
lining
the
do
the
they
practical value
any
of
think
not
supply
it in
be
to
one-inch
two
bonic
car-
entering
toward
that
for combustion
oxygen
utilize
doubtful
anything
to
in
and
said
melting
namely
is
it is very
about
gas,
before
melting
vertically and
large cupola
zone,
pipe
supply
the
above
cupola
suppose
is to
pipes
rapidly, and
would
oxide
these
of
But
apart
cupola,
carbonic
escaping
cupola,
for
to
inches
twelve
placed
the
contribute
gas-pipe tuyeres
melting,
lead
iron
Glasgow.
in
one
from
into
placed
this
and
unconsumed
very
feet, is
two
the
to
diameter,
melting
melts
cupola
Attached
about
the
the
increase
and
zone
hour.
per
the
to
escaping
preparing
zone.
object
oxygen
the
(CO),
and
heating
pipe
melting
of
inches
The
of
consume
oxide
cupola
two
apart.
the
of
intervals
at
of
amount
to
zone
the
one-inch
of
inches
depth
of
air-chamber
the
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
cupola,
manufactured
Co., Kankakee,
111.,for
by
which
The
the
DIFFERENT
In
placing
and
foundrymen
the
in
the
where
Europe,
results
this
already
than
more
before
Cupola
in
manufacturers
splendid
189
CUPOLAS.
Economical
Patent
steel
of
advantage
cupola
Greiner
the
OF
STYLES
three
country,
we
with
obtained
hundred
in
are
the
have
this
daily
use.
The
adoption
of
the
Greiner
system
Fig.
THE
with
met
of
it has
The
the
most
fuel been
reached
novelty
GREINER
ECONOMICAL
forty
the
and
twenty
even
invention
there
iron
has
39.
satisfactoryresults.
less than
of
PATENT
melting
of
per
CUPOLA.
In
cent.,
fiftyper
consists
no
and
has
case
in
some
the
ing
sav-
instances
cent.
in
judicious
admission
THE
IQO
of
blast
the
into
utilized
in the
saving
the
melting
workings,
fuel
necessary
In
zone.
order
illustrate
we
Fig.
in
the
the
heat
melt
to
fullyexplain
40
the
cupola
principleof
the
of
Fig.
40.
it reaches
when
iron
to
Fig.
the
and
cupola
bustible
com-
descending
the
the
cupola, whereby
within
consumed
preheat
to
of
zones
upper
are
gases
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
its
ordinary
41.
Df
-"D
-I
D
1
OF
SECTION
design,
ONE
TUYERE
ROW
with
the^coke
air burns
acid
this
into
it is converted
equivalent
a
an
gas
whereas,
will
the
heat
The
oxide
result
utilization
the
same
tuyeres
acid
amount
of
(CO2)
of
the
the
of
heat
one
burned
units,
or
As
of
most
absorption
oxide
coming
in-
carbonic
above,
of
an
fore,
is, there-
(CO), indicating
pound
develop 14,500
carbon
The
to
combustion
fuel, as
will
CUPOLA.
combustion.
coke
by
carbonic
of
the
(CO)
carbonic
carbon.
carbonic
to
the
of
incandescent
mostly composed
imperfect
burned
of
of
the
TUYERE
ROW
air inlets, A A.
or
front
DOUBLE
indicating perfect
through
ascends
gas
in
combination
gas,
OF
of tuyeres
single row
SECTION
CUl'OLA.
to
less
of
heat
carbonic
than
carbon
units;
oxide
one-third
be
(CO)
oxide
admitted
heat
tuyeres, the
of
so
horizontal
embrace
both
to
as
the
preheat
at
zone
capacity
each
of
and
so
to
as
regulated,
dimensions
pipes,
of
without
burned
and
the
heat
the
coke,
so
and
higher temperature
tuyeres,
be
must
particular cupola.
thus
are
gases
iron
and
on
otherwise)
or
and
cupola,
carbon
of
small
of
spiral
arrangement
incandescence,
to
the
of
loss
perature
tem-
introduced
be
not
row
the
raise
producing
number
horizontal
one
soon
must
a
of
form
and
combustible
The
to
the
to
blast
in
or
very
coke,
through
zones
pressure
according
coke
but
higher
the
will
the
upper
in the
(either
place
one
fire to
the
plane,
arranged
at
developed
set
Hence
before.
as
to
as
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
192
thus
heating
is utilized
developed
they
reach
require less
heat
that
the
melting
the
effect
to
the
meltmg.
Another
which
and
is that
in
point
is very
the
fusion
previously
now
required.
better
of
It
upper
the
of
be
can
cupola
the
the
blast, and
Figs.
Colliau,
the
study
and
steel
will
increase
works,
room
in the
amount
of
rapid melting,
the
ing
melt-
rapid
more
cupola
coke
not
and
purer
consist
blast
main
connecting
and
43
patent
civil
of
41
hot
is to
system
be
existing cupolas,
to
while
of
box
the
HOT
only
circular
the
of
pipes
for
the
construction
and
applied.
rial
mate-
fittings
connected
valves
small
the
to
by
late
regu-
tuyeres.
CUPOLA.
BLAST
devoted
to
without
pipe
and
sectional
cupola, designed by
who
ment
arrange-
additional
cupola,
external
seen
blast
engineer,
cupola
the
PAIENT
are
considerably, according
vary
being effected,
with
Colliau
extra
number,
which
to
COLLIAU
In
the
more
the
tuyeres
generally
necessary
branches
the
to
readily adapted
alteration
the
Owing
the
to
additional
the
to
occupied by
was
understood,
the
capacity
cupola, owing
and
zone
system
cupola,
is obtained.
iron
will be
As
the
of
foundries
most
Greiner
the
application of
that
in
economical
Greiner
the
of
important
melting capacity
in the
favor
great
the
deal
management.
views
of
late Victor
of
time
The
to
cu-
DIFFERENT
pola
is at
points
the
present
STYLES
time
PAXSON
HOT
BLAST
CUPOLAS.
extensively used,
in its construction.
FiG.
OF
The
and
has
many
good
descrip-
43.
COLLIAU
CUPOLA.
SECTION
OF
PAXSON
CUPOLA.
13
193
HOT
BLAST
COLLIAU
THE
1-94
tion
his
by
the
the
cupola
son,
Victor
of
and
in
Philadelphia, Pa.,
It
the
as
since, the
and
ineffectual
and
was
unknown,
rate
and
in
melting
the
"
Blast
greater
than
melting
of
three
three
was
four
tons
complete
in-
tons
at
hour
per
iron
of
pounds
four
to
Co.,
very
twenty-five
considered
was
"
Cupola.
iron
to
provement
im-
some
Paxson
Calliau
of
melting
in
engaged
with
melting
for
furnished
are
is
by J. W,
44,
Hot
cupola
who
manufactured
and
43
Paxson
coke
of
pound
one
obtained
is also
Figs.
years
heat
with
results
it.
of
shown
one
FURNACE.
manufacture
Some
CUPOLA
satisfactory
very
result.
Large castings
that
large foundry
(only
few
requiring
several
the
mould.
All
these
the
of
large quantity
few
slag
and
I
and
fifteen
iron
I
the
to
am
My
claims
That
are
the
been
never
2d.
building
now
1st.
of
pound
saving
fuel
which
after
and
with
in
the
by
chimney,
process
per
in
day
am
cold
iron
ten
to
blast
cupola,
melting sixty
now
of
some
and
hour,
hot
patented
improved
tons
tons
the
clogged
cupola
difficulties,and
ten
twenty
to
the
melting
much
evidenced
was
were
channel
too
of
they
at
stopped.
new
my
and
hundred
one
be
to
all these
surmounted
has
had
with
have,
melted
been
had
tons
in the
utilized
top
time,
lighted
common
consumed
the
at
etc.,
one
melted
in
as
at
row,
was
running
cupolas
burning
gas
been
fiave
in each
in
became
cannon,
thirty tons
on,
imperfect combustion,
of
castings
heavy
later
and
day,
per
placed
iron
considered
was
bed-plates,
were
metal
the
old-fashioned
consequence
should
and
when
time, and
the
tons
and
large
still later
used
were
tapped simultaneously,
to
six
to
it
and
anvils, steamboat
as
cupolas
same
when
ago),
made,
five
fifteen, and
ten,
be
not
melted
years
such
necessary,
could
them,
at
thirteen
speed
pounds
to
of
of
coke.
a
cupola
to
melt
twenty-five tons
per
hour.
working
of
my
25
to
improved
new
hot
blast
cupola
equaled.
of
from
50
per
cent,
of
fuel.
I have
re-
DIFFERENT
which
placed cupolas
coke
pound
of
ten
twelve
or
lining
the
the
of
4th. One
in
for
is
iron
thus
6th.
and
lowered
Hot
increasing
Detroit
hour
one
hour
ten
and
ten
the
cupola
This
at
is
the
of
the
exactly
of
the
the
large meltings.
melting exposed
the
iron
the
with
combined
the
to
fusion
of
end
the
ten
iron,
say,
operation
of
than
what
the
second
the
of
time
better
one
fourth
working
the
took
tons
hour;
decrease
at
lining at
tons
ten
vances
adiron
of
tons
first ten
one
melting,
operation
inside
the
tons
showing
the
as
the
of
forty-seven
melt;
third
reverse
mum
maxi-
old
Detroit, the
is to
that
is the
cent,
10
the
diameter
in
to
thus
6 to
value.
inches
the
is from
with
of
melting
in
in the
iron
of
compared
carbon
and
minutes
"
double
cupola
loss
per
cent,
per
action
Works,
minutes;
the
cupola 5
beginning
on
Wheel
end
saving
rapidity of
advanced
operation
is the
the
grade
fiftyminutes,
tons
feature
process
the
fifteen
and
in my
improved
burned
from
Car
melting
the
cupola forty-eight
the
is
slow
instance,
for
"
in
iron
inside
diameter
same
am
3^
as
to
its
coke.
the
cupolas
melted
time
one
melted
size, and
same
of
one
with
iron
of
95
hour.
low
as
oxidizing influences,
and
pounds
the
of
With
fusion.
improved
the
with
common
new
loss
long
too
metal
per
In
in which
system,
of
important
my
The
5th.
iron
of
very
the
my
CUPOLAS.
five
cupolas
of
model,
old
process.
cent.,
per
one
rapidity of
quantity
melting
by
OF
melting
were
pounds
3d. Great
of
STYLES
as
the
of
the
commencement.
generally
in other
occurs
cupolas.
following
7th. By
coke
and
iron
that
is
is to
given quantity
labor
say,
that
the
with
of
iron
with
the
same
the
result
will
of
pressure
exactly the
same
always
be
of
tained
ob-
blast
indicated
time
to
proportion
same
quality
of
fuel
melt
to
the
melted.
8th.
and
preserved,
in my
iron
my
I claim
that
workmanlike
is
cupola
spared
hitherto
my
cupola
that
manner;
to
make
is built
neither
it stronger
constructed.
and
in the
expense
more
most
in
durable
substantial
material
than
or
any
196
THE
9th.
There
forming
which
a
cold
the
of
between
One
of
end
making
this
the
which
its
the
the
heated
Fig.
is
45
the
Whiting
the
following description
The
universal
largely
the
There
form
around
This
system,
it will
through
the
to
an
do
the
increased
two
are
rows
an
annular
the
entire
system
This
the
by
the
hot
of
the
pelled
com-
latter,
tuyeres, through
double
function
of
blast.
which
the
given by
Whiting
and
which
as
designed
so
it to those
good,
by
manufactured
patented arrangement
most
cools
below
CUPOLA.
given by
is
the
nating
termi-
and
and
the
shell.
downwardly,
blower
furnace,
reaching
the
the
inlet at
immediately
performing
satisfaction
the
and
Equipment
is
into
outer
the
spirallyand
top
equals
the
just above
the
at
tuyeres
on
carrying
efficiently,
most
where
to
due
tuyere
blast
Foundry
vent
pre-
tuyeres
and
practical foundryman,
to
furnace
Whiting
Whiting,
air, and
the
WHITING
Mr.
take
around
supplying
the
seen
compel
to
which
of
furnace
around
and
furnace
the
width
extends
outlet, thus
an
the
of
means
order
inlet
the
through
circulation, forced
course
the
let
in-
an
To
lining in
directly from
turn
THE
In
chamber.
inside
is secured
and
air becomes
it finds
cooling
of
entire
one
This
take
to
wall
the
with
fan, by
or
base,
entire
provided
blower
outlets
diaphragm
inlet.
said
while
the
least
at
is
annular
diaphragm,
air-chamber
at
the
air
the
to
provide
the
of
the
such
air-chamber
distance
into
the
air around
of
passage
which
from
furnace,
top
this
of
caloric
the
with
the
surrounding
air-chamber,
is driven
air
FURNACE.
shell
top, connected
circulation
the
metalHc
annular
an
the
at
is
CUPOLA
under
cupola
construction
of
distribute
to
portions
reduced
of the
is
the
cupola
and
pressure,
area.
of
air inlet,
circumference
tuyeres
provides
The
tuyeres.
for
lower
distributingthe
of
is also
the
are
blast
arranged
continuously
cupola.
arranged
adjustment
ones
to
to
the
be
adjusted
class
of
tically.
ver-
work,
DIFFERENT
kind
These
a
fuel, and
of
tuyeres
small
the
on
fuel
changes
inside
through
of
an
OF
in the
is
the
area
thus
cupola,
nearly
and
into
expanded
large
blast
the
air to
which
cupola.
through
opening
reach
the
it enters
45.
SECTION.
SECTION
admitting
the
horizontal
through
(sectional
"
of
the
admit
that
ELEVATION.
tTie tuyeres
197
diameter
permitting
double
Fig.
CUPOLAS.
inside
flaringin shape
are
which
area
STYLES
OF
the
WHITING
of
body.)
CUPOLA.
volume
same
view
of
blast, but
softening
its force.
There
is
an
upper
supply
sufificient
carbon
gas.
row
air to
These
of
utilize
tuyeres
of
tuyeres
are
to
the
of
similar
fullest
construction
the
extent
great service
in
to
escaping
melting
and
198
in
THE
heats
large
improved
our
Fig. 45
them
placed
It sometimes
large
be
for
used
heats
improved
needs.
and
the
the
that
When
ratio
the
change
made
suitable
of
other
No
also
cupola
with
together
(three
small
holes
peep
is
in
shows
the
and
meter
of
foundry
at
castings,
ready
the
and
their
6 inches
small
; diameter
diameter,
of
in
5 feet
at
body
6
the
bed
tuyeres.
the
practicallygives
alarm
side
attachment,
plate
dampers,
and
etc.
doors, columns
tapping spouts
and
known
and
charging
as
frames,
and
doors
of
one
cupola,
bottom
of
inches
melting
to
cupola,
long;
feet
diameter
iron
for
other
iron
light
taper
of
which
required
following
of 24
height
the
cupola,
all the
is of the
and
in
use
melt
to
The
iron.
sectional
in
Jumbo,
Chester, N. Y.,
fluid
hot
very
in
shell
ratio
CUPOLA.
purpose
large foundry
diameter
this
erect.
to
Bros., Port
the
wise
; other-
foregoing improvements,
tuyeres
large cupola
for
small
for
requiring
constructed
was
and
these
tuyere
plate,bottom
Abendroth
all
lining can
fuel, and
soil pipe
plate, sinks, plumbers' fittings,
stove
for
the
It
too
castings.
of
coal
to
upper
with
provided
accompanying
elevation
cupola
will decrease
cost
safety
fittings,
patent
fitted
the
one.
JUMBO
In the
the
to
device.
long), slag
feet
with
All
frames.
heats
and
lines.
dotted
maintained
be
can
slides
thicker
the
ing
adjust-
of
on
finds
patent
showing
method
by
case,
coke
this
foundation
five
to
shown
iron
to
from
has
blast
plates, improved
Every
the
cupolas
figure
of
means
Whiting
adjusted accordingly,
made
cupola
two
operator
This
be
can
by
arranged
is the
and
operator
this
coke
of
the
of
are
heights, as
closed
represented,
tuyeres
tuyeres
proper
is
tuyeres
These
happens
his
be
may
type
section
various
at
they
latest
the
vertically.
be
can
the
of
arrangement
heats
vertical
half
FURNACE.
dampers.
tuyere
represents
A
cupola.
small
for
"
CUPOLA
sions
dimen-
inches, 7
from
feet
large to
stack, 6 feet;
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
200
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cs
DIFFERENT
hundred
'Three
STYLES
and
fiftypounds
CUPOLAS.
OF
20I
limestone
of
placed
are
oixi
each
charge
opened
hour
after
and
iron, except
of
the
blast
permitted
has
the
been
remain
to
JUMBO
charging,
charge
the
gates
sprues,
is
and
the
required
cupola
on
the
and
large
to
on
about
and
slag hole
three-quarters
the
rest
of
the
of
an
heat.
CUPOLA.
scrap
of
prevent
milled
not
are
limestone
scrap,
the
and
46.
foundry
amount
charge,
during
open
Fig.
The
last
of
placed
sand
clogging
and
before
on
charged
each
intcf
bridging
of
THE
202
the
cupola.
in four
hours
bottom
was
Sixty
the
FURNACE.
iron
of
tons
from
have
time
the
IMPROVED
CUPOLA
shown
is
Fig. 47
manufactured
a
of
the
the
by
description
THE
now
is
cupola
which
in
general
have
they
until
on
the
than
The
use.
make
thorough
known
fact
that
cupola
and
obtaining
the
matter
a
view
very
of
as
tuyere
follows
JOHNSON
getting
attain
forcing
complete
the
in
this
blast
combustion
it.
to
methods
new
durable
and
and
foundrymen
investigation of
efficient
more
with
made
simple
the
before
of
and
TUYERE.
BLAST
WITH
experiments
place
we
them
possible to
to
CENTER
cupola
CUPOLA
with
is
PATENT
47.
CENTER
designed
JOHNSON
by
IMPROVED
finally led
which
that
cupola
is furnished
CRANDALL
blast
the
of
put
was
above-named
Foundry
PATENT
action
in this
TUYERE.
Fig.
The
blast
WITH
BLAST
In
melted
been
dropped.
CRANDALL
THE
CUPOLA
It is
the
of
struction,
con-
request
a
center
fuel
parture
de-
at
wellof
that
DIFFERENT
point,
tried
has
been
that
back
above
the
doing
no
melt
47)
the
the
at
the
blast
tuyere
attached
This
tuyere
terminates
and
by
pins
of
means
desired
spaced apart
is formed
at
this
is
the
No
pipe
pipe
cleaned
and
belt
air-chambers
to
would
need
be
price charged
for
and
would
without
is
in
required,
main
blast
pipe;
the
in any
as
way
attention
in
making
center
blast
any
but
in
blast
this
tuyere
fact
Both
and
the
have
center
it to
through
fall
this
over
deranging
be
may
tuyere
the
that
may
blast
but
outside
piping.
it.
nected
con-
such
where
cases
change
terior
in-
enables
way
to
go
whole
close
doors
tuyere
the
air
more
the
of
also
ing
open-
in
to
should
disarranging
to
get any
to
the
which
the
center
it apart
combustion.
part
the
for
otherwise
horizontal
drop
outside
second
forming
obstructions
plate.
is set
cap
that
elbow
center
as
as
by taking
gas,
the
at
removed
opened
the
(Fig.
spacing
be
The
incurred
and
section
can
cap
The
any
special
draw
is
from
is formed
height, so
which
above.
without
to
blast
bottom
the
height
pins, so
acid
the
already exist,
them
blast
of
means
insuring complete
case
the
to
in
enter,
carbonic
and
air-chamber
direct
We
be
can
wall,
illustration
of
pipe
loose
oxide,
zone,
opening
tuyere
to
opening
in
out,
the
same
of
of
means
repaired.
an
when
opening
of this
blast
section
has
the
varied
be
by
into
brick
the
cupola- furnace
by
side
section
carbonic
them
on
tuyere
the
melting
loose
lining
be
top
changed
into
blast
On
for
the
point
waste,
the
can
it
under
annular
that
the
inside
about
loose
from
into
the
at
opening.
forced
the
to
on
rapidly just
of
the
In
high
is forced
volume
is used
cupola.
from
continuous
by putting
than
at
fuel
very
along
up
in
all
in
general arrangement.
being
of
outside, is applied
tuyeres,
the
of
center
air, instead
blast
escaping
iron
of
clearly shown
The
then
amount
same
in
is
it out
been
found
taken
the
taken
when
lining,cutting
and
tuyeres
been
striking the
in
have
means
it has
blast
tuyeres,
brick
the
against
the
of
203
various
But
end.
outside
through
pressure
this
large portion
CUPOLAS.
OF
puzzle, and
many
accomplish
to
cases,
to
STYLES
be
tached
at-
pipe.
little
of
pense
ex-
the
THE
204
Claims
"
1st.
follows
as
saving
in brick
saving
in
2d.
3d.
More
by
the
-;"
fuel.
uniform
more
FURNACE.
lining.
rapid melting
4th.
made
are
CUPOLA
outside
with
less volume
is
Fig. 48
the
furnace,
seen
sectional
view
and
Fig.
SECTIONAL
By
the
projected
the
iron
into
the
placed
part
of
the
wall
wall,
as
are
of
the
as
strength
introduction
upon
OF
furnace
it
of
the
Blakeney
description of
which
cupola
are
nished
fur-
48.
BLAKENEY
CUPOLA
cupola furnace,
uniform
peculiar to
The
VIEW
Blakeney
tained
at-
Steel
M.
be
can
CUPOLA.
following history
The
by
than
tuyere.
BLAKENEY
In
iron
of
temperature
blast.
of
proper
produce
to
for
all kinds
follows
lining
distance
air is
a
so
distributed
uniform
of
or
heat, giving
castings.
The
tures
fea-
."
combination
or
the
FURNACE.
of
of
the
from
curved
tuyeres
cupola,
the
and
bottom,
or
chutes
forming
and
nearly
STYLES
DIFFERENT
the
surrounding
made
are
of
blank
chamber
the
bottom
of
suitable
intervals
in
this
melted
case
inch
to
blast
diameter
As
producer
iron
of
This
of
the
the
of
into
it is
with
The
tuyeres.
hollows
form,
the
escape
The
other
at
ings,
open-
openings
material,
through
be
to
pipe,
one
chamber,
rear
of
into
the
cupola
inches
and
all
passes
nace,
fur-
the
of
center
seven-eighths
every
perpendicular,
the
to
door,
chill
iron
of
of
according
or
is
the
for
needed
different
cracking.
four
feet
it will
that
of
purpose
the
for
has
superior advantages,
that
so
what
just
shell
eighteen
run
grade
its many
lining except
have
the
uniform
prevent
bolted
charging
any
to
cupola,
shelves
of
ing
enclos-
and
cupola.
of
casting car-wheels,
grades
in
tuyeres
3^
and
in
to
or
cupola
sidewise
curved
horizontal,
this
to
striking
the
tuyeres.
lead
of
two
required.
to
the
of
cupola
cupola
flow
to
tuyeres
metal.
space
the
through
the
molten
blank
metal
plugs
is conducted
striking the
an
the
by
blast
around
the
through
fusible
the
irregular
made
allow
to
if
is blown,
air is conducted
chamber,
with
out
The
the
the
of
rear
The
convenience
for
around
.extending
wall.
sections
slag
205
the
of
is left in the
it overflows
closed
are
base
in
the
in which
space
and
which
or
sides
outer
space
through
wide,
feet
and
iron
cast
handling.
inner
CUPOLAS.
OF
months
be
not
which
apart
heavy
rows
of
top
tear
out
These
out.
heats
the
to
necessary
is burned
with
to
up
also
without
polas
cu-
being
relined.
These
various
all
endorse
that
idea
of
them,
and
what
examples
gone,
been
has
kinds
varieties
to
indicate
and
the
their
aim
hand,
the
done
at
may
We
at
for
been
manufacturers.
different
shown
are
claimed
is
what
some
cupola
cupolas
the
have
but
direction
and
by
have
overcome.
to
no
give
time
be
means
probably
in which
not
that
our
readers
construction
and
design
present
objectionable points
to
but
them,
in
described,
obtained
of
from
the
exhausted
given sufficient
inventive
in construction
we
genius
which
has
it has
VIII.
CHAPTER
ART
melting
The
will
something
work,
the
for
In
heat.
to
the
up
the
falls
stock
heat
can
that
it
dull,
or
greater
ladle
work
whole
less
or
in
heat
great
In
the
foundryman
or
has
some
been
one
it in
ran
selected
who
has
for
seen
is in
this
way,
melter
or
or
and
cupola
of
a
foundry
a
for
currence
oc-
occur,
melter
helper
or
instructions
heat,
understand
laborer
few
to
satisfactory
difficulties
not
is
last
rare
professional
old
given
it is
get
to
troubles
perfectly
do
so
dull
the
or
these
both,
an
order
is dull,
heat
temperature
in
and
the
of
is too
iron
even
these
prepared
(206)
melts
part
of
which
charge
it
iron
that
foreman,
the
daily,
foundries
his
of
an
Some
almost
in
part
watched
first
dull.
foundries
cupola
The
always
the
one
the
of
be
to
occur
many
is melted.
who
is
extent
heat
melting.
has
and
part
before
melted
is not
light work;
pour
the
filled
be
cupola,
the
only
another
in
of;
tuyeres,
and
in
fast
so
bungs
the
bridges
or
up
and
bar
and
iron
into
get
in.settling,
care
iron
heat,
bungs
melts
cannot
or,
to
taken
slag
blows
front
heavy
the
entire
prevent
to
the
a
with
and
lining
Iron
be
throughout
hotiron
the
hole
tap
and
lining
melted.
cannot
the
the
without
opened
iron
ladles,
upon
be
that
slowly
the
from
off
lodges
be
enough
occurrence
cupola
through,
that
the
melt
to
the
cuts
many
and
hot
every-day
about
or
bottom
sand
and
able
an
by
dread
being
iron
it is almost
in
without
the
be
is
understood,
little
heat
not
may
cannot
flows
spout
daubing
for
they
The
of
that
art
an
but
prevent
happen
hole
tap
sledge, slag
to
foundries
many
melting.
good
melting
that
or
is
cupola
foremen
happen
something
have
out,
the
begin
never
in
foundry
and
foundrymen
they
iron
of
MELTING.
IN
or
by
perhaps
1208
THE
small
of
one
.time
:in which
.those
taken
useless
in
follows
that
the-
the
melting that
be
iron
the
cupola.
To
and
the
adhesive
put
up
be
cause
the
the
edges
and
the
front
^nd
the
fast
be
top
fuel
thus
are
put
put in
the
is well
in
the
of
for
pitch
to
harder
and
right shape
it is
the
cause
and
ready
zone
fire and
coke
the
it has
heavy
sized
in to
smoke
sand
for
flow
to
And
hole,
tap
The
cupola
Shavings
or
bed, and
cupola
to
soon
as
fill the
settled.
wash
melt.
or
fuel
the
around
to
melting.
for
is put
after
by
rial
lining mate-
pitch.
the
spout
proper
make
up
iron
cut
be
neither
than
it
bottom
carefullypacked
will not
with
The
will
an
that
to
cut
the
must
props
be
that
front
that
solid
coal
melting
on
no
door
plate.
or
out
of
thick
so
of
burn
be
and
prepared
prepared,
quantity
of
It must
melted.
or
on
bottom
temper
paring
pre-
be
must
bottom
will not
of
proper
as
given
spout
sufificient
put
The
the
evenly,
selected
been
be
boil.
to
not
sufificient number
against
rammed
must
wood
and
When
melting, by
material
daubing
heated.
or
it must
iron
as
be
must
this
The
pola
cu-
properly chipped
for
of
from
the
and
is all in.
be
size
heat
of
to
the
to
the
for
placed high
must
freely
evenly
amount
heat
tuyeres
blast
blast
possible shape
quality that
given
tap hole
having
of
and
mould,
best
dried
iron, and
nor
the
the
it
suitable
the
the
volume
be
the
heat, it
supported by
must
molten
and
until
perfectly solid
it rest
the
door
So
be
to
as
the
proper
should
other.
in the
possible
refractory nature,
will
for
be
admit
to
distribute
door
it
as
temperature,
size
and
be
fast
as
one
even
of
hours
and
do.
to
to
daubing.
and
and
of
hours,
four
four
constructed
so
greatest
the
lining given
of
small
an
be
the
charging
application
sand
made
must
utilize
cupola
of
arranged
filled to
kept
be
and
latter
fuel, the
the
and
present
can
iron
The
it is desired
hot
and
cupola
melted.
must
placed low,
iuel, and
the
it is
cupola
melts
in
the
at
use
in
is melted
cupolas
foundry,
one
melt
must
after
in
aremelted
iron
of
those
are
iron
of
these
of
of
care
To
There
ton
one
each
half, and
for
diameter.
vvhich'sixtytons
in
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
As
is burned
off
so
ART
top of
the
that
shovelfuls
the
the
bed
is filled
cupola
the
to
charges
of
iron
and
for
scarcely
any
two
are
learned
and
one
at
more
out
be
and
lining will
All
in.
of
last
not
daubing
cupola,
becomes
front
hole
cannot
of
be
shape
spout
bung
shape
that
the
up
that
spout
two
that
learn
the
materials
are
necessary,
to
learn
moulder,
given
iron
or
and
chills
in
may
not
to
used
and
them,
but
when
in
foreman
of
14
it at
by
melting
of
to
required
same
and
their
careful
his time
learn
knows
tap
made
front
taps.
The
melt
be
made
catch
to
the
and
of
the
many
time.
as
an
study
application
they
melting,
nothing
close
observation
intelligent man
an
serving
foundry
the
are
bottom.
may
may
cupola perfectly,a
months
opportunity
an
ladles
for
not
again
over
between
lining
ing
lin-
when
the
or
properly put
and
suitable, and
the
ing,
lin-
that
way
melts, and
slag;
of
quired
re-
iron
repairing the
suitable
that
and
cupola
a
a
over
tap hole
be
slag, or
three
manage
free
for
for
not
lining
fuel is
fuel
if
away
new
More
of
the
lining burns
do
used
are
the
as
ing
lin-
and
is worthless
material
open
with
fall from
when
the
burned
such
in
suitable
sand
is
suitable
daubing
in with
put
one,
up
be
must
to-morrow,
it would
as
all sands
and
kept
long
best
Bottom
lining material
streams
To
be
may
laid
is not
the
worthless,
The
so
material
properly applied.
be
is
cupola
to
charges
not
are
in
adhere
lining
of
cupola,
be learned
increases.
cupola
fuel,
cannot
cinder
old
an
weight
each
yesterday.
was
bed
more
they
The
the
many
another
than
may
half
and
and
put in until
are
iron
of
and
and
few
alike.
melting
it
brick
brick
good
the
All
increased.
for
at
than
of the
bed, and
learned
different.
shaping
diameter
the
for
must
be
different
of
Slag
and
point to-day
requires a
weight
it so,
heats.
must
The
things
make
fuel
and
be
with
up
iron
must
the
these
point to-day
one
and
all
dozen
one
chipping
that
seen
But
it is leveled
charged exactly
practiced to
in
or
at
out
be
simple.
very
in
thus
of
door.
fuel,
209
seen,
charges
and
It will
be
can
fuel, and
of
MELTING.
IN
required
be
can
learned.
apprentice, is
and
whatever
when
he
about
all
melting
to
are
of
seldom
becomes
the
man-
THE
210
of
agement
melter
and
work,
the
have
charge
of
every
moulder
who
to
learn
melting,
and
should
at
foundry, and
the
instruct
have
we
should
should
the
melted
or
inside
for
done,
any
and
he
out
and
how
daub
sand,
to
burn
for
necessary
from
time
to
for
time,
work
melters
should
so
melter
be
the
to
out
and
and
the
in
the
melter
of
inspected
do
and
given
melter
see
the
from
that
to
when
slate
in this
After
for
way
or
to
properly
other
instructed
prevent
left to
and
how
few
front,
light
to
and
has
to
temper
and
tions
direc-
been
rected
di-
heats, it is
inspect
done
how
his work
and
prevent
things occurring,
in
him
pick
shown
place;
he
be
to
be
can
charges
of
instructor
it is
shape
be
to
work,
how
lining;
spout
cupola.
or
the
door
charging
iron
it must
material, select
spout
may
By going
do
in
melter
the
door
them
few
days
getting into
themselves.
do
melter
it.
He
or
would
the
how
lining.
that
replied
to
of
have
melt
charging
support
front
for
he
foremen,
they
directions
aim
of
that
employed
repair
or
cannot
frequently
be
can
bed, and
lining getting
new
giving
the
foreman
touching
to
petent
com-
melter,
with
the
imply
required
from
competent
only
and
the
as
before
ever
cupolas
them
of
not
without
instructed
them
the
that
many
does
material
front
the
putting
by
which
the
bottom
them
not
foundry
conversing
foremanship
heat
doors
and
in
put
and
the
the
daubing,
bottom
up
of
cupola
to
foundryman
of
requisite to melting,
instructed
put up
prepare
how
be
In
did
be
or
well
as
it.
and
melter
intelligentman
can
to
the
up
minutes
few
melter,
labor
of
any
do
to
heat
of
considered
charge
off
run
he
foreman
takes
remarked
be
melting
he
whims
It should
to
the
the
perform
direct
be
To
be
to
entire
fully understand
longer
no
foundry.
the
the
to
not
peculiaritiesof
give
melting.
does
all the
how
be
would
they
the
melter
of
when
able
frequently
foundry
that
be
is
aspires
learn
once
who
cupolas
when
the
of
mercy
off whenever
day
foreman
of
to
man
take
to
subject
was
the
at
localities
in many
foundry
and
management
completely
passed
compelled
fit to
see
in
employed
force
has
time
FURNACE.
is
and
cupola
The
melter.
CUPOLA
; and
a
rut,
in
his
as
IX.
CHAPTER
There
nothing
is
mixing
of
iron,
scaffold
near
the
the
are
boiler
of
fuel
should
be
is sufficient
fuel
weight,
and
weighed
on
the
as
they
if
when
but
stock
is seldom
which
The
melting
in
amount
of
fuel
amount
of
iron
placing
that
place
to
tons
twenty
put
zone
the
be
fuel
upon
that
had
in
the
melting
that
this
upon
If
melted.
iron
it in
none
been
box
two
seldom
scale
iron
and
this
exceed
they
the
in
fuel
the
generally
are
placed
and
and
ton
the
for
of
made
iron
out
or
floor
weighed
are
weight
the
of
charges
it into
barrows
the
were
one
of
burned
when
cupola,
be
only
the
fuel
fuel
the
first
the
into
be
away
and
(211)
by
each
the
be
melted
the
first
pound
cupola
so
high
until
at
to
sists
con-
given
the
learning
fuel, and
of
cupola
in
iron
art,
an
with
required
placed
lot, it would
it could
in
to
amount
done
with
melted
all
reduced
possible
can
be
can
amount
of
one
dividing
from
quantity
iron
an
give
in
direct
greatest
and
large
done.
iron
of
iron
of
value
charged
not
the
Scales
scaffold,
no
with
on
charged
are
barrows
of
are
level
or
that
yard.
the
on
they
is
the
which
upon
drafts
or
pose
purthe
cupola,
any
pieces
in
scales
brought
are
cupola,
charges
large
the
used,
the
iron
in
scaffold
on
almost
charging
for
this
with
scales.
the
upon
for
shoveling
for
end
the
best
remelted,
be
one
scale
large wheels,
make
that
to
upon
floor
the
scrap
at
on
and
melting
good
The
door.
mounted
above
open
placed
weighed
are
stock
light
and
plate
weighing
foundries
For
and
accurate
charging
feet
two
sprews
to
scales
platform
door.
charging
gates,
cupola
about
platform
an
the
essential
more
than
USE.
THEIR
AND
SCALES
the
proper
melt
ten
all
and
above
the
to
the
ing
melt-
fully one-half
permitted
or
of
settle
THE
212
the
to
melting
would
sufificient amount
this
For
in
placed
cient
to
into
melt
the
the
if the
and
that
the
layers
There
the
weight
scales
placed
in
guess
In
the
the
than
required
iron
has
the
be
only
the
at
scaffold,
No
melter
can
gates,
guess
the
the
riddles
and
of
fuel
in
baskets
and
shovels
the
increase
few
extra
in size
shovelfuls
erly
prop-
necessary
portions
pro-
proper
always
of
accurately
always
less.
hold
The
of
riddles
to
make
the
of
up
the
more
iron
of
greatest
the
more
makes
baskets,
reduced
but
ing
melt-
placed
it
upon
evenly.
lot of scrap,
weight
shovels,
of
always puts
the
in
are
allowance
of
or
all ; for
longer they
size
pig
riddles
fallacy of
no
if
even
divide
the
estimate
the
and
had
iron
uneven,
it is
more
cupola,
case
promiscuous
counting
for
charging.
is often
second
charging
melter
or
melter
the
if the
than
melt
the
consumed,
in the
the
to
is the
charging
is low
In
in
heat.
upon
in
iron
charged
is greater
cannot
guess
it is insufficient, and
stock
fuel
to
or
permit
is
iron
entire
an
yard
fuel
and
The
in
in the
iron
this
melts
melter
and
time.
weight
their
melted
; or
the
pigs.
hold
be
cupola
fuel
of
work
iron
in
of
temperature
melter
by counting
baskets
the
or
by it;
understand
scafTold, and
lining
proper
of
etc.,
melted
it cannot
not
to
iron
of
after
do
trust
amount
the
for
the
heavy,
too
exactly
of
placed
the
of
off the
amount
be
weighed
iron
cupola
of
proper
the
use,
the
irregular,and
sprews,
fuel
excess
pour
all of
who
and
and
charged
charged
is
iron
to
it descends
be
can
and
sufili-
being only
It is, therefore,
should
in, and
floor
and
destruction
been
think
an
charges
melting.
consumed
the
iron
fuel.
iron
and
fuel
case
is slow
to
of
respective weights
first
melting
charge
but
fuel
of
the
to
heavy,
it is put
have
Others
too
into
fuel be
of
be
foundrymen
many
how
charge
have
not
it, when
upon
the
fuel
of
melting,
of
matter
no
the
would
of fuel
layer
before
iron
iron
before
consumed
divided
are
placed
If the
fuel
the
iron
iron
of
economical
do
are
theory
and
layers,each
in
of
with
to
it.
consumed
charge
melted
melt
to
zone.
be
must
excess
and
fuel
layer
melting
all the
case
wasted,
fuel
the
cupola
be
of
reason
FURNACE.
in which
zone,
melting began
CUPOLA
for
in
shovel,
AND
SCALES
as
it
down.
wears
pounds
more
at
practiced
scaffold
upon
correctly
such
be
may
these
put
articles
so
on,
213
are
that
it
is
few
new,
simply
work
guess-
best.
other
in
less
or
Placing
use
when
Even
USE.
THEIR
on
one
by
scales
side
or
end,
only
melting
works
is
guess-work,
would
mistaken
weighing
and
soon
pay
the
the
only
cost
in
of
weigh
stock
cupola
saving
for
frequently
economy
of
unfit
are
frequently
and
that
scales
worn-out
The
foundrymen.
is
in
the
of
parts
old
fuel
accurate
upon
and
provement
im-
scales.
X.
CHAPTER
all well
In
and
kept
is
the
of
when
as
Mixtures
of
deal
great
irons
In
some
of
fuel
they
melted,
and
amount
of
brand
time
Others
cost
of
various
the
bad
pattern
idea
of
how
manner
they
leading
Chester,
of
up,
time
and
same
who
N.
made
are
placing
have
out,
the
That
Byram
various
here
we
"
items
(214)
of
Co.,
in
each
blast,
on
all the
show
such
reports
few
the
blank
an
ports
re-
Brothers,
Abendroth
blank
off
of
found.
average
give
cost
made
ones
tails
de-
presenting
the
bad,
is filled
the
of
amount
putting
used
never
and
total
report
the
and
order,
iron
kind
amount
and
good
amount
etc.
good
foundries.
show
only
also
the
to
foundries.
Y., and
blast,
not
The
consumed,
and
of
mixing
the
only
charges,
of
and
obtained.
charging,
of
recorded,
castings,
of
Others
in
be
enlarged.
is
are
fuel
total
should
different
in
in
charges
in
and
thus
but
charged
the
for
melting
placed
management,
give foundrymen
from
Port
or
in
charges,
and
elaborate,
being
quality
and
castings produced,
ones
the
are
off, pressure
more
cupola
the
To
blast
still
are
of
same
lighting
of
melted,
iron
iron
of
and
iron
being
value
of
cupola
duced
re-
estimate
they
of
melting.
in
bed
in
used,
quality
or
melted,
first
fuel
the
varies
charge
required
time
also
simply, showing
very
each
in
iron
and
kept
are
and
is
is
an
bed
amount
work
accounts
make
the
results
better
these
for
upon
what
are
grades
and
mixtures
and
keeping
of
manner
out
experimental
of
saved
is
the
of
and
burns
brands
various
result
required
newly lined,
lining
the
increased
is
records
served
pre-
melting
knows
to
and
heat,
the
way,
able
is
These
fuel
each
of
this
and
day
of
amount
cupola
the
each
made
melting
of
account
foundryman
the
and
cupola
In
reference.
melting.
of
the
the
with
record
cupola
cost
showing
accurate
system
his
in
foundries
future
to
done
regulated
an
for
ACCOUNTS.
CUPOLA
THE
in
to
show
report.
the
2l6
THE
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
"
COMPANY,
BYRAM
WORKS.
IRON
and
435
Street
Guoin
437
48 Wight
46 and
MICH.
DETROIT,
Street.
and
USED
FUEL
MELTED
IRON
at
the
Foundry
of
CHARGES.
IN
CUPOLA
AU
COLLI
THE
FURNACE.
Inside
Diameter
Pressure
of
Lining
54
Blast
of
ins
oz
Lighting,
Commenced,
Loading
Blasting,
Tap
Closed
First
Iron
Loading
Hole,
Taken,
Finished,
Blasting Stopped,
Dropped
Bottom,
REMARKS:.
Dated
No.
at
/^
THE
CUPOLA
ACCOUNTS.
217
2l8
THE
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
THE
O
f"
H
"
O
w
CUPOLA
ACCOUNTS.
219
220
THE
CUPOLA
SLATE
CUPOLA
FOR
CHARGING
FURNACE.
AND
CUPOLA
REPORT.
THE
The
blanks
foundry
In
ways.
sheets,
in
book
Such
purpose.
form
and
reports
with
small
office,
either
filed
clerk.
When
scratched
melted
and
foreman
the
after
be
heat
cupola
should
be
he
not,
himself,
cent,
of
make
the
only
of
aim
of
of
permit
the
reduce
the
with
frequently the
cause
melter
the
irons
by
the
by,
and
office
to
is
the
fuel
of
with
in
estimation
his
losing
and
extra
for
per
fuel
to
can
by comparing
of
his
port
re-
small
Foundrymen
consumed
it
the
showing
shovel
work.
that
good
False
purchased.
amount
the
see
and
is correct,
iron
of
to
the
run
of
in
foreman
various
latter
melted
make
to
cent,
per
the
are
with
foundry
to
iron
endeavor
amount
in
correctly kept,
foreman
and
to
kept,
and
slate
This
if not
foundry
his
is
cupola
the
and
reports.
value
no
large
reported
these
to
book.
account
consumed
sufficiently hot
ascertain
is sent
the
the
charge
to
of
upon
and
name
filled
amounts
man
fore-
lines
and
no
foundry
which
fuel
placed
are
the
melted
iron
report,
and
and
slate
every
fuel
melting
fuel, and
amount
are
is of
account
iron
used
cupola
out
printed
the
sheets
by
upon
is
reference,
separate
and
slate
melter
the
frequently done,
iron
readily
the
to
making
the
be
to
charge
the
makes
is
as
of
is melted
of
way
grades
each
into
on
in
fuel
given
copied
oldest
and
in
made
used
clerk.
there
for
book
report
fuel
of
in
out
provided
kept by
it is useless
the
those
to
The
pencil.
be
to
generally
various
of
record
book
vided
pro-
made
foundry
when
ferent
dif-
separate
files
when
; but
furnished
in
are
or
foreman
report
to
they
foreman
work
that
transferred
similar
amount
case,
generally
only
is
such
soiled
so
are
or
report
the
the
in
in
kept
are
foundry
doing
frequently
blanks
report
slate
for
becomes
soon
the
kept by
furnished
are
nished
fur-
are
preserved
foundries
by
in
them
of
and
returned
other
filled
ofifice
is
as
In
records
they
and
out
221
melter,
or
foundries
be
can
and
foreman
filled
the
ACCOUNTS.
reports
some
when
and
for
these
for
the
to
CUPOLA
his
reports
employers,
position.
CHAPTER
PIG
In
foundries
there
frequently
is
not
sufficient
the
iron
is
very
iron
hot
and
not
take
is
poured
Moulders
the
will
bed
pig
floor
in
the
light
the
at
moulder
time
with
obviate
in
this
it
loss
hand
ladles,
ladle
that
is
when
except
immediately
in
sand
in
collect
to
the
iron
the
head
in
of
piG
MOULD
FOR
IRON.
OVER
f^j-
^gyg
iron
is
poured
size
convenient
loss
of
iron
and
into
for
cost
these
moulds
handling
of
melting,
removing.
222
floor,
mould
placed
one
the
at
ent
conveni-
at
or
in
mouldcrs.
is
To
have
gangway
apart
^^c
quires
re-
carefully
pig
and
49,
and
and
that
dirt.
iron
cast
distances
deal
foundries
many
each
the
great
gangway
the
to
upon
when
even
Fig.
them
of
foundries,
and
in
and
large
labor,
and
poured
;
sand
back
iron
heaps
and
adopted
49.
this
carry
generally
made
in
of
to
shown
the
used
catches
is
the
labor
wastage
Fig.
and
way
and
much
this
time
into
or
is
scrap
collected
of
in
be
cannot
the
cupola,
gangway
much
over
from
left
iron
of
and
the
IRON.
all
amount
mold,
pour
OVER
pouring.
after
of
the
small
to
FOR
MOULD
which
in
XL
collected
greatly
the
gang-
thc
All
in
pig
reducing
to
in
put
heated
The
depends
the
of
time
when
melting
noon,
The
size
cupola
As
at
rule,
cupola
the
the
Del.,
was
tons,
length
time
of
o'clock
twelve
that
cast-iron
of
that
the
from
Saturday
in
moulds
ingot
regular
the
cupola.
charged
properly
in
ease
melted
the
of
cupolas,
with
be
can
size
be
can
steel-works
melted
freely
continuously
run
upon
iron
iron
hour.
piece
In
are
foundry
of
be
can
the
an
foundry
weighing
heavy
many
tons
breaking
them
of
iron
were
up.
the
in
charges
that
be
Car
the
War
government
melted
Co.,
this
in
the
and
cupola
any
cupola.
Wilmington,
at
Rebellion
the
of
purpose
almost
placed
scrap,
in
placed
door
the
for
and
Wheel
charging
after
cupola
can
Conn.,
Hartford,
melted,
be
to
Lobdell
with
cupola
other
and
the
of
placed
heat
Co.,
Whitney
is
one
shortly
constructed
cannon
in
"
Pratt
pieces
melted
oblong
the
opening
large
charging
At
melted.
charging
large
piece
of
the
at
hundreds
to
melt
will
per
cupola.
At
of
be
until
per
a
is
and
cupola,
of
by
been
depends
piece
any
five
of
heat,
one
can
weighing
weight
ladle
cupola
pounds
cupola
have
in
height
limited
only
tons
melted
hundred
morning
fourteen
and
and
Cupolas
Monday
be
the
and
open.
can
hours
is
leak,
not
left
one
of
last.
o'clock
one
that
from
managed,
will
lining
hole
diameter
number
properly
the
the
will
it
tap
iron
cast
varies
The
tons.
the
upon
present
of
of
quantity
hour
in
and
FURNACE.
which
through
front
generally
CUPOLA
THE
224
large
without
the
ends
melt
to
cannon
ously
previ-
CHAPTER
MELTING
Tin
plate
as
The
best
to
iron
of
it into
tried
and
the
about
similar
in
the
when
up
very
Tin
heated
plate
Numerous
the
iron
at
which
temperature
it will
light
the
little
life, chills
at
white
deal
of
of
room,
takes
and
iron
cast
slower
made
first put
mass,
of
melts
hot
metal
to
15
tear
with
sand
but
than
scrap.
iron
cast
metal
drawn
or
mold
ladles
the
from
When
swells
to
in
or
but
to
break
cover
re-
when
is very
has
molds,
very
must
and
melted
cooling
so
steel, which
scrap
cupola,
not
pieces
(225)
or
is
to
produced
this
posited
deto
tin
attempts
material,
metal
tin
ways
of
rather
or
from
spout,
possible.
such
tough
the
various
coating
All
and
the
recover
in
the
iron,
it, and
the
to
scrap
iron.
soft
very
in
as
the
The
rapidly
expands
a
the
molten
when
made
melts,
tin
The
quickly
as
alloys
heat
poured
as
but
heating
failures.
is
brittle.
and
the
tin
tin
hard
charge
bulk,
cupola
when
good
been
are
in
compact
been
from
proved
with
is coated
by
flow
not
it have
melted
have
attempts
upon
into
than
rapidly,
iron
scrap
up
ing
press-
it in
charges
The
takes
or
charging
of
of
ways
balls, have
The
pig.
or
scrap
settles
scrap
by
charges
down
Various
compact
it.
from
to
hammering
as
way.
and
space
blast.
such
into
as
bulky
more
light
melt
to
coke
of
the
cupola
required
pound
is added.
it settles
little
or
this
in
fuel
more
is very
cupola
but
added
weight
size, but
obtained
are
foundry
is
with
it
forming
same
fuel
charging,
results
good
as
generally
it is
of
and
CUPOLA.
ordinary
more
mild
for
scrap
ingots
; but
and
scrap
the
preparing
the
in
obtained
are
IN
SCRAP
but
scrap,
results
pounds
PLATE
is melted
scrap
cast
same
TIN
XIII.
be
be
must
extremely
great
so
an
iron
an
tent
ex-
mold
226
CUPOLA
THE
where
it cannot
this
sand
be
to
does
metal
molten
than
is worked
sand
must,
to
is melted
great
so
for
hot
very
and
extent,
an
work
any
which
into
these
when
avoid
or
filed smooth,
sold
at
weights
ocean,
were
so
dislike
it is
them
that
rough
sunk
in the
when
to
to
from
tin
mud
be
it
metal
they
are
who
number
When
of
in
they
cast
thing they
good
they
for
ocean,
rough
holding buoys
for
erally
gen-
foundryman
scrap.
was
are
when
for
used
plate
the
under
care
chipped
in which
Government
the
weights,
be
; for
box
metal
with
cannot
weights
The
it.
other
this
of
them.
use
remarked
he
rough
when
The
handled
be
made
in
lay
and
ture
mois-
of
mold
to
sash
wooden
each,
tons
of
effect
possible.
must
iron
the
from
contract
made
long
than
quickly
several
of
the
out
as
fit for
only
weights
price
very
had
recently
less
the
made
dry
as
weights
sash
builders
and
be
out
wear
hung,
The
and
be
worked
light and
breaking.
thrown
cannot
brittle, and
and
to
they
and
wet
to
susceptible
instantly
therefore, be
even
be
used
more
is
too
hard
is very
is
iron, and
sand
to
be
may
place
metal
cast.
The
and
the
take
not
mold
iron
or
When
escape.
expansion
FURNACE.
were
fit to
not
were
seen.
In
found
we
as
number
No.
and
could
we
light blast.
very
succeed
into
pigs
to
and
amount
of
metal
light or
proper
practicallyno
lost
in
loss.
and
in
one
heat, with
the
metal
charged.
strength,but
blast
of
very
The
the
tried
this
to
hot
the
do
scrap,
good
blast
heavy blast,
from
the
we
this
of
and
number
them
loss
heat
lo
did
it
the
learn
with
there
was
per
was
some
justify
found
melting
lost
in
not
to
and
had
running
did
tests
fuel
of
strength
results
of
number
strong
metal
We
none
hard
and
rotten
in
scrap,
as
cent,
per
very
it very
and
it about
large
was
this
melting
white.
melting
With
pig improved
made
amount
from
Melting
also
We
expense.
metal
metal
expensive,
was
in
when
its
the
remelting
made
it with
the
extent.
any
we
gray
than
increase
to
this
but
degree;
the
But
strength
more
experiments
we
produce
little if any
of
experiments
of
was
heavier,
cent,
a
of
little
MELTING
stronger
and
oxidation
of
In
melting
in
melting
due
Tin
flux
Scrap
from
the
produces
it
sheet
iron
is seldom
by rolling mills
in
melting
the
the
of
if it
ways
of
the
zinc
used
in
cupola
etc., but
cannot
the
from
runs
badly, by
do
not
it is very
to
are
quired
re-
it.
from
extent
any
the
in
such
be
used, and
of
the
doubtful
if
been
pola
cu-
all.
guishers,
extinWhen
mixed
that
be
must
the
poured
There
are
tin-platescrap
and
gas
quality
they
ties
quanti-
extent
from
use
improve
fire
has
an
at
for
galvanizing it,
in small
to
cupola
in
degree.
even
metal
all
Babcock
that
for
paid
are
at
marked
scrap
ofTer.
to
melted
scrap
the
tinned
prices
used
to
the
doctoring
they
and
cupola
scrap
fiows
or
extent,
be
galvanized
in
tinned
bed
it melts
any
oil, retort
the
of
metal
its melting
increase
flowing properties.
or
the
heat
cupola
tin is removed
than
afTord
can
cannot
scrap
any
in
time
rusted
better
for
foundrymen
fire in the
acids
facture
manu-
produced
the
melt
to
the
pig
number
carbon,
cupola,
solution
scrap
be
from
when
than
the
it lowers
into
difficult
more
in
zinc
tinned
it must
metal
is
the
in
and
after
more
by
melt
is
when
and
it
melted.
large quantities,for
cools
with
when
iron
of
soon
quickly,
sheet-iron
like
acting
melted
slag
melted
Galvanized
to
but
grade
together.
removed
to
loss
probably
renders
fuel
more
the
work
employed
to
melting.
was
the
been
difftcult
more
tin, and
be
very
nothing
Scrap
and
rusts
tin has
due
cans,
which
iron, and
process
better
should
sort
it, for it
from
with
it,but
of this
the
before
old
and
putting
with
the
tin, is
of
in
melted
by
or
covered
melt
used
which
chloride
to
Scrap
tin
when
blast
cent,,
per
227
probably
was
scrap
25
CUPOLA.
strong
rusted
solder
which
the
by
to
lO
and
when
iron
from
IN
harder,
roofing tin,
as
of
SCRAP
little
tin and
paint
recover
than
the
PLATE
varied
acts
fusible.
to
also
old
rust,
to
TIN
cupola
of
any
and
tin-plate scrap
alone,
melted,
of iron.
or
or
again,
a
an
be
it may
It is
suitable
entire
be
be
can
heat
with
mixed
it may
common
size
practice
the
of
cast
melted
employed
scrap
iron
alone
in
many
melted
be
may
scrap
melting
for
or
pig,
directly after
small
foundries
and
heat
to
228
this
melt
the
in
scrap
the
melting
cupola
is
for
placed
ofT
long
heats
before
small
very
the
flux
the
make
flow
it
running
this
is not
shows
and
in
fluid
signs
the
keep
time
regulates itself
In
flux
to
be
of
bunging
In
up.
iron, and
the
unless
at
one
upon
be
to
not
the
heat.
danger
no
of
hundredweight
few
heat
iron, it
of
quantities to
this
the
melt
to
is
flux
case
early
small
be
must
the
in
heat,
the
after
scrap
duce
pro-
is very
cupola
slag tapped
with
it is better
small
The
may
throughout
large
scrap,
hole
slag
sufficient
in
tapped,
in condition
cupola
melting
after
charge
the
melting
in
cupola
of
in
scrap
consistent
there
and
of
fluid
afterward.
charge
it open
melting
charge
in the
time, but
and
cupola with
charge
point
to
scrap
produce
heat
The
to
In
the
third
the
first
leave
tuyeres.
to
first
or
melted.
has
flux
to
lowest
the
the
is all melted
down.
collected
be
as
cupola,
on
the
at
to
soon
then
slag
with
charged
second
large,and
the
into
necessary
a
the
from
too
slag
scrap
on
metal
as
closed
of
in
placed
iron
extra
iron
of
preventing
come
the
put
An
charge
quantities to
be
placed,
hole
The
of
is
and
opened
be
opened
time, and
to
charge throughout
molten
of
amount
which
each
on
should
hole
slag
and
cupolas
cupolas, and
sufficient
in
last
soft
it is necessary
should
flux
begins
scrap
weights
castings.
by
the
other
and
soft
the
upon
and
zone,
scrap
shells
or
The
slag.
this
of
limestone
the
for
minutes
few
sash
for
of iron
heat
fuel
of
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
to
iron
is
melted.
When
constructing
the
scrap
above
inches
from
the
3
charging
4 feet
the
height
of
handling
case,
opening
door
of
the
above
and
for
be
the
bottom
or
in
be
cupolas
equal
shell, and
than
should
and
be
with
a
not
of very
one-half
to
feet
depends
6
in
dumped
time
second
about
placed
may
larger
iron
should
be
scrap
it
much
be
melting
in any
diameter
the
melting tin-plate
for
should
opening
floor, so
should
for
the
the
or
save
door
square
diameter
fifths
and
diameter
same
or
door
scafTold
the
barrow
The
charging
cupola expressly
forks.
cupola
of
less than
large
or
high.
upon
side
in-
threeThe
the
TIN
MELTING
diameter
as
material
be
must
last
the
of
none
the
at
melting
brick
fire
to
necessary
silicon
High
but
last
ton
in
under
than
more
this
melting
foundry
the
melting
of
cost
business,
management
favorable
said
native
used
of
cost
upon
of
the
the
business
circumstances,
is
and
the
but
at
profits
size
the
erally
genheat.
brick,
described
and
brick,
The
work.
$1
from
$2
to
of
amount
like
of
present
are
is
other
fire
depends,
fact,
each
this
The
"c.,
location
the
will
in
have
for
cupola
lining
it
any
of
iron.
melting
and
we
any
weights,
for
scrap
in
scrap
point
after
cupolas
lining
for
heat;
than
the
in
brick
long
which
than
fire
ones
better
linings
scrap
tin-plate
the
last
to
this
new
high
as
The
poor
this
at
few
stone
melting
generally
are
in
one
long
very
put
is
the
in
longer
they
brick
of
some
lasts
placed
up
zone.
for
through
zone
hanging
melting
selected,
carefully
be
cupolas
smaller
stock
the
into
229
should
it
in
the
of
CUPOLA.
cupolas
and
danger
settling
before
cupola
not
without
possible
bottom
IN
large
In
the
above
feet
20
or
cupola,
the
of
SCRAP
PLATE
small.
the
all
plant
time,
per
profit
other
and
even
CHAPTER
XIV.
COST
There
iron
of
the
attempt
any
those
who
learn
the
entirely
other
foundries,
almost
are
the
material
is
another
In
in
in
many
baskets,
the
one-third
can
are
easily
fuel
be
than
some
they
were
on
few
not
is
and
extra
full.
from
one;
the
of
top
their
fuel
they
be
may
by
too
( 230)
to
are
much
is with
sized
heats.
is measured
the
the
weight
baskets
when
weigh
always
fuel
holds
pounds
20
it
basket
the
daubing
it
after
using;
are
made
shovelfuls
When
basket
stock
the
frequently
to
iron
what
baskets,
lo
as
of
and
basket
the
of
and
but
counted
old
an
same
terest
in-
or
employed
lining
in
system
no
handling
weighed,
not
measured
is
estimate
shovel
the
with
is left
amount
melter
one
shovels
new
charge
each
and
fuel
than
piled
of
of
enlarge,
who
counted,
estimated,
fear
and
expense
than
many
are
same
the
fuel
number
the
for
with
has
to
to
ton
per
In
men
facilities
cupola
the
the
more
Foundrymen
more
the
melting
account
assistants
work.
the
double
sized
same
When
stretch
in
the
melting
his
of
only
rule
of
fail
not
the
over
day's
Many
less
deal
as
number
the
and
same,
foundries
or
fair
where
frequently
estimated.
always
do
employed
are
as
who
control
no
by
foundries
of
melter,
has
and
visit, twice
we
cupolamen
the
them
having
foundries
majority
of
work,
the
in
the
they
great
make'
account.
misled
are
other
any
foundrymen
few
that
way
them
costs
hands
the
in
doing
in
In
ing
melt-
of
cost
about
melting
or
but
melting,
melting
does.
such
actual
than
But
cupola
it in
of
cost
their
really
for
keep
work
business.
a
the
about
foundry
keeping
at
known
for
foundry
do,
suppose
less
cupolas
in
branch
it
probably
is
MELTING.
OF
more
filled.
is
always
the
more
shovels
than
thrown
is used
use
in,
in
is
for
cu-
THE
232
Wood
Coal
coke
or
Labor
and
dump
breaking
and
When
that
the
ladles.
by
stock
$3.
When
there
the
charging,
and
figured
of
amount
fuel,
effort
labor
made
iron
and
to
breaking
ing
cast-
charging,
bad
up
is
in
is
castings,
sold,
weight
of
melted.
reduce
To
accounts
the
be
and
make
in
with
of
in
each
is
as
the
the
place
of
separate,
account.
the
and
the
high
weights
melting
report
kept
ton,
handling
of
cupola
be
of
found
for
per
ton
accuracy
sold
should
expense
per
cost
castings
be
iron
$2
than
compared
the
will
of
for
cost
the
to
the
and
improvements
less
the
it
ton
improvements
as
castings
net
modern
little
melting,
doubt
learned,
melted,
per
the
the
should
tool
$2
been
tons
about
cost
of
has
of
all
weights
the
on
is
none
system
no
number
the
with
and
yard,
bad
scafifold,
on
cupola,
up
and
scrap
fuel
items
with
stock
foundries
in
making
gates,
and
these
the
foundries
the
handling
iron
melting
of
In
dump,
collecting
all
of
cost
cost
the
"c.
divided
amount
removing
iron
piling
the
melting.
placing
ladles,
daubing
in
gates,
foundry,
from
ladles.
drying
consumed
in
FURNACE,
and
up
employed
milling
in
lighting
for
CUPOLA
fuel
as
in
chased
purbe
may
of
value,
and
the
the
an
XV.
CHAPTER
OF
EXAMPLES
and
men
been
has
Much
rapid
foundry
if
seldom,
their
attempts
write.
In
is
that
that
they
by
to
reach
that
therefore
which
troubles
in
what
where
them,
of
which
foundrymen
and
to
annoying
we
have
in
or
come
over-
and
examples
give
in
occurred
has
wholly
are
visited,
both
only
we
that
assistance
were
foundry,
any
have
good
and
practiced,
we
render
to
upon
instances
in
occur
may
foundries
it
known
to
melting
poor
they
be
essential
be
may
of
in
melting
these
In
expensive.
instances
called
been
they
that
in
others,
of
should
those
or
or
which
of
benefit
melting
it is that
melting
cupolas,
melting
the
for
poor
as
observation
our
have
we
of
few
in
it is
and
poor
their
of
melting
known
present
of
of
account
an
foundries
accounts
perfection
on
avoided,
be
under
come
that
give
their
in
management
causes
be
should
melting
bad
points
giving
may
done
by foundry-
melting
on
invariably
publish
they
melted
essential
as
who
melting
ever,
heats
published
and
foremen,
economical
or
poor
written
MELTING.
BAD
dependent
of
many
their
on
melters.
In
1878
N.
Y.,
They
oil
with
melting
that
at
the
heats
wages,
and
and
asked
carry
on
take
to
our
charge
day
one
of
experiments
233
one
their
at
in
the
in
melting
of
the
after
and
some
same
cupolas
were
firm
cupolas,
Sing,
country.
four
in
the
Sing
Co.,
day
per
results
the
us
works
tons
Dickey,
to
came
us
and
"
Perry
of
in
experiments
some
stove
60
to
50
Andrew
Mr.
works,
largest
labor,
convict
unsatisfactory.
of
from
making
foundry
stove
the
time
with
entirely
the
at
melting
were
in
engaged
were
we
very
set
our
time.
very
ager
man-
bad
own
We
I
THE
234
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
their
the
charge
their
and
melt
who
could
this he
and
of
take
Two
statingthat they
Sing Sing Works.
Mr.
wished
them,
out
of any
of
We
found
the
same
taught
instructions
no
trouble
in
time
the
very
melted
dumped,
that
by
so
and
hole
it
thought
blast"
dull
on
through,so
The
iron
of
was
how
something.
for
trouble
the
must
foundrymen
story that
know
the bed
on
and
We
said
he
and
great deal
pouring and in
hard, although nothing but soft
white
not
after
be gotten
morning.
frequentlytoo
He
only
was
could
the next
creased
de-
and
they
charges,
that the
after
end
were
in the
the trouble.
locate
about
melting
the heat
cupolas melted,
was
our
the last
fuel
the
of iron
to
viously
pre-
the trouble
been
had
of
part
amount
tons, which
years
fullyfollowed
had
decreased
one
heat
hot;
the
the
two
what
him
of
cupolas
unable
been
how
to describe
fast and
near
had
in
had
we
their
the trouble.
was
and
the
it in another, varied
him
what
see
that he
know,
not
to
us
charge whom
inquired
in
during this
asked
their
possibleat
wished
weeks;
charges,but
cupolas.
and
did
in the
proved
from
as
arrival there
few
bed
who
been
had
and
leave,
to
of the
charge
soon
to
man
us
melt, and
to
as
us
job,
instructed
full
ready
selected
despatch
see
our
man
said he
He
to
Upon
it had
cupolas,and
was.
received
we
informed
Dickey
him
teach
were
had
soon
like the
not
should
was
left he took
we
did
we
we
man
had
soon
we
later
years
do.
to
when
melting,and
of
place when
our
consented
an
cupolas
and
followingday
took
to
We
manage
informed
in the
be
hear
so
cupola
him
and
parts
iron
"
often, when
to
the heat
of
been
had
blast
have
off
temperature,
uneven
some
bars
cool
they would
that
an
with
labor
of
charged.
that
old
"
melters
lay the
could
no
do
blame
not
be
EXAMPLES
OF
Fig.
SECTIONAL
VIEW
LINING
BAD
MELTING
235
50.
OUT
OF
SHAPE.
NO.
I.
236
THE
in the
blast, or
charges
settled
settled
the
was
the
heat, and
that
shape
think
he
admitted
pig
chipping
out, which
The
cinder
breaking
down
in
did
it melt
not
the
of
out
the
the
and
increased
had
the
melting
In
No.
as
become
molten
so
had
each
to
ceased
altogether.
the
in No.
lining was
i, but
hollow
iron
built
tuyere.
with
cupola
over
running
the
six oval
the
the
chilled
the
tuyeres.
the
closed
tuyeres,
like
each
had
it
been
and
to
3 to 4 inches
the
others
by
12
the
inches
tuyeres
an
ing
open-
blast,
fan
melted, until
in No.
as
prevent
60
it
daubing
inches
laid
tent
ex-
an
troubled
with
was
After
great
so
permitted
He
to
it
to
away
stock
became
the
with
slower
the
hollow
cupola.
over
up
in this
the
restricted
was
had
from
stock
ing
burn-
but
hollow,
the
of
made
by
When
this
up.
have
become
to
ing
lin-
way
in diameter
in
centre
run
melter
tuyeres
in
the
all the
tuyeres.
burned
not
cupola
up
labor
and
should
lining
logged
the
was
lining out
This
thin
enlarged
the
the
into
no
linings in
long time,
very
gradually
the
when
closed
of
the
found
for
melting
longer
of
looked
we
deal
great
was
is
the
the
which
centre,
it
edges
melted
until
not
pieces
almost
were
we
lined
above
blast
ing
shap-
for
outer
been
out
permitted
the
rapidly
in the
and
the
threw
tons
its
had
on
after
cupola
did
tuyeres
and
of
into
He
found
the
cupola just
settled, that
chilled
as
lining
melter
around
been
the
latter part
53,
until
prevent
for
to
not
above
cupolas
chipping
away
faster;
the
iron, and
had
charges,
two
directions
theory,
our
logged in,
cupolas.
frequently
two
melting.
poor
Figs. 50
burned
was
few
and
and
No.
Cupola
This
slag
shown
shapes
of
cause
first
in the
our
cinder
confirmed
stock
first
linings to get
in the
he
in the
scrap
the
the
followed
that
following morning
with
case
and
the
for
had
the
melting
permitted
the
melted
was
melting
condition
he
possible, for
unmelted
further
this
trouble
uneven
have
must
have
not
after
the
of
cause
lining,but
the
unevenly
produced
this
that
FURNACE.
would
cupolas
hot
and
fast
or
which
the
CUPOLA
flat.
to
with
doing
over
in diameter
Over
EXAMPLES
OF
Fig.
BAD
MELTING.
237
51.
iE
n
SECTIONAL
VIEW
LINING
OUT
OF
SHAPE.
NO.
2.
238
CUPOLA
THE
each
these
of
and
inches
18
16 to
hollow
tuyeres
in the
was
of
wide
could
not
help lodging,
When
the
cupola
stock
the
after
formed
was
until it
finallybunged
cupola
informed
pieces
of
molten
and
To
iron
(from
tuyeres
The
up.
unburned
had
but
it neither
reached
the
molten
iron
until
built
the
the
the
slowly
charge
the
when
melting.
the
stock
lodging
nor
the
increased
but
tuyeres,
the
over
described
have
we
found
tuyeres,
lining out
shape
this
of
he
out,
over
tuyeres
prevented
into
flowing
the
into
ran
day),
to
lodged
well, but
more
chipping
coke
gradually
day
was
day, when
lodging.
very
had
who
10
stock
the
after
melted
8 to
which
melted
thick
humps
from
it melted
convict
every
frequently
this, he
prevent
blast
in
shelf
upon
be
not
inches
of these
lodge gradually,
to
and
iron
and
tuyere
could
3 to
thickness
inches
each
and
that
me
to
first put
was
the
to
over
began
pig
add
inches
projecting hump
long;
lining
FURNACE.
trouble.
No.
the
from
the
the
than
with
had
chipped
the
would
lining
made
to
to
enlarge
the
The
this
sudden
into
the
naturally
stock
the
belly
the
lining in
and
cut
a
the
it out
week's
the
melting
did
and
the
heat
very
time
stock
of
above
against
the
rapidly, and
had
the
cupola
melter
belly
to
the
from
large part
out
expand
not
slowly
the
melting point.
in
been
depth
small
to
blast
the
melting
lining
been
at
fill
escaped
the
have
of
the
settling to
the
would
in the
had
attempt
no
the
by
more
the
had
burnt
was
been
permitted
the
at
but
ofTset
sudden
re-entered
threw
cupola
lining
enlargement,
belly and
the
and
but
had
faster, the
day
every
shape
proper
with
inches
diameter.
close
the
by
reduced
melted
it melt
over
tuyeres,
cupola
greatly
ferently
dif-
shape
caused
the
The
cupola
make
improved
given
To
better
over
lining.
the
result
not
was
its diameter
very
in
was
melting
the
and
a
to
large
This
out
It
lodgment
from
lining.
have
been
as
it out
in
around
brick
old
burn
lining to
from
blast
inch
trouble
melted
cupolas.
two
stock
lining,and
heavy
This
of
escape
with
lined
the
of
up
recently been
other
the
tuyeres, and
hanging
by
had
(Fig. 52)
zone.
top
of
ruined
permitted
ta
THE
240
continue
with
work
to
stock
the
and
when
it
this
and
the
was
In
at
tuyeres
stock
stock
the
and
than
thrown
it out
them.
heat
Here
number
same
of
hollow
in the
of bad
the
in the
lining
the
cupola
up
keep
section
had
that
said
not
what
know
melter
the
they
have
from
which
to
with
learned
to
competent
in
refresh
to
shape
the
good
as
showed
had
no
memories,
advise, and
in
the
real
inches
filled
do
began
lost
They
gradually
and
shape
us
He
to
work
head
to
me
do
to
it?"
his
and
dumped
told
best.
it two
said
he
badly,
and
This
let
is frequently
literature
or
cupolas
saw
how
me
each
began,
you
"
cause
and
The
heat
Why,
ferent
dif-
chipped
six
for
melt
the
feature
cupola,
to
they thought
melters.
burnt
having
trouble
not
you
cupolas
melting, have
their
"
tent
ex-
had
and
tuyeres
the
taught
in fact
do, and
do
and
Fig. 51,
one
lines.
the
said
the
daubing, giving
dotted
had
did
"Why
him
under
case
we
when
every
are
We
ago."
and
before
lining,he
the
of
the
around
the
were
man
each
the
iron, throughout
even
the
as
linings in
the
years
did
soon
small
hot,
melted
all
the
door.
was
over
which
stock
points
of
which
the
greater
the
perfectly straight
by
they
to
objectionable
same
split brick
indicated
as
lining
over
in
diameter,
same
humps
up
tuyeres,
those
tuyeres
tuyeres,
all the
with
charged
As
clean.
above
shape
then
one
had
the
of
top
the
the
linings daubed
the
above
each
We
the
it melt
tuyeres, but
as
charging
all of the
having
the
different
at
the
to
with
lining over
melting.
and
were
all
lining
up
tuyeres,
but
shape,
way
cupolas,
four
were
the
against
upon
settling of
uneven
make
belly out
to
long
the
gether,
alto-
lot.
over
so
between
This
all the
in holes
not
manner
stopped
to
formed,
lining out
were
settled
had
over
the
tuyeres
the
shelf
in the
it
until
good
very
escape
permitted
and
the
was
relined
of
one
filled
lining was
until
been
been
point
to
slower
had
lining had
the
began
melting
low
melting
grew
which
the
belly in
the
and
rapidly
poorest
very
over
The
blast
lodged by building
humps
off
the
cupola
the
Fig. 53
FURNACE.
way.
charging,
settled
described,
better
in this
when
stock
CUPOLA
melters
drift
the
upon
to
into
subject
consult
a
routine
who
of
OF
EXAMPLES
Fig.
SECTIONAL
16
VIEW
OF
LINING
MELTING.
BAD
241
53.
OUT
OF
SHAPE.
NO.
4.
work,
and
when
know
how
to
anything
MELTING
In
West
we
visited
Troy,
N,
Y., and
We
cupola.
the
poor
melting
their
iron.
he
When
informed
moved
had
they
having
were
large enough
melt
pig
to
out
look
looked
We
those
blower
he
could
not
or
on,
speed
engine
of
We
steam.
arranged
then
eupola
learned
that
went
of
he
and
hour
an
mounting
the
had
before
into
the
were
anything
to
works
foundry,
melting
on
were
about
the
the
the
run
time.
same
too
small
and
when
the
blast
reducing
boiler
where
diameter
only
into
to
the
at
machinery
putting
us
gested.
sug-
were
went
and
good-sized engine
fill the
be
which
then
they
took
could
change
help
to
he
and
scraps,
ings.
cast-
boiler,
and
boiler, without
fifty-fourinches
they
hard
some
large enough
that
us
into
water
blower,
half
the
of
and
found
the
in
informed
irons
and
were
to
Pennsylvania
the
we
they
machinery
any
pump
for
that
once
run
the
where
was
cured
pro-
machinery,
and
speed
also
what
see
drive
to
endeavoring
engine
mounting,
stove
decided
at
to
they
and
had
suggest
up
time
some
proper
having
new
work
to
and
down
power
fire, and
were
put in
room,
all the
and
engineer
was
and
boiler
and
boiler
The
in
No.
of
were,
we
small
also
were
could
we
who
for
were
with
trouble
had
at
over
indicating very
want
recent
of
blower
the
Co.,
learned
for
They
if
works
over
and
know
the
employed
engine
and
over
"
Paris
some
which
run
it, but
iron
E.
recently burned
melting
brands
pig
not
Paris, looked
condition
engine
their
could
they
Mr.
one,
when
with
to
softer
some
in
from
best
for
and
had
and
cupola.
melt
to
until
out
find
the
wished
He
them
boiler
which
the
for
of
some
Scotch
present
lot of scrap
up
the
blower,
Daniel
having
were
foundry
trouble
of
returned
Paris
The
some
Sturtevant
they
their
into
idle.
been
before
that
us
waiting
lining in
the
Mr.
do
WORKS.
STOVE
TROY
foundry
while
knew
and
WEST
the
found
melting
difficulty.
AT
1882,
the
with
wrong
goes
the
overcome
BAD
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
242
stop the
and
blast
we
eight
to
get up
found
inside
the
the
tons
well
lining,
of
iron
OF
EXAMPLES
each
to
iron
of
that
heat;
off
pour
the
the
that
slowly
d,
it
the
when
cracked
iron
taken
and
they
coal.
melted
when
so
full to
dull
too
hard
quired
re-
pounds
seven
iron
was
so
or
were
hand-ladles
four
sand
hours
The
first ladle-full
the
of
out
half
melting
sometimes
was
243
were
catch
to
the
before
four up
four
anthracite
of
difficult
was
MELTING.
to
heat, and
pound
and
work,
four
ofifthe
run
to
from
BAD
that
to
the
knocking
run
plate
the
off
gates.
then
We
when
went
charged
weighed
basket
and
found
and
with
it
the
coal,
of
No
slate
when
was
the
to
the
part
of
hundred
weight.
this
the
went
the
to
of
cluded
con-
iron
with
the
by
gates
extra
we
melter.
not
were
shovelfuls,
the
four
the
of
part
coal,
basket,
fell
directly
and
the
greater
side
opposite
naturally produced
charging
uneven
the
it remained
door, where
the
pieces, estimating
greater
from
stated,
holes,
pounds
and
filled it,
melter
claimed
as
The
cupola
naturally
three
and
afterwards
and
by counting
by counting
iron
fill up
sprews
estimated
the
in to
one
charging,
weight
charging
cupola, and
to
seven
in
into
the
of
place
basket
about
weighed
dumped
under
threw
melting
were
the
he
said
We
the
as
coal
basket
generally
the
in
coal
of
melter
much
as
in
cupola.
the
as
twice
weight
used
but
pig
pieces
in
was
weighed,
almost
melter
they
filled
the
found
we
measured
the
into
coal
of
extra
that
one
basket
weighed
the
shovelfuls
and
the
from
dumped
but
weighed,
not
was
scaffold, where
the
upon
of
the
uneven
melting.
We
pointed
out
glazed
in front
of
as
melting
knew
with
their
none
not
a
great
that
and
He
done.
did
too
think
greater
cupola.
in
are
foundries
iron
could
But
but
of
he
be
iron
was
in
of
one
Troy
melted
to
fuel
getting
and
rough
tion
indica-
is
fuel
consumed
is
better
was
were
very
being
melting
than
was
very
poor
would
be
for
being
results
and
better, and
any
hot
sufficiently
in
melting
good
doing
an
not
jagged,
stacks, which
coal
less
to
seven
the
ratio
cupola
quantity
by using
thought
of
his
charging door,
the
linings generally
that
that
Paris
Mr.
to
their
consumed
in
work
in
melting,
THE
244
and
considerable
after
less
been
talked
for
They
quantity
were
used.
work
and
losing
in the
change
work
heat, the
yard,
less
we
fuel
than
before
what
a
and
they
said
we
the
the
Paris
came
melt
iron
were
using,
or
the
melter
the
all if less
fuel
also
if
would
have
be
not
perimenting
ex-
if
us
work
we
with
done
ever
be
in the
questions
their
to
it
or
of
had
we
any
term
asked
for
cupola ready
all kinds
enough
to
making
cupola
and
piece
object
they
the
at
demned.
con-
with
will
as
also
would
we
iron
or
them
working
dull
us
hot
we
at
pola
cu-
fuel had
melted
getting the
us
Mr.
did,
or
to
that
been
cupola,
asked
found
we
have
by
moulders
While
came
and
poured
from
and
and
had
but
cupola.
another,
could
sure
day
of the
moulders
melting,
about
heat
less
of
force
that
fact
to
matter
be
not
whatever
the
after
one
the
iron
could
management
with
try
us
round
foundry
dull
every
man
any
or
that
curious
let
to
went
we
found
we
used, and
It is
stranger,
were
when
entire
argued
fuel
of
the
by
over
concluded
fuel.
heat,
FURNACE.
he
following morning
prepared
for
talk
with
following day
The
CUPOLA
careful
very
permitted
so
to
off
run
heat.
melter
The
the
of
was
was
foundries
much
very
he
which
could
be
melt
with
he
less fuel
closely watched,
if not
cupola.
to
melt
and
teach
and
that
their
in
man
it would
how
melter
foreman
it
he
on
went
So
a
we
be
to
the
told
Mr.
it in
work
we
with
waste
Paris
of
time,
into
the
oversee
his
melter
was
them
fuel.
should
us.
He
than
After
teach
had
better
this
for
of
he
would
sick
us
his
man
fore-
work
quit,
or
to
show
consulting
the
the
rut
ing
manag-
the
for
to
man
old
teach
could
in
boiler,
and
way
could
He
melting
same
he
for
less
teach
our
we
ber
num-
anything
to
condemn
better
that
before
good.
engine
new
back
case
with
scafifold
in
better
any
it, and
that
so
much
decided
was
would
do
in
drift
and
days
few
to
week
do
a
all about
iron
considered
us
put
only be
melted
was
without
be
would
in less than
and
done
knew
had
having
to
must
He
who
hand,
Troy
had
declared
done.
probably
in
opposed
cupola than
the
old
an
foreman,
cupola
the
and
made
OF
EXAMPLES
as
up
directed,
we
and
arranged
that
it would
had
the
system
produce
scales
cleaned
to
sent
dug
the
and
up,
and
store
of
mixing
an
even
of
out
MELTING.
BAD
when
fuel
slate
new
the
iron
melted,
rubbish
of
charging
grade
and
iron
purchased
and
pile
245
in
so
having
and
corner
conveniently
placed
for
charging.
After
little time
to
lining so
that
fuel
than
they
saw
the
boiler
his
the
on
the
cupola
been
blast, he could
the
when
to
melt
works,
and
melter
"
Be
jabers
will
the
hot
for
that
Yees
for to-morrow's
moulds
heat;
of
being
said
yees
boys,
of
his
cupola,
when
moulders
that
run
coal
the
cupola
coal
and
will not
yees
the
of
out
for
home
go
to
ing
in learn-
all the
half
left out
for
seemed
the
to
with
ing
mount-
understood
the
into
filled
putting
for
run
who
for
well
the
before
required
man
to-day
as
may
fear
and
has
man
so
off
iron
enough
heat.
the
pour
charge
enthusiastic
was
charged
foundry
not
after
up
make
not
all
also
if he
explanations
the
as
We
iron.
just
on
the
little less
would
machinery
further
was
with
ing
lead-
the
shaped
These
upon
and
we
steam
foreman
no
heat
will
of
had
hot
that
demand
on.
had
into
yees
him
all the
looked
went
make
the
and
the
and
was
we
were
until
business
the
that
using,
run
blast
satisfyeverybody,
faster
head
we
had
we
of
some
that
melt
good.
see
would
it would
that
had
them
to
to
heat
the
for
point
informed
and
way
and
it
explained
had
arranged
made
and
engineer
in
been
and
spare,
moulders
cupola
had
everything
was
I put
save
your
work
your
to-day."
that
From
that
understood
we
heat, which
was
considered
great
When
for
our
probably
lot
tough
their
any
the
except
the
; but
foundries
other
of
man
blast
was
on,
had
who
two,
we
seen
these
business
and
they would
us
from
moulders
sacred
and
encroached
put
on,
the
being
in
Troy
that
no
upon
moulders
two
driven
looked
were
and
stove-
who
went
foreman
saved
rights
blast
the
moulders
all the
shyly by
until
time
melt
us
out,
in those
in
them
assured
have
at
good
for
there
days, who
punishment
was
too
them.
gathered
round
the
246
THE
watched
and
cupola
and
fast
turn
was
that
the
of
the
moulders
number
all
had
them
of
castings
until
they
which
was
waited
for
that
as
were
the
them
they
should
have
been
considered
the
of
iron,
and
cupola
Two
length
of
doing,
and
was
all
the
the
the
on
pounds
hour
iron
done
so,
for
and
further
days
the
handle
The
further
putting
it until
they did
to
with
fuel
save
very
fully competent
trouble
in
less
melting
to
or
or
with
the
we
we
working
and
make
hot
was
the
this
even
they
half
for
coal
had
been
was
run
hour
an
the
little more,
to
heat
did
consider
not
fuel, although
any
time
reduce
the
hard
at
work,
we
the
and
iron, and
one
it safe
to
have
could
faster,
of
in
moulders
the
as
half
melted
was
fast
as
and
and
six
melting
rapidly, and
oversee
and
than
mounting
engine
it melted
desire
not
learned
we
with
than
were
was
as
coal
side
for
the
coal, and
and
nearby
blast.
we
This
plate
stove
the
on
reduced
we
of
one
iron
attempt
foreman
was
to
the
hotel
them.
of
more
we
our
heat, but
better
required
them,
Had
into
one
safe
the
for
stopping
thirty minutes.
melt
no
without
wait
hours
machinery
day reduced
iron
was
required
following day
of
and
could
melting
to
day's work,
familiar
the
the
ale with
of
dropped
every
not
how
us
reached
their
on
asked
have
with
be
to
fully two
before
third
with
see
moulders.
Troy
not
were
to
glass
delighted
getting through
them
of
kill them
to
were
and
considerably
we
were
time
steam
On
the
hours
as
desired
though
even
case.
used
necessary,
work
thepi
of
foundry, and
all
But
the
something
trying
were
second
until
run
was
gangways
would
drink
to
had
we
we
the
through
asked
that
have
of
all
were
in
the
and
probably
almost
hot
number
drink
after
heat
out,
great
for
and
fast.
along
out
we
fast
if
so
the
on
hot
so
the
it, and
kept
to
down
came
all
ofT their
shaken
saloon
this
know
pour
went
we
so
iron
handle
used
iron
to
turning
evening,
In
the
iron
were
been
to
the
not
iron
never
them
were
they
wished
and
early ;
could
Getting
getting hot
with
and
heat.
by giving
so
first turn
up,
FURNACE.
tap until
every
the
called
end
CUPOLA
made
we
melting.
end
of
three
they had
were
able
no
to
248
THE
This
is
common
high
the
have
and
FURNACE.
where
cases
of
pressure
increased,
was
at
would
use
the
of
one
CUPOLA
been
of
blast
before
located
the
88
Works,
visited
we
his
was
"The
wrote
good,
he
amount
failure.
hour
the
have
the
of
in
cupola
the
cupola exactly
it would
cated
indi-
engine
place
of
We
blower
cupola
and
have
We
been
knew
cupola,
melter
in New
it up
the
and
shape,
and
lining.
He
for
and
in
This
the
be
the
had
soon
saw
then
cupola
it
that
put in
following day
badly
chipped
the
a
trouble
very
nice
was
not
sand
it melt
The
iron
ing
melt-
than
they
the
see
best
in the
cided
de-
and
daubed
in the
bottom
melter
ment
managehand
on
were
bunged
up
in
shape
from
the
of
and
the
we
bridged
and
out
them.
superintendent
not
the
with
dull, the
day
next
could
On
cupola,
management
the
trouble
it
melted.
had
and
the
harder
the
the
round
and
make
failure.
much
iron
would
was
over
work
watched
we
heat
the
foundry
fault
he
cupola.
we
the
lay
heat.
and
complete
the
thought
found
melter
time
half
the
do
no
was
constructed
looked
find
it
no
bridging
he
we
were
and
had
into
that
that
melt
or
it would
and
quality of
go
if he
right
could
of
iron,
we
cupola, but
before
go
not
him
plan
do, although he
England
early
trouble
to
to
was
end
the
make
of
the
the
decided
us
that
the
at
with
that
let
him
castings dirty
and
to
heat
certainly was
to
the
the
us
and
blast
beginning
slow, and
should
it
hot
Kirk
cupola
that
on
Durgon,
the
were
all about
invitation
all over,
in
was
hour,
the
the
we
know
plan given
if it
and
over,
pipes
melt
invited
accepted
and
an
He
Mr.
informed
make
not
or
Locomotive
We
cupola
the
on
if
constructing
informed
do.
cupola
right.
We
up.
know
for
It would
bunging
the
given
Providence
superintendent,
might
we
stated,
the
of
to
constructed
and
The
speed
at
Metals."
of
there
had
per
stated
The
replied that
he
for
complete
from
it would
in
CUPOLA.
plant
wished
name,
directions
for
the
Founding
and
were,
UP
Providence, R, I.
believe
The
the
air-gauge
engine.
In
look
cupola
value, for
trouble
WARMING
our
the
up.
good
of
the
which
OF
EXAMPLES
there
could
and
be
After
bed
good
cupola
hard
of
the
to
white
added
little
he
he
dried
burned
added
bottom
the
from
coal
the
warm
the
lining was
stack.
the
up
and
good warming,
the
to
level
to
to
charging
for
wood
up
it
dry the
to
more
burned
he
opened
were
more
which
ings
put in shav-
next
certainlydid give
he
heat
He
which
coal
doors
heated
been
249
melting.
wood,
of
had
this
melting, and
for
when
for
in
large quantity
daubing.
a
trouble
no
MELTING.
BAD
then
He
and
bed,
began
charging.
As
soon
heated
as
we
the
and
in the
the
all been
left to
melt
with.
and
tuyeres,
its descent
fuel
and
burned
be
thrown
in
by the
up
in before
had
and
charged,
warming
not
up,
bottom
that
pound
in
cupola.
off, broken
the
could
iron
bed
put
was
have
would
iron
of
the
high
extra
an
chilled
be
of
before
the
below
flaked
was
almost
heat
been
it not
the
little of it
ashes
it would
charging
intense
but
poor
melting,
for
up
and
with
hot
to
before
cupola
been
the
of
cause
coal
had
lining
the
filled
was
ashes
just
the
melted
was
these
through
The
cupola
if iron
even
the
of
out
the
that
warming
burned
The
knew
we
In
bed.
which
to
extent
burned,
bed
melting lay
life had
the
saw
been
melted.
had
We
seen
hot
one*burned
before
cupola
had
melting
a
very
effect
any
in any
melting.
been
extent
by
After
at
the
heated
blast
was
had
it do
the
properly
made
the
it
of
the
put
on,
filled there
above
plenty
the
in
the
improve
the
heated
to
be
bed, and
prepared
the
of
iron
and
fuel
scarcely
the
stock
the
first
the
When
cupola.
and
to
was
and
door,
seemed
so
during
heat
would
that
heated
cupola
intense
never
extent
any
had
scaffold
lining and
was
charging
to
the
charge
hot
was
if the
see
stock
first
charge
before
filled the
been
this
to
the
upon
The
charge, by warming
seen
stock
or
on
but
much,
too
one,
stayed
we
way.
rapidly,and
heat
have
and
this
of
extent
with
cupola
considerable
for
the
charging,
the
fillingof
to
burned
beds
frequently seen
slow.
had
been
not
second
or
had
exactly
The
ceptible
per-
any
could
cupola
melted
ofif
been
as
cupola
put in
to
we
had
make
THE
250
hot
iron
charges
could
and
had
no
doubt
be
before
melter
We
did
fire
the
right proportion,
there
and
in the
melting lay
the
in
bed,
as
that
fourth,
and
put
iron
on
hot
the
in
This
all
it did
right, for
the
the
convinced
it convinced
that
visited
some
inches
and
the
it
scaffold
putting
other
look
the
in
After
this
in, he
was
and
bottom
of
to
the
sawed
when
the
he
in
in two
had
of
the
He
up.
the
in
gained
three
this and
in, the
cupola
then
door,
filled
40
8 tons
in these
went
upon
melter
ready
barrow
got
melt
we
just
put in quite
had
added
charging
little more,
amount
found
and
and
He
to
and
and
door.
all
was
cupolas, one
two
down
it all
was
Philadelphia that
wrong
was
another
had
and
be
to
that
melt
cupolas
diameter,
inside
to
iron
COAL.
AND
employing
lighting
went
charging
top
the
for
finely splitwood,
wood,
WOOD
something
into
lot of
of cord-wood
BY
and
charging.
before
difficult
that
wood
were
inches
30
very
knew
to
they
ago
was
We
cupolas.
CAUSED
was
previous day.
and
do
one
fast
cupola
nothing
was
cupola
up
MELTING,
years
iron, and
there
the
we
blast
of
the
it would
then
about
melted
amount
that
and
We
the
When
been
off
bed
ing
light-
only change
the
in
same
it had
time
After
bed.
minutes,
ten
of the
one
little.
the
claimed
we
melting by warming
In
superintendant
us
BAD
fuel
the
bed, but
burned
The
on
as
way
the
the
of
the
about
heat, and
half
one
in
all
charging.
charges
down
came
throughout
melted
the
in
same
was
top
the
on
constructed
lighting up.
smoke
the
melter
one
and
before
reduce
to
was
the
the
wood
heavy
began
the
of
about
in
through
and
charging
with
the
show
bed
charge
up
up
until
to
full
shavings,
our
waited
up
made
coal
in
the
charging,
in
superintendant put
us
level
to
began
leveled
the
about
of
were
trouble
it made
put in
we
up
of
the
gave
had
shovelfuls
and
iron
and
properly placed
that
and
cupola
plan.
the
been
following day
other
few
fuel
of
FURNACE.
stated.
The
our
CUPOLA
the
putting
long
some
filled to
was
in
add.
barrows
more
then
to
cupola
the
the
with
largest
EXAMPLES
he
lumps
could
quantity
and
we
find.
he
as
considerable
he
said
him
convince
to
wood
old
melter
Either
been
they
of
cause
burning
the
out
cupola
which
wood,
bed
The
began.
been
POOR
In
of
small
This
wanted
that
The
to
the
and
he
and
belt
six inches
cupola
of
had
above
been
slag projected
belts
the
they
the
firm
The
work.
great
tity
quan-
that
the
ing
melt-
before
the
to
which
the
blast
would
as
in
and
out
contributed
fire,such
have
CUPOLA.
cupola,
long
to
the
lining.
burned
away,
in thickness
adhere
to
the
blower.
properly chipped
been
slag varying
and
without
new
be
melter
suggested
than
worse
time
melt
ago.
not
his
now
not
and
years
could
said, and
would
condition
few
fan, and
new
melter
new
Ohio,
founder
a
the
showing
lining had
had
and
ashes
through
hot
cupola
permitted
from
an
amount
extent
an
also
elevation
in
the
for
cinder
the
not
the
coal
CINCINNATI
put
said
needed
less
was
the
burn
to
coal
in Cincinnati,
examined
had
cupola
IN
had
We
tried
he
for
too
great
so
fire
melt, the
and
quire
re-
coal.
saw
not
He
blast.
founder
we
with
the
was
time
and
of
sectional
would
blower,
forced
seen
melt.
to
to
open
MELTING
cupola
cupola
made
out,
is
Fig. 54
long
producing
smaller
by
produced
better
done
do
to
cupolas
large lumps
as
; and
We
in less time,
not
was
ashes
wood
an
were
coal.
melted
and
cupolas
burned
melting by making
poor
have
two,
this
took
was
filled with
was
the
in
these
in
coal
large
melt
large
it would
impossible,
was
would
Colliau
two
and
smaller
it.
but
melting
poor
hard
of
in
put
this
coal
of
such
would
so
25
to
cupola,
any
in
put
pieces
fire with
cupolas
properly managed
afterwards
in the
cupola
getting
were
the
of
all about
he
why
necessary
with
melt
these
was
some
coal, but
of
it
start
the
knew
one
iron
of
that
and
to
MELTING.
him
place
not
smaller
and
for
heat
could
they
said
lift and
could
BAD
asked
he
it was,
presume
large
We
and
wood,
of
OF
to
the
another
Between
making
lining around
belt
these
a
four
from
two
deep
of
cinder
ing
projecthollow
at
252
the
THE
melting point.
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
Entirely too
Fig.
much
fuel
54.
a
ILLUSTRATION
OF
BAD
MELTING.
had
been
consumed
OF
EXAMPLES
in
melting
the
above
melting
had
We
filled
all
was
the
trouble
no
were
daubing,
and
cupola
in
Co.,
shavings
not
light
the
bed
into
number
of
We
various
poor
here
or
relate
melting
when
be
found
quantity
given.
of
fuel
in
the
it
the
cupola
they
blast
had
We
burn
had
did
when
noticed
not
the
on
up
the
placing
that
way
on
make
after
which
the
other
blast
in
been
the
cause
due
of
examples
will
probably
cupola
the
shape
in
of
the
melting;
causes
We
this
to
had
kind
of
melting
in
them.
of
poor
suffice,
properly
is
often
are
melting.
foundry,
own
more
used
bad
and
wood
frequently
door,
charging
bed
our
these
and
shavings
the
in
in
of
foundry
dumped.
many
but
melter
side.
would
there
and
the
at
putting
one
discovering
foundries,
generally
on
from
heats
in
and
and
in
of
before
might
such
be
to
cupola
poor
carelessness,
bed,
had
burning
uneven
in
cupola
do,
way
a
the
blast
not
careless
thrown
of
did
it
time,
The
an
it
the
up
the
cupola
of
evenly,
charged,
an
BED.
carelessness
burned
thought
This
short
fuel
only
he
side.
the
up
was
it, and
in
wood
dump
to
lining
fast.
THE
OF
hollows
the
give
to
as
and
BURNING
the
from
and
formed
the
and
off
properly
hot
iron
melting
so
then
was
compelled
once
"
Perry
have
not
chipped
humps
projecting
UNEVEN
We
could
slag
point.
The
taper.
even
253
MELTING.
and
cinder
of
fire-brick
with
in
belt
the
or
BAD
the
as
causes
will
constructed
lining,
examples
burning
of
of
which
the
are
XVI.
CHAPTER
MELTERS.
There
is
than
respect
a
is
and
cupola,
has
of
his
given
was
become
has
the
by
than
melter,
the
by
cursed
by
A
as
melter,
one
from
and
that
fuel.
The
inquire
iron
man
they
size
under
He
is for.
may
be
heat
which
does
lying
ten
it
not
to
him,
melter
pounds
or
is
stop
or
cupola
melted,
to
is
(254)
by
or
think
deceived
the
that
work
ment
managea
each
the
other
pound
does
it is melted,
the
by
of
other
his
poor
stand
under-
not
man,
kind
spected
re-
work,
to
the
do
which
and
made
to
man,
fore-
poor
with
is
one.
put
be
practical
in
hard
in
iron
of
and
the
paid,
was
conversing
pity
through
work
who
others
by
employer.
doing
may
respected
alike,
instruction
being
not
the
of
who
in
melting
are
is
laborer
good
with
lot
for
proper
a
interfered
his
blame
to
foundry
Again,
foundryman
the
conditions
Foundrymen
melting.
learn
always
heats
poorly
and
more
lectured
emploper,
foundry,
given
never
cupola.
being
the
is not
been
his
who
man
is
his
their
the
began,
have
we
moulders,
day
first
by
lost
charge
on
He
two
have
who
by
about
one
melts
given
he
whom
for
melter's
been
well-paid
seldom
the
at
have
may
of
b)^
melter
poor
he
for
no
efforts.
and
moulders
piece
black
looked
he
for
Gibed
iron.
his
foundry
have
when
He
improved
or
may
own
himself.
when
melting
in
moulders,
about
man
no
footsteps
He
through
expert
and
poor
bad
instructions
an
is
his
predecessors.
foreman
There
in
and
work,
more
generally
is
been
has
perhaps,
the
He
melting
of
art
have
we
melter.
the
of
followed
few
learned
has
whom
for
scientific
and
observer
close
methods
foundry
intelligence, who,
of
helper
of
and
man
man
practical
self-made
about
man
no
work
of
not
the
the
foundry-
melter
and
256
lates
the
mind
improved
have
It
melter
his
in
is
the
on
the
for
business,
the
recalls
been
to
subject
FURNACE.
it
why
reason
long
It
events.
new
to
upon.
which
upon
CUPOLA
THE
is
mind
to
interest
of
results
and
that
to
he
and
forgotten,
comes
learns
him
should
he
his
who
into
his
him
office
at
all
the
all
is
all
depends
upon
or
be
can
something,
posted
furnish
it
experience
own
foundryman
every
keep
in
facts
how
and
good,
not
that
new
published.
is
erature
lit-
XVII.
CHAPTER
OF
EXPLOSION
iron
Molten
conditions
is
but
the
fully understood
if
the
wet
and
small
in
instant
entire
stream
great
force.
wet
is thrown
In
in
causes
with
it.
less
causes
with
closed
of
it, but
vent
pre-
the
the
explosion
molten
iron
all
boils
iron
is
hole
and
is
The
cupola.
and
the
with
directions
particles
small
and
not
When
explodes
it
in
spout
the
spout
the
spout
smoothly
dried.
tap
from
wet
violent
so
from
as
in
the
place
molten
place,
bod
to
against
is due
iron
17
the
in
place
to
in
prevent
the
end
these
the
with
into
pressed
one
the
and
and
iron
hole
tap
it is
hole
it, the
closing
the
it is
and
stream,
explosion
before
bod
the
or
more
bod-stick
being
it
of
explosions,
cupola,
as
(257)
is
little
and
too
the
ture
mois-
much
explodes
is
past
small
explosions
must
be
when
not
generally
held
kick
pressing
to
the
the
quently
fre-
firmly
The
quently
fre-
the
When
hole.
out.
be
may
and
force
great
close
to
hole
tap
it
instant
impossible
blown
bod-stick
the
explode
to
violent
the
felt
thump
of
to
spout
the
distance
some
and
from
emerges
containing
from
take
into
be
must
moulders
properly
been
bod
thrown
is in
against
with
contact
hole
tap
bod
damp
have
from
ofT, but
bod
wet
sides
all
at
spout.
comes
not
explodes
and
tap-hole
strikes
iron
of
thrown
be
may
it
as
particles
stream
from
lining
spout
explodes
iron
thrown
fiows
iron
of
front
the
is
lence
vio-
accidents.
dangerous
stream
it
it
melters
by
avoided
and
which
much
as
conditions
under
conditions
certain
under
and
report
other
Under
gunpowder.
explosive,
loud
as
and
body,
explosive
very
with
explodes
as
IRON.
MOLTEN
or
bod
pressure
supposed.
Bod
258
THE
material
should
off
the
by
caused
the
stop in
the
oxide
of
place
long
the
falls
from
to
run
falls from
hundred
succession,
floor
the
should
catch
in
melters
sparks
to
sions
explo-
from
character,
they
iron
of
stream
explode.
to
bars
Tap
the
put into
are
that
of
as
loose
the
cupola
as
If the
plodes
ex-
thus
may
be
continues
stream
follows
another
in
rapid
is formed,
which
boils
and
there
as
is any
The
floor
moisture
under
a
spout
hole
in
in it
to
spout.
should
should
cupola
iron
dumping,
the
spout
floor, it
muddy
molten
cupola.
long
the
from
the
near
go
wet,
liquid.
of
before
to
iron
distance
floor.
upon
molten
stone,
or
the
explosion
falls from
a
brick
the
floor, it spatters
considerable
dangerous
remains
made
under
bottom
of
iron
be
dry sand
from
hard
particlesof
minutes,
few
iron
with
the
sparks
strike.
into
before
upon
spout
small
pool
the
and
floor
of
iron
it is
floor, one
every
any
paved
two
or
always
The
the
spout
feet
the
upon
explodes
sparks
they
thrust
of
the
these
of
The
are
combination
bar
fallingupon
is
instantly,and
a
throws
sparks
entirelydifferent
heated
particlesto
stream
iron
thrown
iron
iron, and
showers
wherever
causes
the
to
very
an
tapping
When
pered
tem-
iron.
iron
as
of
hot
These
the
of
iron.
of
are
spout,
flies in small
and
due
enter
clothing
or
or
to
stream
rusted
or
iron
contain
They
the
flesh
cold
of
When
properly
very
dry spout.
carbon
sand
of
stream
the
hesitate
not
tap hole
in the
of
by dampness
the
wet,
iron.
catch
or
burn
A
moulding
from
combined
do
caused
and
sparks
explosion
an
moulders
or
hard,
is very
many
with
oxygen
are
iron
great
than
wetter
no
FURNACE.
moulding.
for
When
be
CUPOLA
always
be
to
be
with
covered
prevent
spattering
or
when
dry, and
fluid
inch
an
iron
slag
or
exploding
or
when
dumped.
Molten
rusted
to
know
iron
iron
explodes
is thrust
from
violently when
suddenly
into
it, as
practical experience,
piece
the
when
of
cold,
writer
working
has
at
wet
or
reason
stove
EXPLOSION
in the
moulding
had
we
taken
and
putting
was
around
pouring,
the
the
set
ladle
The
iron.
leaned
we
able
not
carry
head
and
the
those
he
The
The
soon
the
weeks,
over
were
still
we
thrown
with
thick
passed
over
never
was
became
never
us
we
and
was
iron
as
molten
all
clothing and
probably
put it in
dripping
thrown
iron
before
As
it into
slightly,but
and
who
severely that
so
our
boy
and
skimmer
was
exploded
burned
foundry again,
the
day
heat
iron
iron,
of
several
burns.
gun.
was
us
for
passed through
and
from
house
small
it out
stove
red
our
him, thrust
instantly and
the
from
took
in with
ran
use.
ladle
ladle, burning
of
scars
great violence,
about
the
he
prevent
exploded
out
floor
could
we
be
many
boy's
the
over
to
catching
caution
pre-
One
to
skimmed
and
the
iron.
skimmer
for
rusty
foundry heating
catching
sometimes
skimmer,
were
on
iron
the
before
place
and
red-hot
we
before
and
wet,
convenient
foundry
while
heat
that
took
always
we
into
259
Knowing
867.
explode,
red
IRON.
precaution, heating
a
the
saw
and
skimmers
to
it in
MOLTEN
866
iron
our
the
the
snow,
we
as
them
heating
of
made
putting
of
and
winter
skimmer
wet
or
OF
felt
the
seen
an
iron
moulder.
Molten
or
escaping
of
"
and
in
five tons,
clamped
near
the
the
bottom
iron
at
sand
thrpwn
molten
iron
Pa.,
this
pit
when
of
and
which
The
almost
rammed
the
continued
was
filled
with
the
with
to
roof
to
wet
its way
the
about
at
explode
in
end
The
gave
fully
in the
ten
way
pit,
feet
pit,and
forty feet.
four
and
The
mud.
through
of
the
into
or
mould
sections
made
iron
sand
height
until
ring
escape
up
on
plate.
properly
molten
iron
rolls
long, weighing
feet
not
tom
bot-
McGilvery
boiler
constructed
forced
foundry
with
mould
covered
had
to
flask
permitted
casting
eleven
one
for
pit
mould,
the
into
or
of Wm.
foundry
lined
and
was
and
up
deep
exploded
been
the
the
from
floor
wet
chill-mould
rusted
or
is thrown
and
In
in
was
damp
upon
floor
moulded
bottom
that
mould
together.
and
once
foundry
cast
clamped,
explodes
Sharon,
put in the
about
into
poured
pit,explodes.
wet
first roll
was
from
Company,
was
of
when
sand-mould,
wet
and
iron
tons
The
were
26o
THE
thrown
to
the
from
the
with
stood
deep
the
near
ago
could
rusted
that
place
rusted
sufificient
of
the
of
and
Moulders
pouring
heat
the
for
water
practice
Lewisburg, Pa.,
at
all the
that
It
bottom.
the
stopped
bottom
in
heating
of
the
been
for
water
once
in this
perty
pro-
with
have
the
mon
com-
Marsh,
bucket
great
the
to
contained
so
washing,
was
into
over,
water
James
of
and
left
of
This
instantly with
of
at
water
bucket
poured
out
contained
explosive
they
mixed
blown
old
an
kettle.
foundry
was
in
contact
weather.
iron
had
were
into
witnessed
and
The
in
the
the
to
explosion
little iron
in
day
one
water
came
of
cold
moulders
exploded
windows
it
day's work,
clay wash
in which
the
until
into
destroy the
to
the
washing
the
of
had
foundry.
before
pour
their
ofT
the
the
at
frequently
after
water
mud
who
An
water.
depth
metal
molten
scrap
wrecked
taken
foundry
the
near
the
under
almost
that
not
was
yard
some
pour
without
explosion taking
any
apprentice boy
an
in the
mud
without
water
molten
canal
accordingly
was
Pa., many
that
the
of
water
that
foundry
moulders
two
the
to
sat
small
when
explode
not
in
brought
or
canal, in Sharon,
by
undertook
and
scrap
the
days later
few
experiment
case
burned
foundry
mud
does
At
Erie
iron
of
into
poured
salt kettle
"
into
poured
ladle
but
water.
made
was
be
A
place.
took
the
into
poured
scrap,
Pittsburg
not
and
when
clean
or
wager
exploding.
this
particles,and
rusted
wet
into
poured
canal
small
pit in
explodes
iron
contact
iron
FURNACE.
ground.
Molten
years
CUPOLA
of
mud
violence
this
foundry, and
that
in
at
way,
that
foundry.
At
another
the
flood
poured
bailed
poured
out
North
Schuylkill
in the
for
be
of
foundry
heat
and
off water
to
before
prevent
water
came
in
water
rusted
great damage.
June,
blast
soaked
the
clear
river
the
into
poured
cast-iron
At
foundry, iron
put
into
1895, the
on
the
pit being
upon
the
but
cupola
before
cupola pit
filled.
The
moulding
the
and
was
the
pared
pre-
heat
could
had
to
heat
was
floors, but
be
all
the
EXPLOSION
bottom
the
of
the
leave
to
eagerness
without
the
bottom
the
cupola.
the
cupola
The
in all directions
and
Had
taken
melter
sand
the
under
this
bottom,
the
At
wrecked
took
of
it could
not
melter
into
cupola
The
confined
water
and
in
of
one
place.
entirely
almost
lot
small
of
in
and
cupola,
lent
vio-
some
filled with
water,
from
which
this
but
cupola,
the
cylinders
these
of
explosion
violence
by
attributed
was
converted
the
wreck
to
as
was
had
order
cylinders being
the
given
had
Smith,
David
such
with
exploding
the
fall upon
to
closed
and
disregarded,
dry
of
been
each
that
see
the
had
foreman,
been
steam
to
ofif all
steam-chest
the
of
slag
in the
melted
foundry.
shovelfuls
explosion,
this
steam-chest
the
orders
before
broken
the
in their
the
of
drawn
taken
Engine
being
were
fuel
few
Skinner
of
first
have
not
time
escape.
melter
the
place
the
leaving
rust,
the
would
lent
vio-
the
of
have
to
the
receive
to
these
by
to
At
windows
from
pit,a
floor
thrown
and
slag dumped
molten
in
remaining
iron
and
wet
precaution
The
of
cylinders
steam
the
explosion
it.
the
dropped
flooded,
was
iron
all the
blowing
cupola
explosion
molten
dumping,
foundry
molten
place, scattering
before
iron
the
with
in contact
came
it
melter, in his
the
and
wet,
before
off
the
instant
took
molten
foundry
drawing
explosion
the
soaking
26
IRON.
MOLTEN
OF
cupola.
At
N.
the
Y.,
the
heavy
to
be
none
of
cupola
one
blast
oxygen
for
the
iron
door
cupola
from
the
the
blast
out
for
the
formation
which
been
was
But
on
was
exploded
this could
fully seven
chanced
to
hardly
have
minutes
number
cupola
the
by
the
fortunately
but
in the
gas
each
broke
who
men
attributed
of
on
and
front
of
heat, which
box,
tuyere
the
number
explosion
blast.
had
the
on
severely burned,
were
on,
put
was
from
doors.
was
put
was
blast
blew
This
which
also
and
killed.
causes,
after
in
Co., Buffalo,
Furniture
School
Buffalo
place
bottom
the
near
were
cause,
cast
cast-iron
the
of
heavy
the
of
took
minutes
seven
blew
The
of
explosion
an
about
side
foundry
fore
be-
addition
been
the
before
the
I
262
THE
would
taken
have
Another
been
placed
This
iron.
body
may
that
in
through
foundry
of
damp
ladle
thick
ladle
explodes
iron
Such
scrap
to
piece
of
the
it
admitted
was
was
The
it
red
an
heat
case,
iron
in
it,
or
if
explosion
just
before
had
of
other
but
scrap-
explosive
it
from
casting;
and
is
just
water
the
of
in
as
as
fined
con-
opening
the
using
daubing
daubing
ladle
prevented
it
to
or
at
case
chill
is
iron,
or
the
causes
iron,
by
heating
iron.
rusted
of
the
very
in
water
Wet
it.
molten
into
be
the
if
touches
the
chill
thrown
may
on.
dynamite
rusting
wet
it
instant
to
put
was
Co.
boil,
to
explosion
pieces
scrap;
the
to
ladle
that
some
by
scrap,
Engine
the
blast
the
some
or
the
the
cause
generated
explode.
to
in
steam
iron
causes
upon
was
in
Skinner
placed
tapped
if
to
the
explosion
the
due
cause
may
scrap
iron
some
which
as
concealed
been
it
soon
concealed
been
have
may
the
as
the
for
cupola
the
have
probable
the
in
been
this
almost
place
given
cause
FURNACE.
had
and
occurred,
explosion
CUPOLA
to
plode.
ex-
the
264
THE
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
Fir.. 55.
CATCHER
SPARK
CATCHING
SPARK
In
Fig 56 is
just described.
seen
In
IN
DEVICE
more
OLD
FOR
modern
this device,
the
STYLE
CUPOLA.
MODERN
CUPOLAS.
spark-arresterthan
casing
is cut
in two
the
at
one
the
SPARK
CATCHING
DEVICES
Fig.
SPARK
CATCHING
DEVICE
FOR
CUPOLAS.
56.
IN
MODERN
CUPOLA.
265
266
CUPOLA
THE
of the
bottom
upon
the
the
casing
top of the
the
and
with
be
it emerges
than
diameter
this
high
to
shell
is
the
encircles
piece
when
are
and
latch.
cast
is
pipe, and
Superintendent
of
this
in which
St., in
much
such
as
and
or
return
up
move
flue
riveted
or
stack,
it before
stack
the
be
of
larger
with
close
from
their
their
The
was
constructed.
in
catching
The
in
cast
are
main
pipe
and
holes
peep
cap
city, and
of
The
of
the
they
Y.,
firm
Hudson
on
cupola setting
none
N.
Albany,
located
O'Keefe,
by John
foundry
was
foundry.
tried, but
way,
Works,
it became
were
which
the
designed
the
the
CATCHER.
Stove
of
to
swing
tight-fitting
constructed,
part
plying
sup-
AA
pipes
to
SPARK
Go's
for
pipe
of blast.
escape
vicinity,and
hoods, etc.,
a
the
riveted
the
branch
saving fuel.
by sparks
in the
sparks escaping
"
was
closely built
buildings
in
loses
which
to
blast
of
The
device
and
device
annoyed
lined
blast
into
air chamber
out
up
CAPULA
Perry
catching sparks
for
of
FLUE
is shown
Fig. 57
the
arrangement
main
ladles.
the
neat
belt
tightly bolted
RETURN
In
requiring
very
placed
large
in the
is of
and
enters
to
to
in
The
used.
not
cupola
and
extent
stacks
is shown
cupola
removing
or
The
six
ones.
illustration
blast
and
stock,
consists
fall back
cupola
the
placed
that
the
cov^ers
which
device
so
cupola,
efifective
it; low
of
is
the
on
from
casing,
cupola
the
stack.
be
to
stack
casing,
the
of
out
top of the
height
the
from
carried
cupola casing
the
it
to
charging
spark-arresting
larger than
enlarged
the
cupola
it when
cupola
The
bolted
or
by
supported
ring generally
or
the
plate
the
lining.
the
reaching
one
than
sparks
should
plate
over
this
On
when
the
iron
extends
stack
the
its force
In
the
of
it is
riveted
ring placed
plate or
where
casing,
inside
iron
an
thin
making
cupola
brackets
diameter
and
cast-iron
inches.
larger
upon
the
outside
twelve
and
and
The
outside.
door
charging
top of
FURNACE.
were
very
fire to
roofs
necessary
to
prevent
number
of
devices,
these
arch
proved
or
dome
ive,
effectA
was
SPARK
FOR
DEVICES
CATCHING
Fig- 57-
RETI'RN
FLUE
CAPULA
SPARK
CATCHER.
CUPOLAS.
26/
268
thrown
the
of
out
the
across
which
When
the
struck
the
dome
stack
the
cupola
was
be
and
when
the
and
saved,
they
all thrown
were
bottom
the
of
opening
at
The
device
small
back
flue,
the
the
into
bottom
fuel
the
quired
re-
preventing
stack,
for
in
the
through
the
frequently
as
time
deposited
or
removed
were
flue,
the
in
fuel
no
in the
from
have
might
it was,
as
cupola
they
of
of
closed,
door
eff"ective
was
pieces
which
from
But
cape.
es-
stock
all the
fuel
perceptible change
no
and
sparks
of
escape
considerable
make
it to
of
the
and
could
to
necessary
on
done.
amount
cupola
of
to
When
large an
admit
to
put
was
melting
was
size
returned
permit part
to
the
in
dome.
the
it became
doubt
no
heat.
of
and
so
that
cupola
stock
the
that
door
dome
blast
is
there
melt
to
the
the
faster
and
saved,
was
the
been
cupola
heat, there
the
during
the
above
found
was
in blast, and
before
being charged
it
from
through
opening
Had
been
escaped
flue
the
flue
dome.
the
the
led
foundry-
the
from
upon
the
through
down
above
heat
back
flue B
the
to
stack
waste
the
down
the
to
thrown
put in blast
gas
and
dome
blast,
was
through
charged
small
the
in
forced
was
above
it returned
was
and
cupola
not
stack
cupola
or
heat
cupola
point
the
of
CUPOLA
floor,from
cupola,
FURNACE.
THE
found
as
necessary.
SPARK
OTHER
Another
device
fire-brick
arch
its
diameter
of
upward
course
but
and
carried
the
the
top
arch, only
many
of
Anuther
cupola
of
the
arrest
them
down
plan
for
ends
and
breadth
out
plan
is to
fall back
ends
roof,
and
of
on
circle
the
stack,
outside
arch
the
cupola,
blast
by the
days
windy
their
in
sparks
into
the
half
the
to
the
of
top
equal
arrests
the
at
place
the
on
them
of
foundry
hoods
or
caps
both
This
some
adjoining
to
Iron
stack.
carried
fall upon
at
length
and
are
many
opened
the
DEVICES.
arresting sparks
for
total
making
CATCHING
may
be
roofs.
are
stacks
also
arrest
to
sparks
upon
placed
in
the
preventing
or
sparks
their
or
escape
above
flightand
scaffold
of
feet
more
; but
upward
foundry
the
one
throw
roof.
sparks
is to
sus-
CATCHING
SPARK
pend
stack
the
in
and
used
cohesive
heat
the
there
and
is
the
it
of
blast
small
carries
the
it in
The
thrown
its
their
by
to
expand,
the
This
the
thin
lining
that
the
the
When
stack
of
but
be
may
stack
shown
this
when
the
kind
top
Fig. 56
may
properly
is increased
small
their
more
it
the
stant
in-
expands
fuel
of
be
may
but
stack
be
descent
it
fuel
of
pieces
or
the
when
by confining
stack
the
of
during
through
passes
sparks
carried
little
the
in
room
the
the
of
out
cupola,
in the
cupola
be
fall
to
by
some
stack, it is only
stack
and
the
for
lose
constructed
do
height,
be
greater
constructed
very
used.
than
and
high stack,
The
that
this
the
of
with
so
turbing
disway,
sparks.
out
first cost
of
casing
without
in
throw
not
sumed.
con-
angle iron,
repaired
or
lifting
be
lining it
by
supported
removed
have
and
blast
its
and
cupola
casing,
Cupolas
proper
to
is
the
iire-brick
desirable
in
heat,
lining.
is of
it is not
of
carried
done
as
stack
blast
four-inch
of
of
which
stack
the
the
is
tuyeres,
of
top
end
top
from
when
sparks
diameter
same
the
out
cupola
the
at
blast
sufficient
escaping
after
force, when
being
provide
to
necessary
chipping
wind.
them
prevent
large
destroyed by
good-sized pieces
in
may
strong
the
from
and
weight
own
the
and
is lost, and
liftingpower
in
from
the
at
the
the
escapes
in
DEVICE.
cupola
near
of
above
cannot
frequently replaced
jar
thrown
out
stack, and
feet
blast
distance
To
cupola
liftingpower
several
the
and
the
in
contracted
fuel
of
disk
device
soon
are
the
this
blast, and
if not
CArCHING
the
large pieces
is low
freely.
SPARK
into
pieces
heat, and
stock
KEST
forced
and
the
melter.
sparks being
of
cause
strong
the
this
But
than
strike
sparks
iron
from
diameter
strong
the
of
breaking
THE
The
with
cupola,
fallingupon
The
cupola.
stacks
of
gases
and
the
into
269
CUPOLAS.
smaller
top.
properties
danger
cupola,
the
near
back
inches
few
in contracted
the
ones
of
stack
thrown
are
be
disk
iron
an
FOR
DEVICES
enlarged
of
contracted
stack
one,
life of
In
cupola.
by
effect
will
sparks
The
objection
that
they
be
the
the
above
arresting
those
at
the
with
are
present
contracted
to
for
the
by
made
the
top
but
door,
there
cupolas
many
time,
when
and
stack.
the
lighting
stack
sufificient
they
give
upon
better
few
height
proper
draught
constructed
for
this
satisfaction
is
This
up.
only
is
stacks
large
to
for
etc.,
construction.
of
cost
given
always
is
extra
saving
flasks,
lumber,
roofs,
when
the
and
repaired,
or
draught
of
lined
properly
foundrymen
sufificient
when
charging
sparks
There
up.
case
relined
pay
give
if
one,
damage
soon
not
be
to
usually
do
FURNACE.
knew
never
we
preventing
from
may
fact
requiring
constructed,
use
CUPOLA
THE
2/0
feet
for
lighting
in
plan
than
272
THE
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
Fig.
HOT
BLAST
58.
CUPOLAS.
HOT
half
the
of
heat.
the
quality of
the
the
before
next
of
the
heat
and
properties
during
breaks
These
had
that
for
were
be
the
to
the
cupola
the
blast
cupolas,
and
pipes
blast
take
it into
this
cupola,
drawn
the
of
lack
from
the
cupola
18
the
have
the
stack
tuyeres.
with
No
sparks
oven.
the
The
blast, and
were
to
pair,
re-
tinued
con-
cupolas
the
ovens
thrown
ever
had
ovens
pipe
justifya
not
or
frequently to
"
Co.,
in
coils
and
stack
the
had
broke
the
the
while
stack
Several
direct
of
the
the
to
means
stack
of
tuyeres
the
force
the
cupola,
in
hot
air
of
the
made
to
and
turn
re-
cupola
but
pipe
of
been
and
Perry
heating
have
top
and
out
and
attempts
from
short
piece
picking
the
from
for
Treadwell
melter, by
the
heated
pipes was
in blast
for
over
repeated heating
Jagger,
killing of
Y.,
pipe
of
directly
been
after
N.
Albany,
all
cases
into
the
failure.
of
hot
the
cupola
ovens
heat
for
the
the
after
abandoned.
and
cupola through
pipes
inlets
through
the
the
proven
Exhaust
and
the
all removed
plan has,
in fuel did
was
after
expensive
so
large stack,
case
from
escaping
annoying
discontinued.
the
it
placed
the
him
cohesive
into
escape
were
Ransom
in this
the
were
was
effected
with
after
after
fallingupon
and
without
when
pipes
in
to
time, and
of
were
blast
the
cooling, as
the
foundry
high degree
time, but
blast
cool
to
them.
remove
The
cupola.
the
coils
every
high stack,
constructed
was
the
blast, and
the
the
heat
red
destroyed
frequent
used
to
time
spark catchers.
stove
heating
to
hot
pipe
short
short
the
of
the
greatest
of keeping
difficulty
permitting
so
the
them
permitted
time
of
top
cleaned
At
in
excellent
proved
from
heat,
blast, and
and
slightsaving
long
put
in the
made
was
in blast
iron, and
of the
use
273
the
of
the
was
were
for
use
the
heating
heating
became
in
been
the
by
The
cupolas
CUPOLAS.
perceptible improvement
cupolas
intact.
pipe
time
iron
these
objection to
of
No
BLAST
no
been
connected
blower
placed
by the blower
This
expense
with
near
and
arrangement
for
heating
the
the
stack
cupola, and
returned
supplied
the
of
to
a
blast, and
the
hot
was
cupola
hot
air
cupola
blast
to
in the
early part
small
of
But,
as
cupola,
the
air drawn
been
in
being
taken
from
the
through
would,
after
plan
to
for
some
and
which
hot
kept continually
and
heating
melting
with
sufificient to
pay
that
in blast
is
if the
only
from
was
to
the
for
number
cupola,
such
the
would
besides
as
using
utilizing it
made
be
heat
the
years
proper
escaped
from
the
blast,
soon
the
the
but
the
the
as
blast
the
to
cupola,
was
heat
in
be
cupola
it is doubtful
the
blast, if
changed
melted.
ten
and
not
from
escaping
before
All
etc.
it
for
was
blast, have
iron
six
peated
re-
not
blast
heat
be
to
efifected
would
hot
at
as
CUPOLA.
the
the
naces,
fur-
for
pipes by
fuel
of
day
or
lar
simi-
oven
required
of
from
be
justifythe heating
ladles,
top
in this way.
furnaces
and
heating
for
the
FROM
when
height
and
done,
blast
manner,
each
utilizing
cores,
the
of
heating
hours
heating
for
ago,
in this
as
for
it for
fuel direct
be
blast
from
saving
of
HEAT
plans
it
specially constructed
breakage
The
in
another
cupola, drying
were
to
of
cupola
blower,
hot-blast
would
ovens
few
hot
heating
taken
gas
expense
WASTE
furnaces
obtained
kept constantly
cupola
one
by
cooling.
efifected
saving
cupola
for
in
in
prevent
blast
hot
to
have
air
from
not
heated
these
But
secure
used
with
not
time.
present
done
and
heat
could
this
to
be
ago
was
purpose,
But
can
years
was
failure.
as
up
cupola
those
the
the
given
was
the
of
large amount
experiments
melting.
it
the
to
through
it
high
so
hot
returned
passing
effected
a
in
of
blast
The
for
when
number
the
have
and
in the
which
Could
cupola.
stack
without
tuyeres
utilized
the
to
air
extent.
low
to
through
blower
settled
heaten
was
the
limited
stock
the
stack
destroy
cupola
cupolas,
not
was
and
returned
doubt,
no
low
of
heat
to
the
from
to
only
and
cupola
only
and
when
success,
the
from
heated
was
melting progressed
as
tried,
was
escaped
stack
the
it
the
degree
passed
heat
of
from
FURNACE.
in which
heat
amount
drawn
CUPOLA
THE
274
been
feet
devised
charging
these
it into
experiments
considered
was
fully one-half
until
the
of
the
height
of
cupolas
increased
was
the
of
heat
escaping
in
the
in
order
volume
Cupolas
that
so
small
these
used.
economical
to
with
made
of
great
the
Cupolas
the
In
for
from
from
to
prevent
the
the
of
found
low
cupolas
heat
the
the
heat
breaking
packing
to
melting
the
stock
melting
work
zone,
and
zone.
charged,
and
and
line
by
may
the
the
heat
to
pig
and
and
to
greater
preparing
it
for
with
it
brick
the
dumped
pack
the
stock
of
it
from
has
not
to
vent
pre-
from
pieces,
then
is
melting
Steel
pre\'ented
time
amount
are
cupolas.
small
into
be
escapes
and
be
extent
More
heat
stock,
through
way
a
taken
scrap
it close.
its
pains
from
may
cupolas
is
stacks
large
these
stock
escaping
a
Carnegie
no
fast
charged.
the
In
do
how
foundries
all the
with
iron
is
is
more
matter
many
in
Yet
filled
and
no
in
blast
it is
stock
high.
no
heat.
of
to
being
charging
feet
when
cupola
heated
the
are
those
and
thirty
are
escape
necessary
by
high,
in
use
utilized
and
heat,
be
may
diameter
the
openly
in
barrows,
them
heating
into
iron
cupola
escaping
when
Pa.,
pig
of
how
made
of
escape,
all the
utilize
cupola
be
large
of
charged.
be
volume
to
Cupolas
to
the
slow,
is
heat
the
is
must
small
very
be
its diameter,
cannot
melting
now
feet
twenty
of
or
diameter
the
top
been
blast
of
to
bars
close
height
Homestead,
whole
into
blast.
large
of
Works,
strong
volume
fifteen
from
part
heat
the
settles
should
stock
in
up
stock
stock
upon
diameter
in
the
all the
the
cupola
the
hangs
all
the
permit
sufficient
it
heat
the
depends
inches
when
case
that
all
cupola
to
before
which
in
and
except
latter
this
heat
case
bar,
cupolas
In
melting
the
in
high
is utilized
melting
way
utilizing
of
means
height
twenty
stock
with
dislodged
to
275
In
zone
all the
the
and
the
found.
The
utilize
twelve
of
was
it for
zone.
to
practical
melting
prepare
blast,
of
low,
the
melting
the
made
melting
and
that
from
cupola
into
in
fuel
heat
CUPOLAS.
BLAST
HOT
in
required
escaping
it is utilized
before
and
in
it settles
CHAPTER
TAKING
OFF
THE
BLAST
DURING
BLAST
EXPLOSIONS
length
The
it has
and
IN
been
the
blast
for
short
with
stock,
drawn
off
and
for
We
break-down
o'clock
In
in
the
solid
all drawn
iron
time
and
in
for
open
the
tap
the
short
cupola
time,
during
forced
Cupolas
which
the
the
cupola
cannot
might
into
that
blast
is
be
the
cupola
is
been
removed
comparatively
held
for
any
that
when
filled
blast
toward
empty,
great
(276)
some
the
end
length
in
on.
sand
the
molten
short
putting
remain
to
have
on
collected
avoid
plosion,
ex-
an
volume
of
blast
gas.
for
or
put
Before
and
with
ing,
morn-
for
large
four
closed
may
escape
case
from
permitted
had
occurred
in
bod.
to
stoppage
have
been
gas
been
molding
new
air
in
again
was
air, and
were
any
has
following
the
the
the
held
be
all
are
condition
to
with
slag
and
in
filled
and
blast
blast
the
been
only
exclude
this
in
tuyeres
allow
the
have
with
the
to
the
had
tuyeres
closed
morning,
after
exclude
completely
hole
to
packed
were
has
iron
the
again
on
of
condition
o'clock
when
the
that
machinery
eight
done
tuyeres
to
which
been
until
off, after
the
blast
blowing
melting
case,
rammed
the
put
after
condition
closed
cupola
afternoon
good
this
known
in
the
in
and
the
have
chilling
and
cupola
stopped.
melted
carefully
tuyeres
melting
prevent
of
in
the
been
melting
the
if
off
the
cupola
good
hours
many
and
stopped.
is in
"
MELIING.
iron, and
upon
IN
taken
it has
off
BLAST
melt
to
depends
taken
time,
be
can
time
CUPOLA
GATES.
GAUGES,
enough
the
at
be
may
blast
done,
cupola
blast
the
BANKING
"
BLAST
BLAST
PIPES,
long
melting
in
The
blast
in
good
stock
BLAST
HEAT
PIPES,
time
of
XX.
bad
of
and
time
of
the
heat
shape
time,
even
for
from
when
ing,
meltif
the
OFF
TAKING
tuyeres
at
are
semi-fluid
better
for
stock
the
dump
to
length
any
drawn
which
off, may
be
held
the
slag
in, with
put
liquefy any
Small
slag
cupolas
closed
are
sufficient
In
and
the
melt,
settles
the
to
have
may
drawn
fresh
the
the
on,
bottom,
had
taken
not
freeing
the
banking
cupola
stoppage.
usual
cupola
knowledge
of
how
well
loss
of
as
induced
as
to
keeping
Mr.
the
is
N.
allow
time
this
being
letter
to
fluid
the
tuyeres
admit
to
stock
first to
slag
that
clogging
that
received
if
in
cupola
it had
the
good
been
In
this
broke
and
the
been
melting had
lowing
foldition
con-
charged
tendent,
Superin-
Foundry
Y.
have
would
short
be
to
cupola.
the
any
Knceppel,
pulley
way
of
after
ing
melt-
case
blast
obtained
begun
was
from
and
the
time.
that
something
it is to
it
with
is
have
we
paper
of
course
for
coke
of
CUPOLA.
hours
in this
been
of
open
bed
makes
the
results
same
filled
the
cupola
of
from
before
in blast
a
it
and
has
in the
way
been
the
many
on,
cupola
been
it is
hold
to
top
remain
to
on
the
Banking
"
for
begun
off, but
tributed
dis-
melted
on
in this
quantity
foregoing
put
Buffalo
ing
clos-
blower
charge
chilled
has
limestone
place during
blast
vent
pre-
coke.
cupola
sufficient
melting
the
was
cupola
fresh
have
permitted
practical illustration
and
blast
been
limestone
of
night
over
may
writing the
for
the
attempt
has
off, and
BANKING
Since
to
charged
charge
after
in
taken
and
the
to
night, if the
over
ignite the
put
if
and
iron
tap hole
morning
blast
than
once
to
gradual settling
the
which
frequently managed
the
air to
the
that
are
and
taken
tuyeres,
accident
of
case
the
to
the
through
at
all the
liberal
is due
277
time.
of
properly fluxed,
in
HEAT.
precaution
above
it
cupola
in
Cupolas,
This
in
and
DURINCx
every
cinder
and
openings
the
to
and
clogging.
slag
small
of
up
BLAST
closed
once
chilling and
of
THE
done
appear
there
would
averted.
does
not
are
be
times
in your
when
of
source
By request
in the
come
having
valuable
the
profit,
been
publica-
278
TliE
tion
on
1
89 1,
"In
FURNACE.
willjtryrand
give you
on
details
CUPOLA
as
near
this
as
subjectin
which
am
from
can
the
to
wrote
an
cle
arti-
Machinist,'December
'American
unable
now
although I
memory,
the
10,
get.
1891, justas
we
were
about
to
on
the
proper
blast
size,and
littletight,and
in
had
our
it put
also anxious
the
on
shaft;
but
the belt
being
to
less
usepulley,it was cut in such a shape that it became
for that day. By this time it was
beyond our regularhour
of the dilemma
for quitting. At first there seemed
out
no
way
but to drop the bottom.
The thought of re-handlingthe hot
material and fuel,the extra
labor attached
therewith,suggested
the idea of holding up the charges until next
morning, when
belt
on
the
tion,
consultarepairswould be completed. After a few moments'
proceeded as follows : Let me
say first that the cupolas
was
lightedat i : 45 p. m. and at 6 p. m. began the operation
utes'
and fifteen minof banking the cupola,having had four hours
time for burning the stock, and being charged with eleven
The
of the Colliau type 60" shell
of metal.
tons
cupola was
lined to 44" at bottom
and
48'' at melting zone, having six
lower tuyeres, 7''X 9", upper
Height of
tuyeres being closed.
tuyeres
from
bottom
when
made
up
18'',blast pressure
10
oz.,
by the Buffalo
bed type. The
No. 10, the adjustable
as
Forge Co., and known
cupola bed was made up of 600 lbs. Lehigh lump coal and 800
lbs. Connellsville coke, the succeeding charges 50 lbs. of coal
and 150 lbs. coke, coal being an important factor in this heat
of its lasting
account
on
qualities.We first cleaned and cleared
with new
all of the tuyeres, packed each one
coke, and then filled
them
and rammed
tightwith floor moulding sand to prevent
the top of charges
had
any draft gettingthrough them, and
revolutions
of blower
about
21
00,
manufactured
280
THE
generally
made
the
the
no
main
pipe
to
the
iron
pipes
to
each
main
pipes
ends,
and
of
top
and
water
the
volume
of
even
when
the
all when
at
blast
in this
and
from
into
them
blast.
This
way
abandoned,
where
up
and
they
examined
to
Blast
iron,
with
pipes
changes
is almost
pipes.
very
rapidly
and
place,
liable
joints, and
iron.
proper
gauge
shape should,
more
to
the
In
for
best
cupola,
pipes
when
for
are
not
whenever
easilyconstructed
size
of
difficult
have
pipe.
iron,
and
cast
expand
and
foundry,
gases
to
of
this
material,
be
ing
escap-
made
round
largest effective
side
out-
in
leak
an
iron
of
their
pipes
area
at
vanized
gal-
of
selected, and
for
are
support
or
it
such
from
those
should
the
or
readily
from
are
use
possible, be round,
and
be
properly supported,
pipe
been
overhead
blast
and
steam
heavy,
constructing pipes
the
conveying
generally
in
ranged
ar-
tuyeres
thoroughly painted
if not
foundry
upon
atmosphere,
of
and
pipes
may
placed
destroyed by
and
iron
pipes, when
reduced
uncertain
for
shrink
escape
of
pipe,
plate, sheet
in the
the
force
the
blast
of
pipes
moisture
prevent
from
has
The
annoyance
placed
tin
wood,
the
Iron
and
in the
depended
capacity
leakage
no
Wooden
iron
break
the
be
slag
injury
to
of
and
sheet
Cast
is
made
and
to
liable
iron.
rusted
in.
their
the
continual
commonly
now
there
be
moulds
and
and
very
rotten.
of
iron
elbows
cupola.
of
was
not
and
source
reducing
weather
and
old
or
are
that
impossible
Tin
from
the
of
could
The
frequently
cupola
and
also
least
galvanized
or
to
32.
reduced
was
cast-
opening
of the
are
may
pipe
and
an
side
the
from
square
over
clay
or
vertical
31
partial collapse
became
they
see
with
each
on
the
water
of
sand
of
Figs.
pipe greatly
new,
and
air-tightjoints,
means
placed
of
or
were
were
way
getting
in
the
it
pipes
uncertainty
shown
delivered
pipes
the
by
pipe
of
into
made
planks
or
Connections
place.
were
capacity
leaking
make
to
constructed
main
ends
the
blast, and
by
as
pipes
of the
turns
square
the
branch
tuyere,
tuyere
in
were
generally
the
taken
boards
of
prevented by ramming
put
cupola
were
constructed
was
when
pipe
FURNACE.
being
care
blast
of
escape
around
and
square
spiked together,
and
CUPOLA
are
with
TAKING
OFF
given perimeter
in
lapped
nearly
should
be
to
and
their
around.
of
The
end
air
chamber
from
the
and
belt,
direction
branches
the
cupola,
their
as
is
we
table
should
prepared
be
the
the
to
than
and
as
the
as
the
pipes
and
the
from
for
pipe,
increasing
do
we
not
excellent
the
N.
Co., Buffalo,
Forge
or
supplying
main
readers
our
more
abruptly,
distance
of
an
tU3'eres
for
guide
length
give
Bufifalo
of
with
changing
side
area
increased
is increased
better
by
The
done.
the
and
or
terminate
of
out
way
soldered.
two
the
in
used
never
taken
proportion
do
can
be
not
cupola
in
should
pipe
with
elbows
or
also
into
connection
for
all the
direct
divided
and
supports
connected
be
joints
securely
soldered
joint and
not
made
supports,
over
Joints
them
between
placed
should
frequently
pipes
diameter
think
should
the
to
when
curves
pipes.
branch
blower
cupola
rounded
of
and
also
the
pipe
be
current.
hold
be
each
at
air
to
pipe
be
made
equal capacity
of
the
of
should
inches
main
on
branches
sagging
ends
3 to
of
inches
every
should
ft., having
lo
or
the
of
Section
laps
direction
in
say
28
HEAT.
figure. Pipes
handling,
about
prevent
DURING
known
any
inches
BLAST
for
riveted
insure
air
of
convenient
lengths
together
THE
Y.,
as
follows.
DIAMETER
It will be
diameter
to
by
seen,
pipe
of
for
another, changes
is carried
the
from
BLAST
OF
reference
the
to
transmitting
with
the
blower
or
length
the
tq
PIPES,
following table,
carrying
or
air from
other
or
the
point
one
which
distance
furnace,
that
the
air
point
of
delivery.
As
by
the
air
the
loss
length
moving
This
and
moves
friction
of
of
of
its
from
pressure
the
particlesalong
pipe,
and
this
as
the
sides
of
square
is retarded
its force
increases
source
the
of
the
of
the
pipe,
and
directly
as
the
velocity
of
the
air.
fact
has
engineers, by
have
long
close
established
been
known,
observation
formulas
and
and
by
many
experimenters
long-continued experiments,
which
the
loss
of
pressure
282
CUPOLA
THE
the
and
additional
of
amount
through
gases
FURNACE.
pipes
of
required
power
length
any
air
force
to
diameter
and
or
be
may
computed.
As
formulas
these
notation,
in
increase
conical
of
as
It
large
the
pipe
The
number
tight,
table,
proved
the
which
the
is
we
necessity
the
call
for
its
failure
is
lengths,
point
C07identned
that
is
without
the
to
blower
and
pipes
the
pipe
with
coupled
regard
to
making
necessity.
of
in
their
bends,
diameter
what
of
blast
of
to
tionate
propor-
necessary
pressure
where
for
short
the
up
cause
the
length
case,
small
of
increase
is
the
often
too
are
necessary
lengths,
is
and
keeping
in
all
desirable
it
thought
glance
diameter
insufficient,
being
connections
at
mouth-pieces,
delivery.
have
algebraic
in
expressed
we
use,
showing
table
arrange
general
in
not
commonly
are
pipes,
size
it.
of
practical
below,
given
pipes
one,
proportion
in
and
the
showing
experience
to
the
has
OFF
TAKING
THE
BLAST
XH\"\"
DURING
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283
HEAT.
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284
THE
The
to
connection
which
the
entirely
of
cause
results
the
in
in
near
mainpipe
by
the
back
in
should
the
be
their
not
value
idea
as
to
to
is
equal
to
have
will
be
foundrymen
an
If
by
seen
in
the
this
the
arranging
to
table
the
were
one
on
their
285,
blast
to
pipes
less
of
large
two
or
of
one
which
pipe,
pipes.
is
five-inch
two
which
as
through
made
case
vent
pre-
thrown
not
ten-inch
p.
be
branch
one
the
should
diameter
of
pipe
in
blast
and
being
area
through
pipes,
the
pipe
the
of
equal
area
the
all
mistake
to
blast
and
main
multiple
diameters.
would
so,
that
pipes
combmed
pipes
owing
case,
the
of
area
good
main
tuyeres
in
of
area
the
the
checked
being
combined
the
to
the
air
The
equal
small
the
elbows
obtain
tuyeres
ofT
the
large
distributed
of
to
course
be
to
to
current
round
or
of
pipe.
erroneous
more
curves
velocity
frequently
the
long
its
and
possible,
properly
evenly
taken
be
the
with
and
direct
should
line
and
fully
frequently
should
freely,
delivered
is
branches
direct
as
changed
blast
the
be
is
matter
otherwise
is
tuyeres
cupola
must
When
pipes,
as
to
it
melting
tuyeres.
branch
blast
also
and
given,
cupola
elsewhere,
stated
admit
to
is
when
is
cupolas
attention
melting
As
with
pipes
little
too
poor
constructed.
enough
blast
of
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
may
is
be
of
TAKING
OFF
THE
DIAMETER
BLAST
AND
DURING
AREA
OF
PIPES.
HEAT.
285
286
In
pipes
chamber
have
joint should
chipping
leak
pipes
of
out
line with
of
have
current
blast
in the
air
use
the
short
but
the
the
smoothly
taken
jar
In
be
in
joints
leading
in
placed
filled from
be
to
made
the
cause
time.
must
air
possible, and
always
cannot
blast, and
chamber,
that
long
belt
be
as
will not
they
pipes
by
a
should
way
cupola
in
to
from
ones
care
in the
the
been
of
tuyeres, either
short
or
in such
air chamber
an
the
shaped
made
charging
they
after
pipe
connections
be
and
out
with
cupola shell,
to
joints or
few
as
main
attached
FURNACE.
direct
pipes
the
from
not
every
be
blast
connecting
branch
to
CUPOLA
THE
sure
pres-
from
air chamber
to
its destination.
In
of
this
kind
is
when
to
tuyere
a
without
Only
size
securely
bolted
is shown
59.
other
of
the
in
neat
is
section
T/ie Iron
cupola
made
pieces, necessitating
box
is cast
and
the
an
for
years
been
in
each
jar in working
connection
the
tuyeres
that
the
pipe.
with
they
may
be
this
on
illustrated
and
another
in all
made
cupola, together
the
tainly
cer-
and
in
cast
are
The
a
air
hole
peep-
running
seven
and
with
was
joints.
iron
other
connecting
pipes
joint ;
slag and
be
part
its
four
of
while
and
connecting
cupola
in illustration
ago,
chamber
of
to
the
perfect, this
making
escape
and
"perfect cupola"
pieces, requiring
opening
tuyere
pipes
of
openings
The
in two
the
the
air chamber
way
is
pipe
into
arrangement
some
The
three
cast
of
iron.
are
the
from
the
pipes
leakage prevented.
poor
air
pipes
of
all
The
imperfect.
very
Age
have
may
in such
arrangement
of
blast
of
connecting
made
extreme
This
described
parts
the
blast
pipe
branch
and
impaired,
volume
in
riveted, and
with
the
its current
required
or
the
belt
being injured
the
and
inside
throw
full
are
cupola,
the
of
danger
of
chambers
air
of
illustration
smooth
to
of
the
these
and
In contrast
Figure
force
admit
to
the
bottom
jointsare
two
cupola,
and
the
having
of
the
this
and
straight and
are
at
curve
the way
connection
In
working
or
up
made.
of
out
up
perfect
as
be
can
making
given
the
as
placed
each
arc
is shown
Fig. 56
into
joints and
kept air-tight.
small
explo-
288
would
blast
of
amount
joints make
many
volume
blast
of
heavy
is
the
blast
the
do
the
blast
Only
current.
with
chamber
and
connections
blast
the
around
iron
The
by
riveted
in
cupola,
charging
The
cupolas
chamber
cupola
shell
and
the
jar
the
of
to
oscillates
this
a
and
good
melting.
with
may
a
be
by
or
either
and
When
to
admit
tuyeres
with
size
all the
the
be
air-chamber
blast
is
occurring
ized
galvan-
air-chamber,
in
chipping
leakage
taken
a
free
blast.
of
to
the
constructing
In
to
of
and
out
bolted
or
made.
make
the
circulation
adequate
is
is
being part
riveted
an
ing,
cast-
perfectlyair-tight,
cause
of
cupola
air-chamber
the
jar
securely
should
care
of
cupola tuyeres
the
air-chamber
way,
their
ment
arrange-
the
inside
an
case
the
joint
ings
open-
the
with
to
joint made
the
the
box,
having
loss
air-
of
more
use
pipes
riveted
it, and
the
also
sufificient
supply
blast
cupola,
loosen
not
and
in
blast
45,
In
pipes
air-chamber
and
46.
does
blast
39, 43
the
the
box.
tuyere
connecting
and
the
of
great deal
of
of
end
joint connecting
and
of
case
Figs.
Figs. 3
the
to
the
direction
while
and
air-
cast-iron
principal
belt air-chamber
is made
two
in
are
way,
the
"
cast-iron
of
of
in
in
the
way
means
shown
and
best
shown
as
with
pipe
by
cupola
connecting
making
perfect, and
at
full
belt
full size
the
cupolas
in this
and
the
joints,the
door,
joints
of
door
large
very
is
in the
it is not
into
of
the
in
large door,
arranged
leakage
through
lost
placed
good,
is very
made
these
be
to
the
is
peep-hole
with
only
pipe
made
are
changing
for
beside
the
case
joints are
cupola
the
and
connecting
of
boxes
room
two
is closed
box
tuyere
the
forced
the
abruptly
admit
to
air be
this
tuyere
are
small
cupola,
way
In
with
air is
of
current
peding
im-
melting.
good
another
pipes, thus
connection
for
the
to
the
tuyeres.
and
galvanized iron,
the
entirely too
could
is shown
pipe
of
pipe
quantities to
with
in the
The
joints.
of
in the
roughness
course
tuyere
of
Fig. 57
chamber
turn
from
pressure
in sufificient
In
the
and
changed,
through leakage
less
The
the
FURNACE.
lost
or
and
is square
tuyere
be
more
blast.
the
as
CUPOLA
THE
small, the
amount
blast
airof
for
pipe
OFF
TAKING
should
side
chamber
is
of
escape
blast
side
it should
shown
in
around
the
the
on
placed
Fig. 48,
to
cupola
and
is
side
or
bottom
of
the
into
a
of blast
current
the
of
pipe
the
the
of
the
for
failure
pipe
chamber
with
19
be
should
is of
the
the
in
cupolas
of
sufficient
inner
of
the
and
attached
of
blast
the
it
the
on
cupola
as
circulate
to
the
from
the
for
room
of
and
When
pipe.
60.
CUPOLA.
NEAR
facilitate the
of this
blast
size
air-chambers
into
to
supply
of
may
sufficient
the
of
escape
construction
mouth
the
air-chamber,
narrow
enlarged, to
escape
When
circle
current
by failingto provide
for
cupola,
is thrown
chamber
chamber;
complete
end
the
the
When
top.
or
PLACED
of
289
is sufficient
pipe
one
BLOWER
HEAT.
convenient.
in line with
cause
side
abundance
an
pipe,
Fig.
the
each
on
most
there
the
from
be
it
DURING
found
as
and
large
connected
be
may
top
or
BLAST
with
connected
be
the
on
THE
be made
space
air-chamber,
the
limited
blast
cupola.
at
the
when
nections
Con-
capacity should
THE
290
be
made
each
on
outside
the
equaHze
in
blast
blast
delivered
pipes,
and
cupola
as
it up
having
perfect
chamber.
The
with
the
chamber
air
a
into
blast
of
current
devices
blast
designs
of
and
kept
and
cost
from
very
air
an
of
equal
and
nected
con-
curved
of
current
pipes
air
it
as
the
all the
dollar
one
leading
upwards,
in
Fig.
They
by foundrymen.
by
several
are
shown
one
air
conveying
for
tween
be-
different
is the
61
one
manufactured
are
manufacturers
blowers,
of
according
ing
clos-
and
opening
for
There
cupolas.
used
in stock
employed
are
gates, but
commonly
most
as
and
blast
GATES.
especially designed
such
blowers
the
utilized
with
by
the
or
shown
blower,
side
time
pipe.
are
pipes,
ment
arrange-
branches
the
from
the
near
be
pipe
two
check
to
BLAST
These
is also
each
on
not
as
way
the
through
passes
is divided
in the
iron
it may
main
volume
seme
molten
illustration
the
the
at
under
space
this
and
as
neat
very
removing
connecting
the
in such
arranged
In
pipe
with
in line
size
the
and
etc.
of
manner
of
placed
cupola
way
cupola,
storing ladles,
for
near
the
friction
by
be
is shown
to
top
tuyere.
reduced
should
placed
on
melting, from
poor
Fig. 60
the
of
the
from
dump
In
connected
each
to
box
tuyere
or
pipe
supplied
blower
blower
out
air
an
the
and
cause
the
cases
of
cupola, being
possible.
placing
in
often
to
FURNACE.
means
blast
of
pipes
in all
by
Fig. 6,
volume
Long
of
side
shown
as
CUPOLA
size
to
blast
of
pipe.
The
blast
employment
delivered
to
cupola
feature
is
frequently
cupolas
in
melting
or
in
delay
handling
be
retarded,
melted,
be
melted
and
to
metal
facilitate
in foundries
per
hour
control
special work,
foundries
limited
are
its removal
where
is limited
places
gate
important
for
In
blast
under
very
fron
pouring.
molten
the
of
the
in
and
the
of
the
in
or
in
by the number
of
melter, which
of
facilities
the
the
must
cupola
of
of
accident
of
case
melting
amount
volume
management
which
from
the
iron
at
for
times
fast
as
required
to
molds
as
or
chills
TAKING
employed,
OFF
which
from
it is very
the
of
of
small
hours
of
melter.
blast
liven
blast
The
in
him
to
the
increase
or
often
of
of
blast
obtain
value
and
large piece
in
of
the
in
large quantities of
of
blower
in other
entirely,which
blast
for
be
cannot
machinery
some
best
melting
work,
is not
time.
of
volume
the
reduce
for
molten
of
results
in
few
good
deemed
as
while
the
and
reducing
works
practise after
cupola
the
the
stopping
or
pouring
limited,
are
are
volume
the
reduce
to
where
They
melting.
minutes
without
the
melter
GATE.
iron
reduced
the
of
61.
foundries
parts
the
volume
its
retard
number
it, to
control
under
diminish
BLAST
to
trol
con-
generally
are
for
filled,
re-
under
increase
to
decrease
blast
Fig.
necessary
blast
molds
time.
given
places
and
be
cupolas
in
291
the
should
the
desired
HEAT.
and
blast
frequently kept
iron
removed
are
foundries
the
DURING
the
it is often
up
gate
enables
and
and
melted
amount
that
such
In
time, and
to
castings
important
diameter
at
BLAST
THE
speed
speed
the
has
of
blower,
been
in
THE
292
The
gate is also
often
temporary
be
in the
the
the
of
pipe
blower
and
tearing
due
the
near
them
in any
in
if the
the
placed
the
near
front
of
each
precaution
stopped,
as
of
stoppage
by
destroyed
the
the
the
instant
the
number
be
men
placed
upon
cupola
blast
variety
of
C7iry
small
by
rubber
The
gauge.
hand
on
the
of
be
the
pipe
and
erally
gen-
in such
they
away
occur
may
takes
stoppage
time.
of
the
the
opening
blast-gate
doors
tuyere
air
freely to
the
instant
only
after
The
explosions
when
are
is started
by closing
may
heat.
when
But
taken
pipes^
pipes during
great length
blast
the
blast
the
or
pipe.
is
minutes'
few
injured
the
blower
explosion.
market
pipes
are
of
known
short
spring
siecl
of
gauge,
blast
and
of
the
is
the
gas-pipe
air
is
indicated
graduated
and
pipe
or
face
air-
piece
to
dial
glass tube
mer-
or
admitted
by
in
of
are
gauges
blast
and
blast
of
pressure
spring, water
with
piece
which
designed
These
connected
hose, through
pressure
as
been
the
air-chambers.
are
means
have
gauges
determining
for
and
They
GAUGES.
blast
or
design, and
gauges.
chamber
the
the
arranged
or
exploded
blower, and
air
of
for
be
up.
explosions
Such
admitting
always
ping
stop-
started
blower
blower.
by
BLAST
the
prevented
and
always
before
cupola
ignited
is well-filled
or
should
course
cupola.
the
cupola,
may
in
place
being
gas
be
tuyere
pipe
again
in the
stopped
should
it is
the blower
toward
may
closed
into
cupola
explosions
and
cupola
or
is
gate
PIPES.
blower
The
the
to
the
pipes during
end.
into
draught
in
These
by the
back
place
and
Such
Such
of
caused
pipe
place
in
stoppage
is forced
have
to
BLAST
end
from
over-charged,
take
if
gas
is
becomes
gas
IN
from
of
escape
explosion
as
asunder
temporary
the
until
opened
not
which
explosions,
gas
gas
cupola,
the
to
of
blower.
EXPLOSIONS
Violent
against
accumulation
stoppage
placed
FURNACE.
safeguard
the
from
occur
CUPOLA
of
of
the
and
the
TAKING
and
water
OFF
mercury
order, indicate
to
the
from
into
show
foot
air is
With
of
in
in the
enable
foundryman
in
foundryman
The
volume
the
pressure
a
any
; and
with
qunce
the
air
with
the
the
This
pressure
the
the
and
to
the
of
blast
number
guide
cupola
as
the
to
of
is the
We
absence
the
was
smallness
the
of
cubic
to
cubic
have
of
number
tables
of
from
air-gauge
an
tuyeres.
in
melting.
But
air that
pass
gauge
may
scarcely
cubic
that
is of
in
does
and
up,
pipe
been
the
increase
gradual
the
of
to
learn.
to
and
cupola,
always
not
value
any
able
when
may
with
but
not
cate
indi-
little if
for
reverse,
gauge
blast
diameter,
same
blast
from
it
experiments
cupola,
the
escapes
the
because
pipe
not,
and
pipe
to
to
be
of
any
value
feet
of
air
at
such
of
furnished
the
a
cubic
by
that
present
gauge
feet
was
prevented
been
melt
required
and
cupola
the
cupola.
the
be
the
pressure
pressure
which
air has
of
feet
the
six-
doing
low
high
tuyeres
into
the
into
the
with
pressure
with
the
the
low
melting
one
other
the
and
with
simply
high
definite number
accurate
of
cupola
was
escaping
escape
and
and
was
due
blast
clogging
work
rather
on
of
pressure
melting.
at
cupolas
two
seen
best
free
shown
show
pipe.
pressure,
wholly
is
blast
of
pressure
pola,
cu-
of
of
have
the
blast, but
be
two-ounce
high
of
can
have
does
feet
show
we
as
minute.
per
nothing
far
so
is what
volume
large
pressure
We
melting,
in
when
bursting
show
good
on
escape
time, and
cupola
two
in
blast
free
cubic
gauges
prevent
they
blast
of
freely from
to
blower
none-positive
when
pipe
the
ounces
these
to
up
when
of
cupola
of
cupola
blower
pressure
pressure
into
passing
of
eight
or
shown
gauges,
to
the
length
given
six
of
ofifered
of
293
properly arranged,
are
number
HEAT.
pressure
pipes
condition
the
any
pressure
of
the
and
cupola
These
ounce.
and
being
pressure
resistance
indicate
not
DURING
accurately the
the
pipe
they do
an
tuyeres
extent
some
of
very
when
and
BLAST
gauges,
in fractions
pounds,
THE
in
determined
ton
iron
of
melting
the
of
no
all manufacturers
such
gauge,
supplied
of
cupola
best
foundryman's
air
in
cate
indi-
must
actually enter
time
by
to
his
standard
be
each
revolution.
the
out
the
number
there
tuyeres
are
is
no
of
tables
cubic
of
which
feet
of
feet
his
air
of
will
that
their
at
figure
may
cupola receives,
pipes
the
permit
blowers
air delivered
foundryman
of air from
leakage
size
cubic
of
these
number
at
of revolutions
From
exact
provided
the
and
run,
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
294
and
tuyeres
or
air
to
the
enter
cupola freely.
BLAST
A
a
cupola
other
or
the
and
metals
devised
draught
of
of
air that
of
and
rapid melting,
cupola
air
the
are
be
peculiar
Figs.
if iron
and
of
these
construction
of
either
melting,
the
free
passage
stricted
by
the
and
fuel
required
be
in
when
done
the
blast, among
or
blower,
The
very
with
a
the
to
much
a
number
merits
of
per
minute
or
These
blower
will be
and
definite
per
It
while
as
and
the
it is
rcr
can
blast.
this
bellows,
rule, given
positive blast
rotary
later
on.
by
air
with
air.
der
water-cylin-
or
have,
of
do
to
supplying
leather
is claimed
all
at
non-positive blast,
amount
hour,
produce
forced
for
described
positive aud
disputed question.
blast
by
the
were
the
fuel is supplied
the
blast, cogniardelle
fan
of which
positive
cupola
which
be
devised
piston blower.
modern
more
relative
of
earliest
blast, cylinder or
away
been
small
of
rapid melting
of
only
can
have
blast, chain
water
combustion
which
machines
of
the
for
large volume,
number
trompe
air
through
and
tracted
con-
supplying
furnace
These
height
of
air
melted
proper
of
in
of
cupolas
be
cupola
them
29.
cupolas
means
of
only
and
sufificient to
manner
iron
28
could
of
been
creating
these
in
even
in is not
drawn
the
in
iron
of
have
jet,placed
success
but
melting
air, among
of
steam
in
it is doubtful
melting, by
to
shown
height,
can
produce
to
means
amount
of
means
as
in the
fuel
stack, and
or
air
of
Numerous
required
cupola
volume
of
large diameter
of
economical
Owing
limited
and
large
high chimney
supplying
of
diameter
in
furnace.
cupola by
outlet
volume
in the
in the
means
combustion
the
MELTING.
rapid
supplying
for
vacuum
requires
furnace
thorough
IN
is
a
many,
is
that
supplied
to
non-positive
296
THE
periments
be
to
cupola
of
the
fuel.
the
iron
tons
per
cupola
the
of
the
be
of
is not
the
tuyere
blower
the
old
the
be
be
the
crevices
For,
will
as
the
to
the
using
readiest
can
a
the
around
to
be
that
the
Since
cupola
and
between
of
of
the
done
the
pack
is the
can
the
cupola
be
only
is to
crevices
will admit
blast
prevent
that
driven
from
between
the
the
freelyto
These
force
taken,
liable
cupola.
lining as
the
escape
it to
causes
through
the
only
fuel
tuyeres
to
way
sufificient volume
pieces
small
a
and
it,but
more
the
of fuel, the
supply
by discarding
iron
an
the
of
near
escape
pieces
as
same
is
in
for air
direction
thing
cannot
drive
melting
of
the
center
to
very
would
of fuel.
and
close
so
taken
means
the
escape,
toward
the
small
so
through
pieces
it in
the
positiveblast;
entirely,and
of
blast
area
tuyere,
pass
the
is not
of
is wrong,
a
a
it cannot
means
lining
the center
fill all
with
between
not
of
must
in which
theory
this
in front
cupola impels
and
crevices
tuyere
fuel
fuel
does
way.
only
tuyeres, but
lining than
the
of
the
it to
of blast
This
be
center,
center
through
force
the
the
velocity
This
that
blast,
that
tuyere
force
was
its direction
it into
in that
escape
This
crevices
rule, stock
blast
the
the
with
from
tuyeres
one-half
tons
10
the
cupolas
the
making
of
of
cupola.
than
through it,even
the
the
more
the
and
many
cupola
through
change
along
up
toward
of
small
strikes
air
drives
be
with
forced
may
which
to
stock.
through
escapes
that
of the
driven
could
when
the
cupolas
cannot
bar
air into
center
seen
in
object
pipes
freelyto
not
was
The
put the
air
have
we
area
outlet
to
it to
for
case,
combined
the
admit
the
by
that
way
ten
that
seen,
shape
of
to"the
cupola
it in the
a
be
melting
to
in such
arranged
delivered
thus
air
of
producing
impeded
be
in the
required
weight
cupola melting
It will
would
solid
combined
In
structed
con-
in combustion
to
air must
of
amount
of
be
must
size to
this
capable
pipes
air
always
was
is
is
the
it.
work.
blast
of
if reduced
melt
properly
all utilized
than
feet
the
feet, in
was
air
to
cubic
do
to
air
more
required
deliver
that
blast
lbs.,or
300,000
cubic
of
amount
volume
To
blower
the
hour
per
iron.
of
in which
fuel
hour,
large
very
30,000
24,000
and
FURNACE.
about
This
about
weigh
CUPOLA
of
tuyeres
cupola.
fuel.
and
TAKING
In
of
area
the
between
blast
pieces
may
large piece
way
that
part
of
useless,
these
Fig.
is such
shape
fuel
of
cupolas
tuyeres, Figs.
small
for
For
best, and
use
this
close
eight
or
blast,
the
enter
bed
in the
inches
that
side
to
be
this
not
and
its
slot
good tuyeres
be
of
the
from
have
so
been
have
the
in which
air
and
constructed,
rapidly
in
this
failure
in
to
six
freely
with
melting
for
the
to
small
their
change
of
arrangement
cupola charged
one-fourth
of
the
blast
cupola.
be
can
results
half
blast
plan, must
than
more
three
from
been
sheet
correspond
to
permit
this
entered
good
be
will
complete
than
more
all around
made
may
tuyeres,
not
blower
with
be
not
let
out-
the tuyeres
place
stock
be
can
upon
the
be
when
four
ones
the
practicallygive
the
to
that
who
suit
to
would
and
size
should
would
should
we
make
and
3, is
Fig.
tuyere,
large cupola
inlet, and
tuyere
Parties
as
tuyeres
melt
cupola.
vertical
reason
other,
any
evenly
cupola,
largest cupolas
from
For
large piece
The
same
outlets
of
probably
way
supplied by
by
expanding
This
the
of
put in large
would
to
the
air
width
the
size of the
apart.
cupola.
same
The
the
charges
and
tuyeres
do
preference
should
and
tuyeres
than
in
diameter
inches, and
in
bridging,
area.
for the
constructing
were
we
together
The
the
with
also
are
heat.
triangular tuyere,
closed
equal
is rendered
placed
prevent
be
to
of
think
we
distribute
and
cupola.
test
if
tuyere
so
1,
to
such
in
the
the
cupolas.
least double
at
six
large cupolas
the
it tends
tuyeres
tuyere
be
never
which
one-hundreth
one
the
recommend
tuyere
and
10
tuyere
throughout
it is less liable
round
the
to
crevices
through
small
of
case
of
With
equal
should
that
reason
front
useless
should
we
that
than
in
that the
number
tuyere
tuyere.
in which
tuyeres
the
of
297
remembered
the
by
is not
remain
small
the
the
settle
area,
may
for
14,
in front
outlet
tuyere
reasons
fuel
may
tuyere
and
small
For
fuel
the
governed
HEAT.
be
it must
is
from
escape
of
the
of
DURING
cupola,
tuyere
BLAST
THE
in
placing tuyeres
outlet
the
OFF
to
and
proportion
would
five
are
to
forced
to
now
their
Larger
in use,
size
center
actual
from
appear
feet.
the
as
cupolas
but
those
they
of
298
THE
smaller
diameter.
Cupola
of
To
above
been
the
melted
The
above
only
fourteen
almost
iron
melted
in
feet
The
the
the
principally by
the
for the
is
cupola
melting
heat
this
cupolas
and
tuyeres
melting
cupola
cupola, yet
that
hour
per
the
at
rows
the
it ;
in blast
the
of
smaller
this
is
and
day,
the
centre,
would
of
sixty
the
to
with
blast
caused
was
the
six
for
was
seem
probably
or
in
ways
center
which
night
in
in the
done
is
amount
properly supplied
not
is
tuyeres
of
This
cupola.
of
ameter
feet di-
ten
melting
place
lightcastings.
Pa., have
than
have
four
of
was
iron
in different
around
kept
other
inches,
54
arranged
size
the
take
must
to
one
the
and
of
best
actually less
cupola
centre,
the
of
been
from
to
which
area
is
have
and
the
at
of Abendroth's
hour
proportion
that
in
that
per
tons
Homestead,
Jumbo
scribed,
Y., already deis
15
stove-plate and
diameter
bosh,
Tuyeres
indicate
near
Works,
times
large cupola,
not
Steel
tons.
three
cupola.
for
N.
the
tuyeres
inches, in which
hour
the
the
at
cite
might
we
Chester,
diameter
72
one-half
and
seven
the
bosh
Carnegie
this,
Bros., Port
the
per
FURNACE.
illustrate
Abendroth
in which
and
CUPOLA
case,
and
days,
would
cupola
chill up.
There
are
in
tuyeres
in which
use
be
to
seem
the
limit
to
the
past
two
blast
to
had
no
has
three
the
of
side
with
years,
when
and
found
fuel
was
side
tuyeres,
not
for
would
in
place
above
in
increase
the
at
this
but
takes
this
ameter
di-
blast
center
quantity
supplied
one
advantage
no
to
the
the
this kind
placed
we
sufficient
with
of
in
in
air for
centre
tuyere
of
admitting
for
bottom.
of
We
for
tuyere
small
even
the
have
the
last
with
cupola
it; probably
an
the
during
for
the
combustion
cupola
from
the
tuyeres.
During
the
past
few
proportion
done
experimenting
cupola through
practical experience
that
the
melting
does
considerable
of
good
from
diameter
cupola.
of
years
center
tuyeres
reason
in size
been
or
twenty-five
side
blast
rapidity of melting
increase
There
which
at
inches
is done,
melting
good
with
cupola supplied
the
cupolas
many
years,
we
have
visited
number
of
foun-
OFF
TAKING
dries
which
in
the
case
tuyere
liability
Should
this
in
think
small
of
cupola
is
that
the
from
have
is
never
been
still
in
the
too
air
connection
with
side
the
be
can
when
tuyeres,
hundreds
that
new
be
is
the
to
is
ing
experimentadvantage
with
tuyeres,
melting
forced
side
do
we
capacity
the
to
properly
claimed
fuel.
and
of
them,
is
effected
created
of
of
center
and
arranged
of
the
As
that
did
but
considerable
reasonable
by
by
reduced.
tuyere
that
It
center
greatly
is
it
might
heat
was
large.
alone,
lining
lining
bridge
to
side
lining
intense
near
there
in
saving
most
that
blast
center
effected
increase
practical
size.
proper
With
would
reason
from
diameter
such
decided
in
its
useless.
are
of
be
to
by
who
every
time
rendered
be
diameter,
small
blast
the
for
large
of
the
at
overcome
certainly
in
seems
and
Johnson,
would
of
center
be
but
use
tuyere
slag
or
Mr.
or
it
cupolas
cupola,
iron
West
cupolas
In
this
to
feature
blast,
in
tuyeres.
with
Mr.
centre
melting
not
filled
as
with
objection
299
tried,
in
not
or
HEAT.
being
was
order
of
objectionable
foundrymen
DURING
blast
out
great
be
to
BLAST
center
was
The
visit.
our
the
THE
the
the
"
consumption
to
save
suppose
blast;
centre
blast
cupola,
to
not
ing
sav-
is
and
transferred
the
saving
fuel,"
of
for
ency
tend-
of
and
fuel,
there
cupola-fuel
CHAPTER
XXI.
BLOWERS.
PLACING
should
BLOWER
cupola
as
plant,
and
is
blower
so
quickly
speed.
In
near
solid
down
to
boxed
drawn
to
blower
it is
and
greater
blast
wheels
blast
wheel
until
a
proper
in
speed.
which
from
volume
of
clean,
dry
room
bolted
be
and
outside,
the
out
are
ious
injur-
very
begins
once
cuts
Dust
and
steam
inside
almost
cupola
and
for
is
receiving
in
the
and
in
blower
air
To
vent
pre-
insure
and
be
the
and
ered
discov-
not
should
from
blowers
destroy
blast.
way,
so
for
sight,
of
no
this
pure
when
and
out
destroyed
with
( 300)
and
room
rapidly
corrode
in
cleaned
are
it makes
cut,
also
blower
cupola,
supplied
to
placed
bearings
very
destroyed
being
the
out
entirely
the
blast
the
be
castings
from
and
it is found
blower
laid
also
are
reason
which
dust
dust,
are
be
may
be
shaking
and
of
out
foundry,
from
which
same
in
room
bearing
of
amount
air
steam,
the
for
exclude
to
and
it
should
the
from
at
placing
of
securely
It
casting
running
pipes.
scratch
when
high
at
run
or
in
nothing
should
running.
supplying
dust
never
impossible
placed,
a
and
should
cupola-room
for
with
that
and
timber,
when
foundry
is filled
blower
for
is
having
blower
drawn
being
provided
from
place
taking
air
prevent
the
foundry-
way
time
and
when
jar
same
when
jarring
opening
an
air
for
to
the
heavy
of
there
as
the
to
foundation,
convenient
at
solid
point
of
continual
placed,
so
frame-work
prevent
in
have
when
jarring,
aud
near
as
good,
upon
as
at
arrangement
is shown
60
cupola,
But
way.
upon
Fig.
placed
the
laid
prevent
high
blower
be
to
the
with
bolted
wrecks
consistent
BLOWER.
be
always
it should
securely
placed
outside.
BLOWERS.
be
If it cannot
some
in
proportion
blower
is
its
to
in
placed
air
admit
when
is filled with
room
should
be
run
near
in which
distance,
at
to
placed
so
off
closed
the
blast
running,
dust,
pipe
box
or
distance
some
be
must
the
enlarged
from
be
air
the
the
air
pure
blower
opened
about
supplying
for
placed
When
should
when
and
be
elsewhere.
windows
room,
better
pipe
described
as
it is
to
it had
cupola,
case
length,
a
301
and
the
room
FAN
BUFFALO
The
In
Fig.
is shown
62
STEEL
make
manufacturers
BLOWERS.
the
BLOWER.*
PRESSURE
claim
latest
for
their
improved
blower
follows
as
construction
form
of
Fi";. 62.
STEFX
the
BufTalo
fires.
Steel
Pressure
Manufactured
BLOWER.
Blower,
distinguishing
*
PRESSURE
by
feature
Buffalo
for
of
cupola
this
furnaces
blower,
N.
and
common
Y.
forge
to
CUPOLA
THE
302
those
of
case,
the
other
no
manufacture
which
the
of the
be
that
seen
type,
same
shell
being
interior
the
of
afforded.
thus
joint"
With
it is
be
to
The
shell
avoided
Bufifalo
in
Steel
efficient
Pressure
all
requiring forcing of
with
pneumatic
where
The
ratio
of
of
journals
length
other
any
which
wear
any
of
up,
that
under
which
in
In
of
economy
blower
the
to
the
it is
so-called
point
of
thus
in
as
the
is
quired.
re-
standard
greater
the
of
blower
the
to
this
ented
pat-
blower,
tending
at-
perfect machine.
the fewest
blower
is
number
practically
bearings invariablyare
with
laterally,
rendered
universal
air
of
for
important point
possesses
the
tion
connec-
readilyadjustable,
are
fact, the
for
adapted
on
durability, smooth
construction,
greatest
Buffalo
of
machines,
upon
an
structed
con-
far
the
rest
of the
and
running
superior
journal bearing
to
any
which
is
employed.
every
taken
items
power,
with
commonly
In
the
is
service
any
thing
some-
supplying
is directed
bearings
Blower
like machine
putty
and
embody
those
quiet running
Pressure
in
employed
machine.
by
Steel
any
piece, so
one
in
of
taken
durabilityand
Bufifalo
parts
be
can
the
The
than
The
blast
and
one,
devices
features.
"
best,
It is
heavy,
and
Attention
oiling
the
as
blast
strong
or
six to
of
surface
and
unique
are
and
duty, such
long distances,
long
construction.
journals
air
pressure
are
the
to
designed
is
delivery system.
diameter
to
wearing
of
amount
high
slovenly
access
is, at the
Blower
work
uses
to
machine.
pressure
tube
one
indispensable adjunct,
an
for
any
Ready
vvhich
point
an
solid
manufacture,
is
casing
or
other
of
construction
in
blowers
of the
feature
although
without
blower,
solid
objectionable and
the
"
cast
is the
plates are
center
It will thus
metal.
the
of
peripheral portion
piece, to
FURNACE.
strength.
Blower
machinist
is
of
To
very
average
and
at
the
the
time
matter
ability.
and
to
keep
readily
been
give them
in
order
understood
THE
304
In
Fig. 63
is shown
Pressure
Blower
Steel
Its
and
tear
the
extra
nut
on
result
to
initial expense
the
should
Fig.
BLOWER
accomplish,
of
in
this
is
of
to
and
has
them
few
after
justifies
will be
cost
of
turns
clearly
is
wear
the
shown
first
unloosening
be
re-tightened,
63.
COUNTERSHAFT.
readily be
make
The
afterward
what,
moments,
apparatus,
belts,
to
considerable
caused
seen
previous
that
the
usual
sufificiently
tight to
the
duction
introand
delay
frequent
avoid
re-
slipping,
hereby entirelyobviated.
Positive
blower
by
smoothly
hanger
the
few
very
It will
annoyance.
lacing
AND
more
which
blower,
in the
than
arrangement.
the
of
shaft.
counter-
saving
time,
screw,
BufTalo
of
combined
decided
short
adjusting
bolts,which
holding' down
in
form
with
ordinary method,
outlet
the
in
of the
of
of the
end
construction
adjustable bed
on
excess
FURNACE.
latest
belts, which,
upon
directly under
the
the
will be found
use
little in
found
CUPOLA
or
alignment
this
and
side
tightening
of
the
countershaft
arrangement
avoid
of
screw
the
the
causes
usual
blower.
gives
wear
As
the
same
with
the
belt
by
their
will be
to
the
track
shaft
the
of
evenly,
run
strikingagainst the
readily appreciated,
uniform
tension
to
both
BLOWERS.
be
this may
belts, and
mouth-piece,
blower
be
moved
blast
is shown
as
will
at
the
by
without
operatior.
of
cut, is
which
form,
its bed
upon
placed
enables
the
scopic
teleeach
upon
machine
disarrangemnnt
any
to
the.
of
piping.
of blower
consumed
adjustable bed
in
countershaft
this
of
which
which
from
the
line without
bed
the
it will extend
and
loose
pulleys
left hand
right or
which
drive
ON
We
the
also
in
upright enclosed
and
in
desirable,
is
the
they
other
weather
readily be
may
sources
20
it
quantity
same
advantages
desirable
very
in hot
because
will
of
that
seen
blowers
over
be
supplying
change
run
whenever
of power.
with
so
tight
have
leys
pul-
two
permit
UPRIGHT
of
in the
ENGINE.
adjustable bed
The
countershaft.
introduction
the power,
of
double
affords
the very
gives
arrangement
the
belts, ensures
of
speed
and
of the
greatest
when
blower.
it is
The
requires an
this
to
in the
This
feature,
iron
the
the
immediate
an
blower,
then
we
DOUBLE
with
in the
tension
enough
blower
convenience.
the
over
the
from
the
between
WITH
combination
for
desirable,
pulleys.
the
to
shaft
counter-
desired, and
wide
COMBINED
secured
as
economy
rigidity,ease
melt
the
engine
positivecontrol
latter
loose
BED,
with
space
tight and
combination
highest
The
the
is not
thereon
placed
is not
call attention
and
further
of
left,as
blower
ADJUSTABLE
would
form
then
are
the
furnished
right or
apparatus.
introduction
BLOWER
the
at
the
upon
is transmitted
of
be
may
in
placed
feature
power
intervention
countershaft
that
this
space
manufactured
to
lustrate
il-
as
of
amount
is transmitted
power
where
case
kind
arrangement
countershaft,
pulleys are
When
apparatus.
is often
main
the
the
smallest
this
loose
with
the
of
that
fact
combined
apparatus
any
the
to
on
by
world.
is called
attention
Especial
the
regulated
in this
purchased
305
over
increased
that
arrangement
power
by
desired, and
volume
cold
of
weather.
possesses
belt
are
of air to
It
marked
transmission,
independent
as
of
306
The
design
material
is
employed,
In
foundries
the
or
protected
this
the
but
steel
dust
running
parts
of
top
the
to
opening
is built
in
variety
the
stroke, and
BUFFALO
The
electric
ELECTRIC
"
"
motors
and
of
directly to
BUILT
Blower,
approved
the
fan
in
oughly
thor-
are
reference
oil
of different
is
lead
to
chamber
door
in
for the
for
high
IN
"
"
illustrated
type
shaft.
as
ing
sizes, accordto
possible
part
Electric
peated
re-
engine,
blowers, being
speed, possesses
STEEL
in
the
perfectly balanced.
are
AND
The
engine.
rotative
rocating
recip-
every
without
different
reciprocating parts
BLOWER
Volume
the
adapted
by
common
perform,
sizes
of
blowers.
present
are
engine
the
engine
ENGINE.
running
closing of
and
especiallydesigned
short
is to
Continuous
dirt
regular
of
cupola
seen
oil tubes
each
function
part.
which
which
from
frame,
and
and
64.
UPRIGHT
AND
design
or
be
with
Fig.
on
will
As
is furnished
BLOWER
This
of
the
upon
as
pressure
much
therefrom.
engine
same
Engine.
driving
for
forge shops,
atmosphere,
Fig. 64,
Enclosed
Upright
peculiarlyfitted
is
identicallythe
workmanship
the
with
engine, together
of
Bufifalo Double
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
PRESSURE
Fig. 65
of
the
fans
TYPES.
is built
fan, and
afTord
with
nected
con-
greater
BLOWERS.
convenience
unrivaled
in their
locations.
switch
than
even
To
engines
immediate
is
stop
attention
required,
are
should
in any
up
their
of
This
motor.
discharge
least
be
position
of
so
for this
without
of
from
complication
blower
all
to
moving
of
matter
the
and
are
No
arrangement.
always ready
are
for
and
of
affecting the
in the
the
ticular
par-
fans
can
of
the
located
to
running
65.
BLOWER.
fans
that
they
desired
any
when
different
be
may
direction,
connections.
pipe
exhauster,
that
fact
which
to
built
The
as
which
"B"
volume
electric
an
stylesof discharges
entails
fan,
can
described
design.
types
furnished
case
work,
of
They
fans.
convenience,
is the
called,
the
adapts
exhaust
or
readily be furnished
All
to
they
great
ELECTRIC
type
simply
and
Fig.
the
classes
button, according
special feature
set
all
to
engine
use.
One
be
and
start
belts
or
attached
adaptabiHty
pushing
or
direct
307
of
with
very
fan
built
direct
large
steel
by
this
attached
house
electric
plate fans,
it is
can
be
readily fitted
motors,
usually
more
and
in
the
desirable
to
though,
308
employ
independent
an
belt to the
but
of the
the
All
that
and
the
may
be
fans
in
is
is
fan
at
The
electric
especially in
the
and
substituting the
the
duty
the
to
shaft.
the
of
large
fan,
with
any
the
furnished
It is desirable,
combination
steel
of
shown
in
Fig. 65,
By properly proportioning
engine.
while
given
fans
is noiseless
use,
frequently
substantiallyas
for the
and
of
is
arrange
countershafts,
on
be
can
to
motor
motor
pulleys
direct
larger sizes,
blower
pressure
Blower
Pressure
attached
circuit,
convenience.
of
acme
impossible.
are
motor
conditions
derive
to
Electric
they
electric
of
ordinary
is the
motors
therefore
positions
power
operation.
high speed,
ventilating
be
a
pulsion
pro-
capable
required
with
of
the
of
would
of fans
immediate
for
Steel
Bufifalo
are
also
For
boiler
connection
wire
under
and
for
multitude
motors.
motors
built
They
and
varieties
combination
and
operation
with
is
in
engine
an
other
ready
driven
are
fans.
employed
of
required
care
The
be
may
driving
for
of
the
electric
secured,
introduction
capacity.
proper
varieties
with
use
work, these
power
be
then
high grade,
receive
to
special construction
and
different
continuous
of standard
are
especially designed
design
approved
the
supplied
fans
and
conveniently located,
highest efficiencymay
the
where
FURNACE.
motor,
the
All
fan.
somewhat
are
That
of
CUPOLA
THE
required
pressure
is
motor
its
making
nary
ordi-
for
regular
speed.
BUFFALO
In
the
following
be
melted
per
using
the
Run
up
work.
the
tuyerage
square
each
for
pressures
may
FOR
BLOWER
should
hour
with
at
tuyeres
one-twentieth
so
least
the
one-ninth
to
of
equalize
area
of
four
the
FOUNDRIES.
different
speeds
the
quantity
of
In
all cases,
two
that
for that
blast
less than
not
as
by
IRON
IN
blast
of
speed given
be
cupola,
each.
pressure
air
around
given
blower, and
the
inches, with
are
sized
of
quantity
FURNACES
table
lowest
to
CUPOLA
The
gate.
of
the
tuyeres
blast
cupola,
area
at
mend
recom-
do
and
pressure,
given
late
regu-
proportion
of
cupola
in
of
equal
distances
throughout.
it will
that
iron
we
will
and
require
With
double
BLOWERS.
the
melt
power
to
not
be
evenly
the
working
so
of
cold
quantity
same
distributed.
cupolas
in volume
increase
an
the
Speeds
of
and
smith's
This
blower
of
any
in the
thoroughly
heretofore
feet
or
on
has
and
steel
of iron
made,
and
owing
be
cases.
with
the
sides, it
to
is
the
It
can
simplest
is the
in
as
its
from
also
the
be
possible
in
and
The
for
bottom
to
casing,
changed
to
bracket
top
bottom
show
or
the
and
location
how
horizontal
on
is
and
anything
from
6y,
fan
of
possible
brackets
bearing
strongest
construction
any
and
66
penditure
ex-
operation
and
adjustable hanger
adapted
ume
large vol-
lightest running
entirely different
illustrations.Figs.
changed
least
noiseless
to
and
deliver
to
shafts, wheels
is
by simply turning
blower
requires
Cupolas.
to
view
fullywarranted.
blower
The
is of
design,
this
four
Applied
nearest
and
of
all
may
latest
tested
position.
blower
It is the
made,
It
shell
or
blower.
fan
pressure
power.
world.
dixie
moderate
the
construction,
as
with
blower
fan
Capacities
is constructed
air under
of
case
quantity
same
affect
weather
Hot
will
weather.
Table
of
melt
blast
in temperature
materially,
air to
the
iron, and
of
Variations
very
of
309
the
the
charge,
dis-
side
of
top vertical
THE
3IO
discharge
four
loosening
the
bolts
bracket
and
the
it.
This
for
well, in
as
less
blower
is
blower
volume
foundry cupolas,
to
which
connecting
if the
to
in
now
blower
full
the
air is to
be
conducted,
much
annoyance
between
and
are
or
want
you
forges, and
required, or
iron
of
number
in
these
of
blower.
friction
too
the
of
small
for
cupola,
dissatisfaction, and
blower
air
one
pipes
in
ance,
great import-
of
matter
pipes having
and
of
arrangement
from
blower
again
Discharge.
fan
blast
the
is
ing
turn-
up
as
melting
large
is
much
air
of
in the
proper
The
aud
furnaces
blast
cupola
of
cupola.
pipes, which
abrupt angles
with
volume
crooked
dixie
The
use.
cupola
Honzunlal
operation
simply-
and
case
Tighten
way.
for
purpose
Bottom
are
ready
time, by
blower
the
of
is needed
as
smith's
blowers
minutes'
either
strong
such
for
side
and
adapted
air
five
round
where
of
than
changed
is
FURNACE.
either
on
one-fourth
all purposes
large
CUPOLA
is to
through
the
or
is often
be
long
the
frequently
or
the
distance
more
livered
de-
short,
cause
blowers
of
of
THE
312
to
into
come
general
designed by
with
blower,
to
be
in
use
late
the
Mackenzie
although
good
and
one,
Mackenzie
fan
old
an
in foundries
and
P. W.
rotary
and
blower
then
is said
one,
large
the
for
Isbell
manufacturers,
as
follows
It is
well-known
economical
thirty per
or
pressure
This, of
time
present
by
tion
descrip-
its
present
68.
MACKENZIE
BLOWER.
Co., 46
the
is
charge,
of
cent,
of
St., Newark,
Bridge
N.
J.,
revolution,
of
the
The
in many
Mackenzie
is,it delivers
regardless
is essential
to
of
the
the
instances
blower
definite
condition
proper
in
importance
utmost
cupola, saving
coal.
blower, that
course,
that
fact
working
to
each
the
it
used
penetrating
for
Porter
have
country.
furnished
are
Fig.
OF
the
of
parts
The
use.
who
at
are
nection
con-
ment
improve-
common
those
was
in
decided
in
by
blower
This
introduced
was
number
blower
SECTION
and
cupola,
in various
claims
FURNACE.
foundry cupolas.
for
use
the
the
upon
CUPOLA
is
twenty
positive
quantity
of
melting
the
of
the
of
air
cupola.
iron.
It
BLOWERS.
less
requires
We
the
of
3 will
"
"
5
6
"
than
any
No.
best
is
"
The
5
6
them
supply
blast
the
that
found
the
of
power
exceeded
pressure
inch.
square
and
No.
in
bility
fts dura-
operation, and
No.
"
"
No.
4 and
No.
"
No.
No.
melt
blower
supply
blast
in
for
Cupolas
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
from
means
the
on
fixed
of
Half-rolls
30"
"
36
"
48
"
"
"
"
"
30"
in
to
3
4
6
"
"
"
"
P.
3 H.
4
5
7
"
"
"
straight cupolas
of
to
3^^
to
36"
48
"
"5
"7
60
"
"7
"8
the
which
cylinder
with
"
act
3"2
machine
Motion
are
as
"
to
is
attached
guides
for
H.
P.
will be
attached
are
shaft.
center
dia.
"
blades
The
cylinder
in the
"
power
to
operation
cut.
"
"
less
with
Cupola
"
use.
"
and
with
and
faster
other
"
Mackenzie
"
revolve
pulleys.
blowers
six-tenths
when
The
made.
for No.
construction
by
than
more
'"
understood
which
with
practicallynoiseless
4
"
experiments
per
eieht sizes
3 will
"
blower
blowers,
fan
pound
"
It will
other
parts, and
of
unequaled.
build
No.
any
than
required
blower
is
friction
blower
four-tenths
This
possible
in
for
required
least
Mackenzie
positive
no
the
less power
consequently uses
late P. W.
has
speed,
313
fan
readily
boxes,
imparted
to
the
driving
the
blades.
THE
314
allowing them
each
At
between
work
to
the
room
the
machine
free
from
capacity
be
thirteen
Nos.
of
main
connections
will
blades
show
which
upon
oil passage
top
of
and
supply
the
fan
Fill
shaft.
passages
open
Use
bearings.
market
to
take
is
blower
the
by
place
the
by
for
the
This
foundry
blower
the
deliver
is
largest
in
with
compHcated
follows
designed
volume
to
for
out
Keep
running.
the
readily to
it
and
care,
for
the
upon
many
the
is
be
to
of
one
Green
factured
manu-
years
blower
provement
great imthe
in
best
are
made
the
occupy
the
order, the
minimum
have
the
entirely void
or
least
least
of
exhaust
weight
to
and
bined
com-
complications,
sliding motion,
weight
place
dis-
space,
occupied,
space
volume,
strength, be
of
for
which
blower,
liabilityto get
on
BLOWER.
is said
blower
Claims
practicallyeven
ample
and
blower,
new
Baker
as
to
is started,
proper
Blower
Baker
the
cupolas.
manufacturers
shaft
opening
recently placed
design
new
The
them.
upon
use
of
hanger
PRESSURE
POSITIVE
Wilbraham-Baker
the
by
the
its way
then
repairs.
PATENTED
of
The
the
when
machine
the
made
days,
few
all
curves
the machine
oil when
the
without
GREEN
THE
with
oil, give
good
This
that
so
all
and
outside
seen
inches
used.
is hollow,
diameter
6, the
for
be
portion occasionally
small
shaft
the
be
freely
in
should
pipe
eighteen
should
oil
will
in shaft
5 and
to
pipes.
main
of
Nos.
in
equal
be
and
air-tight,
revolve
boxes
tuyere
oiled
be
plainly where
the
the
should
of the
sixteen
from
permanently
be
must
The
easy.
be
cylinder
foundation,
should
for
volves.
re-
times.
pipe
diameter
inches, and
should
pipe
main
the
of
substantial
and
4, the
back
cylinder
BLOWER.
UP
capacity
3 and
fifteen
to
The
combined
blowers
For
they
dust.
the
as
three
emptied
level
out
space
SE.TTING
FOR
upon
the
to
entire
is filled and
DIRECTIONS
Set
in and
smoothly
revolution
blades
two
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
the
revolve, be
least
en-
BLOWERS.
do
of
working
which
is
fastened
to
length
are
shaft
the
body
of
shaft
bushed
are
central
The
ample
inside
and
the
extending
where
firmly
full
it passes
bronze
phosphor
bolted
and
dowel
and
pinned
to
VIEW.
and
returned
to
their
original
position.
is
blower
geared
an
oil-tight cover,
oil.
strongly
ribbed
head
strengthened
circular
casting.
The
and
ends
of
firmly
bolted
having
of
free
addition
the
the
ends,
to
hoods
the
accurate
most
case
plates,in
by
both
at
in the
proportions,cut
in
the
impellers,each
69.
plate,easily removed
in
The
with
being
SECTIONAL
head
journals,and
impeller.
Fig.
the
ribbed
flattened
being
blower,
from
the
perfectly balanced
ample dimensions,
of
journal bearings
detachable
of
wear
power.
two
are
of
case
minimum
parts
steel
the
in
a
a
friction
the
blower,
of
through
The
with
work
the
The
internal
of
tirelyfree
315
dust
from
blower
is
gearing being
and
manner,
and
dirt, and
of
closed
en-
tinuously
con-
well-proportioned,
together.
being well-ribbed,
or
extensions,
of
are
into
further
which
head-plate
3i6
THE
The
circular
the
and
roll
circular
finished
line
points
The
the
of
in between
the
of
surfaces
impellers
point
and
gears
wheels
gear
of
keyed
are
with
Steel
Shaft
Forged
the
sides
impellers
of head
These
at
collars
at
FiG.
70.
Fig.
The
and
in
and
are
insure
outlet
the
and
even
continuous
being always
the
at
the
on
speed
same
shafts
each
end
Two
at
all
close
ends
to
blower,
of
of
prevent-
such
pieces
the interior
compose
working
Exhausters.
and
endwise
against
and
provided
outlet
with
entire
absence
positive preventive
either
on
complete
inlet
position.
an
shows
70
head
IMPELLER.
rubbing
from
provisions
discharge
the
to
the
interior
plates.
all times,
The
an
the
to
of Blowers
parts
ing
ribbed,
circles,which
two
are
contact
traveling
COMPLETE
single casting
also
revolution.
bolted
and
friction,forming
the
the
of
casing.
practical contact;
pitch
the
and
fitted
without
together
FURNACE.
casing
of
plates and
The
parts
CUPOLA
side.
of
possible
of
Standard
Fig. 69
internal
Green
a
friction
accidents.
with
Blower
sectional
view,
and
impeller.
flanges
loose
tapped
are
flanges
for
tap
or
bolts
screw
for
attaching light
the
blower
sheet-iron
pipe.
Directions
solid.
to
rot
for settingup.
Brick
and
or
allow
stone
blower
Set
"
is best
to
get
for
out
foundation
of
level.
perfectly level
;
See
timber
that
and
is liable
oil
holes
BLOWERS.
clean
are
before
Before
attaching
blower.
the
Fasten
the
Wipe
the
inside
with
the
each
large
and
white
or
covers,
gear
pipes
lead.
Put
off this
Fig.
about
once
gear-wheels.
any
at
its
blower.
disposition of
will
reach
pipes,
iron
must
be
the
riveted
is the
outlet
the
air
used
so
desired
and
best.
that
soldered,
Cast
iron
For
fluid
inlet
pipe.
before
of
parts
gear
oil
good heavy
of
quart
in
fresh
oil
of
good,
blast
gates
journals
to
simply
furnishes
the
the
depending
blower.
delivered
and
are
for
and
blower.
overground,
are
on
guaranteed
obtained
air
oil
not
is
blower
all the
point.
into
replace with
inside
it leaves
after
fallen
clean
small, and
oil and
good
result
; the
supply
blower
the
of
joint between
required
end
on
erly.
prop-
BLOWER.
The
"
given duty
discharge
pipes
lubricant
No
Efficiencyof
Use
has
feed
71.
GREEN
month.
each
nothing
in each
pint
STANDARD
to
casing perfectly
the
draw
cups
screen
cover
set
that
see
gear
say
and
cover,
and
wire
and
casing,
red
oil cups,
coarse
wheels
gear
attaching
casing
attaching
317
by
air
upon
the
Tight
iron
the
blower
galvanized
underground,
recommended.
complish
ac-
iron
cast
Light
3l8
THE
CUPOLA
FURNACE.
wrought iron or brass gates are liable to leak and impair the
A blast gate having the gate pass enof the blower.
tirely
efficiency
through the frame is the best.
Power.
For
of power
estimatingthe approximate amount
of air at a given pressure,
requiredto displacea given amount
it is customary to add 25 per cent, to the net result obtained
by
Multiplythe number of cubic
using the followingrule. Rule.
feet delivered per minute
by the pressure in ounces
per square
inch (at the blower) and
the product by .003 ; divide the last
"
"
amount
by
1 1,
SPEED
No.
for
blower
cupola
^
tons
i^
iX
"
"
tons
2)4
3
No.
"
"
"
cupola
tons
4M
No.
5
61^
"
"
melting
"
"
feet
diameter,
inches
45
minute.
revolution.
per
for
Suitable
melting:
revolutions
per
minute.
5 cubic
feet
diameter,
for
100
Suitable
revolution.
per
melting:
revolutions
per
minute.
^70
(small
No.
5), displaces
cupola
for
$6
to
"
"
220
blower
hour
per
"
"
"
"
for
cupola
tons
8
10
sH
for
per
245
cubic
20
inches
50
feet
per
diameter,
for
100
per
minute.
225
displaces
42
to
56
25
inches
hour
per
revolutions
150
5 blower
No.
revolutions
No.
melting:
for
no
Suitable
tons
cubic
hour
per
able
Suit-
165
to
"
revolution.
inches
40
displaces
"
4)4
diameter,
hour
per
"
tons
revolution.
per
115
displaces
to
32
inches
34
feet
275
"
cupola
minute.
per
230
blower
No.
28
to
cubic
hour
3 blower
for
24
"
revolutions
125
displaces S/4
per
melting:
for
290
cupola
1}^
diameter
Suitable
revolution.
per
210
blower
for
feet
hour
per
"
BLOWERS.
3 cubic
inches
28
to
24
FURNACE.
FOUNDRY
OF
displaces
"
No.
for
CUPOLA
THE
320
"
"'
"
"
blower
cupola 48
cubic
feet
diameter,
100
1
for
60
to
64
inches
for
per
minute.
"
"
"
"
6), displaces 35
diameter,
able
Suit-
melting:
revolutions
200
(small No.
revolution.
per
cubic
feet.
melting:
able
Suit-
BLOWERS.
tons
10
14
"
"
"
12
15
"
"
"
inches
tons
18
20
"
"
"
30
No.
7^
No.
to
inches
92
for
cubic
112
displaces 85
the
blowers
per
few
rev.
per
in cubic
feet
..
designs
blower,
21
feet
per
minute.
"/
feet
of
revolution.
per
revolution.
per
pressure
250
250
225
5^0
200
"5
4"2
at
of
pressures
speed
5"2
200
175
175
150
135
loo
20
25
35
42
67
112
BLOWER.
Blower,
Pressure
has
and
worth
of
only
it is taken
reading by
blowers,
and
Co., Connersville,
description
is well
CYCLOIDAL
Positive
Blower
of
to
"
square
minute
per
which
revolutions
continuously
.1
years.
cupolas 54
two
or
able
Suit-
Connersville
purchase
cubic
running
Connersville
latest
revolution.
cubic
displaces 200
"
per
90
CONNERSVILLE
The
feet
"5
pounds
Displacement
to
minute.
per
"
diameter,
melting
blower
Revolutions
revolutions
135
is recommended
of
cupolas 48
two
or
able
Suit-
melting:
"
For
two
diameter,
;'
blower
"
minute.
per
revolution.
per
150
blower
Speed.
feet
hour
"
revolutions
135
diameter,
per
able
Suit-
melting:
for
105
cupola 74
25^
No.
for
cubic
inches
78
to
displaces
"
revolution.
per
diameter,
hour
per
tons
20
about
66
"
inches
feet
no
displaces 6'j
8 blower
for
inches
70
diameter,
14
No.
to
cubic
"
180
cupola
for
"
145
7 blower
No.
minute.
per
145
200
displaces 42
"
revolutions
115
per hour
tons
66
"
cupola 50
for
56
hour
per
6 blower
No.
321
is
as
been
Ind., is
one
the
the
of
manufactured
from
those
by
manufactured
for
excellent
contemplating
follows
cular
cirthe
cycloidal
The
bihties, have
been
theoretically inclined,
in the
The
cycloids
to
blowers,
gas
the
form
these
form
to
impossible
been
such
produce
to
for
rotary
recognized,
been
in that
to
came
be
nection,
con-
regarded
with
by machinery
surfaces
hypo-
to
impeller, it
or
epi- and
utilize them
to
conceded
revolver
made
While
long
has
pumps
the
practical
in
impellers
of
to
interested
those
the
possi-
only
not
curves
combining
surfaces
and
have
in vain.
of
contact
exhausters
but
as
study,
particularlyto
more
especial value
attempts
many
correct
attractive
an
but
peculiaritiesand
nature,
important applications of
many
mechanics.
and
their
curves,
always
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
322
sufifi-
Fi(
VIEW
SECTIONAL
cient
and
done,
Fig.
72
in
is
an
highly
glance only
method
The
as
on
of
it
is
to
part
depend
of
us
manner
other, and
economy
discern
revolvers
the
to
the
it could
of
or
our
new
impellers,
surrounding
superiority of
case.
this
all others.
over
every
to
section
cross
degree
well.
as
the
any
that
demonstrate
to
showing
each
BLOWER.
practice with
in
use
successful
required
construction
vital
for
CYCLOIDAL
particularly of
and
relation
form,
their
illustration
cycloidal blower,
their
of
It remained
of satisfaction.
be
admit
to
accuracy
CONNERSVILLE
OF
machine
of
of
operation
this
and
class
is the
impeller,
efficiencyin
results.
BLOWERS.
That
have
we
It will
be
planed
on
is
cycloidal
the
there
the
form
there
is
As
the
air is driven
discharge
that
is conducive
approximate
to
well-demonstrated
co-incident
the
with
the
the
from
in the
and
blast,
contact
at
Another
of
surface
with
that
the
which
this
surfaces
wear
has
the
understood
are
leakage
clearance
each
other,
as
the
each
tions
pulsapoints
revolution.
the
is that, at
of
to
or
point
concave
works
impeller
one
The
sequence
con-
distance
through
between
the
when
results
pellers,
im-
two
in other
case
as
air is alternately
undesirable
get back
is the
but
recesses
necessitatingtwo
that
On
continuously,
in which
not
are
opposite impeller.
contact
point of
previously
expression
to
nearest
insignificant. Our
very
slight.
point
directed
been
of contact
"
is used
than
the
have
while
method
the
to
in
this
In practice it
z.-pTpro2L.ch.
rather
entirelyeliminated,
is
"
that the
mean
slight clearance
very
short
it is
as
degrees.
intervening
to
of
arcs
keep practical
five
or
co7i^act
/oii"-
travel
must
the
of
great,
always opposed
of the
point
vex
con-
machines
character.
Wherever
it is the
of
oppose
Attention
be
is
and
smooth
use
not
cycloidal form
produce
air
the
centers
progress
epi-cycloidal part
is to
driven
instead
not
the
it
between
of
whose
four
and
Now,
economy.
positions in
surface
is, the
advance
can
across
power,
hypo-cycloidal part
the
this
of
convex
of
in four
time
one
of
not
another
waste
contact*
of
expanded, producing
advantage
contact,
of
than
more
of
of
is
machines,
our
the
arcs
revolution
of
does
to
in
as
is very
curves
each
epi-cycloidal
over
circular
centers
point
highest
arrangement
contact
one
regular
the
to
that
angle
an
the
contrary,
jumps
the
together
this
of
contact
fact
through
contact
accuracy.
this
of
advantage
circles
worked
result
contact,
The
mathematical
and
impellers only,
two
peculiaritiesof
when
is self-evident.
operating part
an
are
lines with
curves,
impellers.
of
for
well-known
hypo-cycloidal
that
ideal
that
noted
of
one
the
323
on
account
of
parts
of
has
rub
the
been
at
"long
such
points, but
advisable
thereby
contact"
the
that
description,it
found
together,as
fact
enables
to
that
to allow
friction
referred
us
must
and
to, the
make
the
CUPOLA
THE
324
point
of
indeed, the
the
between
contact
it describes
path
FURNACE,
impellers continuously
progresses
is
of
contact,
reliable
of
pockets
any
machine,
be
can
once
the
is it
is
speed
On
only
no
also,
with
itself
there
this
from
and
din
and
the
side
and
pressed
com-
the
of
the
impellers
instant
other
at
to
gears
the
knock
to
absence
shortening
same
each
in
"
no
points
two
together when
popping
the
pockets
vibration
had
is
due
of the
usually
it has
impellers
associated
run
will commend
with
experience
pansion
ex-
blowers
our
that
feature
the
to
in which
pounding
eliminated, and
This
noise.
no
no
and
is
class
parties having
to
touch
being
released
practically no
inlet
impellers,shaft
at
smooth,
gathered,
Furthermore,
to
compressed,
of
the
power
shoulders
disagreeable
machines
with
be
can
tinuously-progr
con-
nominal.
of
when
and
that
together,
are
than
air
the
point
one
there
more
caught
at
of
wear.
them
account,
of
and
possible for
hence,
been
strain
in contact
position
at
toward
waste
is
this
noted, the
been
back
by subjecting
shock,
also
air
discharged
blower
needless
has
result
mentioned,
in which
thereby entailing a
life of the
One
before
as
is, as
cavities
or
then
and
Another
blast.
circle.
other
pressure
blowers.
Another
the
point contributing
is the
discharge
Thus,
curved.
are
as
gradual equalization
such
results
as
shocks
are
From
what
machine
is
has
there
Hence,
purpose
is
all
the
been
positive
through
and
of the
from
is inclosed
blower
they
detrimental
so
of it is wasted
Furthermore,
pressure
all
stated,
its
"
as
the
instead
of
pipe.
air
to
of
as
need
to
even
add
noted.
that
enters
forward
and
is
escape
which
been
has
is
shock,
that
air
machine
an
sudden
to
leakage
allowed
the
of
impellers
sharp edges,
the
The
the
outlet, there
of
two
All
uniformity
of
the
past
scarcely
we
maintenance
needless
on
extremities
impellers, forced
applied
the
and
evenness
working parts,
action.
the
outlet
power
intended
sweep
compressed
no
the
the
passage
to
in
by
the
that
fact
the
to
the
the
charged
dis-
insignificant,
backward.
for the
is used
blast, and
none
work.
contact
between
the
impellers
and
the
BLOWERS.
surrounding
that
be
can
strength
Each
the
on
is
case
developed
and
machine
and
the
of
the
of
inside
to
size,
with
the
mount
this
with
a
respect
to
planer
means
Fig.
than
it has
It will be
with
to
use
in either
and
been
broad
of those found
need
be
not
In
Fig.
use
pulley
gears,
the
we
one
on
and
gears
do
not
We
competing
surface
and
actness
ex-
will
run
as
more
ure
press-
heretofore.
produce
curves
ourselves
availed
have
of
and
higher speed
The
machines.
this
of
the sectional
twice
about
peller
im-
an
advantages
area
this
of
enumerated.
73
the
styles
pulley
driven.
illustrate
we
/. e., those
largely sold,
we
in
entire
it revolves, and,
that
cycloidal
shaft
steel
at
attain
to
the
waist.
high-grade
direction,
that
standard
journals to
which
on
the
into
BLOWER.
possible
observed
shaft
-]'.
HORIZONTAL
smoothly,
tions.
condi-
pla7ic its
machine
varying
the
press
the
ribbed
perfect symmetry
journal
the
to
and
secure
we
produce
can
consequence,
on
the
on
well
and
under
finish
press,
solely
piece
one
shop practice
our
impeller
accurately. By
in
in form
changes
prevent
pressure
applied.
power
is cast
of
amount
depends
sustained
the
hydrostatic
at
impellers
two
It is part of
impeller
perfect
325
We
pulley only.
each
the
end, but
fact
to the
that
there
impellers,it
recommend
two
is
of
It
the
bearing
is seldom
belts
very
that
blowers
however,
can,
because
of
will
be
when
are
most
noticed
that
desired, put
entire
necessary.
highly,
as,
distance
from
In any
event,
owing
to
the
326
THE
difference
the
the
in
that
case
sometimes
Blower
Capacity
in cubic
FURNACE.
stretch
transmits
one
that
NUMBERS,
of
of
amount
occurs
Number
CUPOLA
work
ETC.,
against
OF
THE
leather,
the
of
most
they
CAPACITIES,
in the
it is
CYCLOIDAL
it
Indeed,
power.
each
usually
other.
BLOWERS.
feet
per
olution
rev-
100
Ordinary speed
Diameter
of pipe opening
By
"
30
speed"
"ordinary
we
every-day duty.
average
of
that
peculiar
the
100
form
of
the
It
nection
we
have
with
the
called
machines.
BLOWER
other
AND
be
must
impellers
FiG.
VERTICAL
what
mean
of
would
be
about
however,
understood,
our
an
in
blowers,
con-
74.
ENGINE
ON
superior points
attention, permits
of
SAME
BED-PLATE.
in construction,
higher speeds
to
which
than
peting
com-
328
THE
In
nearly
and
the
extend
be
machines
to
the
motor
blowers
will find
this
adopt
the
can
it
operating
which
as
follows
The
motors
or
any
to
belt.
their
run
economical
and
saving
to
in first cost,
to
power
the
run
establishment.
the
BLOWERS.
Blast
Positive
City
Blower
Fan
and
and
less.
BLAST
City
of
the
many
blower
our
for
the
at
case
it is
blower
claims
which
the
on
the
made
are
the
inlet and
loss
the
at
or
and
but
the
in
by
be
forced
it must
have
must
is closed.
by backward
speed,
is closed
outlet, where
if outlet
principle,in
fan
high velocity
absolutely confined
stop
for
is not
by
finallyreleased
enters
In
about
of
only
direct
away,
means
suf^cient
Garden
is obtained
chance
no
once
have
in foundries,
use
much
POSITIVE
the
be
In
preferred,
distance
power
have
to
geared
When
pulley by
there
will
can
CITY
blower,
until
escape
short
chinery
ma-
desired.
motor
plate.
a
their
when
of
their
increase
arranged
motors
needing
will be
expense
air enters
of the
forward
have
can
the
vanes
it
in
are
pressure
when
blower
light machines
operation
which
the
by the Garden
manufactured
of
located
only
is shown
Fig. ^6
be
industries
GARDEN
In
We
bed
same
they
otherwise
exceedingly advantageous
the
other
and
to
Not
plan.
Furthermore,
rattler
the
on
other
and
when
electric
that
and
plants
time
ing
electric-light-
for
finding
are
illustration
an
transmitted
Foundries
but
found
both
power
it
practically idle.
blower,
however,
the
be
station
their
of
at
power
operated by
will
now
of
managers
renting
would
Fig. 75
is
earning capacity
profits by
our
FURNACE.
there
town
every
purposes,
CUPOLA
There
escapement
of
is
tively
posi-
air, after
inlet.
respects
positiveblower
blower
our
made,
and
has
we
points
call your
superiorityover
of
attention
to
the
lowing
fol-
points :
1st.
It has
no
gears
attention, adjustment
2d.
blower
It fs
only
casing.
two
They
whatever.
or
No
internal
lubrication.
that
are
self-oiling. Easy
of
journal bearings
are
external
to
adjustment.
the
BLOWERS.
Has
3d.
to
irregular
no
produce
4th, Operating
blower
5th,
with
safely
blower
smaller
parts
giving
made,
blower
a
be
may
at
blowers
The
in
increase
positive
any
and
efificiency
be
be
can
than
obtained
is
possible
76.
City
Positive
Blower.
Blast
practically noiseless
are
compared
as
with
makes.
all other
Roots
ROOTS'S
ROTARY
Blower
was
POSITIVE
ago.
turbine
water
designed
it
for
was
make
all blown
a
better
BLOWER.
PRESSURE
designed by Mr.
would
than
thus
used.
pressure
Garden
let in
contact
balance,
perfect
higher speed
Fig.
The
require
other.
any
6th.
in
always
proportionate
be
that
surfaces
friction.
are
run
may
higher
internal
add
and
pressure,
329
out,
blower
experimenting,
Roots,
that
It is said
wheel,
and
than
Mr.
a
perfected
but
it
as
it
at
was
originally
water
was
it
decided
once
wheel,
a
Connersville,
the
when
Roots
water
of
and
blower.
after
siderable
con-
Whether
be
this story
true
makes
used
to
not
or
furnish
improvements
blast
for
have
from
made
wood
of
wax
or
iron
and
also
been
placed
vertical
horizontal,
and
ROOTS'S
The
shown
with
made
blower
electric
and
claims
M.
1.
It is
2.
It is the
simpler
constructed
the
In
together
with
made
of
case
and
they
it
any
with
bee's
entirelyof
blower
has
cases
constructed
now
and
it
originally
were
are
Figs. ^J
They
78.
are
77.
BLOWER.
PRESSURE
engine
for
than
and
motors
power
the
of
on
on
by the
Ind.
bed-plate
same
manufacturers,
lowing
fol-
The
bed-plate.
same
with
or
P. H.
"
F.
other
blower.
blower
made
with
impellers
principles.
correct
on
It is the
result
4.
case
are
and
Co., Connersville,
Roots
3.
blower
in it since
made
now
been
marked
of
covered
shape
in
\'TERTICAL
made
and
are
air-tight,
Fig.
also
shafts
changed,
as
number
been
time
tainly
cer-
have
them
of
machine
the
impellers,which
iron
them
extent
some
hundreds
to
the
and
accurately fitted.
to
and
time
upon
make
to
soap
but
say,
foundry cupolas.
originallyinvented,
was
cannot
we
blower,
good
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
330
best, because
it has
stood
the
test
of years
and
is
long experience.
of
wear
break,
competing
of
or
the
consume
machines.
unnecessary
power,
not
as
come
is the
331
BLOWERS.
principles
5. The
admit
of
6.
The
perfect
more
blowers
our
mechanical
constructed
are
than
proportions
other.
any
for this
box
machine
of
type
is used.
7.
The
gears
8.
The
gears
and
wide-faced
are
and
journals
constantly
run
in oil.
thoroughly protected
are
dust
from
accident.
and
Our
9.
machine
time,
same
All
10.
and
the
blows
the
The
radically different
with
can
far
greater
down
do, in
speed
we
the
order
reasonable
degree
to
bring
bounds.
impellers,gears
and
of
and
it is the
of
The
of
all
our
are
so
balanced.
machine
that
we
We
the
than
faster
are
abled
en-
as
other
complete
of
blowers
metal
is
blower
and
other,
any
compelled
not
are
cases,
distribution
of
the
time.
any
is constructed
much
safety.
weight
at
mechanically perfect,
are
blower
our
the
cases
that
machines
our
weight
blower
our
and
BLOWER.
I'KESSURE
competing
any
adopt proportions
to
hence
from
at
accurately
are
HORIZONTAL
which
reversed
be
may
operating parts
principles upon
equally well
exhausts
and
motion
KOOrs's
cut
which
upon
to
manufacturers
machine
in
the
within
shafting,
perfectlyproportioned,
made
so
structed.
con-
XXII.
CHAPTER
There
iron
of
three
are
reverberatory
was
the
discovery
the
amount
the
fuel
has
been
will
melt
with
iron
melting
almost
is
coke
In
become
the
pot
to
cupola
and
than
13,
furnace,
seventythe
that
seen
either
Prepared
1896,
at
coke
of
the
In
the
first
Philadelphia,
is
ton
of
melts
other
meeting
the
coke
iron
with
iron
furnaces.
of
the
American
Pa.
( 332)
of
smaller
To
melt
Association
of
those
ago,
where
field,
in
melting
furnace,
from
of
iron.
ton
with
cent,
iron
of
in
ten
In
dred
hun-
one
It will
per
and
work.
foundry
melting
in
coal
melted
coke.
melts
years
coal
for
melt
be
may
pounds
of
is consumed
to
that
districts
reverberatory
required
(172)
two
cupola
of
for
of
ton
one
fuel
in
that
place
fuel
anthracite
universal
almost
lbs.)
(2240
cwt.
twenty
the
the
the
to
ing
melt-
foundry
fuel
the
hard
of
for
for
as
the
and
isolated
use
iron
furnace
has,
furnace
in
The
restricted
furnace,
iron.
of
ton
entirely
has
located
obtainable.
is not
fuel
taken
the
Charcoal,
the
impurities
the
and
adopted,
entirely
almost
foundries
in
used
fuel
other
has
slowly.
more
only
is
universally
of
manufacture
by
iron
of
cent,
per
the
of
castings.
good
of
in
minimum,
of
suitable
made
to
principle
melting
more
deterioration
naces
fur-
employment
the
coal
of
furnace,
These
and
the
melting
pot
furnace.
in
advancement
to
the
as
production
the
veins
smallest
almost
fuel
poor
the
in
construction
furnace
reduced
rapidly
most
of
of
the
been
furnace,
of
to
the
and
coke,
of
days
known
cupola
in
necessary
coking
and
other
reverberatory
or
with
But,
the
employed
are
the
and
DATE.*
TO
UP
furnaces
They
each
in
and
work
special
work.
from
furnace
pot
of
furnace
differ
melting,
kinds
foundry
for
PRACTICE
CUPOLA
AND
CUPOLAS
thus
be
of
fuel
cupola
Foundrymen,
May
AND
CUPOLAS
with
small
the
the
large
so
the
reduce
its fullest
low
placed
in
the
enters
The
iron
rule
pounds
in the
it is
this
heat
fuel.
number
that
of
the
iron,
small
be
Foundrymen,
day,
given
time
others
each
and
prefer
foundryman
to
fuel.
save
above
the
sometimes
heavy
The
of
is from
tuyeres
as
eighteen
at
so
ten
of
fuel
and
save
to
inches
the
the
to
of
with
fuel ;
of
one
of
cent,
per
melting
large
for
many
sufficient
to
cupolas
in
their
for
it is
to
six
time,
melt
blast
melt
question
it is
or
in
should
one
placed
they
are
general height
thirty-six inches.
height
is
productive
for
more
small
be
while
work,
inches, but
The
to
to
whether
tuyeres
feet.
as
and
himself,
two
but
that
cupola,
large cupolas
distance
great
and
pound
in blast
their
rapidly ;
six
the
to
less
cupola
required
is from
high
as
of
work.
use
for
or
the
have
to
iron
height
bottom
placed
work
placing
sand
it
pounds
large
same
only by
the
large cupola
is
cannot
decide
to
use
before
pound
so
melted
are
the
do
iron
their
the
in
fuel stated
of
to
of
melt
it
is
melted
charges,
cent,
rule,
amount
to
the
of
charge (according
one
are
iron
and
made
a
iron
of
compelled
are
the
economical
and
as
in
keeping
per
three
each
to
cupola
melted
of
and
the
bed
are
melting,
can
heat
of
number
charges
of
hours,
all
pounds
the
in
required
ton
the
charges
greater
the
be
ing
charg-
placed there,
fuel
of
when
the
fuel
is not
upon
three
ten
the
melting
place
fuel
of
charges
and
so,
is to
cupola
pound
rule
is melted
When
same
and
This
rule), only
the
the
approximately
entire
it for
preparing
each
to
upon
charge.
all
run
must
tuyeres
bed, and
utilize
to
possible
it being
of
is
furnaces.
smallest
The
in the
case,
zone.
bed
iron
of
and
other
will admit
fuel
of
the
heat.
placed high
charging
for
the
upon
melting
stock
melting
that
size
erly
prop-
the
greater, but
of the
to
be
always
not
in either
333
must
is much
rule
DATE.
cupola
is
required
wastage
be
the
heating
of
in
prevent
must
aperture
fuel
be
capacity
to
fuel
of
must
as
required
amount
figure, a cupola
to
that
as
which
fuel
of
TO
UP
stated, the
managed,
consumption
still not
To
and
PRACTICE
fuel
of
amount
constructed
and
CUPOLA
for
The
of
the
'i'HE
334
of
wastage
below
placed
the
it takes
and
large
the
melting
in blast, is below
but
hot
iron
the
melting
the
fuel
through
down
and
rapidly, that
so
the
While
fuel
fuel, and
to
that
dump
pound
every
of
This
casting.
tuyeres
it
given length
any
be
can
bottom
and
work,
and
was
so
Other
chambers,
feature
ideas
were
the
great that
the
attempts
of
than
for
the
the
formerly
placed
volume
blast, and
were
heating
old
to
the
cupolas
has
high tuyere,
placed
six
being
to
of
all
our
with
ladle
than
cases,
above
the
for hand-ladle
the
for
from
made
removiag
to
the
cupolas
to
more
into
cupolas
this
hot
side
charging;
rapidly to
in which
above
low
utilze
with
heat
ancestors,
our
from
cupolas
prior
feet
by
in
In
height
escaping
were
eight
large
us
care
mixed
legacy
divert
have
to
work.
given way
and
taken
taps
heavy
iron
cupola,
hotter
kept
sufificient
supplying
made
cupola
high tuyeres.
between
attempts
many
cupola
for
to
from
be
can
heat
of
down
drawn
another
are
such
as
in
hot
iron
handed
in
to
up
it is necessary
keep
irons
for
consumed
placed
properly
at
of molten
doors
day
heating
with
large ladles
of
charging
in their
cupola
sufificient time
give
to
and
for
admit
to
replacing
Low
only be
should
tuyeres
sand
in
kept
it
when
large volume
worthless
that
be
time
of
passes
it.
of
fallacies
hotter, that
high
iron
ground
fuel
and
can
extent
an
with
molten
in
is not
cupola
is not
it is rendered
iron
for
iron
such
in such
tuyeres
wastage
the
of
much
so
the
is
cupola
cupola
degree and
collect
to
one
forefathers,
foundry
for
is
the
a
in
in its descent.
foundrymen
many
placed high
tuyeres
low
by
the
unnecessary
chilled
high
so
that
tuyeres
under
placed
the
in
extent
the
under
cupola,
molten
to
from
fuel
consumed
and
is reduced
rapid
so
in the
when
of
the
of
is not
zone,
tapped
is
stock
bottom
the
to
it is not
melting, it is heated
an
melting
be
only
the
temperature,
its temperature
can
tuyeres, when
Its
fuel
function
and
melting
the
of
the
through
superheated,
that
heats.
that
support
in
part
longest
its descent
is to
tuyeres
the
fuel, for
of
amount
other
no
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
blast.
flues
but
or
this
modern
charging
the
waste
bottom,
doors
now
336
THE
in the
bed
iron, when
melting
the
of
for
melted
being
should
charge
The
then
made
amount
that
tuyeres
at
will
it
Dull
the
iron
of iron
iron
latter
of
peculiarities
and
large
These
cupolas
is
out
of
and
slow
hot
The
case
melting
ten
too
reason
above
for
that
weight
be
can
is
the
of
each
the
each
throughout
melting
in
the
the
This
the
melting
ture
tempera-
stoppage
of
the
fuel
that
the
or
is too
melting
zone.
charge
heat.
part
every
melting
in
charge
indicates
on
above
in the
charge.
the
is the
charge.
until
fuel
each
charge
first
the
in
upon
height
same
tests
required
variation
no
of
amount
melted
in
the
that
the
fuel
of
charge
the
of
heat,
readily be learned,
may
not
are
fuel
fuel
poor
is the
remedy,
the
result.
Fast
large
is, that
melting
zone
with
and
or
as
mehing
quantity
an
excess
the
is consumed.
when
and
not
and
in nine
It
closely watched,
if not
charging,
in
fuel
too
fuel
of
amount
an
melters,
of
it to
this
the
until
iron
of
determined,
of
great
the
with
melted,
iron
placed
are
been
above
the
melting
more
be
can
indicates
and
placed
so
for
they attribute
either
zone
charge
fuel
fuel saved.
of
gradually increase
dull
the
of
the
of
amount
bed
melting
of
cupola
practice
common
exact
it is
end
any
amount
rules
height
the
the
to
denotes
By carefully noticing
the
bed
end
upon
heavy,
is too
the
required
there
melting
the
at
way,
having
decreasing
or
the
at
that
before
and
iron
the
and
heavy
in this
and
amount
fuel
was
for
iron
of
restore
which
slacking in the
the
of
amount
amount
the
of
of
first
zone,
it
upon
ascertain
continuous
becomes
top
dull, which
comes
required
by increasing
is found
the
depth
the
of
in the
low
melted
the
The
charge.
weight
fuel
to
charges and
The
the
and
at
the
and
low
is too
decreased.
of
be
can
found
charge
too
be
quantity
that
iron
the
of
part
melting
determined.
bed
by increasing the
it is
are
readily be
can
latter
the
bed
placed
not
was
By noticing
zone.
zone
found
dull, the
comes
melting began,
required
the
iron
before
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
extra
enough
rule
fuel
of
of
dull
in
must
in
and
iron
done,
a
fuel, the
fuel
comes
it,and
be
cannot
of
iron
to
or
cupola.
iron
be
con-
is
CUPOLAS
sumed
before
is slow
and
to
melts
in
in
one
the
iron.
The
of
properly
be
The
is between
chances
of
melt
to
It should
to
be
study
charge,
scrap
in it.
the
weight
of
cupola
in
of
the
no
extra
22
its
should
fuel
the
fuel
is
be
iron
of
an
cess
ex-
and
and
iron
kept
of
and
should
the
the
with
each
carload
being
used
by
the
be
is
properly
described.
made
of
and
out
be
fuel
to
of
iron
in
iron
or
brand
of
increases, the
increased
An
to
respond
cor-
accurate
fuel consumed
lot of coke,
melter.
six
his melting
manner
of
amount
take
to
one
cupola
cupola.
or
than
reduce
diameter
cupola
to
great
any
amount
each
length
one.
amount
of
amount
be
thirteen
from
be
exact
this
of
to
should
two
to
in the
of
lightwork
for
rather
ten
that the
see
slate
the
the
may
for
fuel
is about
is
cupola
coke
heats
requiring
working
and
out
hot
foundryman
charges,
as
of
quality of
heats
enlargement
melting compared
that
the
the
well
in
of
an
heats
is seldom
bed
charges
record
ratio
exact
as
of
short
long
liningburns
with
In
first
learned,
and
result
when
in heats
done
little extra
every
then
in the
melting
bottom
result
one
to
good
melting
and
the
the
In
iron
for
in
should
been
the
the
always
heat.
of
He
each
As
use
of
the
this
system.
to
placed
aim
it
zone
superheated
to
melting
one.
average
the
this has
given
but
heat, and
the
constructed,
When
melt
to
maintained
bad
in
managed
to
to
is heated
fuel.
seven
prefer
it is not
often
management
melted,
time
of
foundrymen
days
and
been
length
result
the
melting
through
is
more
melting generally
six
has
is
eight pounds
by careful
made.
one
and
the
drops through
required
required
hours
that
melting
iron
fuel
of
time
and
and
deficiency of
cent,
of
melted,
337
and
zone,
its descent
Slow
constructed
three
to
DATE.
length of time
any
rapid
so
zone,
dull
fuel, and
per
length
dull
of
than
the
it enters
and
is
the
cupola
when
mass,
state
for
zone
that
passing through
excess
TO
UP
within
come
the
extent
an
molten
can
just above
rapidly
zone
iron
PRACTICE
irregularmelting.
great
so
the
held
Iron
CUPOLA
AND
When
to
prove
such
an
338
is
account
will
actually
and
at
and
heard.
CUPOLA
THE
the
fifteen
accurately
be
or
twenty
by
in
consumed
time
same
kept
FURNACE.
claims
to
melting
of
one
melting
in
much
foundryman,
every
long
than
ten
heats
the
at
to
one
will
less
present
in
no
short
longer
fuel
day,
heats
be
CHAPTER
XXIII.
CUPOLA
BRIEF
Make
the
When
iron
the
in
dull
slag
flows
is not
Some
molten
in
different
iron
of
mould,
in
riui
sections
cupola
for
iron
bottom
the
iron
with
iron
chilled
by
cupola.
it is due
iron, when
of
stream
melted
being
the
of
close,
too
do
to
used
in
cupola
little
to
much
too
pitch
is
to
closes
making
sand
or
lining
deficiency
the
with
used
added
melter
the
correct
great
deal
of
is,
the
of
out
the
by
for
ladle.
of
stream
properties
and
the
in
be
cannot
melting
of
Slag
tap-hole.
without
tap-hole
clay-wash
generally
by
and
front
iron
the
temperature.
slag
produced
the
up
holes
in
hot
run
cohesive
of
high
up
generally
from
the
material
poor
what
if it will
iron,
spout
heated
flows
will
to
know
to
seem
S. hot
the
of
tap-hole
slag
is due
spout
not
B.
when
the
in
slag
is due
save
melted
tap-hole
off
of
out
material
material
the
all
draw
cupola,
spout.
all kinds
When
and
the
cutting
used
melting
newly
in
from
of
up
call
The
the
iron
foundrymen
open,
make
bottom.
making
lining
cast,
terms
the
drawn
formation
they
the
from
prevent
into
sand
The
dull
runs
and
once
dropping
in
all
are
indicate
to
iron
at
make
heat,
PRINCIPLES.
work.
When
the
take
country
foundry
off
heat,
IMPORTANT
ILLUSTRATING
casting, moulding,
melt,
of
PARAGRAPHS
SCRAPS.
the
deficiencies
trouble
terial
ma-
made
and
front
the
in
with
the
in
it.
clogging
to
kept
his
spout
material
spout
and
tap-hole.
In
course
spout
at
with
every
flat
broad
tap,
the
the
bottom
spout
(339)
soon
stream
becomes
takes
clogged
ent
differwith
iron, the
cinder
and
spout
looks
the
bottom
the
center.
If the
like
hard
same
than
Wet
when
Bottom
Exclusively
from
mould,
A
bottom
not
only
old
are
Mix
with
it, or
in
some
cupola
frequently
the
should
rammed
be
makes
the
of
cause
no
boil, but
to
than
wetter
no
moulding
best
bottom
"
making
riddled
sand
of
material.
the
why
would
he
in
employed
shovels
few
know
knew,
be
not
the
don't
"
iron
causes
be
with
bottom
if he
badly, because,
should
sand
melter
doors
moulding.
for
gangways
Often,
the
boil
to
is
and
should
sand
new
The
the
bottom
tempered
bottom.
in
stream
material.
dump
iron
causes
rammed
in
it.
the
bottom
the
from
Make
scum.
mould.
sand
hardens
sand
riddled
cutting through.
bottom
harder
hard
of
concentrate
in the
clay
bottom
rammed
in
as
patches
not
the
directions, and
sand.
moulding
well-burnt
in all
and
narrow
much
cinder
and
flows
iron
does
is too
there
FURNACE.
spout
bottom
little sand
molten
small
the
of
sand
dropped,
a
CUPOLA
THE
340
be
cupola
is
working
discharged
at
once
for
carelessness.
A
light-up makes
bad
evenly
If the
wood
smokes
wood
When
is free
The
burn
fuel is well
not
can
Never
the
up
the
use
bed
fire
on
lighted, do
will
Charge
iron
is
burned
the
charged,
place
to
wood
green
is burned
wood
before
bed
the
at
anything happens
fire is
be
must
where
see
lighting up,
for
before
before
up
bed
out,
the
the
fuel
lighting up.
for
tuyeres
last
the
iron
let
not
longer
as
to
with
soon
the
as
the
and
and
delay putting
that
the
the
charging
ofif,
put in the front, close the tuyeres
If
bed
is
and
frequently
the
cupola
smoke.
of
Don't
melter
is used
much
too
all burned
the
wood
heat.
evenly.
charging.
green
burned
melt
is not
and
when
iron
and
it will not
or
bad
smoke
charge
on
the
delay charging
iron
bed
on
is
it than
ready
When
iron.
is all burned
the
iron
blast
the
at
once.
the
after
iron,
for
it will with
for
the
charging
the
it ofif.
;
close
CUPOLA
the
and
front
good
who
welded
how
The
the
by
man
hard
little
the
Never
the
foundryman
in its
fan
as
that
so
two
have
to
know
heat, don't
stufif.
States
United
the
in
year
is sufficient
make
to
in
end
the
the
of
old
the
managing
find
to
the
at
it is
A
year.
cupola
fuel saved
and
will
price
of
merely
wind
own
show
to
high
ure
press-
air-gauge.
volume
old
blast
of
speed
That
and
besides.
run
the
by
the
cupola
new
The
hours
every
cupolas
practical knowledge
enable
on
in
for
the
stop
occurred.
bars
bod
(saved)
fuel
the
find
to
more
often
had
every
effects
cupola always
new
often
wasted
to
rich.
very
A
his
door
stand
to
almost
one
high tuyeres
of
use
left
tapping
make
or
charging
delay
no
his
make
to
fuel
of
amount
if
up
front
be
may
341
the
open
as
burns
together
put in
to
cupola
melted
be
melter
A
be
the
heat
and
tuyeres
and
draught,
SCRAPS.
"
blower
the
of
and
"
blast
no
supplied
to
melter
of the
story
the
by
not
should
cupola
size
has
be
of
had
regulated
tuyeres.
its
day
among
practical foundrymen.
The
melter
poor
heat
the
on
of
pressure
High
cupola
claiming
engineer,
when
blast
in
in
the
at
use
the
are
the
has
foundry
are
is
thing
and
bunged
blaming
of
business,
agement.
man-
by
us
have
we
bad
higher
poor
left
which
from
up
inheritance
an
prevent
to
shows
always
gauge
cupola
cupola
blast
no
the
showing
for
excellent
an
he
the
for
time
present
our
never
rid.
The
fiftyyears
the
on
from
tuyeres
forefathers
got
blast
of
pressure
a
in
air-gauges
blast
been
in
Molten
cupola.
it hot.
has
been
freely
placing
iron
to
in
a
them
should
Nothing
is
increasing
cupola.
The
made
them
in
to
only
tuyeres
size
local
that
in the
will
improvement
past
admit
has
lower.
be
handled
in
gained by holding
ladle
iron
and
in
not
held
cupola
to
in
keep
"
right," is
fix it
time
and
That
kind
of work
it will
quicker
Tin-plate
hard
to
to
The
so
loss
may
the
The
the
it is broken
the
cupola
tap hole
same
cast
as
spout similar
and
for the
castings are
be
must
hard
too
and
filed.
or
in
melting tin-platescrap
in
25
as
with
melted
when
iron
great
as
tin-plate scrap
from
is not
cupola
but
light blast,
melted
when
cent,
per
with
blast.
iron
melting
of
cost
in
cupola
dollars
is about
two
cupola
is from
ton.
per
The
to
heat.
bad
very
shorter
the
from
rammer,
melting
be
strong
very
the
chipped
in
as
in
made
castings
of metal
great
melted
sparks
off
on
be
loss
the
ends, and
be
may
off with
brittle
iron.
fins
knocked
of
cause
melters.
by
frequently made
more
melt.
scrap
cast
The
the
from
It throws
iron.
the
I will take
to-morrow
remark
is often
Pig-iron melts
and
to-day,
for
go
FURNACE.
CUPOLA
THE
342
dollars
four
that
extent
the
alone
if it
be
coal
in
picked
stove
produces
into
run
three
or
oven
core
heat
any
tin-plate
to
such
cupola
will
an
moulds.
the
from
metal
molten
the
of
with
melted
when
scrap,
temperature
it cannot
Anthracite
burn
iron
sheet
reduces
ton.
per
Galvanized
scrap,
in
melting tin-platescrap
of
cost
of
dump
furnace,
coal
other
not
ful
doubt-
it is very
and
with
burned
when
in
cupola.
is too
Lead
be
retained
in
be
warmed
and
in
cupola
the
tap hole
when
left open
The
melted.
it has
after
in
when
penetrating
fluid
state
ladle
melting
to
should
metal
this
cupola.
The
best
is melted
The
is
sparks
and
spout
burn
the
flesh
The
sparks
wherever
material
lining
hole
burn
and
heavy
mica
native
that
or
fly
the
are
for
they
wet
in which
tin-platescrap
soap-stone.
from
oxide
stream
of
iron.
clothing very
from
cupola
hard
They
are
iron
at
the
short-lived
tap
and
little.
tap-hole or
strike.
of
spout
are
molten
iron, and
THE
344
held
men,
Treat
a
Mr.
was
weighing
man
be
other?"
The
loud
long.
and
the
large
fast
melting,
work
filled
foundries, and
with
stock
in
the
and
kind
iron
Some
these
out
some
of
was
fuel,
of
fifteen
knew
the
report
excellent
that
the
placed
mistakes
and
years
or
as
be
published,
work
cupola
cupola
iron
all
at
in
filled
was
could
have
indicated
in
the
formula.
in
the
bed
was
placed
the
of
charges
charges
returning
three
of
that
nothing
of
the
pound
cupola
the
in
the
for
not
separate
two
reports
fuel
of
tuyeres
showing
surprised
showed
to
was
the
charged
amount
cases
shape
either
bed
charges,
was
them
blanks
with
in the
and
He
etc.
of
of
way
bed
on
printed
country,
placed
able
reli-
some
blanks
the
of
fuel
placed
tuyeres,
the
an
hundred
of
publish
to
obtain
Many
in many
the
fill to
of
reply.
cupola
fuel
in
any
in
cases,
pointing
each
to
amount
to
parts
amount
knowing
in such
others, the
cover
think
you
foundrymen
about
was
several
in
making
of
melted
in
or,
their
to
ization
organ-
small
desirous
iron
of
received
desirous
sufficient
marked
re-
remark
many
and
who
different
amount
cupola,
some
in
fill in the
they
were
been
hint
with
practice, being
the
who
a
melted
an
this
to
was
way
stop lying
followed
the
foundryman
ago,
reports
about
iron
efTected
quiet
formed
to
A.
and
benefit, don't
that
take
cupola, height
of
men
In
would
of
have
great relief
his
C.
etc.
charges,
the
be
the
had
meeting
foundrymen
laughter
It would
that
request
the
of
practicalfoundry-
in
have
mutual
for
foundrymen
to
diameter
the
the
of
one
representing
and
we
our
1896,
14,
arose
cupola practice,had
on
sent
and
burst
foundry
data
and
idea
years
on
and
After
Since
for
good
amount
few
Mo.
foundrymen
some
13,
good-sized
pounds,
Treat
foundrymen
it would
Mr.
Gentlemen
"
of
at
Treat,
300
over
adjourn,
to
:
the
A.
12,
organization, transacted
permanent
if
C.
about
FURNACE.
Philadelphia, May
in
delegates
CUPOLA
diameter
was
not
and
it
the
times, that
not
given
sufficient
was
only
reports
they
were
for
to
after
rection,
cor-
put in
publication.
ago,
when
we
took
more
active
part
in
melting
than
account
of
by
some
ten
to
have
question becoming
the
foundry
been
placed
The
who
of the
about
Connellsville
present
time
melt
with
diameter,
same
and
visits, few
less
per
on
the
rich
or
that
in
their
have
they
the
same
cent,
of
fuel
of
sumed
con-
coal
hard
The
could
that
best
with
one
of
critics
amount
coke.
heats
the
the
to
the
pay.
were
and
seven
best
with
one
time
on
all saved
melting
half
get
work
matters
have
fuel in
cupolas described,
our
foundry
list with
that
at
of
they
of
retired
generally
the
at
the
in the
to
in
and
another
any
presume
amount
published
was
eight
large
upon
heats
melted
be
and
business,
such
of
from
fuel, and
of
foundries
publishing
prominent
quantity
their
to
come
learned
never
fuel
employers
to
before
melting
on
We
subject.
invited
large
too
an
melting anywhere
were
using
for
one,
were
points
few
to
in
criticised
repeatedly
were
melters, who
would-be
times
we
occasionally published
and
time,
present
melted,
heats
twenty
some
the
at
345
SCRAPS.
CUPOLA
and
foundrymen
size
fuel,
in
cupolas
like
are
gels'
an-
between.
far
NOTE.
I'AXSON-COLLIAU
On
page
J. W.
Paxson
type
similar
193
Co.,
We
desire
claimed
to
to
be
made
the
have
been
any
iron
cupola
same
page,
solid
cast
arrangement
slag
or
by Fig.
shown
plate,
This
hot
requiring
to
no
doors,
hold
44,
strike
as
up
while
that
this is
in its
it,
soft
it is
Paxson-Colliau
the
it has
safety tuyere
hot
by
blast
two
of
zones
which
melting
discharges
plug, which
is
outside
discharged
is not
Cupola
as
construction, bringing it up
metal
fine Screen
it does
bottom
not
warp
doors,
Door,
Charging
is claimed
lining,and
the
stated
built
as
any
has
to
the
date.
overflow
into
and
easilymelted,
through
the
bottom
193.
page
fitted with
is also
iron
low
have
we
that
extent
changes
many
has
Cupola
Paxson-CoUiau
194
page
the
to
cornucopia-shaped
as
made
the
of
CoUiau.
type, and
Blast
Hot
on
Victor
above
Paxson-Colliau
new
should
by
correct
of the
Colliau, there
The
Philadelphia, and
that
to
illustrations
shown
are
CUPOLA.
or
to
be
crack.
instead
of
shown
by Fig.
the
acceptable than
more
It
as
may
the old
be
prop,
fitted
when
with
a
small
43,
old
new
car
346
THE
truck
or
and
wheels
on
it
carry
keep
cooled
be
cool
by
of
flared,
and
the
be
blast
where
expected
it
Arrester
dirt
ones
are
to
and
upper
to
be
is
also
by
lower
cupola
often
done
made
or
placed
where
it
tuyeres
is
of
action
the
wanted,
the
used
are
and
tions.
por-
two
rectangular
are
is
evenly.
would
that
extent
of
zones
little
very
distributed
the
to
will
Cupola,
there
that
being
blast
can
then
burned-out
tuyeres
so
to
it
Paxson-CoUiau
the
lower
staggered
are
weather
cupola
the
drop
where
yard,
The
up
hot
cold
the
patching
over
the
during
in
mills.
The
area.
they
receive
to
perhaps
cinder
the
small
the
way,
for
part
every
is
the
oval;
affected
not
which
of
out
ready
and
reaches
is
lining
under
desired,
repairs
Spark
upper
FURNACE.
placed
gotten
any
sparks
the
the
plate;
dead
Therefore
and
the
confines
and
or
allowing
device
new
which
if
keep
to
water,
quickly,
be
can
foundry
warm,
off
ofif
the
into
shop
the
rake
or
CUPOLA
melting
at
are
work.
While
is
the
in
placed
heat
the
heat?
of
may
except
had
be
brass
it
gauge
from
the
builders,
we
upper
wanted,
supplied
with
each
have
J.
small
below
scale-plate
gauge
in
both
is
is
door
and
yet
W.
Paxson
This
glass
Co.,
This
further
Philadelphia,
the
make
to
above
It
is
greater
the
is
Pa.
running
that
fact
there
perfect
more
tuyeres.
made
of
iron
and
looking
neatest
description
of
part
while
the
hand
naked
cupola
proves
cupola.
tube.
seen.
the
during
tuyeres
and
the
seen
ordinary
an
quickly.
very
the
through
blast
the
back
this
have
we
charging
try
ever
you
that
the
at
pulled
where
fuel
common-sense
be
Did
will
tnerctiry
japanned,
most
the
mentioned
be
may
furnace
admitted
oxygen
new
it
injury.
hand
The
enough
this
Paxson-Colliau
without
combustion
of
speaking
of
this
and
cupola
E.
K.
INDEX.
BROS.
ABENDROTH
cupola
Chester,
Port
of
rows
i:.sed
the
cupola,
admi.ssion
in
of,
30
cupola,
Baskets
admission
blast
of
to,
Bed,
belt,
connecting
location
of
openings
perfect
in
round
of
of,
gauges,
292,
of
fuel
of
too
fuel
with
15
of,
melt
to
pipe
pipes,
281
restriction
to
through
for
in
cupola,
combustion
power
given
pressure,
of
the
passage
cupola,
required
amount
of, 77
effect
the,
from
direct
the
to
of,
35,
of,
85,
blast
a, 286-
of
air-chamber
tuyeres
318
arrangement
cause
(347)
in,
of
eres
tuy-
53
205
204,
36
of, to
the
air-chamber,
16
a
displace
at
given
a
amount
used
86
admission
15,
294
location
works,
cupolas
cupola,
tuyere,
Blast,
estimating
79
connecting
tuyeres
steel
Bessemer
to
296
the
of
quantity
supplying,
295,
78
290
282
341
the
of
chamber,
with
Blakeney
fuel,
the,
large
up
air
Belt
294
293,
for
pola,
cu-
128
a,
of, 286
connection
in
in
in
79
for
required
a,
leveling the top of the, 82
for a, 336
quantity of fuel
78,
lowering
raising or
a,
of the, 253
burning
uneven
15
294
required
rule
of
effect
15
friction
means
depth
tion
objec-
over-head,
capacity
iron,
of
ton
ing
connect-
pipe
of, required
feet
the
warming
for
fuel
or
best,
cubic
16
the,
main
to,
perfect
melting
77
manner
air
poor
250
340
the,
the,
up
290
an,
125
to, 249,
14
the
chambers,
15
of, 14,
212
much,
too
burning
286-290
a,
construction
of,
depth
due
from
direct
93
fuel, 230
of,
size
233-253
bod,
the
away
in
burned
pipes
blast
tuyeres
coal,
77-79
the,
best
of, 5, 6
with
cutting
increase
15,
16
area
and
wood
by
tapping, 92, 93
for measuring
Bars,
14-16
-chamber,
of, 247
cause
of,
examples
cupola, 277-279
for
Bar
the
to
support
23, 24
of, required
amount
caused
Banking
214
45, 46
tuyeres,
of,
the
250, 251
keeping,
of
for
cupola,
90
melting,
BAD
214-221
manner
Air,
coal,
298
198-202,
by
N.Y.,
cupola
foundry
large
of
iron,
melt
to
built
blower
brackets
or
lining
the
Anthracite
tuyeres
Chester,
Port
of
43
by,
iron
Angle
three
fan
3(j9-311
the,
N.Y.,
with
cupola
Adjustable
Mich.,
Detroit,
Co.,
Dixie
Smith's
port
re-
Accounts,
Blower
American
Chester,
Port
,
Y.,
N.
of
supplying
for
with,
for
apparent
the
14
supplying,
deficiency
266
of, 91
348
INDEX.
Blast, direct
delivery of,
tuyeres,
to
Green
Blower,
314-321
284
definition
furnace,
required in,
fuel
use
in
lime-stone
of
325
horizontal,
Mackenzie,
of a, 136
obtaining
the, 135,
311-314
of
gate, advantage
adjustablebed,and
on
bed
on
bined
29U-292
untershaftj
gauges,
292-294
the, 274
303-305
of,
indications
combined
294-299
melting,
first
when
put
with
double
on,
right
up-
engine^
85
length
off
time
the,
cupola, 27G.
of
gates,
from
the
the,
329-331
85
vertical, and
in,
in
blast
gauges,
melting, 276,
277
standard
table
by,
inches,
290
of
of,
and
diameter
as
Blue
area
Bod
showing
increase
different
lengths
underground,
best
with
of
way
and
for
283
horse
connecting,
288-290
mode
size
heat,
for
before
iron
the
charging
putting on the, 86,
electric
steel
95
the,
96
of
and
making
shape
the,
of, 9(5
96
motor,
pressure,
Bolton
5
of
explosion
vSteel
and
of Ireland's
the, to
Bosh, taper from
cycloidal, 321-328
for
setting up, 314, Boshing of cupola, 14
foundation
Garden
329
use
Bottom
door,
Bottom
doors.
the
lining, 109
latches
1)olts and
318
by
Iron
Connersville
316,317
caused
iron
of
tuyeres
iron
a, 257
Boiling, cleaning
327
301-309
with,
wet,
87
connection
directions
of
sticks, 9:!, 94
276-299
Buffalo
essential
an
for, 95
mixture
as
working
non-positive,
putting on the, 85
taking off the, during
and
manure
good, 95
material, 94,
95
294, 295
time
qualities of a,
small
cupolas, 95
good,
279, 280
tuyeres,
positive
of,
of, 94
definition
the
necessary
in diameter
for the
very
of speed and
capacities of,
applied to cupolas, 309
clays for spout lining, 68
bar
for cutting away
the, 93
of, 286-288
285
table
of, in
dimensions
of
319
table
for, 280
arrangement
poor
table
311-331
foundry,
capacities,
cycloidal, numbers,
blast
bed,
same
on
300-331
Blowers,
of, 281-290
explosion
fan, 309-311
engine
326
cupolas,
2S1
diameter
Dixie
Smith's
with
of
300, 301
"s rotary positive pressure,
a,
Roots
276-299
of,
connection
fuel,
into
306
305,
cupola, 290
placed near
placing, 300, 301
prevention of the destruction
294
heated
pipe, preventing
gas
cupola from passing
pipes, 279-2S1
blast
taken
277
of, through
passage
127
be
can
supplying,
for
machines
Blower
com-
with
heating
in
a,
303
13()
gates,
from
results
best
the
11,
of, 4
12
devices
133,134
for
raising
the,
INDEX.
doors,
Bottom
for
way
and
Casing, stack, 2,
1'5
hard
sand
strain upon
in a, 340
of,
111
make
Cast,
quantity
the
wet
hard,
too
or
Casting, 339
Castings, fins
quence
conse-
of, 65
tuyere,
46-49
uneven
settling and
a,
Center
blast
340
Chain
blast. 294
iron
iron
steel
in
furnaces
in
"B
Co.,
and
fuel
table
of
cupola
table
steel
blower.
too
large
in
the,
128
cupolas, different
door, 6, 14
distance
for
cast
at
the
proper
rule
iron, 145
Homestead,
22
the
26
lining
of
at
the, 1 10
time
of, 84
way
for, 333
for, 132, 133
tuyere, 41
mould,
explosion
Chenney
Chill
of
iron
in
a,
259
Chipping
the. 111
bottom,
of
floor
the,
iron,
of, 12
cupola, construction
7
of,
6,
lining
rusting
preventing the, from
refractory material
the
below
113
doors,
Carnegie Steel
Works,
Pa., cupolas in the, 275, 298, 335
the
for removing
Cars
dump, 100
"Casing, 12-14
brick
port,
re-
of, 13
location
145
of, from
of,
ways
of
scaffold
wear
removal
to, 84
cupola
220
301-309
CANNON,
Carbon,
127
80-82
bad,
"
Co.
Iron
Detroit,
Works,
Byrani
Mich., cupola report of, 214-216
of
quantity
melting due
poor
slate
for, and
cupola
pipes
by
Furniture
Co,
Buffalo,
Y., cupola of the, 54
pressure
of
of. 20*'
Charging,
the, 281-283
School
into,
at
of diameter
prepared
336
iron
most
277-279
blast
each,
of fuel and
for
types, 306-308
ing
Buffalo, N. Y., bank-
the,
softening
212
pressure
Forge
in
required
division
effect
"
in
with, 130-132
fuel, 332
as
fuel
Charges,
30"S, 309
built
blower
of,
use
Charge,
cupola
foundries,
electric
N.
299
experiments
Charcoal,
pola,
cu-
breaking of,
of, :23-26
Brackets, arrangement
Brick, curved, for lining, 22
blower
in
on, 342
219
298,
in
melted
be
can
of,
report
10
sand
224
224
of, 63
re-use
be
can
cupola,
weight of a piece of,
size and
that
of, that
in
melted
of, 64
renewal
Buffalo
339
a,
iron,
into
Casings, 4,
of,
cupola, 63, 64
preparation of, 63
too
iron,
wrought
11
introduction
sand,
wet
12
66
66
hollow,
of, 12
the, 12
thickness
340
rammed,
construction
weight of,
exclusively new
Bottom,
size
reducing
349
out,
101-103
tools
Cincinnati,
off
for,
O., poor
255
melting
in
pola
cu-
at, 251--53
Cinder,
25
for
lining, 21,
brittle, making
a, 136
chipping off, 106
tendency of, in a cupola, 136,
137
INDEX.
350
Clam
shells, 142
Clay,
amount
of sand
104
mixtures
sharp sand,
and
of
effect
in
much,
too
of, 62
lining, 68
brick
Cogniardelle,
commencement
294
Connellsville,
Coke,
to
iron,
melt
in
of,
consumption
of,
amount
quired
re-
iron,
melting
the
of, from
out
dump,
of,
Colliau
fuel,
as
cupola, claims
history and
description of,
193, 194
of
cause
cupola,
cupola, note
-Paxson
192-196
194
193.
on
refuse
up
Colliau
stick, 93, 94
Combination
Combustion,
complete, 178
Connersville
cycloidal blower, 321-328
of, 323
Contact, point of, definition
Continuous
slot
34,
tuyere,
improved
patent
blast
center
186
107,
88
a,
of,
12
and
hanging
80-82
the, 101-103
hot
blast, 192-196
of a, 49, 50
tuyere area
out
patent
combined
of
in a^
melting
86
of a, 8-29
with
improved,
Crandall
blast
center
patent
'204
of
does
it pay
to
location
the
in a, 138
155-157
expanding,
experiment
at what
learn
to
the, iron
experimental, 114
melting tin-plate
for
point
melts, 114
for
228,
of
in a, 335
melting
of limestone
effect
202-
zone
the
dumping
Johnson
tuyere,
in a, 123
slag a? 141, 142
from
refuse
the, 98
melting
227,
scrap,
229
best
tin-plate
scrap,
for a, 342
foundation, 2, 9, 10
lining
1-7,
332
of, 1
of, 223
advantages
chief
son
John-
tuyere,
use
consumption
202-
of
coke
in,
332
204
the
description of, 2
required in,
dump,
fuel
100,101
in a, with
Crucible, experiments
iron,
130
account,
of
manner
admission
stack, weight
of,
a, 277-279
for a, 10
best
supports
Blakeney,
204,
book,
192
placed
231
of iron
hardening
keeping,
214
205
near,
290
height
of
a,
in a, 88
13
the
bottom
Herbertz,
173-182
of air to the, 30
banking
blower
of, 221
correctness
214-221
accounts,
and
a,
in a, 99, 100
a,
furnace,
with
cupola
of
material
35
in
bridging
charging
chipping
of
tuyere, 41
Cupola
iron
of
construction
economical
cupola,
hot-blast
patent
Crandall
burning
casing,
the
232
view
lOS
determination
101
use
of a, 10
support
sectional
construction
90
332
picking
for the
walls
bridged
of,
house,
of
a,
novel
27,28
plan of construction,
352
INDEX.
223-224
Door,
tuyeres
in, 49
modern,
spark
for, 2G4-26G
of
number
13,
Doors, bottom,
device
devices
shaping
the
linine
59.
of, 33o
of, 2
small, bod
for, 95
breaking
in,
the
away
bridge
99
dumping
of
99
for
location
of
in,
in,
ELEVATOR,
Elizabethport,
for, 263-
and
speed
capacities
as
applied to, 3U9
in,
for
raising, 134
59-61
98-100
N.
Herbertz
J.,
tests
cupola
with
at, 176,
179-182
Ireland's
England,
of limestone
62
device
60
270
blowers
place,
tuyeres
devices
spark catching
in
the
of
of,
the, 61,
putting up the,
sliding, 4
52
table
size
12
for
raising the,
best
heavy,
Dumping,
of the stock
support
tap hole for, 16
smaller,
and
60
dropping
location
of
diameter,
52
in,
tuyeres
of very
small
diameter, location
of tuyeres
in, 52, 5^
old style, 149-152
patent, shaping the lining of, 109
for, IJO, 61
props
shapes of, 2
sizes
11,
devices
of, 1U9
large
size
cupolas, height
14
134
tuyeres in,
odd-shaped,
of
catching
for
of
in,
in,
of tanks
use
cupola
patented
157
169
136
322
curves,
276, 277
103-105
DAUBING,
application of, 105
substances
thickness
wet,
Detroit,
Diamond
of
explosion
novel
Mich.,
of
house
of,
scaffold
lining,
by, 262
struction
plan of conand
cupola
107
iron
at, 27, 28
Drill
and
M'f'g Co.,
of
the, 46
of, 13
Birds-
Dixie, 309-311
for
daubing,
soaking of, 104
Fluor
for, 103
on
Smith's
FANFireblower.
clay
by
falling
the, 258
116, 147
spar,
Flux,
104
definition
effect
fluor
of,
of, upon
as
spar
85
135
iron,
a,
138
146, 147
used
mineral,
effect
72
use
of, 135
as,
of,
135
on
front
terial,
ma-
INDEX.
iron
to
by,
143,144
in
iron
of
in
the,
to
the
rest
60
of, 10
9, 10
cupola, 2,
of
in
melting
90
quantity of,
by pulley,
bed, 336
furnaces, 1
required
too
heavy charges of, effect of, 81
too
light charges of, effect of, 81
sions
dimen-
under
in, 230
employed
speed of, 820,
men
blowers,
driven
standard,
table
of
in
of,
in
321
inches,
of
keeping
from
the
cupola, 91
theory of melting
Foundrymen,
understood
by,
blast
charges
of,
charges
of a, 136
in the,
332
kinds
of, 332
pot, 332
reverberatory,
332
fuel
various,
required in,
311-
71-73
of the, 72
material, effect of mineral
drying
on,
for
fluxes
GAIvVANIZED
iron
Garden
blast
of, 227
blowers,
passage
of, into
scrap,
in
71
the,
pipe, 85
escaping, composition of, 177,
blast
Gases,
178
effect of, 72
poor,
too
of, 72
wet, effect
in
71
putting
the,
Gates,
thickness
Gauges,
free oxygen
of, 72
required
for
combustion
the
Gould
charge,
amount
for
required
in each
and
iron,
division
of,
the
76
an
eflfect of
bed, 78
of the charge
too
large
in
much,
23
of,
83
quantity of,
bed, 128
230,
"
use
Stewart's
scaffold
Fberhardt,
in
blower, 314-321
patent economical
the
ciipola,
Greiner
tuyere, 45
Grout, composition
Grouting
for
HEARTH
in the
distribution
of
blast, 292-294
of, 6
lining, 22
tuyeres,
50, 51
depth of,
the, 178
188-192
of, 336
amount
under
336
into
charges, 212
arranging the, for lighting up,
of
too
great
consumption
of,
in
83
N. J., 28
foundry of, at Newark,
Green
patented
positive pressure
81
bed, 79
charge,
charging
Glasgow, Scotland,
cupola at, 186-188
Fuel, 90-92
air
the
342
melting
City positive
328, 329
Gas, preventing
the
72
putting
not
331
Front,
to
136
135,
sheet
blowers,
iron
of
limestone
of
cupola, 1-7,
Furnaces,
212
pressure
in
year
82
blast, definition
use
the
Forced
of the
weight
every
States, 53
of, 341
waste
in a, 231
melting account
work, furnaces
employed for, 332
tuyeres,
United
accurate
an
for
various
of, wasted
the
Furnace,
204
the
value
319
Stove
Lebanon
department,
Works,
daily report of, 217
Outfitting Co., Detroit, Mich.,
by, 202cupola manufactured
result
the
cupola, 80
proportion of, to iron for melting,
disturbances
Foundries,
205
in,
Foundry
127
228
block
upon,
prop
construction
number
135-148
cupolas,
tin-plate scrap,
Foundation,
353
231
in the
Herbertz
Elizabethport,
movable,
of
the
cupola
N.
Herbertz
cupola, 173
to
Heat, escaping, attempts
the
to
the,
cupola, 273,
at
J., 180
return
274
INDEX.
354
make
Heat,
take
339
a,
"Iron,
blast
during
a, 276-
the
utilization
of,
from
275
cupola, 274,
for
plans
275
utilization
the
of,
11
cubic
50-53
melt
melting
steel, 182-
with
the, 176,
dull,
H., bottom
coke
of, 293,
in the
of,
slot
experiments
as
essential
an
good bod,
Hot
blast
cupolas,
of
in
with,
MPEIvLER,
Iron,
first
complete, 316
charging
limestone
of
amount
136
coal
with
slag,
quired
re-
melt, 90
to
combined
the
142
Connellsville
coke
required
to
melt,
90
limestone
required
137
placed
bed
in
upon
the
charge,
the
first
size and
of carbon
of,
in
that
upon,
can
145
be
cupola, 224
weight of a piece
a
be
of, that can
224
cupola,
with
130-132
crucible,
melted
in
iron, by,
chilling and
ening
hard-
of, 87
furnaces
of, 332
guessing the weight of, 212
hard, experiments in softening,
51
hot
of
for
temperature,
even
making,
of
with
high
impossibility
the
of
tuj-eres,
improvement
furnace,
flow
88,
208
light work,
indication
145
quantity
in
melting of,
fuel, division
of, into
charges, 212
of, in the experimental
arrangement
cupola, 114-119
of melting, 211, 212
art
burning
of, in a cupola, 88
carbonized, use of, as softeners,
melted
softening
molten
melted,
81
and
cast, effect
of,
i'59
of, 83
for,
anthracite
for,
of
explosion
271-275
additional,
affinityof
charge
130
258,
227
charcoal
95
the,
128
36,37
blower, 325
slot tiiyere, 34
manure
of
144
heavy
too
tuyere,
to
294
138
upon,
silicon on,
tuyere patented
vertical
ing,
melt-
336
tin on,
and
in
quality
of flux
48
Horizontal
at
66
spout,
cause
effect
177
Horse
the
at
test-heats
of
ton
deception
184
by,
the,
of
cost
173-182
for
B.
of
332
contents
cupola,
Hibler,
action
for,
charges
cupola bottom,
tuyeres,
Herbertz
the
148
127
of
in
charge of,
spout, 66
charging, 340, 341
consumption
of, 1, 2, 13
experimental,
Height
first
the
271
utilization
Heats,
126,
in the
change
waste,
of the
82
299
theory of
variations
the
weight
off the
taking
of
cause
a, 339
impossibility
in cupolas
tuj'cres, 52
melting,
under
51
of, in
cupola
143
of the
of, from
melting by
the
tap
the
hole,
89
melting
143
INDEX.
Iron,
dullness
of
V
in
high
melted
cupola,
of,
355
Isbell
cause
Co., Newark,
Porter
J.,blower
N.
128
built
by the,
312
Mackenzie
pola,
cu-
in, 207
used
terms
manu-
facture
b}-,
to
indicate
the,
170-173
339
things
be
to
learned
in,
209
explosion
257-262
Jamestown,
N.
slag, Jobbing
84. 85
Perry, cupolas
by, 271-273
Y., tuyeres in a cupola,
in,
Johnson,
cupola,
88
the
hours
of
N.
cupola
will
in
the
224
melt,
of
way
blast
D., "
action
Hainesport,
lining of
Co.,
fluxes
of
on
of,
cupola
139
298
cupola, 198-202,
Jumbo
placing the,
299
tuyere,
of
table
of, 200
charges
80
cupola,
mould
picking
148
of, with
experiments
Mr.,
center
of
53
Johnson, John
location
foundry cupolas,
tuyeres
number
"
31
filteringof, through
over,
Treadwell
constructed
molten,
old
JAGGER,
for, 222
the
of, from
out
Mr.,
KNOEPPEL,
cupola, 277-279
dump,
banking
on
101
the
placing
first
the
in
point
of
the
of, on
charge
bed,
80
a,
cupola,
in
melting,
83
Lawrence
cupola,
Lead,
113
of
ing,
to, for melt-
fuel
90
of carbon
removal
for
requisites
332,
dump,
the
from,
tuyere, 38, 39
of, in cupolas, 223
melting
handling
pola,
cu-
into
the
charging,
132,
the,
the
is put on,
86, 87
charges of, effect of,
Ireland, Mr.,
bottom
of fuel, 82
charge,
of,
tuyere
effect
tuyeres
center
cupola,
blast
157-159
two
devised
cupola,
rows
large
per
cent,
of, in
of
by, 42
159-161
138
cupola,
in
use
Lining,
21-23
action
of fluxes
belly of,
brackets
cupola,
139
on,
107
or
support
of
away
out
or
by,
48
double
of
action
137
burning
81
used
of
217
for, 340
wood
81
charges
of,
amount
133
before
blast
heavy
102
tuyeres,
daily report
Works,
department
Limestone,
333
melting, in a cupola, 77
space
ning
theory of preventing, from runfor
Stove
foundry
of
Ireland's
of, 342
294
bellows,
Leather
1-15
in
melting,
boil
to
reducing
Lebanon
from
of,
recovery
101
too
caused
262
molten,
proportion
time
iron
damp,
LADLE,
by
iron
angle
for
the
the, 2:",24
of
the,
zone,
110
of, 24,
at
the
ing
melt-
25
destruction
of,
at
tuyeres, 110
drying the, 58, 59
and
below
the
356
INDEX.
of fluor
effect
Lining,
on
the, 140
clay in, 68
sand
in, 68
spar
much
too
laying
zone,
material, best,
for spouts, 68
in
cupola, 105, 106
new,
object
to
cupola, burning
out
of
whims
1135.
view
sectional
shape,
of
239, 241
237,
prevention of absorption
by the, 25, 26
of moisture
for, 6,
refractory material
of, 12
of
selection
thickness
of
110
bosh, 109
a,
clays
bods,
for
Loams
Lobdell
door, 110
of, 80
way
lor spout lining, 67
94
Wheel
Car
Del., melting
Co., Wilmington,
at the
cannon
foundry
of,
of
ing
keep-
three
of
rows
21
tuyeres,
30
cupola,
of,
86
230-232
ton,
mode
of
figuring,
231,232
disturbances
in, 205
335
economical,
experiments in, 113-134
fast, 207
the
cupola
for,
improper, injury
tuyeres,
indication
122, 123
iron
dent
"
CO., acciMcGILVERY,
in the foundry of, 259, 260
WM.
Machine
foundry cupolas,
tuyeres
Mackenzie
location
iron,
207
to
iron
by, 143,
of
blower,
art
cost
spalls,142, 143
of
an
80
ture,
tempera-
even
2(i8
311-314
143
the
and
hot
in, 53
of
from
correct
in
cupola, 170-173
tuyere, 34, 35
Furnace
Co., Boston,
Mass.,
Magee
triangular tuyere used by the, 39
in making,
Malleable
iron, experiments
Marble
result
144
of, 224
Low
to
many,
227
galvanized sheet-iron
scrap,
of
understanding
good, necessity
62
sands,
per
111
old
the,
tap hole, 98
at the
accurate,
107
Loading,
account,
cost
on
scientific, 254
chipping out by
commencement
22, 110
to
254,255
254-256
or
daubing
a,
and
of
the, seen
of, 210
of
the
with
art
settling of, 25
shaping the, 105-110
split brick, 112
spout, 67
of,
stack, wear
support of 5
taper of, 107
to the, from
210
attention
no
bottom
in, 205-210
bad, cause
of, 247
caused
and
coal,
by wood
250, 251
of, 233-253
examples
best practical results
for, 343
blast in, 294-299
in the, by two
capacity, increase
139
a,
in
a, 231
renewal
v/ear
of
of
paid by
shape the cupola, 105
102
of,
theory of some,
Melting, 86-89
the. 111,
over
112
Loam
poor,
254
Melters,
lining
iron
255, 256
by the,
interference
a,
109
old, false
a, 339
of every,
good,
skill
of boshed
out
aim
process
101-103
105
a,
run
practical
applying daubing
of
Melt,
directions
342
of
the
Melter,
a, 22
up
explosion
James,
foundry of, 1:60
Massachusetts,
early use
tuyere in, 48
Marsh,
cupola,
no
chance
work
in, 207
terms
most
used
to
dicate
in-
the, 339
in, 209
things to be learned
charges for, 127
even,
point,
77
357
INDEX.
of
to
Steel
M.
cupola
the,
bed
the
much,
too
in
used
tuyere
to
240,
in
cupola,
the
burned
being
constructed
25(i
Cincinnati
ufactur
by
the, 204,205
pipes,
290
due
man-
78
by long blast
caused
poor,
the, 77
113
by the, 35,
251-
cupola,
Mud, explosion
into, 260
253
for,
preparation of tin-platescrap
of
iron
36
poured
when
225
of, to
reduction
scrap
sheet
sheet
of
a
system,
iron, 227
214, 337
J. B.,
NAU,
173-182
Works,
North
Stove
Syracuse
of, 337
materials
of,
in
cupola,
understood
Oval
in, 209
used
old
the
not
dry
foun-
by
Oxygen,
cupola,
escaping
West
CO.,
melting
N.
225-229
gases,
the
at
Troy,
foundry
of, 242-248
burning
away
note
lining
the
of
the,
the, 345,
on
346
110
depth of,
194
cupola, 193,
Paxson-Colliau
77, 123-129
at
the
E., "
D.
coal, 130
zone,
free, in
PARIS,
Y., bad
227
a
for, 222
178
of, 342
tin-plate scrap,
experiments in, 226.
cost
in
signed
de-
32
tuyere,
iron, mould
Oyster shells, 142
Over
296
212
men,
with
in the
266-2()8
of the
theory
iron
catcher,
spark
J.,
O'KEEFE,
by,
irregular, 337
cause
of
cupola,
208
slow, 207,
study
Herbertz
Bros., explosion
foundry of, 260, 261
218
and
the
on
Perry
125
"
Co.,
of, 253
of
the,
123, 335
at
the
bad
melting
foundry
of,
233-
242
336
of
of
examples
topof,335,
development
filling in the
of having to dump
cupola at the foundry
cause
location
of the
determination
Pevie
the, 129
cupola,
184-186
lining
at
the,
[Pig
Mercury
Metal
gauges,
from
tin
Pipes, blast,
branch,
doctoring I
I
292
plate
scrap,
of, 227
quality
225, 226
gray,
Moisture,
of, by
sand
Molding
Molten
Mould
the
lining, 25,
for spout
Moulding,
aim
of every,
210
sands
use
for
scales, 21 1
of contact,
melting,
definition
discovery
of
of,
323
the, 77
cupola,
251-253
339
sand,
of, 284
in, 281-282
lining, 3
Platform
lining, 07
Moulder,
Pit
Point
26
of air
294
blower,
of, iPiston
Pit, cupola, 3, 4
from
friction
279-281
area
63
daubing,
of,
bods, 94
for
Pot
103
furnace, 332
of coke
consumption
fuel required in, 1
in, 332
358
INDEX.
of,
to
air at
pieces
of iron
large
foimdry of, 224
the
at
62, 99
61
the,
removing
visit
Works,
Locomotive
Providence
to
of
61
Props, 60,
the
Sand
amount
amount
318
given pressure,
charging
Whitney,
"
Pratt
the
estimating
displace a given
for
rule
Power,
248-250
plant of,
RANSOM
cupola
Records,
value
Albany,
CO.,
at the
N.
construction
charging
of, 214
38, 39
tuyere, Lawrence,
Truesdale, 37, 38
material
for lining, 6, 7
Refractory
exposure
repairing, 110-112
Relining
Repairing and relining, 110-112
Bros.',214,
Report, cupola, Abendroth
novel
Reducing
daily,
Lebanon
of
old
castings,
or
Return
29
fire-proof,
rendering
old
their
211-213
use,
213
worn-out,
charging of, 83
galvanized sheet
Scrap,
of,
heavy
melting
iron,
227
melting of,224
explosion of iron when
with, 260,
brought in contact
catcher,
government
rusted,
furnace, 332
Reverberatory
consumption
coke
fuel
T
in,
226, 227
fluxing of, 228
melting of, in
pressure
melting,
in
experiments
108
positive
rotary
of
view
of, 212
in size
blower, 329-331
Round
tuyere, 31,
229
228.
262
sheet
required in, 1
sectional
Ind.,
332
37
tuyere,
Richmond,
Roots's
a,
the, 213
upon
of, 211
safest, 28,
and
for
aud
Scales
266-268
Riddles,
of
27,28
Scale, size of, 211
219
Reversed
floor
in the
devices
for, 221
Reports, blanks
false, 221
keeping of, 221
Reservoir
scales
worn-out
Scaffolds, best
217
works,
Stove
construction
of
27.28
215
of
plan
scales
214,216
Byram"Co.'s,
department
Foundry
27
fire,26,
to
the
26
of, 26
location
and
of, below
floor
door,
of,
proof,
fire
of,
of the
distance
for, 221
blanks
Scaffold, 7, 8,
Y.,
stove
226
weights,
Sash
"
cupola,
225-229
preparation of,
32
ing,
for melt-
225
MO.,
ST.LOUIS,
in,
tuyeres
two
Sand,
of,
amount
large cupola
with
in
Shaping
clay
for
daubing,
iron
104
bottom,
lighting up,
tuyere, 34
of,
destruction
in
the,
height
of
to
the,
contend
crackling of,
of
perfect joint
69
the
between
spout
above,
Skinner
the,
lining, 68,
142
of, on
of tuyeres, 49,
Silicon,
Size
the
Slag,
227
142
Shells,
65
tuyeres
19,20,3.33,334
leakage of, 64
and
with
melting
227
melting of,
64
76
galvanized,
scrap,
62-67
elements
105-110
for
blast
Sheet
lining,
the
Shavings
54
iron, 144
effect
Engine
cupola
the,
142
of, 261,
of
amount
50
iron
262
combined
with
36o
INDEX.
aud
of diameter
TABLE
of blast
area
pipes,
speed and
blowers
Trucks
as
of
capacities
applied
in
the
Taking
319
increase
different
pipes, 283
during a heat,
of blast
lengths
off
inches,
necessary
for the
in diameter
the
blast
Tuyere
49, 50
reservoir
or
Tanks,
cupola,
England,
of, in
use
167-170
of
flow
iron
mode
from
melter
the, 88, 89
at the, 98
seen
forming,
preventing the cutting of, 73
reducing the size of the, 87,
of
mode
Tapping
Tin
-plate scrap,
by,
blast, 14
blast, experiments
298, 299
connecting
a
226,
metal
from, 226
of metal
melting,
in
melting
of,
in
and
under
to, 284
the, 121, 122, 334
made
improvement
general
of blast
in,
341
for
ing,
melt-
high,
225
quality
bottom,
19,
341
in
reason
of
metal
from,
increase
by
226
sand
above
cupola,
preparation of,
294
lining, at
the
delivery
225-229
Trompe,
of
342
225
fuel
286-290
blower, 5
under
the,
the, 110
below
fuel
228
of
the
30-57
destruction
direct
227
fluxing of,
gray
of, with
50,51
cupola,
228
air chamber,
consumption
with,
blast
belt
connection
supplying the,
for
chamber
from
of
46
adjustable, 45,
center
of,
melting, 342
cupola for melting, 227,
loss
18-20
with
93
342
cost
41
Whiting,
iron, 227
on
slot,
38
37
40, 41
Tuyeres,
caused
39
reducing, 37,
vertical
225
of,
32
,
water,
T, 37
31
round,
air
bars, 92,
of a, 297
area
32
Truesdale
258
Tapping
outlet
blast, 34
triangular, 26,
large ladles, 87
of making
the, 96, 97
and
stopping in, 96-98
sheet
is handled
iron
when
a,
45
horizontal
reversed
88
of, 73
too
long, effect of, 72
Tap-holes, locating the, 17, 73, 74
in
oval,
71
sizes
Tap, making
35,36
46-49
bottom,
Greiner,
169
Tap-hole, 16, 17
chilling of slag in the, 75
closing up of the, with slag, 339
indication
of the melting by the
skill of the
Blakeney,
expanded, 32, 33
expanding, 297
276-299
Tank
to
cupolas, 309
standard
foundry blowers
mensions
driven
by pulley; dishowing
for
Truesdale
2S5
of, 344
two
favor
in the
or
melting
three
liability of, to be
of, 18, 19
low. 122, 123
location
of, 51
capacity
of, 21
closed, 50
rows
361
INDEX.
18,
2,
in
of,
projection
49
to,
at
of,
43-45
the
quality
of
iron,
the
built
of,
rows
or
slot,
vertical
best
for
with,
blast
connecting
of
250,
bad
caused
melting
for
the,
lighting
lighting
76
up,
340
up,
steam-jet
Woodward's
blower
Co.,
251
arranging
21
20,
41
the,
by
314-321
the,
coal,
by,
of,
297
way
pipes
by
Chicago,
Co.,
manufactured
Blower
and
43
42,
rows
more
Equipment
Wilbraham-Baker
Wood
297
196-198
cupola,
tuyere
55,56
triangular,
very
242-248
a,
Foundry
102
the,
melting
bad
Works,
Stove
Whiting
from
iron
preventing
rows
Troy
West
into
improve
299
tuyere,
55
50
running
three
the
centerblast
objection
theory
with
lining
the
on
102
of
by,
48,49
hump
19.
49,
of,
small,
bottom
tuyere
21
20,
cupola,
or
of,
with
experiments
D.,
89
the,
over
shape
two
Thomas
West,
the
the,
poking
to
cupola,
19,54,55
placing
size
in
of,
number
Tuyeres,
163-167
cupola.
double
288-290
ere
tuyused
in,
blower
VERTICAL
bed
same
slot
Voisin's
engine
plate,
ZINC,
48
by,
Zone,
double
tuyere
used
in,
melting,
the
123-129
77,
at
of
away
lining
the
110
the,
depth
42
in
fire
the
on
227
burning
161-163
cupola,
of,
effect
cupola,
used
tuyere
42
on
326
37
tuyere,
bottom
Voisin,
and
125
of,
of
determination
of
tion
loca-
the
the,
335
1 23
,
WARMING
Waste
cupola,
up
from
heat
utilization
Water
blast,
cylinder
gauges,
tuyere,
274,275
12,
13
blast,
294
in
filling
41
top
of
the
of,
the,
lining
335,336
129
at
the,
107
location
raising
292
the
development
106,
294
40,
248-250
cupola,
of,
of
120,123
of
and
the,
77
lowering
the,
TheS.Obermayer
manufactures
Cincinnati,
Cable
Estimates
"
address
given
Esso."
on
Steel
IMPORTERS
EAST
INDIA
General
Shippers;
Use
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complete
C.
111.,U. S. A.
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or
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AND
REFINERS
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Special
Chicago,
specialCatalogiiessent
Attention
Cupola
given
to
on
Export
Blocks,
Fire
Brick
Canister
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Silica.
application.
Orders.
Moulding
Sands,
W.
J.
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of Nine
CO
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ELECTRIC
(Two
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WE
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DRIVEN.
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BUILT
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WITH
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OWN
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Fire Clay,
CATALOGUE,
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IT
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Iron,
etc.
Shovels and Riddles,
Brass
"""--
CONTAINS
INFORMATION
or
Steel
FOR
Foundry,
STURTEVANT
PRESSURE
Made
with
Send
F.
B.
BLOWERS
tor
Catalogue
Illustrated
Ziherty
16
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135
75
CHICAGO.
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131
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DIRECT
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AT
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ATHENS,
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42
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Plate
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537
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WILLOW
Y.
Y.
Y.
N.
N.
SPRINGS,
N.
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CRESCENT,
Y.
N.
Y.
N.
Y.
Y.
Y.
The Green
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/
Working
parts
perfectly balanced
two
are
impellers, mounted
in bronze
the
best
steel shafts, running
on
bushes, detachable
enclosed
journal bearings, cut gearing at both ends of the Blower
in oil-tightcasing.
less for freight, than
Weighs
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POSITIVE
other
any
BLOWER
FOUNDRY
in existence.
BLOWERS
GAS
EXHAUSTERS
Exhausters
The
GREEN
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2518
Frankford
Sole
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Agents
CHALJIERS,
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Host
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Ave.,
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Hot
Value
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Blower
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ERASER
Blowers.
Pressure
High
Philadelphia,
Smelting
Inc., CHICAGO,
Co.,
Pa.
Industries,
ILL.,
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Branch
Houses.
p.
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109
ROOTS
F. M.
"
H.
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Y.
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BLOWERS,
ROTARY
The
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Wash
Wash.
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0^^
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Send
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Building, Pittsburg,
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From
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Translated
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A.
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By
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Guide
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Engineer.
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To
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With
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anc
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Translated
AsKlNSON.
"Miscellaneous
BAIRD.
lor
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Revised
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